Influence of Treatment Programs and Social Adjustment among Newly Admitted Drug Dependent Clients in Quezon City Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Tahanan Kayereen Rachelle A. Abiad, Keileen R. Canare, Aljon Daryl Y. Flores, Amikka Joyce B. Llorin and Ares Mari R. Padrejuan Far Eastern University Abstract: Keywords: treatment program, social adjustment, drug dependents, rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
gastrointestinal
Over the years, reports of drug
diseases,
cancer
(Aliasgari, et al. 2004; Ghadirian, et al
abuse inside and outside the country
1985;
has become higher and higher. To date,
osteoporosis (Amini, et al 2011) and
drugs are being available in many
death (Jafari, et al 2012; Amini, et al
places
2011)
and
regardless
of
several what
individuals, age,
gender,
Damghani,
are
complications
et
some of
of
al
the
2003),
physical
substance
abuse.
socioeconomic status and even their
Psychologically, it can also lead to
profession, are getting involved with this
increased stress, anxiety, depression,
kind of activity. Perhaps, these people
psychosis,
are enticed by the pleasure or escape
decreased self-efficacy (Epstein, et al
that drugs might offer.
2011; Darke, et al 2005). In the social
indecisiveness
and
Substance abuse, having been a
aspect, substance abuse led to crimes
major economic and health problem
that threatened the safety and security
across the globe, also leads to multiple
of everybody. In response to this, the
effects on the physical, psychological
Philippine Government led by the new
and social well-being of the person and
President Duterte, together with the
his community (Chen, 2009). Infectious
Philippine
diseases like AIDS, Hepatitis C, liver,
prioritized the implementation of the
heart
Anti-Illegal Drugs Campaign Project.
(Hamid,
et
al
2013)
and
National
Police,
has
According
to
Command
Drug treatment is defined as
Memorandum Circular No. 16 (2016),
intended to help addicted individuals
the main objective of this campaign is to
stop compulsive drug seeking and use.
produce
drug-free
execute
operations
personalities
the
and
barangays
and
Treatment can occur in a variety of
against
drug
settings, take many different forms, and
This
last
syndicates.
for
different
lengths
of
time.
movement led to plenty of surrendered
Because drug addiction is typically a
people, issues of extra-judicial crime
chronic
and
occasional relapses, a short-term, one-
rise
of
the
need
for
more
rehabilitation centers. Drug
addiction
disorder
characterized
by
time treatment is usually not sufficient. is
a
chronic
For many, treatment is a long-term
disease characterized by compulsive, or
process
uncontrollable, drug seeking and use
interventions and regular monitoring
despite
(NIDA, 2016). On the other hand, social
harmful
consequences
and
that
adjustment
lasting. These changes in the brain can
balance in social relationships usually
lead to the harmful behaviors seen in
aided by the appropriate of social skills
people who use drugs. Drug addiction is
as defined in Psychology Wiki, 2016. Social
the
multiple
changes in the brain, which can be long
also a relapsing disease. Relapse is the
is
involves
achievement
adjustment can
of
be
return to drug use after an attempt to
defined as a psychological process. It
stop (NIDA, 2016).
frequently involves coping with new
By learning the facts about drugs,
standards and values. In the technical
many will become aware of the risks this
language of psychology, getting along
“pleasure or escape” might give the drug
with the members of the society as best
users and so will pave a way for helping
as
them
(Sharma,
recover
from
the
addiction.
one
can
is
2016).
called adjustment As
for
domains,
Although, many of these users reported
relationships with extended family and
quitting because they wanted to change
role within the family unit, including
and have a better life, the road of
perceptions about economic functioning,
recovery was likewise a challenging and
also showed a marked atypical social
stressful path for most.
adjustment. Social and leisure activities,
and work either as a paid worker, unpaid homemaker,
or
student
showed
respectively a moderate and slight atypical adjustment (Delvecchio, 2015). This study and its results can contribute to the field of Psychology, especially in Clinical Psychology. It can help
the
professionals
and
Specifically,
it
answered
the
following questions: 1. What were the treatment programs provided for the newly admitted drug dependents. 2. How did drug dependents adjust socially in the rehabilitation center? 3. How did these treatment programs and social adjustment affect the clients’ recovery?
administrators of rehabilitation centers in planning for the intervention programs
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
and in addressing the concerns of each client.
The results of the study may be Because of the outrageous news
beneficial to the following individuals:
regarding drug activities and its victims in the present government whereas many
were
killed
and
many
surrendered, the researchers aimed to determine the influence of treatment programs and social adjustment among the newly admitted drug dependents.
