Tanning and Leather Finishing Related Environmental Concerns
Submitted to:
Dr Hanif Industrial Chemistry 2
Submitted By:
Breera Mehmood Saima Arshad Areej Riaz MPhil Environmental Sciences
Dated:
26th February, 2010
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Sr. No. 1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19
CHAPTERS
Pg no
Introduction Manufacturing Process
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Hide and skin storage and beamhouse operations Soaking Liming De-liming
Bating Degreasing Pickling Pretanning Chroming
Draining, samming and setting Splitting Shaving
Fatliquoring Drying Finishing Measurement and Packing
Process Flow Diagram of a typical chrome Tannery Mass Balance in Leather Processing
3. Waste Production from Tanneries and their controls 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.3 4. 5. 6. 6.1 6.2 7. 8.
Air Emissions Process Liquid and Solid Wastes Solid Waste in Tanneries and its key characteristics Characteristics of wastewater discharged at each manufacturing step in tannery Pollution Levels in Tannery Effluents Wastes produced at each step of manufacturing at tannery Pakistan's Leather Industry Environmental Management Plan for a typical tannery Demolition Plan
Immediate Actions Entire Site Social Action Plan References
3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 19 19 19 21 23
1.Introduction Tanning and leather finishing facilities generally convert raw hides and / or skins into leather, which is then finished and used to manufacture a wide range of products. Tanning is the process used to stabilizing the raw hide or skin into leather, a non-putrescible product. Tanning involves a complex
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combination of mechanical and chemical processes. The heart of the process is the tanning operation itself in which organic or inorganic materials become chemically bound to the protein structure of the hide and preserve it from deterioration. The substances generally used to accomplish the tanning process are chromium or extracts from bark of trees, such as chestnut.
2. Manuf Ma nufac actu turi ring ng process: Major steps of manufacturing process are described as unde under: r: 2.1 Hide and skin storage and beamhouse operations:
Raw hides and skins are typically procured from the hide and skin markets or directly from the abattoirs (slaughterhouses), and delivered to the tanneries or fellmongeries (facilities that treat skins and hides, principal principally ly sheep skins, before tanning). At the tannery tannery / fellmonger fellmongery, y, hides and skins are prelimin preliminaril arily y sorted, trimmed, cured (to prevent putrefaction), and stored. Curing methods for long-term preservation (up to six months) include salting, brining, drying, or dry saltin salting. g. ShortShort-ter term m preser preservat vation ion (typic (typicall ally y two two to five five days) days) involv involves es cooli cooling ng using using crushe crushed d ice, ice, or refrigerated storage, in addition addition to use of biocides. Although curing is often conducted conducted in the abattoir, the process may be repeated in the tannery for longer and more efficient storage. Hides and skins are generally stored on pallets in ventilated or air conditioned areas. From storage, the hides and skins are taken to the beamhouse. Processes typically carried out in the beamhouse of a tannery include:
2.2 Soaking:
Soaking allows hides and skins to reabsorb any lost water and to clean interfibrillary interfibrillary material. The soak bath is often changed every 8 hours to prevent bacterial growth. Soaking additives include surfactants, surfactants, enzyme preparations, bactericides, and alkali products. 2.3 Liming:
Dehairing and liming of hides is undertaken to remove hair, interfibrillary components, and epidermis, and to open up the fiber structure. These processes are carried out in vessels (e.g. drums, paddles [a vat with a paddle paddlewh wheel eel agitat agitator] or],, mixer mixers, s, or pits). pits). Dehair Dehairing ing involv involves es the use of chemic chemical al and mechan mechanica icall treatment, treatment, with or without without hair destruction. destruction. Elimination Elimination of keratinous keratinous material (e.g. hair, hair roots, roots, epidermis) and fats from the pelts involves the use of inorganic sulfides (NaHS or Na2S) and lime treatm treatment ent.. Treat Treatmen mentt with with organi organic c compou compounds nds such such as mercap mercaptan tans s or sodium sodium thiogl thioglyco ycola late te in combination with strong alkali and amino compounds is an alternative to sulfide treatment. Enzymatic preparations can be added to enhance dehairing and they are considered a cleaner technology when compared with the conventional dehairing-liming process.
