Breeds and Breedin Breeding g
• Kingdom
:Animalia
• Phylum
:Chordata
• Class
:Mammalia
• Family
:Suidae
• Order
:Artiodactyla
• Suborder
:Bunodontia
• Genus
:Sus
• Eu European ropean Wild boar: Sus scrofa • Southe Southeast ast Asian specie: Sus vittatus
• Kingdom
:Animalia
• Phylum
:Chordata
• Class
:Mammalia
• Family
:Suidae
• Order
:Artiodactyla
• Suborder
:Bunodontia
• Genus
:Sus
• Eu European ropean Wild boar: Sus scrofa • Southe Southeast ast Asian specie: Sus vittatus
VP = VG + VE + VGE • V = Variation • P = Phenotype • G = Genotype • E = Environment • GE GE = = Interaction between GE
Types of hogs • Lard or pork type breeds of pigs that have pork and wide body conformation • Bacon or meat type breeds of pigs with long and rounded body with thin pork • Dual purpose breed breed which is derive mostly by breeding the firs t two types
BREED • is a group of animals that has specific traits or characteristics in common. • Mating within the breed produces progeny that maintains the same set of characteristics. • They are genetically pure enough to have similar external characteristics of color and conformation.
Basis of differentiating different breeds • Color: black, whit, brown, etc. • Color combinations: spotted, belted, etc. • Size of ears • Position of ears: erect, hanging, ¼ hanging, etc. • Length and shape of the snout • Body length • Weight at maturity • Backline: straight, swaying, curved, etc.
Native Pig
Philippine Native Pig The Philippine native pig is generally small. Based on limited observations, mature females-weigh about 30 - 40 kgs. boars weigh about 40 - 50 kgs. The average height of a mature native pig is about 55 cm. The body length is about 80 cm. Body width measured at the shoulder area is about 16
MEISHAN BREED • Most common and popular breed in China is the Meishan pig which comes from the region of lakes and valleys in China. • • • • • • • • • •
It is black in color with white extremities. It has large drooping ears and it is of the lard type. This breed is known for its prolificacy Early sexual maturity (reaches puberty at 2.5 - 3 months of age) large litter size (15 - 16 piglets/litter). Its meat has a very good taste. They are also slow growing, resistant to some diseases, Fat (backfat thickness - 2.5 cm) able to consume large amounts of roughage. The dressing percentage is 66.8%.
• Meishan pigs are considered to be one of the most prolific breeds in the world.
The American Landrace is a white hog of long body length, having sixteen or seventeen pairs of ribs. The arch of back is much less pronounced than on most other breeds of swine. For some hogs the back is almost flat. The head is long and rather narrow and the jowl is clean. The ears are large and heavy and are carried close to the face. There is an admirable meatiness about them on foot and particularly on the rail.
YORKSHIRE/LARGEWHITE
Yorkshires are the most popular breed in Canada. They are lean and growthy with good feed conversion. The males are virile and aggressive breeders. The females are very productive, with excellent milking ability, farrowing large litters of strong piglets. Yorkshires are used very successfully in crossbreeding programs to produce excellent commercial females.
DUROC
The Duroc, a solid red, meat-type animal is noted for their carcass characteristics and feed efficiency. The Duroc is also noted for large litters, a characteristic retained even when used in a crossbreeding program. Durocs are commonly used as a terminal sire in crossbreeding programs as well as the third breed in rotational breeding programs
PIETRAIN
The breed is of medium size and is white with black spots. Around the black spots there are characteristic rings of light pigmentation that carries white hair. This, coupled with the fact that the black hair is not as deeply pigmented as on black breeds, or the black spots on some spotted breeds, leaves them with less than the most attractive coats. The breed is commonly referred to as being of piebald markings. The ears are carried erect.
Other Breeds
Berkshire
This original Berkshire was a reddish or sandy colored hog, sometimes spotted. This would account for the sandy hair still sometimes seen in the white areas of some modern Berkshires. Later this basic stock was refined with a cross of Siamese and Chinese blood, bringing the color pattern we see today along with the quality of more efficient gains.
HAMPSHIRE
This meat-type, well muscled pig has been developed to provide good carcass muscling and when used in a crossbreeding program there is evidence of superior carcass quality in the offspring. The modern Hampshire excels in producing a lean, meaty carcass.
The ‘’Large Blacks’’ were once very popular
in Europe as a pastured pork producer that would graze or clean up windfall fruits in the orchards. Due to their size and slower growth, they fell out of favor when pork production moved indoors. The pigs are now in high demand by sustainable farmers who once again raise pork on pasture for a market that is willing to pay a premium for superior tasting products.
Spotted Poland China
breed called the "Big China," mostly white in color, but having some black spots. They were good feeders, matured early, were very prolific and produced these characteristics in their offspring.
Synthetic Breeds It is a result of a combination of the good characteristic traits of superior genetic breeds.
