Sustainable Transport In Yogyakarta

Eqejek Sgk`ghnheek ]qekrsnq}erd *R}wmd Ierwr ? In}e Tn`teieq}e$

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EAR]QEI Owfhej sgkmwmwi tek` rgfeidk agq}efaej( mdaeqgk`d mgkèk fgkdkìe}kte mete aghd ferteqeie} }gqjemes igkmeqeek agqfn}nq fgfdbw fgkdkìe}kte owfhej igkmeqeek agqfn}nq+ Sgkdkìe}ek owfhej igkmeqeek agqfn}nq qnme mwe md in}e Tn`teieq}e }ghej fgk`èk}diek ehe} }qekrsnq}erd hedk ted}w ekìw}ek sgqin}eek aedi qg`whgq fewswk }qekronòe mdfeke awr }gqrgaw} mese} id}e bgqfe}d aektei tek` jekte fgkèkìw} rgmdid} sgkwfsek`+ Feie d}w sgqhw md}gqesiekkte rwr}edkeahg }qekrsnq}e}dnk }qekrsn q}e}dnk e}ew }qekrsnq}erd }qe krsnq}erd agqighekow}ek+ Sgkghd}dek dkd agq}wowek fgqwfwriek eqejek sgk`ghnheek }qekrsnq}erd md In}e Tn`teieq}e rgbeqe agqighekow}ek mgkèk fgk`ns}dfehdrerdiek sgk``wkeek ekìw}ek wfwf md In}e Tn`teieq}e+ Ns}dfehdrerd ekìw}ek wfwf dkd mdhdje} meqd rg`d }qe|gh bnr} tek` jeqwr mdighweqiek nhgj ferteqeie}( gfdrd tek` mdighweqiek meqd igkmeqeek agqfn}nq mek }d}di ns}dfehdrerd sqnsnqrd meqd ferdk`&ferdk` ogkdr igkmeqeek agqfn}nq+ Ie}e Iwkbd

? Igkmeqeek Agqfn}nq( Rwr}edkeahg ]qekrsnq}e}dnk( Ns}dfehdrerd+

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Tn`teieq}e }ghej fgk`èk}diek ehe} }qekrsnq}erd hedk ted}w ekìw}ek sgqin}eek aedi qg`whgq fewswk }qekronòe mdfeke awr }gqrgaw} mese} id}e bgqfe}d aektei tek` jekte fgkèkìw} rgmdid} sgkwfsek`( jdk`è fgkèidae}iek hnem leb}nqkte qgkmej ferdj mdaepej r}ekmeq fdkdfeh pnqhm aeki ted}w 03'+ Mehef agagqese swhwj }ejwk agheiekèk( rgi}nq }qekrsnq}erd fgqwseiek sgktwfaek` }gqagreq ae`d inkrwfrd gkgq`d md sgqin}eek+ Jeh }gqrgaw} agqied}ek mgkèk mdkefdie sgq`gqeiek sgkmwmwi meqd re}w }gfse} ig }gfse} tek` hedk tek` fgkoemd }nhei wiwq agreqkte rwe}w in}e+ Sgktgaea w}efe }dk``dkte inkrwfrd gkgq`d meqd rgi}nq }qekrsnq}erd emehej aekteikte igkmeqeek sqdaemd tek` fgfgkwjd oehek&oehek md in}e+ Nhgj ieqgke d}w( lei}nq sgk}dk` ae`d sgk`jgfe}ek gkgq`d md rwe}w in}e emehej sgk`ghnheek rdr}gf }qekrsnq}erd mek fekeogfgk hehw hdk}er tek` }gse} rehej re}wkte mgkèk fgkgqesiek rwr}edkeahg }qekrsnq}e}dnk+ Qwfwrek Ferehej In}e Tn`teieq}e fgqwseiek in}e tek` fgfdhdid rdr}gf }qekrsnq}erd tek` bwiws aedi adhe mdaekmdkìek mgkèk in}e hedk rgsgq}d In}e Aekmwk`+ Kefwk bwiws aedi mdrdkd awiek agqeq}d }dmei eme ferehej mgkèk rdr}gf }qeksnq}erdkte+ Agqmereqiek hesnqek leikeh r}wmdn sgqgkbekeek In}e Tn`teieq}e( sgq}wfawjek igkmeqeek agqfn}nq md in}e tn`teieq}e rekè} }dk``d }gqw}efe igkmeqeek qnme mwe *rgsgme fn}nq$ fn}nq$ tek` feke feke fgk`èk}diek fgk`èk}diek ehe} }qekrsnq}erd }qekrsnq}erd hedk ted}w ted}w ekìw}ek sgqin}eek aedi qg`whgq fewswk }qekronòe+ Sgq}wfawjek igkmeqeek sqdaemd tek` }dk``d aedi fnadh mek rgsgme fn}nq md sgqin}eek fgkèidae}iek }dkìe} snhwrd wmeqe fgkdkìe}( igfebg}ek mek ieserd}er oehek tek` rwmej }dmei adre fgkefswk` he`d igkmeqeek&igkmeqeek md fere fgkme}ek`+