Drug Dependent Clients. The study aimed to provide drug dependent clients an understanding about the various treatment programs that the rehabilitation centers offer and that the study provide awareness about the efforts made by the government to address
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
drug-related
issues
in
the
country.
The study investigated on the
Psychologists.This study hoped
influence of treatment programs and
to provide the psychologists a better
social adjustment among the newly
understanding and knowledge about the
admitted drug dependents.
possible influence of the treatment programs employed
in rehabilitation
centers and social adjustment of the
newly admitted drug dependent clients.
reference in order to formulate and
This study would also provide reference
implement
for their assessment on the tendencies
addressing drug-related cases in the
of clients with drug-related cases and
country.
help team up with the administrators of rehabilitation centers to come up and implement more effective intervention methods.
effective
measures
in
Future Researchers.The study can be used by the future researchers as their reference in conducting and developing new researches especially
Rehabilitation Facilitators.This
those who will pursue a study related
study aimed to determine problems
or focused on intervention methods
encountered in rehabilitation facilities
and social psychology. It can also be
and suggest possible solutions for the
beneficial to those who would attempt
improvement
of
to replicate or redefine the paradigms
mechanisms
and
the
clients’ coping
inspire
them
to
established in this study.
actively participate in the rehabilitation program.
CHAPTER 2
Family,
Relatives
and
Friends.The study hoped to provide the
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
families, relatives and friends of clients with drug-related cases awareness and
Due
to
the
dearth
of
the
better understanding about the lives of
literature
the clients and how they adjust to the
setting, the researchers
environs of rehabilitation centers.
utilized mostly foreign sources and
Government and Society.This study hoped to raise awareness among the readers about the current situations of the drug dependents and how they deal with day-to-day situations inside rehabilitation centers. The study also hoped
to
provide
the
authorities
available
in
the
local
studies in explaining the focal points of the study. According to the study of Vivo (2009), there are different kinds of treatment that the substance abuse patients needs, but despite of all the
researchers and studies conducted,
knowledge that treatment can be
there are only few or 10 percent of
effective for this group, services for
the patients receive treatments.
them are less available than for adults. As a result we lose early
According to the Journal of
intervention,
which
can
prevent
Substance Abuse Treatment, there
worsen of the effects of substance to
were two primary reasons for fewer
their body.
addiction
treatment
programs
for
The second reason was that
adolescents. The first one is that
the abuse patients do not receive
researcher is lacking of adolescent
adequate/quality
treatment program itself. According
researchers
to Hannah Knudsen, we have only
such as family involvement and the
one-tenth who received treatment out
number of comprehensive services
of 1.4 million teens who are treatment
offered and it resulted to only a small
for substance abuse. And it was the
number of teen drug rehab programs
result of the lack of availability of the
scored high in each domain. Seventy
treatment programs for adolescents.
(70) percent of adolescent substance
There are also treatment program
abuse programs only treat addicted
that are provided by the government
teens
but it was not enough, especially that
according to the study, while most
the
treatment
substance abusing teens need more
lacks
intensive
government
programs/facilities
often
of
on
treatment.
evaluated
an
nine
outpatient
residential
or
The areas
basis,
inpatient
fundings to support all those who are
treatment services, which tend to
in
rank higher in quality.
need. There
are
also private
treatment programs/facilities that are
Research
shows
that
a
available and has a better treatment
majority of teens requiring substance
program to offer to the substance
abuse treatment also need treatment
abuse patients but then it was not
for
enough. It was also said that despite
issues, such as depression, anxiety,
the public health significance of
trauma, or emotional or behavioral
adolescent substance abuse and the
disorders. When these conditions are
co-occurring
mental
health
treated separately, the risk of relapse
program
is high. Substance abuse treatment
seems to work to provide ‘‘therapy’’
centers that simultaneously detect
for the families.
and address dual diagnosis issues
The
have
achieved
outcomes,
vastly
with
study
the
was
agency
used
in
Malaysian setting, and this study
patients
aimed to apply it in the Philippine
more
setting.
permanently.
_
Rehabilitation
centers
numerous
by
improved
abstaining from drug or alcohol use
implement
utilized
A
considerable
amount
of
treatment
studies has explored the association
programs to aid clients from relapse.
between several aspects of religiosity
In the study of Baharudinet. al.
and the use of alcohol, tobacco,
(2014), there is a need of intervention
marijuana, and other drugs (Amey,
programs, and family intervention
Albrecht, and Miller 1996; Bensen
program is one to look at the
1992; Gartner, Larson, and Allen
experience that the family undergo in
1991; Gorsuch 1995; Krause 1991;
drug
the
Wallace and Forman 1998). Many
Malaysian context as well as to
religious groups or formal churches
devise
have
addiction
treatment
possible
recommendations who
are
in
alternate
for
counselors
interested
in
the
been sponsoring substance
abuse treatment programs and some of them make ways to integrate a
augmentation of family techniques in
spiritual
the treatment of drug addiction.
treatment programs.