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2.4 De-liming:
Deliming involves the removal of residual lime from the pelts and preparing the pelts for bating. The conventional process involves gradually lowering pH through washing and addition of deliming chemicals ( e.g. ammonium a mmonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], ammonium chloride [NH4Cl], sodium bisulfite [NaHSO3], among others); an increase in temperature; and, finally, the removal of residual chemicals and degraded skin components. Alternative processes include carbon dioxide (CO2) deliming, or the use of ammonium-free deliming agents (e.g. weak acids or esters) which can totally or partially replace ammonium salts used for conventional deliming. For thicker pelts, the float temperature is increased (up to 35°C), the process duration is increased, and small amounts of deliming auxiliaries are added. Generally, deliming is performed in processing vessels (e.g.drums, mixers, or paddles). 2.5 Bating:
Bating is a partial degradation of non-collagenic proteins, achieved by enzymatic preparations, which improves the grain of the hide and the subsequent run and stretch of the leather. 2.6 Degreasing:
This is the elimination elimination of excess excess grease grease from fatty skins. Three different different methods commonly commonly used for degreasing include degreasing in aqueous medium with nonionic surfactant and degreasing agents; degreasing in aqueous medium with organic solvents, nonionic surfactants, and degreasing agents; and degreasing in an organic solvent medium.
Degreasing as done typically in Paksitan
2.7 Pickling:
Pickling is conducted to lower the pH of the pelt before mineral tanning and some organic tanning (e.g. chrome tanning, gluterdialdehyde tanning, vegetable tanning, resins and synthetic tanning). Very often
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tanning is carried out in the pickle liquor. Pickled pelts can be traded and contain fungicides to protect them from mold growth during storage. Pickling floats (the a queous liquor in which the pickling process is performed) are typically characterized by high salt concentrations, which can be reduced by using acids that lessen the water uptake of the skins (e.g. n on-swelling acids, typically aromatic sulfonic acids). 2.8 Pretanning:
In this process the physical and chemical characteristics of the leather is changed thereby, improving the leather quality, particularly with regard to grain tightness, and chrome uptake, thus reducing the input of chro chrome me.. Pret Pretan anni ning ng agent agents s incl include ude alum alumin inum um salt salts, s, alum alumin inum um comb combin ined ed with with poly polyac acry ryla late tes, s, glutaraldehyde derivatives, syntans, titanium oxide and salts, or colloidal silica. 2.9 Chroming:
Tanning allows stabilization of the collagen fiber through a cross-linking action. The tanned hides and skins are tradable intermediate products (wet-blue). Tanning agents can be categorized in three main groups groups namely namely mineral mineral (chrome) (chrome) tanning agents; agents; vegetable vegetable tanning agents; agents; and alternativ alternative e tanning tanning agents (e.g. syntans, aldehydes, and oil tanning agents). About 90 percent of leathers are tanned with salts of chromium (in its trivalent form), especially chromium (III) sulfate. The vegetable tanning process is not an alternative to the chrome tanning process, as the two processes produce different products. Vegetable tanning produces relatively dense, pale brown leather that tends to darken on exposure to natural light. Vegetable tanning is frequently used to produce sole leather, belts, and other leather goods. Unless specifically treated, however, vegetable tanned leathers have low hydrothermal stability, limited water resistance, and are hydrophilic. Recovery of vegetable tanning floats is generally conducted using ultrafiltration. Tanning with organic tanning agents, using polymers or condensed plant polyphenols with aldehydic cross-linkers, can organic-tanned leather usually is more filled (e.g. leather with interstices filled with a filler material) and hydrophilic than chrome-tanned leather. Semi-metal tanning may also produce chrome-free leather, with equally high hydrothermal stability. This tanning process is carried out with a combination of metal salts, preferably but not exclusively aluminum (III), and a plant polyphenol containing pyrogallol groups, often in the form of hydrolysable tannins.
Drums used for liming, tanning and pickling purposes. 2.10 Draining, samming and setting:
After tanning, leathers are drained, rinsed, and either hung up to age or unloaded into boxes and subsequently sammed to reduce the moisture content before further mechanical action. Setting (working over the grain surface of wet leather to remove excess water, to eliminate wrinkles and granulations, to give the leather a good pattern and to work out stresses so that the leather lies flat) may be carried out. 2.11 Splitting:
The function of the splitting operation is to cut through skins / hides or leathers at a set thickness. If the hide / skin are sufficiently thick, splitting can yield a grain split and a flesh split that may both be
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processed into finished leather. Although splitting can be performed before tanning, after tanning, or after drying, it is usually performed after tanning.