Rgbeqe wfwf sgqferehejek mehef sgkghd}dek dkd emehej ‘Aeèdfeke rnhwrd sgk`ghnheek tek` aedi( glgi}dl( mek gldrdgk wk}wi fgkè}erd igaw}wjek ferteqeie} eiek }qekrsnq}erd aedi md fere rgieqek` fewswk fere fgkme}ek` >‖ ]wowek Sgkghd}dek dkd agq}wowek wk}wi fgkgk}wiek eqejek sgk`ghnheek }qekrsnq}erd md In}e Tn`teieq}e rgbeqe agqighekow}ek mgkèk fgk`ns}dfehdrerdiek sgk``wkeek ekìw}ek wfwf md In}e Tn`teieq}e+ Feklee} Feklee} sgkghd}dek dkd emehej }gqwfwriekkte rwe}w sgk`ghnheek }qekrsnq}erd md In}e Tn`teieq}e mgkèk tek` feke qwfwrek sgk`ghnheek }gqrgaw} mese} fgkoemd ferwiek ae`d sgfgqdk}ej megqej mdmehef fgktwrwk fer}gq shek }qekrsnq}erd md In}e Tn`teieq}e ]dkoewek Swr}eie Sgqigfaekèk sgqin}eek tek` }gqoemd }ghej mdsgkèqwjd nhgj emekte girsekrd ei}d|d}er md rgèhe admek`+ Mehef mgiemg }gqeijdq }gqhdje} aejpe }ghej }gqoemd girsekrd ig`de}ek rgbeqe agreq&agreqek mehef ersgi rnrdeh mek ginknfd( mek fgkdkìe}kte sqnmwird( inkrwfrd mek ète jdmws ‛mdrsnreahg„+ Sgkdkìe}ek dkd }ghej fgktgaeaiek glgi kgè}dl }gqjemes ighgr}eqdek hdkìwkèk rgsgq}d sgkbgfeqek mek fgkwqwkkte owfhej rwfagqmete tek` }dmei mese} mdsgqaejeqwdrgbeqe mqer}dr *Aeq}nk( mehef Aqn}nmgpn( 1353$+ E}er mereq d}w ree} dkd sgfaek`wkek agqighekow}ek * rwr}edkeahg mg|ghnsfgk} $ }ghej fgkoemd }wowek

w}efe wk}wi fgkoeè ighgr}eqdek hdkìwkèk mgfd igsgk}dkèk igsgk}dkèk fere mgsek mehef meh ef sgfaek`wkek ieperek sgqin}eek+ Inkrgs igagqhekow}ek mdqereiek rekè} sgk}dk` wk}wi md}gqesiek mehef sgqgkbekeek }qekrsnq}erd *Hd}fek mek Awqpgh( mehef Aqn}nmgpn( 1353$+ Mese} mdie}eiek aejpe }qekrsnq}erd agqighekow}ek * rwr}edkeahg }qekrsnq}e}dnk$ fgqwseiek qglhgird meqd inkrgs sgfaek`wkek tek` agqighekow}ek mehef rgi}nq }qekrsnq}erd+ Eme agagqese lei}nq sgfdbw sgqhwkte r}qe}g`d }qekrsnq}erd agqighekow}ek mehef sgfaek`wkek rdr}gf }qekrsnq}erd } qekrsnq}erd(( ted}w? 

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Rghefe dkd igadoeiek sgfgqdk}ej ferdj agqnqdgk}erd seme sgfaek`wkek oeqdkèk oehek tek` tek` sqn }gqjemes }gqjemes sgk``wkeek igkmeqeek agqfn}nq agqfn}nq sqdaemd+ Iwqek`kte ieodek }qekrsnq}erd tek` in fsjgqgkrdl fsjgqgkrdl Sgq}wfawjek bgse} mehef gqe ginknfd `hnaeh hgadj fgkwk}w} sghetekek }qekrsnq}erd tek` hgadj agqeèf aedi iwehd}er fewswk iwek}d}er9 mek Igijepe}dqek eiek fgkèkbef sgkwqwkek iwehd}er hdkìwkèk+

Seme mereqkte( }dmei }gqmese} re}w sgk`gq}dek w}wj mek agqrdle} wkd|gqreh tek` mese} fgkmgldkdrdiek }qekrsnq}erd agqighekow}ek *Oekdb( mehef Aqn}nmgpn( 1353$+ Adhe mdied}iek mgkèk sgk`gq}dek sgfaek`wkek agqighekow}ek( inkrgs }qekrsnq}erd tek` agqighekow}ek seme mereqkte fgqwseiek sgk`gfaekèk sgqin}eek rgbeqe agqighekow}ek mgkèk }dmei fgqw`diek `gkgqerd tek` eiek me}ek`+ Bgk}gq nl Rwr}edkeahg ]qekrsnq} md Iekeme *BR]( mehef Aqn}nmgpn( 1353$ fgkmgldkdrdiek }qekrsnq}erd agqighekow}ek rgaeèd rwe}w rdr}gf }qekrsnq}erd tek` mese}? 

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Fgkbds}eiek igrgdfaekèk ek}eqe igaw}wjek sgfaek`wkek mgkèk ginrdr}gf tek` rgje}9 ]gqoekìew( agqnsgqerd rgbeqe gldrdgk( fgkepeqiek agqaeèd sdhdjek fnme }qekrsnq}erd mek fgkmwiwk` sgfaek`wkek qg`dnkeh9 mek Fgfae}erd gfdrd mek sgfaek`wkek eèq } dmei fghefsewd igfefswek awfd mehef fgktgqeskte( fgfdkdfehdrerd mefsei sgk``wkeek hejek mek snhwrd wmeqe mek snhwrd rweqe+

Fg}nmg Sgkghd}dek Fg}nmg Sgk`wfswhek Me}e Fg}nmg sgk`wfswhek me}e tek` mdheiwiek emehej rgaeèd agqdiw} ? 5+ Rwq|gd Sqdfgq( 1+ Rwq|gd rgiwkmgq( agqwse fgk`wfswhiek me}e fghehwd r}wmd hd}gqe}wq aedi tek` agqrdle} wfwf tek` fgkwkoek` wk}wi ieodek rwr}edkeahg }qekrsnq}e}dnk fewswk dkr}ekrdnkeh tek` fgkwkoek` r}wmd tek` eiek mdheiwiek+ Me}e&me}e tek` agqjwawkèk mgkèk rdr}gf }qekrsnq}erd seme dkr}ekrd&dkr}ekrd tek` }gqied}( ted}w rgaeèd agqdiw}?

5+ 1+ 2+ =+

Mdker Sgqjwawkèk Aemek Sgqgkbekeek Megqej *AESSGME$ Aemek Swre} R}e}dr}di *ASR$ Sgqfwidfek mek Sqereqeke Pdhetej *Idfsqerpdh$

Fg}nmg Ekehdrdr Me}e Fg}nmg ekehdrdr rgbeqe wfwf tek` mdheiwiek mehef sgkghd}dek dkd mdogheriek fghehwd }des&}des ekehdrdr sdhdjek fnme+ Agqdiw} sgkogherek seme ferdk`&ferdk` ekehdrdr tek` mdheiwiek? 

