systematic organic analysis

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Compiled By: Dr.K.Kesavan M.Sc., Ph.D., Former Professor and Head, Presidency College, Chennai. S.No

EXPERIMENT

1.

Colour

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

Pink or dark brownPhenol or aromatic solid or liquid amines Yellow liquid or solid Nitro compound Colorless liquid or Absence of phenols white solid. or aromatic amines. 2. Odour Phenolioc odour Phenols Fishy or aniline likeAromatic amines. odour. Pleasant fruity odour Aromatic esters Smell of bitter almonds Aromatic aldehydes. No characteristic odour Absence of \u2026\u2026.. 3. Solubility Soluble Carbohydrates, In cold water diamide, aliphatic aldehydes, ketones and acids. insoluble Absence of \u2026\u2026 If the compound is insoluble in cold water, test its solubility in NaOH and HCl. In NaOH Soluble Phenols or aromatic carboxylic acids. Insoluble Absence of \u2026. In HCl Soluble Aromatic amines Absence of\u2026.. Insoluble II. TEST FOR UNSATURATION. To a little of the substance in Decolourised. Unsaturated 1. water/alcohol add 1 ml of compound Bromine water. Decolourised with the Saturated compound Phenol or formation of a white like aromatic amine. precipitate. Not decolourised. Saturated. 2. Unsaturated To a little of substance in Decolourised water/Alcohol add dil. alkalineNot Decolourised Saturated KMnO4 III. TEST FOR AROMATICITY. 1. with sooty Aromatic compound. A little of the substance is Burns taken in the nickel spatula andluminous flame. introduce into the Bunsen flame.

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2.

Nitration Test: 0.5ml of on

Burns with a non-Aliphatic compound. luminous, non-sooty flame. Yellow precipitate orAromatic compound solution No yellow precipitate or Aliphatic solution

IV.TEST FOR ELEMENTS (N, S, Cl). Preparation of Sodium fusion extract: A small piece of sodium, dried with a filter paper is

1

2.

3.

To 1ml of the extract add a

A

blue

or

No

blue

or

green Presence of Nitrogen. green Absence of Nitrogen.

To 1ml of extract add 2 drops A black precipitate isPresence of sulphur. of lead acetate solution. obtained. No black precipitate is Absence of Sulphur. obtained. Curdy To 1ml of the extract add 1ml A white Presence of chlorine.

No curdy white Absence of chlorine. precipitate. V. TEST FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. Test for Carboxylic acids: To a A quick effervescencePresence 1. of is noted Carboxylic acids. No effervescence. Absence of Carboxylic acids. 2. Test for phenols: To a 1ml of A blue, violet or greenPresence of Phenols. colour is noted. No characteristicAbsence of phenols. colour. 3. pink Test for Esters: To 1mlof The colour Presence of Ester. The colour disappear.

does

notAbsence of ester.



of

4.

Test for aldehydes/Ketones: An yellow or orangePresence precipitate s formed.

5.

Test for Aldehydes: To a little A deep pink or redPresence of of the substance in colour is formed Aldehydes. immediately. A pink or red colour isAbsence of not immediately Aldehydes. formed. Test for ketones: To a little of An orange colour is Presence of ketones.

6.

No characteristic colour Absence of Ketones. is developed. 7.

8.

9. 10.

11.

Test for Carbohydrates: To a The substance chars Presence carbohydrates.

of

The substance does not Absence of char. carbohydrates. Test for Primary amines: To a A red brown dye isPresence of aromatic obtained. primary amines. No characteristic dye is Absence of aromatic formed. primary amines. Test for Amides: To a little of Ammonia is evolved. Presence of amides. No evolution of Absence of amides. ammonia. Test for Diamide: A little of A violet colour is Presence of Diamide. formed. No violet colour Absence of Diamide.

Test for Nitro compounds: To A silver mirror or blackPresence of precipitate is obtained. compounds. No silver mirror orAbsence of black precipitate is compounds. obtained.

Nitro Nitro



VI. CONFORMATORY TEST FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. For Carboxylic acids. Fruity Fruity 1. odour is Carboxylic produced. confirmed.

2.

Libermann’s Test: To a drops

c.

A

red

solution

is

Phenol is confirmed.

of

Azodye Test: Dissolve 3 An orange formed. Add 1mlof

Test for Aldehydes: a. Tollen’s Test: To 1ml of

b.

4.

is

Test for Phenols: a. Phalein fusion test: To a Pink colour is formed Phenol is confirmed.

b.

3

acid

dye

A bright silver mirror or Aldehyde black precipitate is confirmed. obtained.

Fehling’s Test: Mix 0.5ml A red precipitate obtained.

Test For Carbohydrates: a. Molische’s Test: To 1ml

isPresence of Phenol is confirmed.

A violet ring is formed

isAldehyde confirmed.

Carbohydrate confirmed.

is

is

is



b.

Tollen’s Test: Add a little A silver formed.

c.

Fehling’s Test: Add a A

and

A red formed

mirror

precipitate

isPresence of reducing sugar. isPresence of reducing sugar.

B

5.

Test For Primary Amines: a. Carbylamine Test: To a

6.

Test For Aromatic amides: To NH3 is evolved

7.

Test For Diamide: white crystallineDiamide a. Oxalate Test: To a little f A precipitate is formed. confirmed.

8.

Offensive smelling gasPrimary amine is evolved. confirmed.

is

Presence of amide confirmed. A white precipitate isPresence of aromatic formed. amide confirmed. is

b. Nitrate Test: To a little of A white crystallineDiamide is precipitate is formed. confirmed. add 1ml of con.HNO3. Test For Dicarboxylic acids. A greenish yellow Dicarboxilic acid is Fluorescein Test: To a little of fluorescence is formed.confirmed.

REPORT:

The Given Organic Compound i. is acidic/basic/neutral ii. is saturated/unsaturated iii. is aromatic/aliphatic



systematic organic analysis

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