Splitting Machine 2.12 Shaving
Shaving is undertaken to achieve an even thickness throughout tanned or crusted leather. Shaving is carried out when splitting is not possible or when minor adjustments to the thickness are required.
Pile of leather shavings 2.13 Dyeing:
Dyeing is performed to produce colors in hides / skins. Typical dyestuffs include water-based acid dyes. Basic and reactive dyes are less commonly used. A wide range of dyestuff is available with different characteristics and physico-chemical resistances (e.g. to light, PVC migration, sweat migration, among others).
Dyeing Machines enclosed in a wall.
2.14 Fatliquoring:
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Fatliquoring is the process by which leathers are lubricated to achieve product-specific characteristics characteristics and to reestablish the fat content lost in the previous procedures. The oils used may be of animal or vegetable origin, or may be synthetic products based on mineral oils. Stuffing is an old technique used mainly for heavier vegetable-tanned leather. Sammed leathers are treated in a drum with a mixture of molten fat. The retanned, dyed, and fatliquored leathers are then acidified by formic acid for fixation and usually washed before being aged to allow the fat to migrate from the surface to the inside of the pelt. 2. 15 Drying:
The objective of drying is to dry the leather while optimizing leather quality. Drying techniques include samming, setting, centrifuging, hang drying, vacuum drying, toggle drying ( leather dried while held under tension on frames using toggles), paste drying (drying method used for upper leather with corrected grain), and over drying. Samming and setting are used to reduce the moisture content mechanically before implementing another drying technique. After drying, the leather may be referred to as ‘crust’, which is a tradable and storable intermediate product.
Leather hanged to dry them
2.16 Finishing:
Finishing operations enhance the appearance of the leather and provide the performance characteristics expected in the finished leather with respect to color, gloss, feel, flex, and adhesion as well as other properties including stretch-ability, break, light and perspiration fastness, water vapor permeability, and water resistance. Finishing operations can be divided into mechanical finishing processes and surface coat applications. A wide range of process exit for both types of finishing, including, but not limited to polishing, and spray coating (spraying the finishing material with pressurized air in spray cabinets).
Finished texture on Leather
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Flow diagram of finishing process 2.17 Measurement and Packing: Finished leather is measured with computerized measuring machine and then packed for sale / marketing.
Packed Leather ready to be transported.
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Raw Hide
2.18
Finished Leather
Process Flow Diagram of a typical chrome Tannery
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2.19 Mass Balance in Leather Processing:
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3. Waste Production from Tanneries and their controls Wastes associated with tanning and leather finishing include the following: Air Emissions Wastewater Solid waste Hazardous materials Odour Leather tanneries in Pakistan produce all three categories of waste: wastewater, solid waste and air emissions. However, wastewater is by far the most important environmental challenge being faced by Pakistan's tanneries. • • • • •
3.1 Air Emissions: There are two sources of air pollution from tanneries. The first relates to emissions from generators (diesel-based and operated only during power breakdowns) and from boilers. Ammonia emission during processing and washing of drums, though intermittent but important, has adverse effects on workers health. Hydrogen sulphide emission during mixing of acid and alkaline wastewater in drain is also a serious health hazardous. Segregated discharge of acidic and alkaline effluent can help to avoid the hydrogen sulphide gas emission. Typical pollutants (either solid or gaseous) from a tannery include chlorine, formaldehyde, sulfuric acid, glycol ether EB, glycol ether PMA, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, xylol, phosphoric acid, methanol, manganese sulfate, chromium III, ethylene glycol, lead, copper, and zinc. Emissions of Toxic Air Pollutants From a Typical Tannery
Pollutants
Emission Rate kg/hr
Control Methods
Emission Point Solvent Receiving
Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Toluene Xylol
22.58 1.67 10.04 1.17
Mixing Vault
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
0.52
Supply Drum
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
0.52
Spray Chamber
Diacetone Alcohol Glycol Ether EB Glycol Ether PMA Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
1.89 11.85 7.6 75.72 59.05 95.78 33.38
Incineration Process Modification (e.g., water-based process instead of solvent based process)
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Toluene Xylol
Dryer
Receiving Recycled Solvents
Diacetone Alcohol Glycol Ether EB Glycol Ether PMA Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Toluene Xylol
1.89 11.85 7.6 75.72 59.05 95.78 33.38
Acetone Methyl Ethyl Ketone Toluene
0.61 0.98 0.61
Cleaning Operation
Less than 1 kg/hr of each pollutant
Waste Solvent Storage
Less than 1 kg/hr of each pollutant
Air emissions at each manufacturing step at tannery: Process-step
Air pollutants
kg/ton raw hide
Unhair Unhairing ing/li /limin ming g H2S Deli Delimi ming ng/B /Bat atin ing g NH3 Finishing
solvents, formaldehyde 25*
heating with gas CO CO
0.033*
CO2
190*
NO2
0.17*
3.2 Process Liquid Liquid and Solid Wastes: Wastes: Hair, offcuts, sludge are the main types of solid waste. Solids are usually disposed of to a landfill site. Dewatered sludges from tanneries can also be disposed of to controlled landfills without significant environment environmental al problems problems being incurred. Tanning sludges should should immediatel immediately y be covered covered with inert material to avoid odour generation and a nd insect infestation. Landfills Landfills which receive other industrial industrial residues, particularl particularly y acidic acidic wastes, wastes, may not be suitable suitable for receiving tannery wastes. Toxic hydrogen sulphide may be liberated and chromium maybecome soluble and hence escape to groundwater via leachate seepage. Tannery sludges of organic composition, if free of chrome and sulphides, can have some value as a soil conditioner. Waste should not be stored too long on site due to the nuisance effect of smells.