Sdhdjek Fnme 5+ Awr Qesdm ]qekrd} *AQ]$ Fg}nmg tek` md`wkeiek mehef ekehdrdr dkd emehej fg}nmg ekehdrdr ? Adete nsgqerdnkeh igkmeqeek Ekehdrdr }gqjemes ANI dkd mdheiwiek mgkèk sgqjd}wkèk mgkèk qwfwr adete nsgqerdnkeh igkmeqeek+ Ekehdrdr sgqjd}wkèk gfdrd Fgk`jd}wk` gfdrd tek` mdighweqiek mgkèk fgfaekmdkìek gfdrd tek` ighweq meqd igkmeqeek sqdaemd mgkèk gfdrd tek` mdighweqiek ekìw}ek wfwf+ 1+ Sgk``wkeek Rgsgme Fg}nmg tek` md`wkeiek mehef ekehdrdr dkd emehej? Ekehdrdr hgaeq hdk}erek oehwq rgsgme agqmereqiek r}ekmeq ogqfek Dkr}d}w}g nl ]qekrsnq}e}dnk ekm ]qelldb Gk`dkggqdk`( 5401$ * Dkr}d}w}g e}ew agqmereqiek }gbjkdbeh jekmanni nl adigpet mgrd`k+ Ekehdrdr seqidq rgsgme agqmereqiek r}ekmeq }gbjkdbeh jekmanni nl adigpet mgrd`k+ Oeqei feirdfeh sgk``wkeek rgsgme 2+ Sgoehek Ieid Fg}nmg tek` md`wkeiek mehef ekehdrdr dkd emehej ? Ekehdrdr lerdhd}er sgoehek ieid tek` fghdsw}d ?  r}ekmeq oehwq sgoehek ieid fghdsw}d hgaeq fdkdfwf oehwq sgoehek ieid( feirdfwf eqwr sgoehek ieid( sghgkìes oehwq sgoehek ieid agqmereqiek agqmereqiek }e}e }e} e sgqgkbekeek sgqgkbekeek lerdhd}er sgoehek ieid mdieperek sgqin}eek+  ]dkìe} sghetekek sgoehek ieid agqmereqiek hg|gh nl rgq|dbg * Jd`j Jd`j Besebd}t Fekweh Fekwe h$+ Mgredk sgmgr}qdek agqmereqiek r}ekmeq sgqgkbekeek lerdhd}er sgoehek ieid mdieperek sgqin}eek+ =+ ]qgf Fg}nmg tek` md`wkeiek mehef ekehdrdr dkd emehej agr} sqeb}drg fgk`gked sgkgqesek }qekrsnq}erd }qgf md ieperek sgqin}eek( mdfeke fgkìeod hd}gqe}wq fgk`gked fgk`gked aeèdfeke }qgf } qgf agqnsgqerd( fgk``wkeiek oehwq rgsgq}d rgsgq}d ese rgq}e fwe}ek sgkwfsek sgkwfsek` ` tek` mese} mdekìw}+ mdekìw}+ 7+ Fnadh Fg}nmg tek` md`wkeiek mehef ekehdrdr dkd emehej fgk`jd}wk` adete nsgqerdnkeh igkmeqeek rgq}e sgqjd}wkèk gfdrd tek` mdighweqiek+ <+ Rgsgme Fn}nq Fg}nmg tek` md`wkeiek mehef ekehdrdr dkd emehej fgk`jd}wk` adete nsgqerdnkeh igkmeqeek rgq}e sgqjd}wkèk gfdrd tek` mdighweqiek+ 0+ Ekmnk` Ekehdrdr tek` mdheiwiek mehef sdhdjek fnme dkd jekte fghg}eiiek hnierd ijwrwr wk}wi sgk``wkeek }qekrsnq}erd ogkdr dkd+ 

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Ekehdrdr ns}dfehdrerd ekìw}ek wfwf Fg}nmg ekehdrdr ns}dferd dkd md`wkeiek fgk`ns}dfehiek ekìw}ek wfwf ted}w ]qekr Tn`teieq}e mgkèk sgfae`dek sqnsnqrd igkmeqeek igkmeqeek ek}eqe }qekr tn`teieq}e tn`teieq}e mek igkmeqeek sqdaemd( sqnsnqrd dkd fgktgrwediek owè mgkèk sqnsnqrd dmgeh igkmeqeek md ieperek sgqin}eek+ Rigkeqdn Rigkeqdn Sgqfdk}eek Sgqoehekek Rigkeqdn dkd mdighweqiek agqmereqiek jerdh ekehdrdr ns}dfehdrerd sgk``wkeek ekìw}ek wfwf+

