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Do the Anion - Cation analysis with the help of this chart and identify the salt quicker than ever.
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GENERAL PROCEDURE for THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE SALT I. PRELIMINARY TESTS S. No. 1
2
EXPERIMENT SOLUBILITY A little of the salt is shaken with water.
ACTION OF HEAT: A small amount of the salt is heated gently in a dry test tube.
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
1) Soluble
1) May be Sulphate, Nitrate, Chloride orAmmonium Carbonate.
2) Insoluble
2) May be Carbonate or Sulphide.
1) Colourless, odourlessgas turning Lime water milky.
1) May be Carbonate.
2) Decripitation occurs 2) May with evolution be Nitrate. ofreddish brown gas.
3) Salt sublimes with evolution of pungent smelling gas givingdense white fumes witha glass rod dipped inconc HCl.
3) May beAmmonium.
4) The white salt turnsyellow on heating.
4) May be Zinc.
5) No characteristic change.
5) Absence of Carbonate, Nitrate, Ammonium and Zinc.
FLAME TEST: A small amount of the salt is made into a paste with conc. HCl in a watch glass and introduced into the nonluminous part of the Bunsen flame.
1) Bluish colour flame.
1) Presence ofCopper.
2) Brick red flame.
2) Presence ofCalcium.
3) Grassy green flame.
3) Presence ofBarium.
4) No characteristic coloured flame.
4) Absence of Copper, Calcium and Barium.
1) Green ash.
1) Presence of Zinc.
3
4
ASH TEST: A filter paper is soaked into a paste of the salt
with conc. HCl / HNO3and Cobalt 2) Blue ash. Nitratesolution in a watch glass and burnt. 3) Pink ash. 4) No characteristic coloured ash.
5
6
7
2) Presence ofAluminium. 3) Presence ofMagnesium. 4) Absence of Zinc, Aluminium and Magnesium.
II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS ACTION OF DIL HCl 1) Brisk effervescenceof 1) Carbonate is To a small amount colourless, odourlessgas confirmed. of dilute HCl the salt is turning Lime water added. milky.
2) Rotten egg smelling gas turning Lead acetate paper black.
2) Sulphide is confirmed.
3) No characteristic change.
3) Absence of Sulphide and Carbonate.
COPPER TURNINGS TEST: A small amount of the salt is heated with Copper Turnings / Filter paper ball and a few drops ofconc. Sulphuric acid.
1) Reddish brown gasis evolved.
1) Presence ofNitrate.
2) No reddish brown gas is evolved.
2) Absence of Nitrate.
CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: To a small amount of thesalt a pinch of Potassium Dichromate is added and heated with few drops ofconc. Sulphuric acid.
1) Red orange vapoursevolved are passed through water to get a yellow solution, which on adding Lead acetateforms a yellowprecipitate.
1) Chloride is confirmed.
2) No Red orange vapours.
2) Absence of chloride.
8
ACTION OF NaOH: A small amount of the salt is heated with Sodium Hydroxide.
1) Pungent smelling gas forming dense white fumes with a glass rod dipped inconc. HCl and also turns red Litmus paper blue.
1) Presence ofAmmonium.
2) No pungent smelling gas.
2) Absence of Ammonium.
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT 9. PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT: A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of sodium carbonate and 20ml of distilled water is added, boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called“SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT”. S. No
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
10
BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: To a few drops of the extract, dilute Hydrochloric Acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of Barium chloridesolution is added. SILVER NITRATE TEST: To a few drops of the extract dilute Nitric Acid is added until the effervescence ceases and 2 ml of Silver Nitratesolution is added.
1) A white precipitate, insoluble in conc. HCl.
1) Sulphate is confirmed.
2) No white precipitate.
2) Absence of Sulphate
1) A curdy white precipitate, soluble in excess of Ammonium hydroxide.
1) Presence ofChloride.
2) A black precipitate.
2) Presence ofSulphide.
3) No precipitate.
3) Absence of chloride/ sulphide.
11
INFERENCE
12
BROWN RING TEST: To a few drops of extractdilute Sulphuric acid is added until the effervescence ceases, thenfreshly prepared FeSO4 is added and then conctratedSulphuric acid is added drop by drop along the sides of the test tube.
1) Brown ring is formed at the junction of the two layers.
1) Nitrate is confirmed.