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Two types of solid wastes (tanned and untanned) are generated from leather production processes. Solid waste waste include include dusted dusted curing curing salts, salts, raw trimmings, trimmings, wet trimmings trimmings,, dry trimmings trimmings,, wet shavings, dry shavings, buffing, and packaging material. It is estimated that for a tannery averaging 10,000 kilograms of skins per day, a total of some 5,500 kilograms of solid waste would be produced perday. Pieces of leather (containing 10 to 50% moisture) in various stages of processing, and wastewater treatment sludges constitute the bulk of the process solid waste from tanneries. In order to produce the quality products required by leather consuming industries, tanneries trim off inferior portions of hides at many steps in proces processin sing. g. Small Smaller er pieces pieces of leathe leatherr wastes wastes are produc produced ed in shavin shaving g and buffi buffing ng operat operation ions. s. Approximately 35% of all tannery solid waste is trimmings and shavings of various types. Another source of tannery wastes is the finishing department. Finishes are sprayed or rolled onto leather and the residue is considered to be a solid waste since it is land disposed. Finish residues are usually slurries containing 10 to 50% solids. Waste finishes account for about 2% of tannery solid waste. Wastewater treatment is the single largest source of process solid waste. Almost all tanneries screen their wastewater. Direct dischargers and some discharging wastewater into municipal sewers have some form of primary or secondary treatment (only direct dischargers use secondary treatment). The screenings and sludges from these operations operations contain contain lime, lime, chromium chromium compounds, pieces of leather, leather, hair, hair, and other protein-like protein-like substances which are land disposed. Wastewater screenings and sludge account for about 60% of tannery solid waste. Floor sweepings are the final source of process solid waste. These include twine used to tie bundles of hides, salt used to preserve the hides prior to handling, and general plant debris. Approximately 3% of tannery solid waste is floor sweepings.
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Pollutant
Concentration Rangea (wet weight in mg/kg)
Chrome trimmings & Shavings
Cr +3
2,200 - 21,000
Chrome fleshings
Cr +3
4,000
Unfinished chrome leather trim
Cr +3 Cu Pb Zn
4,600 - 37,000 2.3 - 468 2.5 - 476 9.1 - 156
Buffing dust
Cr +3 Cu Pb Zn
19 - 22,000 29 - 1,900 2 - 924 160
Finishing residues
Cr +3 Cu Pb Zn
0.45 - 12,000 0.35 - 208 2.5 - 69,200 14 - 876
Finished leather trim
Cr +3 Pb
1,600 - 41,000 100 - 3,300
Sewer screenings
Cr +3 Pb Zn
0.27 - 14,000 2 - 110 35 - 128
Wastewater treatment residues (sludges)
Cr +3 Cu Pb Zn
0.33 - 19,400 0.12 - 8,400 0.75 - 240 1.2 - 147
Hazardous Wastes From a Typical Tannery Waste Source
Disposal Method
Landfill Dewater sludge; all waste disposed in certified hazardouswaste disposal facility Landfill with leachate collection
3.2.1 Solid Waste in Tanneries and its key characteristics
Type of Solid Waste Dusted Salt
Rate of Generation 0.1 kg/skin
Characteristics of Solid Waste Contains around 120 gm/kg of moisture, 120 gm/kg of volatile matter, 450 gm/kg of salt.