SGFAEJEREK SDHDJEK FNME Sdhdjek fnme emehej rehej re}w meqd ae`dek sgqgkbekeek }qekrsnq}erd tek` fghdje} eseiej mehef fgheiwiek rwe}w sgqoehekek( fgk``wkeiek igkmeqeek sqdaemd e}ew igkmeqeek wfwf+ Knk Fn}nqdzgm ]qekrsnq} Igkmeqeek }dmei agqfn}nq * knk fn}nqdzgm }qekrsnq}$ tek` md`wkeiek ferteqeie} In}e Tn`teieq}e dkd }gqmdqd meqd sgoehek ieid( rgsgme( mek ekmnk`+ Wk}wi ekmnk` rgkmdqd tek` fgqwseiek }qekrsnq}erd ijer hnieh( eqejek sgk`gfaekèk eiek jekte mdigfaekìek mdmegqej seqdpdre}e ted}w rgid}eq Igqe}nk rgjdk`è md agagqese qwer oehek hedkkte rghedk pdhetej }gqrgaw} ekmnk` rwmej }dmei adre fghdk}er rgbeqe rgfaeqekèk he`d+ Oehwq rgsgme md In}e Tn`teieq}e inkmdrdkte rwmej rekè} aedi mdaekmdkìek mgkèk agagqese in}e hedk( jekte reoe eme agagqese qwer oehek tek` aghwf fgfdhdid oehwq rgsgme rgjdk`è mdqgkbekeiek igmgsekkte eiek eme sgkefaejek oehwq rgsgme+ rgsgme+ Qgkbeke Sgkèmeek ]qef ]qef fgqwseiek ogkdr igkmeqeek wfwf tek` }dmei fgk`ghweqiek gfdrd mdieqgkeiek }qef fgk``wkeiek }gkeè hdr}qdi mgkèk awr snpgq rwssht rgagreq <33 \ MB mek fnmghkte }dmei oewj agqagme mgkèk igqg}e esd tek` fgk``wkeiek rwe}w qgh ijwrwr kefwk fgheow md oehek qete+ Sgfaek`wkek ]qef fgfaw}wjiek adete tek` bwiws agreq+ Aedte sgfaghdek 5 wkd} ]qef emehej 1 ow}e WRM.Qs 5:+333+333+333( rgmekìek adete wk}wi sgfaek`wkek dklqer}qwi}wq emehej 5 ow}e WRM.Qs 4+333+333+333 wk}wi rg}des 5 idhnfg}gq+ ]eagh 5+ 5 Dkd}deh Dk|gr}fgk} Kn

5

Wqedek

Wkd}

1

]qef Swqbjerdk` bnr} Dklqer}qwi}wq Dklqer}qwi} wq

Wkd} if

2

Rseqgseq}r Rseqgseq} r

'z*5)1$ ]n}eh

Uwek}d}t

Bnr}.Wkd}

]n}eh Bnr}

2

5:+333+333+333

7=+333+333+333

13(74

4+333+333+333

5:7+253+333+333

1'

124+253+333+333

=+0:<+133+333 1==+34<+133+333

Rwfagq? Jerdh Ekehdrdr( 1355

]qef tek` mdaw}wjiek rgaektei 2 rg} mgkèk }n}eh adete Qs 7=+333+333+333( sgfaek`wkek dklqer}qwi}wq mgkèk oeqei 13(74 if emehej Qs 5:7+253+333+333

mek rseqgse}r rgagreq Qs =+0:<+133+333 }n}eh adete dk|gr}erd epeh ted}w Qs 1==+34<+133+33+ Sgfaek`wkek ]qef agq}wowek wk}wi fgkoemd rgawej fnme }qekrsnq}erd agqighekow}ek mek mese} md`wkeiek nhgj rgèhe hesdrek ferteqeie} md Tn`teieq}e( feie rwmej rgjeqwrkte jeqè }dig} wk}wi ]qef mdrgrwediek mgkèk igfefswek ferteqeie} wk}wi fgfaeteq+ Rgfeidk fwqej jeqè }dig} ]qef( feie rgfeidk }dk``d owfhej sgkwfsek` tek` eiek kedi ]qef+ Md}gk}wiek jeqè }dig} ]qef emehej rgjeqè Qs 2+733+ Sgqiehdek owfhej sgkwfsek` mgkèk jeqè }dig} ]qef emehej Serrgk`gq Qg|gkwg+ Mg}edh sgqjd}wkèk hgkìeskte mese} mdhdje} seme }eagh agqdiw} dkd+ ]eagh 5+ 1]n}eh Qg|gkwg owfhej sgkwfsek` sgkwfsek` Owfhej Sgkwfsek` jeqdek Sgq}ejwk 4+2<3 2+=5<+=33 Rwfagq? Jerdh Sgqjd}wkèk( 1355

Jeqè ]dig} 2+733

Sgkmese}ek Sgq}ejwk 55+470+=33+333

Meqd jerdh ekehdrdr Adete Nsgqerdnkeh mek Sgfghdjeqeek ]qef sgq}ejwk emehej rgagreq Qs 0+=:0+5<3+333 mgkèk owfhej adete sgfghdjeqeek rgagreq Qs 7+774+233+333 mek adete nsgqerdnkeh rgagreq Qs 5+410+:<3+333+ Jerdh Sgqjd}wkèk Setaebi Sgqdnm emehej? AN 6 77 ]ejwk SS6 Sgkmese}ek sgq ]jk ‒ ]jk ‒ AN Dkd}deh Dk|gr}fgk}

Sgfaek`wkek ]qef fgfaw}wjiek adete tek` bwiws agreq+ Aedte sgfaghdek 5 wkd} ]qef emehej 1 ow}e WRM.Qs 5:+333+333+333( rgmekìek adete wk}wi sgfaek`wkek dklqer}qwi}wq emehej 5 ow}e WRM.Qs 4+333+333+333 wk}wi rg}des 5 idhnfg}gq+ Qgkbeke dk|gr}erd epeh meqd qgkbeke ]qef dkd emehej 2 wkd} ]qef mek fgfaek`wk fgfaek`wk oehek qgh qg h rgsekoek` 13(74 idhnfg}gq+ Sgqjd}wkèk }n}eh }n} eh adete dk|gr}erd epeh ted}w Qs 1==+34<+133+33+ Rghedk fgfsgqidqeiek dk|gr}erd epeh sgqhw owè mdsgqidqeiek adete Nsgqerd mek Sgfghdjeqeek rg}des }ejwk kte wk}wi ]qef+ Meqd jerdh ekehdrdr adete adete dk|gr}erd epeh rgq}e Nsgqerdnkeh Nsgqerdnkeh mek sgfghdjeqeek( sgfghdjeqeek( }qef }dmei mese} mdqgehdrerdiek mdrgaeaiek adete dk|gr}erd epeh rgq}e nsgqerdnkeh fewswk sgfghdjeqeek }qef rekè} }dk``d( rgq}e wk}wi setaebi sgqdnmkte fgfaw}wjiek pei}w 77 }ejwk( }ejwk( semejeh semejeh ae}erekkte ae}erekkte emehej ek}eqe ek}eqe 17&23 }ejwk+ }ejwk+ Rghedk adete( adete( }qef fgfaw}wjiek oehek tek` hgaeq rgjdk`è fgfaw}wjiek pei}w tek` rekè} hefe mek fgfaw}wjiek adete tek` bwiws }dk``d fgridswk inkmdrd ldrdi In}e Tn`teieq}e fgkmwiwk` mdfeke qe}e&qe}e igfdqdkèk hgqgk`te bgkmgqwk` me}eq rgid}eq 3(1'+ Nhgj ieqgke d}w meqd jerdh r}wmd ekehdrdr fgk`gked }qef( mdrdfswhiek aejpe sqnogb} sdhdjek fnme fgk`gked }qef eiek mdjeswriek agqmereqiek sgq}dfaekèk tek` }ghej mdrgaw}iek mde}er+ Fn}nqdzgm ]qekrsnq} Sdhdjek fnme tek` mdrgmdeiek wk}wi ferteqeie} in}e tn`teieq}e mese} fgfagqdiek èfaeqek igseme ferteqeie} fgk`gked }qe|gh bnr} tek` jeqwr mdighweqiek nhgj ferteqeie} mgkèk sdhdjek fnme tek` eme md In}e Tn`teieq}e( ted}w }qekr tn`teieq}e( fnadh( mek rgsgme fn}nq+ Agqdiw} emehej }eagh fgk`gked }qe|gh bnr} *Qs.jeqd$ tek` jeqwr mdighweqiek nhgj ferteqeie}+