2) No brown ring.
2) Absence of Nitrate.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS 13. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in_______________# # Water (When the salt is water soluble) # Dil. HCl or Dil. HNO3 (When the salt is water insoluble) 14. GROUP IDENTIFICATION S. No 1
2
3
4
5
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
To a few drops of the original solution 2 ml ofdilute HCl is added.
1) White precipitate.
1) Presence of First Group. (Lead).
2) No characteristic precipitate.
2) Absence of First Group (Lead).
To a few drops of the original solution 2 ml ofdilute HCl is added andH2S gas is passed.
1) Black precipitate.
1) Presence of Second Group (Copper).
2) No characteristic precipitate.
2) Absence of Second Group (Copper).
To a few drops of the original solution 1 mlNH4Cl and 2 ml NH4OHsolutions are added.
1) Gelatinous whiteprecipitate.
1) Presence of Third Group (Aluminium).
2) No characteristic precipitate.
2) Absence of Third Group (Aluminium).
To a few drops of the original solution 1 mlNH4Cl and 2 ml NH4OHsolutions are added andH2S gas is passed. To a few drops of the original solution 1 mlNH4Cl, 2
1) Dirty whiteprecipitate.
1) Presence of Fourth Group (Zinc).
2) No characteristic precipitate.
2) Absence of Fourth Group (Zinc).
1) White precipitate.
1) Presence of Fifth Group (Calcium orBarium).
ml NH4OH and 2 ml (NH4)2CO3 solutions are added. To a few drops of the original solution 1 mlNH4Cl, 2 ml NH4OH and 2 ml Di Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate are added.
6
2) No characteristic precipitate.
2) Absence of Fifth Group (Calcium andBarium).
1) White precipitate.
1) Presence of Sixth Group (Magnesium).
2) No characteristic precipitate.
2) Absence of Sixth Group (Magnesium).
V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS S. No 1
1 2
EXPERIMENT
OBSERVATION
TEST FOR AMMONIUM To a few drops of the original Reddish solution Sodium brownprecipitate. Hydroxide and Nessler’s reagent are added. First group LEAD To a few drops of the original Yellow precipitate. solutionPotassium Chromate is added. To a few drops of the original Yellow precipitatesoluble solutionPotassium Iodide is in hot waterwhich added. reappears as golden yellow spangles on cooling.
INFERENCE
Ammonium is confirmed.
Lead is confirmed. Lead is confirmed.
Third group ALUMINIUM
1
To a few drops of the original solution Sodium Hydroxide is added in drops to excess.
White precipitate soluble in excess of Sodium hydroxide.
Aluminium is confirmed.
2
To a few drops of the original solutionAmmonium Hydroxideand Aluminon reagent are added.
A bright red lake.
Aluminium is confirmed.
Fourth group ZINC 1
To a few drops of the original solution Sodium Hydroxide is added in drops to excess.
White precipitate soluble in excess of Sodium hydroxide.
Zinc is confirmed.
2
To a few drops of the original solutionPotassium Ferro cyanideis added.
White precipitatesoluble in excess of Sodium hydroxide &insoluble in dilute acid.
Zinc is confirmed.
Fifth group CALCIUM 1
To a few drops of the original solutionPotassium
No precipitate.
Calcium is confirmed.
2
1
2
Chromate is added. To a few drops of the original solutionAmmonium Hydroxideand Ammonium Oxalateare added.
White precipitateinsoluble in Acetic acid.
Fifth group BARIUM To a few drops of the original Yellow precipitate, solutionPotassium soluble in acid. Chromate is added. To a few drops of the original solution Dilute Sulphuric Acid is added.
White precipitate insoluble in Acetic acid.
Calcium is confirmed.
Barium is confirmed. Barium is confirmed.
Sixth group MAGNESIUM 1
To a few drops of the original solution Sodium Hydroxide is added in drops to excess.
White precipitate, insoluble in excess of Sodium hydroxide.
Magnesium isconfirmed.
2
To a few drops of the original solutionMagneson reagent is added.
Blue precipitate.
Magnesium is confirmed.
** Colourless salts only be given for practicals. Points expected in the practical exam. alone posted here.
RESULT The given simple salt contains
1. Basic Radical : __________________ 2. Acid Radical : __________________ The given simple salt is : ____________________________________