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Comments
Contaminated with blood, hair, dirt and bacteria. Partly reused in curing and the rest is indiscriminately dumped in undeveloped lands near the tanneries.
0.024 kg/skin
Raw Trimming
The skins are trimmed (especially at legs, belley, neck, and tail parts) in order to give it a smooth shape. The trimmings are usually sold to soap and poultry feed makers. It is usually used for glue and poultry feed production. This is the flesh material of limed skins. It is usually sold to soap and poultry feed makers.
Proteins
Fleshing
0.25 kg/skin
Contains around 240 gm/kg of proteins, 200 gm/kg of fats, 3 gm/kg of lime, 2 gm/kg of sulphide. Contains around 240 gm/kg of proteins, 30 gm/kg of fats, 15 gm/kg of chromium oxide.
Wet Trimming/ Wet Shaving
0.14 kg/skin
Dry Trimming/ Dry Shaving/B uffing Dust Assorted Refuse
0.06 kg/skin
Contains around 300 gm/kg of proteins, 130 gm/kg of fats, 30 gm/kg of chromium oxide
No consistent quantity
Primarily cartons, bags, drums, etc.
After chrome tanning, skins or split hides are shaved to proper thickness. This operation produces solid waste containing chrome. Secondary users, including poultry feed makers, usually collect these shavings from the tanners. Secondary users, including poultry feed makers, collect cuttings and dry trimmings of the leather from the tanners.
This is normally sold separately (in bulk) in the retail market.
3.2.2 Characteristics Characteristi cs of wastewater discharged at each manufacturing step in tannery: Process step
Amount of water (m/3ton)
pH -
COD kg COD/m
3
NKj
Cr
kg N/m3
kg Cr/m3
Pretanning: Soaking
4-6
6-9
30-40
1-1.5
-
Unhairing, liming
5-9
12-13
40-60
3-5
-
Fleshing
1-3
-
-
-
-
Deliming, bating
5-7
8.5-9
5-8
3.5-4
-
0.5-1
3.8-4
2-3
0.3-0.6
0.5-5
0.4-0.6
3.6-4.5
1.2-1.8
0.11-0.22
0.5-5
Neutralisation
1-1.5
4.5-4.7
2.5-3
0.5-0.8
0-1.0
Painting, fatting
3-4.5
3.8-4.5
5-6
0.2-0.3
0-5.0
Tanning: Chrome tanning Pressing
Finishing: Drying
3-6
Finishing
1-2
Cleaning
5
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3.2.3 Pollution Levels in Tannery Effluents: Parameters
pH
Raw sheep & goat skins-
Raw calf hides-
Wet Blue (sheep & goat skins)-
Finished leather
Finished leather
Finished leather
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
NEQS
mg/l
9.33-9.88
7.33-7.67
3.52-3.55
6-10
BOD5
11050-14827
840-1740
714-1346
80
COD
41300-43000
1000-2680
2000-3500
150
1818-3146
800-860
5480-6480
600
Sulphate as S at 0 time settling
288-292
1.2-2.6
Nil
1.0
Chromium Cr at 0 time settling
64-133.3
41
160-194
1.0
4270-4650
820-1920
1972-6620
150
Sulphate as SO4 at 0 time settling
Suspended solids at 0 time settling
3.3 Wastes produced produced at each step of manufacturing manufacturing at tannery:
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Pakistan's Leather Industry:
The leather industry in Pakistan is continuing to grow. In fact, the overall bulk of industrialization still lies ahead and it is expected that industry will double in 10 years and then double again. The leather
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tanneries will no doubt doubt be a part of this burgeoning trend. trend. As long as there is a profit profit to be made in the arena, new factories--small or large--will continue to start up. The chrome tanning method is the most widely used process in Pakistan's leather sector. However, the vegetable tanning method and a combination of chrome and vegetable tanning is also applied. The process includes a number of different steps during which large quantities of water and chemicals are applied to the skins. About 130 different chemicals are used in leather processing, depending on the type of raw material used and finished product. These may be divided into four major classes: pretanning chemicals, tanning chemicals, wet finishing chemicals and finishing chemicals. Groundwater is used as the major source of water in Pakistan's leather industry. According to the Leather Industry Development Organization, Organization, there are 526 tanneries in Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Kasur, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Peshawar, Gujranwala, and Sialkot, with the majority majority of leather production taking place in medium-size medium-size tanneries. Animal skins—which skins—which are the basis of the leather industry—are industry—are obtained from the provinces of the Punjab and Sindh. Limited quantities of imported hides are also used. The season of peak activity begins around Eid-ul-Azha and extends for between two to three months. During this period, production levels can reach twice the normal level. The leather leather industry as a whole--i whole--includi ncluding ng both tanned leather and leather garments-garments--is is an important important foreign exchange earner. Due to the leather industries prominent position in Pakistan's export industry, the