]eagh 5+ 2 ]qe|gh Bnr} Wk}wi Ferdk`&Ferdk` Fnme

*Qs.jeqd$ Wqedek

Rgsgme Fn}nq Fnadh ]qekr Tn`teieq}e ]qef

Qe}e&qe}e ]qe|gh Bnr} *Qs.jeqd$ Qs+0+30: Qs+ =3+02< Qs+2+333 Qs+ 2+733

NS]DFEHDRERD EK@IW]EK WFWF Mehef fgpwowmiek }qekrsnq}erd tek` agqighekow}ek md In}e Tn`teieq}e mgkèk fgk`ns}dfehdrerdiek ekìw}ek wfwf feie sgqhw mdig}ejwd aejpe eme sgfae`dek sqnsnqrd tek` jeqwr mdsgkwjd nhgj ferdk`&ferdk` fnme+ Agqmereqiek r}ekmeq dmgeh ieperek sgqin}eek ekìw}ek sqdaemd jekte fgkbeiws 23' reoe rgmekìek rdrektee ekìw}ek ekìw}ek wfwf ted}w =7' mek wk}wi knk&fn}nqdgm knk&fn}nqdgm }qekrsnq} }q ekrsnq} md}g}esiek rgagreq 17'+ Agqdiw} emehej }eagh fgk`gked sgqrgk}erg sgqrgk} erg igkmeqeek dmgeh ieperek sgqin}eek+ ]eagh 5+ = Sgqrgk}erg Igkmeqeek Dmgeh Ieperek Sgqin}eek Ogkdr Igkmeqeek Fnadh Sqdaemd Rgsgme Fn}nq Ekìw}ek Sqdaemd FQ] AQ] Wqaek Qedh Awr Fdkdawr Nogi Ek`hdk` Ekìw}ek Wfwf Rgsgme Sgoehek Ieid Knk Fn}nqdzgm Fn}nqdz gm ]qekrsnq} ]n}eh

Sgqrgk}erg

57' 57' 23' 7' 53' 53' 0' :' 3' 7' =7' 7' 13' 17' 533'

Rwfagq? Wqaek Fnadhd}t lnq Dkmnkgrde *Rwr}edkeahg Wqaek ]qekrsnq} Dfsqn|gfgk} Sqnogb}

Kefwk fghdje} inkmdrd In}e Tn`teieq}e( sgqrgk}erg igkmeqeek dmgeh }gqrgaw} }dmei eiek fgkoemd refe rgsgkwjkte ieqgke fgkèhefd sgktgrwedek sgktgrwede k mgkèk sdhdjek fnme tek` eme md In}e Tn`teieq}e+ Agqdiw} sgfae`dek sqnsnqrd igkmeqeek wk}wi md In}e Tn`teieq}e agqmereqiek inkmdrd dmgeh mehef ieperek sgqin}eek tek` }ghej fgkèhefd sgktgrwedek+

]eagh 5+ 7 Sgqrgk}erg Igkmeqeek md In}e Tn`teieq}e Tn`teieq}e Agqmereqiek

Sgktgrwedek mgkèk Dmgeh Ieperek Sgqin}eek Ogkdr Igkmeqeek Rgsgme Fn}nq Fnadh AQ] *]qekr Tn`teieq} Tn`teieq}e$ e$ Rgsgme ]n}eh Rwfagq? Jerdh Ekehdrdr( 1355

Sgqrgk}erg

57' 57' 77' 57' 533'

Fghdje} }eagh mde}er( wk}wi sdhdjek fnme ogkdr adr wfwf mek }qgf }dmei mdferwiiek igmehef sgqrgk}erg }gqrgaw} mdieqgkeiek agagqese eherek? 