Results
show
that
dimension
into
their
family
members have a close relationship
Religiosity, being a personal
with the drug user’s counselor and
attribute, has been considered in the
would
be
given
and
study of substance abuse. Personal
report
on
their
Even
religiousness or spirituality has been
though the counselor is not using
expected to produce positive effects
family
the
on health outcomes but only little
combination of components in the
information about its influence on
therapy
information progress. per
se,
treating
drug
dependents
was
offered.
Similar studies conclude that religiosity-drug
use
relationships
show a stronger connection than the Some
researches
involving
religiosity-psychiatric
disorders
participants
from
alcoholic
relationships (Kendler et al. 2003).
anonymous
and
narcotics
The present study referred to the
anonymous
have
consistent levels
conveyed
relationship
of
moral community hypothesis which
between
have been used to know about
drug
religiosity,
dependent clients in the spiritual
behaviors
aspects of these programs and more
alcohol abuse. Its results shown that
positive outcomes (Bristow-Braitman
an increase in church attendance and
1995; Brizer 1993; Christo and Franey
involvement
1995; Corrington 1989; Craig and
produced
Krishma 1997; Ellis and McClure
posttreatment alcohol and drug use
1992; McCradey and Miller 1993;
than
Montgomery,
and
religiosity. The answer to the first
Tonigan1995). Studies that discuss
research question of present study
about the role of religiosity as a
regarding the relationship between
protective resource express
participation
a
Miller,
factor in a
of
the
delinquency that involve
in
drug and
self-help
better measure
and
groups
effects of
in
individual
and
personal
an individual’s level of religiosity,
treatment
recovery
retention
weak
commitment
to
moderate
treatment was that individuals with
relationship to substance use and
higher levels of religiosity tended to
dependence (Brenda and Corwyn
have higher levels of commitment.
2000;
and
Moreover, the researchers found out
Prescott 1997; Miller, Davies, and
that commitment to treatment tends
Greenwald 2000; Hater, Singh, and
to
Simpson
highlight on the role of religion than
Kendler,
1984;
to
and
Gardener,
Project
Research Group 1997).
MATCH
be
higher
in
programs
that
in programs with little or no religious emphasis and where the clientele
place
a
lower
value
on
the
several weeks after the baseline. The
importance of religion.
researchers suggested that policy
_
makers must conduct seminars to Self-efficacy and self-esteem
health
workers
about
can influence drug relapse (Bandura,
courses
1977) and commitment to treatment.
addiction
Techniques
participation of the patients and
like
problem-solving
related
to
education
and
require
the
health
family member can help stimulate the
awareness and increase success in
level of self-efficacy and self-esteem
treatment. In
the
to
and
education with the presence of a
among drug abusers throughout their
workers
family
study
promulgate
of
Silva
and
treatment period (Habibi, et al 2016).
Aminabhavi (2013), adolescents with
Hogue, et al (2015) found that family
drug addiction differed significantly from
therapy can be more effective in
those who are not in terms of self-
modification of adolescent behavior
efficacy,
problems involving drug abuse rather
adjustment. It was reported that drug
than
in
addicted adolescents have significantly
treatment,
lower adjustment in terms of home,
stressors, long distance to clinics,
social, emotional and educational when
absence of family and properties of
compared
prescribed
are
Similarly, drug addicted adolescents
contributors to drug relapse (Bruce,
have shown significantly lower self-
et al 2012). The results show that
efficacy and psychosocial competency
after the intervention, there found to
in terms of problem solving, decision-
be a significant increase on the mean
making, critical thinking, empathy, self-
scores of the self-efficacy and self-
awareness,
esteem of both groups. Nevertheless,
coping
the scores of the intervention group
relationships, effective communication
were greater than those of the control
as well as overall compared to the non-
group. Also, the control group had
addicted
more frequent experiences of relapse
government attempts to address the
non-family
treatment.
involvement
Inadequate
medicines
competency
to
those
coping
with
and
who
with
stress,
are
social
not.
emotions,
interpersonal
adolescents.Thus,
the
issues of drug addiction through various
1. The respondents are adults
methods – one of it is through drug
aging from 18 years old and
rehabilitation.
above. 2. They are newly admitted within 2 months and less.
METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN
INSTRUMENTS
A qualitative study particularly phenomenological
approach
was
utilized by the researchers. This helped
The researchers made use of the following
subject matter.
for
the
data
gathering:
the researcher and the readers to have an in depth understanding regarding the
instruments
1. Interview Questions It is composed of seven (10) item questions that served as guide for a semi-structured
PARTICIPANTS
questions
interview.
revealed
the
These different
treatment programs provided for the The participants were male and
patients and how did they socially adjust
female (N=5) newly admitted clients in
in the rehabilitation center as well as
Quezon
how effective these programs and social
City
Drug
Treatment
and
Rehabilitation Center – Tahanan.
adjustment in their recover. 2. Personal Data Sheet
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The
subject
was
given
a
used
personal data sheet to determine their
purposive sampling technique to
names, age, gender and other basic
select
personal information.
their
researchers
Every
respondents.
The
following were the criteria that served as guide for selecting the
3. Informed Consent An
informed
consent
was
respondents that will best suit the
constructed to describe in detail the
study:
set of procedures to be done, to indicate the promise of confidentiality
in all the responses to be given, to
of specific criteria. Before conducting
inform the participant that he/she can
the interview, the respondents had to
withdraw from the study anytime and
carefully read and sign the informed
to
the
consent which was provided by the
participant. Also, it is stated in the
researchers. The researchers also
informed
the
asked the respondents before the
respondents should participate out of
interview if they were allowed to
their free will and are free to decline
audio record the full content of the
participation or to leave the study at
interview. Semi-structured interview
any time they wished to without
was scheduled depending on the
negative consequences.
date and time availability of the
ask
permission
from
consent
that
respondents. transcription
PROCEDURES This part of the research methodology
discussed
the
process in which the researchers
of
the
data
interview,
was
done.
Analyzing all the data gathered was the last part of the process. DATA ANALYSIS
followed in gathering data of the qualitative study.
After
In analyzing the gathered data, the researchers made use of Thematic Analysis. According to
The researchers asked permission
Braun and Clarke (2006), thematic
from FEU Psychology Department by
analysis
presenting a letter to allow them to
identifying, analyzing and reporting
conduct a research in Quezon City
patterns
Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation -
Thematic Analysis is important in
Tahanan. The signed letter from the
the description of the phenomenon
Psychology Department was brought
and the themes of the gathered
to
data. The participants revealed
the
Admin
Rehabilitation
Officer
of
Center.
the The
their
is within
“a
method data”
experiences
(p.
of
for 79).
the
respondents were selected through a
phenomenon, in this case, their
purposive
in
experiences while they were in the
which the researchers had set series
midst of the treatment programs.
sampling
technique
Then
the
researchers
participants, and the view of the
systematically sorted the themes
external
of the respondents’ answers.
Carlson, 2010, p. 1105, par 3). The
This study also used Member
researchers gave electronic copies
Checking.
Doyle
of the transcript via Facebook
(1998),
message. The respondents were
member checking is a process
asked to edit or clarify their words
wherein
were
from the transcripts and after that
given an opportunity to check
they were advised to give their
particular interpretation of the data
feedback. Basically, the purpose of
they provided (as cited in Carlson,
Member Checking was to add
2010, p. 1105, par 1). Curtin and
trustworthiness and credibility to
Fosley (2007) defined member
this study.
(2007)
According
and
to
Merriam
the
respondents
checking as the “way of finding out whether
the
data
analysis
is
congruent with the participants’ experiences” (as cited in Carlson, 2010, p. 1105, par 1). Creswell & Miller
(2000)
also
stated
that
member checking requires the incorporation
of
three
different
views namely: the view of the researcher,
the
view
of
the
readers
(as
cited
in
References Vivo, Megan. (2009). Giving Teen Substance Abuse the Attention it deserves Retrieved Oct. 30, 2016 from http://www.teen-drug-abuse.org/12steps/giving-teen-substance-abuse-the-attention-it-deserves.htm Shields, Joseph J., et al. (2007). Religion and Substance Abuse Treatment: Individual and Program Effects. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion Vol 46, 3rd Edition, Pages 355–371 Habibi, Rahim, et al. (2016). The Effects of Family-Centered Problem Solving Education on Relapse Rate, Self-Efficacy and Esteem among Substance Abusers. International Journal on High Risk Behavioral Addiction, Vol. 5 No. 1, Pages 1-7 Silva, J.D., and Aminabhavi, V.A. 2013. Adjustment, Self-efficacy and Psychosocial Competency of Drug Addicted
Adolescents.
J
Psychology,
4(1):
13-18
(2013).http://www.krepublishers.com/02 Journals/JP/JP-04-0-000-13-Web/JP-04-1-000-13-Abst-PDF/JP-04-1-01313-095-D'Silva-J/JP-04 1-013-13-095-D'Silva-J-Tt.pdf
Appendices