national government has instead offered incentives-- such as a rebates on the export of leather and leather leather products, products, duty-free duty-free import import of raw hides and skins for re-export re-export after value- addition, addition, and export export refund scheme on export of leather footwear-- to bolster the leather industry with very little environmental guidance. These incentives are increasing the profit margin of the leather industry and encouraging more operations to set up shop--without shop--without the environmental controls. controls. By falsely inflating inflating the profit margin for for such leather tanning operations, however, the government has created that much more of a difficult task in inevitably inevitably mandating mandating the installatio installation n of waste-treatm waste-treatment ent equipment. equipment. The strong leather leather industry industry is currently still in a position to lobby strongly against such increased costs. Pakistani exports of tanned leather is on the increase following a decline of leather production in the developed world due to more stringent environmental controls. controls. Pakistan's leather industry is one of the major foreign exchange earners for the country. About 90% of its products are exported in finished form. During 1996-97, the production of leather was about 14.3 million m2 and export earning amounted to US$ 642 million. In 1990 the leather sector jumped to become the second largest foreign exchange earner for the country by contributing 10.41 percent toward the total export revenue. The increase increase in tanned leather exports (not even including leather garments) from 19901995 alone alone is astounding. astounding. The leather leather products products industr industry y increased increased its amount amount of exports exports from $271 $271 million USD in in the 1990-1991 fiscal year to $349 million USD in 1994-95.
5. Environmental Management Plan for a typical tannery S.NO PROJECT
TARGET
ACTION
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RESPONSIBILITY
1
COMPONENET Fung Fungus us on hide hides s
To prot protec ectt the the hides/skin from fungus
2
Curing hides and Reducing use of skins preservatives
3
Emergency Response
4
Congestion and exhaustion
5
Impacts on surface and ground water
6
Health and To ensure health Safety of workers and safety of and public workers and public
S.NO PROJECT COMPONENT 7 Water Consumption
In order to protect the hides/skin from fungus make changes building structure. Use fiber glass roof on the hall where hides will stored instead of concrete. Chill hides without salt to preserve them for a few days.
Proponent / Design Consultants Industry Management / Proponent
To mitigate the emergency condition as it arises To decrease congestion and exhaustion
Fire extinguishers cylinder should be provided at many locations where necessary with GI wiring Number of windows should be designed in the hide yard. Adequate number of exhaust fans will be there to decrease congestion and exhaustion.
Proponent / Design Consultants
To mitigate the problem of contamination of surface and groundwater
The storage of lubricant materials such as oil and grease should be confined in to pits so that in case of any leakage or spillage, the lubricant materials do not contaminate the entire project site. The Contractor should ensure that the construction workers are trained in safety procedures for all relevant activities of construction; Construction workers should be provided with proper safety equipment such as helmets, goggles, masks, etc. Proponents should make regular checks to ensure that the contractor is following safety measure instructions.
Contractor / Proponent
TARGET
ACTION
RESPONIBILITY
To conserve water and reduce water consumption
With flow meters water Industry conserv conservati ation on strate strategy gy should should Management / be adop adopte ted d and and the the staf stafff be Proponent trained. Conv Conver erti ting ng from rom
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Proponent / Design Consultants
Contractor / Proponent
continuo nuous to seq sequenti ntial washing washing can lead to significant significant wate waterr savi saving ng and and to a much much reduced hydraulic load for the effluent treatment plant. 8
Wastewater Generation
To reduce wastewater generation and to ensure proper disposal. Reuse and to establish a proper Solid waste management plan To mitigate the problem of emergency situations
9
Solid Waste Generation
10
Emergency Response
11
Chrome Reuse
To save chrome that is wasted
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Occupational health and safety considerations
To reduce OHS issues and accidents
Reuse of lime and water, recovery of chrome and alternatives of chemicals to be used
Industry management/ proponent
Reuse, recycle and sale to known buyers and poultry owners.