Adr wfwf }dmei mddiw}rgq}eiek mehef sgfae`dek sqnsnqrd ieqgke adr wfwf mehef qgkbeke rwmej eiek mdjeswr seme }ejwk sgq}efe ted}w }ejwk 1351 mgkèk fgkdfaek` owfhej gfdrd tek` mdighweqiek mek inkmdrd ldrdikte+ Sqnogb} sdhdjek fnme fgk`gked }qgf owè }ghej mdjeswr mdieqgkeiek adetekte tek` rekè} fejeh agqdiw} hefe sgk`gfaehdek fnmeh sdkoefek rgjdk`è }dmei hetei wk}wi md}gqesiek md In}e Tn`teieq}e+

Mgkèk sgfae`dek sqnsnqrd rgsgq}d md e}er feie mese} mdig}ejwd agqese owfhej igkmeqeek agqfn}nq seme ree} se`d jeqd fgk`dkè} se`d jeqd fgqwseiek sgei jnwq mdfeke meqd re}w jeqd pei}w( sgq`gqeiek seme ree} se`d hej tek` sehdk` agreq( odie ag`d}w feie agqdfshdierd hej seme gfdrd tek` mdighweqiek nhgj igkmeqeek agqfn}nq }gqrgaw}+ Agqdiw} emehej gfdrd tek` mdighweqiek nhgj igkmeqeek agqfn}nq seme ree} se`d jeqd *]nk.oef$+ ]eagh 5+ < Owfhej Igkmeqeek Agqfn}nq mek Gfdrd Tek` Mdighweqiek

Agqmereqiek Sqnsnqrd Igkmeqeek Se`d Jeqd Seme ]ejwk 1355&1325 *]nk.Oef$ Wqedek 1355 Rgsgme Fn}nq :+5<1 Gfdrd :<1(317 Fnadh 7+==5 Gfdrd 704(1:3 ]qekr Tn`teieq}e 44: Gfdrd 531(537 Rwfagq? Jerdh Ekehdrdr( 1355

135< 4+712 5+337(000 <+2=4 <07(::5 5+5<= 554(521

1315 55+512 5+5:7(231 0+=:1 04<(715 5+201 5=3(24<

131< 5=+153 5+733(04: 4+=02 5+33:(727 5+020 500(0<<

1325 57+453 5+<:3(225 53+<30 5+514(5:5 5+4=7 544(321

Mgfekm Sgkwfsek` ]qekrtn`teieq}e ]qekrtn`teieq}e Seme se`d jeqd mgkèk sqnsnqrd 77'( owfhej sgkmwmwi tek` fgk``wkeiek }qekr tn`teieq}e seme }ejwk 1355 emehej rgagreq 74+:77 nqek`+ Odie fgkg}esiek jgempet rgagreq : fgkd} feie mehef re}w oef }gqmese} }wowj *igkmeqeek$ tek` fghdk}er mehef re}w qw}g+ In}e Tn`tieq}e fgfdhdid : qw}g *5E( 5A( 1E( 1A( 2E( 2A( =E mek =A$ rgjdk`è mehef 5 oef }gqmese} 7< adr tek` tek` fghdk}er( fghdk}er( mgkèk ieserd}er =3 sgkwfsek` mek hnem leb}nq rgagreq 573'( sgkwfsek` tek` mese} mdekìw} mehef 5 adr emehej rgagreq <3 nqek`+ Mgkèk emekte 7< adr mehef re}w oef feie sgkwfsek sg kwfsek` ` tek` mese} mdekìw} emehej rgagreq 2+2<3 nqek` mek rdre sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekìw} emehej rgagreq 7<+=37 nqek`( dkd mdmese} meqd owfhej sgkmwmwi tek` fgk``wkeiek }qekr tn`teieq}e tn`teieq}e mdiwqek`d owfhej

sgkwfsek` tek` mese} mdekìw} }qekr tn`teieq}e mehef re}w oef mgkèk jgempet : fgkd}+ Rghgkìeskte mese} mdhdje} seme }eagh agqdiw}+ ]eagh 5+ 0 Mgfekm Sgkwfsek` ]qekr Tn`teieq}e Wqedek

Jempet

: Fgkd} feie mehef 5 oef }gqmese} 0 adr+

Qw}g

]qekr

: qw}g( mehef 5 oef }gqmese} 7< adr tek` fghdk}er+

Tn`teieq}e Ieserd}er Ieserd}e r

=3 sgkwfsek` mgkèk hnem leb}nq 573' 6 <3 nqek`

Rwssht&Mgfekm Rwssht&Mgfekm

Sgkwfsek` Tek` Jeqwr

1355

135<

1315

131<

1325

74+:77

<4+:2<

:1+235

53=+13:

55<+<0=

7<+=47

<<+=0<

0:+4=5

533+:=:

<3+504

Mdekìw} Sgkwfsek` Tek` Adre

22<3

Mdekìw} Rdre Sgkwfsek` Tek` ]dmei Adre Mdekìw} Rwfagq? Jerdh Ekehdrdr( 1355

Rigkeqdn Sgqfdk}eek Sgqoehekek

Agqmereqiek ekehdrdr fgk`gked mgfekm sgkwfsek` }qekr tn`teieq}e feie }gqmese} sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekìw} md pei}w se`d jeqd * sgei jnwq $ ted}w rgagreq 7<+=47 nqek`+ Wk}wi fgkè}erd sgqrnhehek sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekìw} feie fwkbwh hej rgigkeqdn tek` fgk`èfaeqiek aejpe ieserd}er adr }qekr tn`tieq}e eiek agq}efaej ted}w mgkèk ieserd}er :3 nqek` mek hnem leb}nq 573' feie mese} fgkèkìw} 513 nqek`+ ]eagh 5+ : Mgfekm Sgkwfsek` ]qekr Tn`teieq}e md Se`d Jeqd Wqedek

Jempet Qw}g

: Fgkd} feie mehef 5 oef }gqmese} 0 adr+ ]qekr

: qw}g( mehef 5 oef }gqmese} 7< adr tek` fghdk}er+

Tn`teieq}e Ieserd}er Ieserd}e r

:3 sgkwfsek` mgkèk hnem leb}nq 573' 6 513 nqek`

Rwssht&Mgfekm Rwssht&Mgfekm

Sgkwfsek` Tek` Jeqwr

1355

135<

1315

131<

1325

74+:77

<4+:2<

:1+235

53=+13:

55<+<0=

72+527

<2+55<

07+7:5

40+=:: 40 +=::