• Nieuw Dalland/TOPIGS • Hypor • Seghers • Camborough • JSR • Meat Master
System of Breeding BREEDING – It is a systematic way of bringing together superior genotype to produce the desired products.
•
Outbreeding – is that system where unrelated individuals are mated to produce the next generation.
Inbreeding – A system of mating where related individuals are mated together. This system has been used by animal breeders in the production of seed stock
In the development of the different breeds of swine.
Effects of inbreeding • Reduction in the strength and vigor of piglets • Decrease in the number of pigs born and weaned • Decrease in the weight of piglets at birth and weaning • Sexual maturity • Effect on ovulation and spermatogenesis
Outbreeding • Purebreeding • Crossbreeding 2-Breed Cross 3-Breed Cross 4-Breed Cross Triple Crossbreeding • Up grading
Purebreeding • A system of breeding wherein animals of the same breed are mated to each other. • Resulting to the production of purebreeds. • This is done to maintain the production supply of the breed. • Example: LxL Pi x Pi
DxD
LW x LW
Crossbreeding • Breeding of two animals from different breeds. • This is practiced to combine traits of different breeds. • This is the system recommended for the production of slaughter pigs. • important reasons a) to obtain hybrid vigor or heterosis b) to bring together the desirable characteristics of the parental breeds.
Advantages/Benefits of Crossbreeding • a) increased vigor and growth rate of litters • b) larger litters • c) increased production efficiency to about 5% to 10% • d) increased disease resistance.
Systems of Crossbreeding • Two-way cross - mating with the use of 2 different breeds. • Example 1: LW x LR • Example 2: P x Du
• Three-way cross - mating with the use of three different breeds. • Example: FATHER
MOTHER
LW
x
LR
(1st cross)
Du
x
LWLR
(2nd cross)
DuLWLR
(progeny)
• Four-way cross - mating with the use of four different breeds. • Example: FATHER
MOTHER
P x Du Pdu
LW x LR x
LWLR
PDuLWLR
Advantages of raising crossbred slaughter pigs • Parental lines produce larger litters. • They produce one more piglet at birth compared with single breed. • Two more piglets can be weaned per litter. • They have shorter growing period. • They have better FE (2.6)and require lower feed cost per kilogram liveweight gain. • They have higher ADG (540 ~ 560g/day). • They produce better carcass or meat quality.
hybrid pigs • Dalland - is a result of a 4-way cross of Large white (LW), Pietrain/Landrace (PLR), Daltrain (DT) and Large white (LW). FATHER
MOTHER
LW x PLR
DT x LW
LWPLR
x
DTLW
LWPLRDTLW (Dalland)
(grandparents) (parents) (fatteners)
• Babcock - is a result of the cross between Duroc (Du), Hampshire (H), Landrace (LR) and Large white (LW). FATHER
MOTHER
DU x H
LR x LW
DuH
x
LRLW
DuHLRLW (Babcock)
(grandparents) (parents) (fatteners)
• Seghers • Hypor - is a result of the crosses between Landrace, Yorkshire + (ownbreeding lines). • Newsham - is a result of the crosses between Pietrain, High Conformation Large white, Large white, Duroc, Landrace and Meishan
• Upgrading. It is a system of breeding wherein an inferior breed is improved by continued crossing. It is commonly used among native breeds. The native breeds are usually crossed with pure breeds of swine.
Upgrading • Example: FATHER (Purebreed)
MOTHER (Local breed)
LW
x
A
LW
x
LWA
LW
x
LWLWA
LWLWLWA
(native pig)
Upgrades • Kaman. The red Kaman was common in the province of Batangas and was the result of crossing the native pig with Duroc Jersey. • Diani. The black Diani was the result of crossing the native pig found in the province of Batangas and the Berkshire.
Upgrades • Black Ilocos. This Black Ilocos strain might have resulted from crossing the native pigs with either Berkshire or Poland China breeds. • Berkjala Strain. The Berkjala strain was developed in 1916 at the UP College of Agriculture following a systematic upgrading activity. The Berkjala was the result of crossing the Berkshire and the native pig found in Jalajala, Rizal.
Berkjala pig Mature boar-weighs 180 kgs. Sow, 120 kgs.
Berkjala has a 75% dressing percentage .
Types of Mating Natural mating – where a boar mounts a sow and introduces his semen
Hand mating Pen mating
Artificial Insemination It involves the collection of semen from a boar and then the introduction of semen into a sow or gilt at a later stage by means of a catheter.
Component Technologies In AI • Boar Selection and Evaluation -not less than 750 g ADG (from 70-180 days old) -feed conversion efficiency of not more than 2.5 -back fat thickness of not more than 2.5 cm at 90 kg live weight
-semen production of 150- 350 mL -sperm concentration (not less than 250 mil cells per mL)
AI Package • Semen Collection
• Semen Evaluation •Semen Processing and Storage
• Estrus Detection semen on the snout test Riding on the back test hump pressure test Teaser Boar method
• Procedure of Insemination Breeding performance evaluation
DAGHANG SALAMAT SA SUNOD NA SAD