Industry management /Proponent
The internationally recognized health and safety standards will be adopted and the Emergency Response Plan should be developed and implemented in close consultation with the Fire Fighting Department, Paramedics and Civil Defense.
Industry management/ Proponent
Recycle Chrome through Precipitation process and reuse sludge after simple settling and acidification. The provision and use of safe afety items such uch as face ace protective shields, acid res resistant glo gloves, es, aprons rons,, masks, etc. should be strictly enfo enforc rced. ed. Info Inform rmat atio ion n about about safety, health and environment should be visibly displayed in the the work worksp spac ace. e. Shor Shortt-te term rm training training on occupational occupational health and safety safety,, modern modern practic practices es of hand handliling ng chem chemic ical als, s, etc. etc. should be conducted for tannery staff and operators.
Industry management/ Proponent
6. DEMOLITION PLAN:
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Industry management/ Proponent
The demolition plan for tannery should be addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase that should focus on the cleanup of the entire site. 6.1 Immediate Actions: •
Fence the site to limit access by the public.
•
Determine the structural soundness of wood-frame sections of the main tannery building and the smokestack.
•
Remove asbestos and dispose at an approved off-site disposal facility which is found in building materi materials als,, pipewo pipework rk and insula insulatio tion. n. PCBs PCBs can be found found in electr electrica icall equipm equipment ent such such as transformers/hydraulic transformers/hydraulic equipment and capacitors.
•
Determine soil and groundwater contamination which can occur when chemicals and wastewater seep through the soil from unlined ponds, pipes and drains, or from dumps and spills. Important pollutants include chlorides, tannins, trivalent chromium, sulphate and sulphides as well as other trace organic chemicals and chlorinated solvents.
•
Demolish the remaining concrete and steel parts of the tannery building.
6.2 Entire Site: A remedial investigation (RI) should be undertaken to d etermine the nature and extent of
the contamination at and emanating from the site. Four rounds of sampling should be completed in onsite and off-site off-site locations, locations, with with each subsequent subsequent sampling sampling round being designed based on informati information on from the prior round. As a result of this effort, a baseline ecological risk assessment can be conducted, with samples taken from the on-site wetland and downstream locations of the stream, river or drain where discharges from tannery might cause ecological risk due to presence of chromium. The selected remedy can include excavation of contaminated soil hot spots from the former tannery property, excavation/dredging of contaminated wetland and river or drain sediments located adjacent to the former tannery property, property, solidific solidificatio ation n (the addition addition of cement additives additives to change the physical physical and chemical characteristics in order to immobilize contaminants) and consolidation of the excavated/dredged soils soils and sedim sediment ents s on the former former tanner tannery y proper property, ty, placem placement ent of a soil soil cover, cover, and interm intermitt ittent ent groundwater extraction and treatment.
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7. Social Action Plan: The imposition imposition of social social obligatio obligations ns on any industry provides provides an important important opportunity opportunity to examine examine how social responsibilities are construed by companies and how these constructions relate to perceptions of the role of regulation, specifically the scope for compromise and influence with the regulator. The social action plan emphasizes the subjective and multiple nature of social responsibility and of regulatory relationships, and demonstrate struggles for the strategic and operational meaning over the nature of public interest and competitive advantage.
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Unit: Leather Tannery Goal: To reduce social implications die to the project and to enhance the social controls of the area.
ISSUE
Tasks/Action Steps
1. Resettlement
Reduce land acquisition and resettlemen resettlementt issues. issues. If they cannot cannot be avoided, avoided, proper reset esettl tlem emen entt plans ans and and compen compensat sation ions s should should be given. Employment policies of the tannery tannery should should be focused focused on hiri hiring ng majo majori rity ty of the the ski skilled led and non-ski -skillled led workers from the surrounding communities. Develo Developm pment ent of plans plans and proced procedure ures s for for managi managing ng communi community ty health health impacts impacts due to the contamination of land land and water water resour resources. ces. Cont Contro roll odou odours rs emit emitti ting ng from tannery to avoid being a nuisance to the community. Ensure basic considerations considerations of animal rights and animal welfare are in place. Design Design and communi communicatio cation n of an appr approp opri riat ate e code code of business conduct that consider considers s concerns concerns of key stakeholders (shareholders, empl employ oyee ees, s, gove govern rnme ment nt bodies, NGOs).