534+47=

Mdekìw} Sgkwfsek` Tek` Adre

<+013

Mdekìw} Rdre Sgkwfsek` Tek` ]dmei Adre Mdekìw} Rwfagq? Jerdh Ekehdrdr( 1355

Meqd }eagh mde}er fgk`gked sgkwfsek` tek` jeqwr mdekìw}( mdig}ejwd sgkwfsek` tek` jeqwr mdekìw} seme }ejwk 1355 emehej rgagreq 74+::7 nqek`+ Mgkèk ieserd}er re}w adr :3 sgkwfsek` mgkèk hnem leb}nq 573' feie feie mese} fgkèkìw} fgkbesed 513 nqek`( feie adr tek` mdaw}wjiek wk}wi fgkèkìw} 74+::7 nqek` d}w emehej rgagreq 0=: adr mehef : qw}g rgjdk`è re}w qw}g fgfaw}wjiek 42 adr+ Mgkèk fghdje} r}ekmeq fdkdfeh jgempet agqmereqiek pnqhm aeki ted}w ek}eqe 0 fgkd} jdk`è 13 fgkd} feie dkd }dmei fwkìdk ieqgke meqd 42 adr mdae`d fdkdfeh jgempet 0 fgkd} emehej rgagreq 52 adr mehef rgoef+ Odie mdhdje} meqd r}ekmeq jgempet mgkèk jgempet fdkdfeh 0 fgkd} feie mehef rgoef rgjeqwrkte fgfaw}wjiek : adr( rgmekìek mehef jd}wkèk rgaghwfkte mdaw}wjiek 52 adr( odie mehef rgoef fgfaw}wjiek 52 adr dkd agqeq}d jgempet tek` mdaw}wjiek rgagreq = fgkd}( mdaepej r}ekmeq fdkdfeh jgempet+ Meqd jerdh rigkeqdn md e}er( }gqkte}e ferdj }gqmese} rdre sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei adre mdekìw} nhgj }qekr tn`teieq}e+Wk}wi d}w fwkbwh hej rigkeqdn aeqw ted}w mgkèk beqe fgkbnae fgkèhdjiek sgkwfsek` ig rgsgme+ Agqdiw} sgkogherek rghekow}kte+ ]eagh 5+ 4 Sgqehdjek Sgkwfsek` mgkèk Rgsgme Wqedek Rgsgme

Qe}e&qe}e.jeqd Qe}e&qe} e.jeqd mgkèk hgaeq 5(7 f

Jerdh Sgqjd}wkèk Sgqjd}wkèk

1333 rgsgme6 1<< sgq oef wk}wi 1 oehwq rgsgme rgsgme idqd mek iekek iekek

Rdre Sgkwfsek` Tek` ]dmei Adre

72+527 nqek`

Mdekìw} meqd ]qekr Tn`teieq}e Rdre Sgkwfsek` Tek` ]dmei ]gqekìw}

71+:<4 nqek`

Rg}ghej Sgqehdjek fgfeied Rgsgme Rwfagq? Jerdh Ekehdrdr( 1355

Meqd sgkefaejek eh}gqke}dl fnme *rgsgme$ tek` mese} fgkèkìw} rdre sgkwfsek`( sgkwfsek`( }gqkte } gqkte}e }e ferdj }gqmese} rdre sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei } dmei }gqekìw} rg}ghej sgkefaejek rgsgme ted}w rgagreq 71+:<4 nqek`+ Odie fwkbwh rigkeqdn sgkefaejek fnme ekìw}ek wfwf mgkèk erwfrd 53' sgk``wkeek ekìn} feie mese} fgkèkìw} 53+::2 nqek`+ Meqd jerdh }gqrgaw} mese} mdig}ejwd rdre sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei mese} }gqekìw} ted}w mgkèk beqe fgk`wqek`d rdre sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekìw} rg}ghej sgfeiedek rgsgme mgkèk owfhej sgkwfsek` tek` mese} mdekìw} ekìw}ek wfwf emehej rgagreq =5+4:< nqek`+ Meqd jerdh }gqrgaw} feie seme ree} md se`d jeqd md In}e Tn`teieq}e }gqmese} rdre sgkwfsek` tek` aghwf }gqekìw} ted}w rgagreq =5+4:< nqek` semejeh rwmej eme sgfae`dek ek}eqe ekìn} mek rgsgme+ Odie mdqg|dgp igfaehd( sgk``wkeek AQ] *}qekr tn`tieq}e$ emehej rgagreq 77'( dkd hgadj agreq mdaekmdkìek mgkèk riehe dmgeh ieperek sgqin}eek ted}w 53'+ Sgqaekmdkèk owfhej sgkwfsek` ek}eqe AQ] *}qekr tn`teieq}e$ mgkèk r}ekmeq dmgeh ieperek sgqin}eek mese} mdhdje} seme }eagh agqdiw}+

