Are all of these actually theories? Are they types of learning? Use the chart to compare/contrast and determine if they meet criteria and/or what implications they may have f or learning. Complete them as we are discussing the theories each week. Some weeks will include more than one of these and/or you may discover that some are actually inclusive when talking about one of the others.
-Passive learner -requires external reward - knowledge is remembering information and understanding -requires seeing existing patterns. -Teachers direct the learning process. -Reactive learner that responds to environmental conditions (stimuli and reinforcement) Learner’s mind initially started as a Tabula Rasa. -behavior is based on conditioning Classical vs operant condition ( rat and lever food) - Active learner - Learner can influence self - Learners prior knowledge influences learning - Learning depends on the persons
An active educator educator will manipulate stimuli and reinforcement to create learning and change; best used when trying to teach skills; can be used when the skill can be completely evaluated by using objective measurable behaviors
Conservation Principle: yes Accuracy Principle: Principle: yes Parsimony Principle: yes Heuristic Principle: no
-Could be positive or negative effects based on clinical teachers’ experiences with the same learner over time; some checklists would be inadequate for competencies such as professionalism in patient care
Plausibility Principle: yes
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Educators can be cautious of the learner’s capacity limitations. They can help their students focus on the most important details. They will help students through active learning,
Conservation Principle: yes Accuracy Principle: Principle: yes Parsimony Principle: yes
Helps with organizing massive load of facts and medical terminology. While working with patients, they can find methods to help retain information and retrieve information on demand
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experiences Like a computer
strategies for retention ( mnemonics etc) , and help students create schemata
Heuristic Principle: Yes Plausibility Principle: yes
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learning is tied to the situation and the community of practice in which it occurs a person learns when there is a combination of interaction with the community, “the tools at hand” and the activity at hand Learners are influenced by external sources Learner observes and models behaviors of reactions of others. Learner is attentive, the learner retains, and reproduces, and motivated. Self regulation
learners construct own understanding
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Educators can create activities to follow each subject being taught.
Conservation Principle: No Accuracy Principle: Principle: Yes
Simulation labs or clinics where the activity or procedure is hands on and performing it at the time of learning
Parsimony Principle: yes Heuristic Principle: no Plausibility Principle: yes
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Educators need to make sure their curriculum includes the four essential conditions; attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. They should model appropriate behaviors and expose students to other models
-educators use active techniques to create more knowledge and
Conservation Principle: No Accuracy Principle: Principle: yes Parsimony Principle: yes Heuristic Principle: Yes Plausibility Principle: Yes Conservation Principle: yes
In health care, students or residents observe the clinician, models the clinician and then tries to form own understanding of what is being done. Ex. Observing dentists and practicing on typodonts afterwards
Medical residents are still in the “learning” phase and
of knowledge of the world through experiences
teach students to reflect on their knowledge and understanding.
Accuracy Principle: No Parsimony Principle: yes Heuristic Principle: yes
know experience the facts learned on real patients and scenarios. Evaluate what was learned during patient interaction and test their ability to understand the facts by how well they worked with patients
Plausibility Principle: yes -
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Learners have motivation stressing emotions Learners may be influenced by driving forces “id, ego and superego” External factors have impact on learners personality Learners past through certain stages/ phases of personality development throughout life Unconcious mind influences learner Motivation influences learners Students decisions to do tasks are categorized in 5 different types of involvement: engagement, strategically
Educators should be aware of what stage of personality their students are in. Educator should be aware that the students have different developmental history.
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Conservation Principle: yes Accuracy Principle: Principle: yes Parsimony Principle: yes Heuristic Principle: yes Plausibility Principle: Yes
Educators can build their teaching style to appeal to the values, interests and needs of the student involved. Educator should design engaging tasks and activities for students that still focuses on what should be learned.
Conservation Principle: No Accuracy Principle: Principle: yes Parsimony Principle: yes
Ego may play a role. If a patient has a strong ego will be more likely to undergo a procedure because they are focused on the longterm value. Those patients with a weak ego tend to stay away from discomfort and the doctor - Some people can began to use defense mechanisms In order for patients to be compliant, they should be engaged and involved in their treatment plan.
compliant, ritually compliant, retreatism and rebellion Adult learners need need a drive, true motivation or goal for learning. - The need to know, learner’s self concept, role of learners experiences, readiness to learn, orientation to learning and motivation - Andragogy (need to know why) Vs Pedagogy - Three learning types- goal oriented, activity oriented and learning oriented - Learner centered approach - The educator is the facilitator - The learner learns best by listening - Self- directed learning
Heuristic Principle: no
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Plausibility Principle: Yes Conservation Principle: yes
Educators should make sure to include examples of how prior knowledge, Accuracy Principle: Principle: backgrounds and yes experiences can help integrate new Parsimony Principle: information yes Make Road maps, concept maps or Heuristic Principle: outlines Yes Use analogies and mnemonics Plausibility Principle: Include planning, and yes self evaluation
Conservation Principle: The educator is the facilitator and focuses on No the needs, self-esteem Accuracy Principle: Principle: and positive growth of No each learner.
In the health care field the knowledge, skills and attitudes will determine the practices of a patient and can lead to improved patient outcome For the residents or students, have them do something like case studies, and analyze/ discuss the material within the group and then to everyone
Patient- doctor interaction/relationship. The patient listens to the facilitator “doctor
Parsimony Principle: yes Heuristic Principle: no
-learning by doing.
- educators can tie in
Plausibility Principle: Yes Conservation Principle:
Can be applied to
- learners attach meaning while experiencing the situation and constructs knowledge
experiences as examples when teaching - have the students actively involved in something that will help them to associate a learned fact with an experience.
No Accuracy Principle: Principle: No
simulation lab again. Actually doing a procedure after learning about it will help students to learn.
Parsimony Principle: yes Heuristic Principle: no
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Learner’s capacity to solve problems in one or more cultural settings Multiple learning styles that are not tested by IQ
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Plausibility Principle: yes Conservation Principle: yes
Educators need to try to address 8 intelligences in teaching style. Accuracy Principle: Principle: - Integrated curriculum yes - Teamwork and collaboration Parsimony Principle: no Heuristic Principle: yes Plausibility Principle: no
Nurses, surgeons, dentists, pharmacists, psychiatrists all have different types of “intelligences” that help them to excel in their field of study. For example, for a dentists it may be necessary to have some form of strength in the “social” intelligence.