2.Employment
3. Labour and Community Improvements
Timeline (By when?)
Ensure there are fair wages, fair air wo worrkin king hours and working conditions in place in line with national law.
4. Vulnerable customers
Reducing Reducing the incidenc incidence e of self self-d -dis isco conn nnec ecti tion on through inability to pay, Impr Improv ovin ing g the the upta uptake ke and qualit quality y of servic services es provid provided ed to custom customers ers on the Priority Service Register.
5. Infrastructure development
Roads, provision of utilities and better civic and admini administr strati ative ve struct structur ures es are are need needed ed for for a tann tanner ery. y. Thes These e shou should ld be shar shared ed with the community.
Evidence of success (How will you know you’re making progress?)
23 Evaluation process (How will you know your goal has been reached?)
8. Refer eferen ence ces s
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COTANCE (Confederation of Tanning Industries of the European Union). 2002. The European Tanning Industry Sustainability Sustainability Review. Brussels, Belgium: COTANCE.
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Environment Environment Australia. Australia. 1999. National National Pollutant Pollutant Inventory. Inventory. Emission Emission Estimati Estimation on Technique Technique Manual Manual for Leathe Leatherr Tannin Tanning g and Finis Finishin hing. g. Canber Canberra, ra, Austra Australia lia:: Europe European an Commi Commissi ssion, on, Directorate General JRC,
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Freudenburg, William R. 1986. Social Impact Assessment . Annual Review of Sociology, 1986. 12:451 - 78.
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Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). 2001. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Tanning of Hides and Skins. BREF. May. Sevilla, Spain: IPPC.
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IPPC, IPPC, Integrated Integrated Pollution Pollution Preventio Prevention n and control, control, UK Environme Environmental ntal Agency, Guidance Guidance for tanneries sector, 2002 (IPPC S6.08) http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk
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Interorganizational Committee for Guidelines and Principles for SIA, May 1994. Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment. U.S. Department Commerce. Reprinted in Burdge, 1998 (op.cit.)
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International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies (IULTCS), IU Commission Environment Environment (IUE). 2004. Technical Technical Guidelines Guidelines for Environme Environmental ntal Protectio Protection n Aspects Aspects for the World Leather Industry. Pembroke, UK: IULTCS. Available at http://www.iultcs.org/environment.asp
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Japan International Center for Occupational Safety and Health (JICOSH). 2001– 02. Accident Frequency Rates and Severity Rates by Industry. Tokyo, Japan: JICOSH.
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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environmental Directorate. 2004. Emission Emission Scenario Scenario Document Document on Leather Leather Processin Processing. g. ENV/JM/M ENV/JM/MONO( ONO(2004)1 2004)13. 3. Paris, Paris, France: OECD.
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United United Nations Nations Industria Industriall Development Development Organization Organization (UNIDO) (UNIDO).. 2000. Pollutants Pollutants in Tannery Tannery Effluents. Regional Program for Pollution Control in the Tanning Industry in South-East Asia. Prepared by M. Bosnic, J. Buljan and R.P. Daniels. US/RAS/92/120.: US/RAS/92/120.: UNIDO.
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United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). 2000. Occupational Safety and Health Aspects of Leather Manufacture – Guidelines and Recommendations for Managers and Super Supervi viso sors rs of Tann Tanner erie ies s and and Effl Efflue uent nt Trea Treatm tmen entt Plant Plants. s. Prep Prepar ared ed by J. Bulj Buljan, an, A. Sahasranaman, and J. Hannak. India: RePO-UNIDO and Council for Leather Exports (CLE).
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US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1995–2003. Leather Tanning and Finishing, Occupation Occupational al Injuries Injuries and Illnesses: Illnesses: Industry Industry Data, Data, Years Years 1995–2003. 1995–2003. Washington, Washington, DC: US Department of Labor.
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US Enviro Environme nmenta ntall Prote Protecti ction on Agency Agency (US (US EPA). EPA). 1997. 1997. AP-42 AP-42 Emiss Emission ion Factor Factors. s. Leathe Leather r Tanning. Section 9.15. Washington, DC: US EPA.
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Vanclay, Frank. 2000. Social Impact Assessment . Contributing Paper, Thematic Review V.2, INS220 INS220:: Envir Environm onment ental al and Social Social Asses Assessme sment nt for Large Large Dams. Dams. Prepa Prepared red for the World World Commission on Dams.
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