]eagh 5+ 53 Sgqaekmdkèk Owfhej Sgkwfsek` ek}eqe AQ] ]qekr Tn`teieq}e

mgkèk AQ] R}ekmeq Dmgeh Ieperek Sgqin}eek Wqedek Wqede k

Owfhej Sgkwfsek` Tek` Mese} Mdekìw}

AQ] ]qekr Tn`teieq}e

74+:77

AQ] R}ekmeq Dmgeh Ieperek Sgqin}eekk

53+::2

Rwfagq? Jerdh Ekehdrdr( 1355

Meqd }eagh md e}er mese} mdhdje} sgkwfsek` tek` jeqwr mdekìw} nhgj }qekr tn`teieq}e emehej rgagreq 74+:77 nqek`( rgmekìek owfhej sgkwfsek` tek` mese} mdekìw} odie mdhdje} meqd r}ekmeq dmgeh AQ] emehej 53+::2 nqek`( feie owfhej nqek` tek` tek` }dmei mese} mdekìw} nhgj }qekr tn`teieq}e tn`teieq}e emehej =:+401 nqek`+ Sgqaekmdkèk }gqrgaw} fgfawi}diek aejpe mgkèk AQ] *}qekr tn`tieq}e$ }dmei mese} fgkefswk` sgkwfsek` rghwqwjkte( feie mgkèk d}w mdaw}wjiek eh}gqke}dl }qekrsnq}erd hedk+ Jeh }gqrgaw}hej tek` fgfawi}diek aejpe ig}die dk`dk fgkbds}eiek rwr}edkeahg }qekrsnq}e}dnk( }dmei jekte agqèk}wk` igseme ogkdr ekìw}ek wfwf AQ] *}qekr tn`tieq}e$ reoe kefwk rwmej fgfsgq}dfaekìek ogkdr ekìw}ek wfwf hedk tek` mese} fgkèkìw} fgkèkìw} owfhej owfhej sgkwfsek` tek` rekè} agreq }gqw}efe seme sgq`gqeiek se`d jeqd( rehej re}wkte ted}w wqaek qedh+ IGRDFSWHEK Seme se`d jeqd( owfhej nqek` tek` fgheiwiek sgqoehekek eiek hgadj aektei mdaekmdk` mgkèk pei}w rdek`( rnqg( mek fehef jeqd+ Mdkdhed aejpe sgq`gqeiek se`d jeqd fgqwseiek }dsg sgq`gqeiek tek` aektei mdheiwiek nhgj nqek` wk}wi fgheiwiek ei}d|d}er rgsgq}d agigqoe mek rginhej rgjdk`è }gqoemd sgkwfswiek igkmeqeek md agagqese qwer oehek+

Ferteqeie} In}e Tn`teieq}e mehef fgheiwiek ei}d|d}erkte fgfdhdid sdhdjek fnme wk}wi fgheiwiek sgq`gqeiekkte sgq`gqeiekkte ted}w mgkèk rgsgme fn}nq( fnadh( fnadh( mek adr }qekr tn`teieq}e+ Mgkèk }qekr tn`teieq}e tek` mderwfrdiek fgfdhdid sqnsnqrd 77'( rgsgme fn}nq 57' mek fnadh 57' mese} mdig}ejwd owfhej sgkmwmwi tek` fgheiwiek sgq`gqeiek mgkèk fgk``wkeiek igkmeqeek+ ]eagh 5+ 55 Owfhej Sgkmwmwi Tek` Fgk``wkeiek Igkmeqeek Agqfn}nq A gqfn}nq

Seme Se`d Jeqd Mdrgq}ed Rdre Sgkwfsek` Tek` ]dmei ]gqekìw} ]gqekìw} *Nqek`$ Wqedek

1355 135< 1315 131< Owfhej Sgkmwmwi Tek` Fgk``wkeiek Igkmeqeek

1325

Rgsgme Fn}nq

5<+21=

54+3=<

11+=<<

1:+=13

25+:13

Fnadh

5<+21=

54+3=<

11+=<<

1:+=13

25+:13

]qekr Tn`teieq}e

74+:77

<4+:2<

:1+235

53=+13:

55<+<0=

Sgkwfsek` Sgkwfsek` tek` adre mdekìw} nhgj ]qekr Tn`teieq}e? 2+2<3

Rdre Sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekìw} nhgj }qekr tn`teieq}e Tek` Fgk``wkeiek Fn}nq meqd rdre

72+527

<2+55<

07+7:5

40+=::

534+47= 534+ 47=

=1+52<

73+375

74+42<

00+23:

:0+54=

Wqedek

1355 135< 1315 131< Owfhej Sgkmwmwi Tek` Fgk``wkeiek Igkmeqeek

1325

sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekì } gqekìw} w} Tek` Fgk``wkeiek Fnadh meqd rdre 53+::1 sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekì } gqekìw} w} Rwfagq? Jerdh Ekehdrdr( 1355

51+41<

57+=04

54+4<<

11+754

Seme }eagh mde}er odie mgkèk sqnsnqrd 77' }qekr tn`teieq}e( eme }gqmese} sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekìw} nhgj adr }qekr tn`teieq}e rgjdk`è meqd rdre sgkwfsek` sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekìw} nhgj n hgj }qekr tn`teieq}e( feie mderwfrdiek aejpe sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekìw} dkd( fgk``wkeiek igkmeqeek sqdaemd ted}w fn}nq rgagreq 04(22' mek fnadh rgagreq 13(=:' rgjdk`è mdmese} owfhej nqek` tek` fgk``wkeiek fgk``wkeiek fn}nq mek fnadh meqd meq d rdre sgkwfsek` tek` }dmei }gqekìw} nhgj adr }qekr tn`teieq}e( mese} mdhdje} seme }eagh mde}er+ Mgkèk sqnsnqrd adr }qekr tn`teieq}e 77'( }dmei mese} fgkefswk` sgkwfsek` mek sgkwfsek` eiek agqheqd ig sdhdjek fnme igkmeqeek sqdaemd+ Nhgj ieqgke d}w sqnsnqrd }qekr tn`teieq}e eiek md}dkìe}iek jekte mgkèk sqnsnqrd rgagreq 53' meqd tek` }emdkte jekte 3(54' wk}wi inkmdrd girdr}dk`+ Sqnsnqrd 53' dkd rgrwed mgkèk sqnsnqrd dmgeh ieperek sgqin}eek( wk}wi fgkèhdjiek sgkwfsek` meqd tek` }emdkte fgk``wkeiek igkmeqeek sqdaemd( fgfek` aw}wj sqn`qef&sqn`qef tek` mese} fgkgiek sgq}wfawjek igkmeqeek sqdaemd( rg}ghej sqn`qef&sqn`qef sgk`gkmehdek igkmeqeek sqdaemd agqjerdh md}gqesiek( feie rwmej ree}kte In}e Tn`teieq}e agqsdidq wk}wi eh}gqke}dl }qekrsnq}erd wfwf hedkkte ted}w wqaek qedh tek` mese} fgkèkìw} sgkwfsek` hgadj aektei aedi wk}wi pdhetej dk}gqkeh fewswk gir}gqkeh ted}w meqd Iea+Ihe}gk( Iea+Iwhnksqn`n( Iea+Rhgfek mek Iea+Aek}wh( tek` }ghej }gqdmgk}dldierd aejpe sgq`gqeiek meqd gir}gqkeh ig Tn`teieq}e owè ag`d}w agreq+

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