Introduction | Defnition | Foundation & Principles o Bioethics in Nursing Blaise B. Nieve | Edgardo Lupo, Jr. Master of Arts in Nursing, Davao Doctors College Lecture Notes
Objectives At the end of this report, the learners will e ale to! ". $. &. ).
Discuss Discuss ideas ideas that that serve as the the foundatio foundation n of ioethics ioethics## Discuss Discuss the relev relevance ance and %eanin %eaning g of ioethics ioethics in our lives# lives# Anal'(e Anal'(e ioethic ioethical al issues issues and dile%% dile%%as as in nursing nursing## and Conceptuali(e Conceptuali(e the i%plications i%plications of ioethics ioethics in the practice practice of nursing. Origin and istor! o "thics
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Beginning o #an! $orld literatures% Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh , Homer's Iliad and the *celandic Eddas ! +alour and success are the principal
ualities of a hero, and are generall' not constrained b! #oral considerations. considerations. •
he 'u#erian Far#er(s )l#anac and the "g!ptian Instruction o )#enhotep! )#enhotep! far%ers to leave so%e grain for poor gleaners, and pro%ise favours fro% the gods for doing so.
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A nu%er of ancient religions and ethical thin-ers, including )ncient *udais# and +hristianit!, +hristianit!, also put forward so%e version of the golden rule, at least in its negative version! version! do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself .
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More than $ 'ears later, /ree- civili(ation 0ourished and 1ocrates, 2lato, and Aristotle3s philosoph' eca%e widel' -nown and 4he 5ell 6nown 7ippocrates of Cos 8a tin' island in the Mediterranean9 appeared 8:); to :&<= B.C.9.
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'ocrates, as portra'ed in 2lato>s ?epulic, articulates the articulates the greatest good as the transcendent -or# o good itsel-. 4he pursuit of and love of the good itself 8rather than an' particular good thing9 1ocrates thought was the chief ai% of education and 8especiall'9 of philosoph'.
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7owever, Plato(s ethical ideal, as e@pressed also in the ?epulic, still has %uch in co%%on with the 7o%eric conception of the leader of a trie or cit'! the successful running of the cit' and the internal har%on' of the citi(en who runs it is the %ain ethical ai%, and there is little %ention in 2lato of an' strictl' %oral oligations the ruler %a' e under.
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Aristotle>s ethics uilds upon 2lato>s with i%portant variations. )ristotle(s highest good $as not the good itsel but goodness e#bodied in a /ourishing hu#an lie. 7is ethics are ased on eudaimonia, variousl' translated as happiness, prosperit', 0ourishing, or success. A great souled citi(en who lives a life of virtue can e@pect to achieve eudaimonia, which Aristotle argues is the highest good for %an
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Later /ree- schools of philosoph', such as the Epicureans and Stoics , deated the conditions of the good life. "picurus taught that the greatest good $as pleasure and reedo# ro# pain. 4he Epicureans e%phasi(ed the uiet eno'%ent of pleasures, especiall' %ental pleasure, free of fear and an@iet'. 4he 'toics thought the greatest good not pleasure but reason and ever!thing in accord $ith reason, even i painul . 7ence the' praised the life of reason lived in accordance with nature.
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ippocrates, on the other hand, had also een a pioneering gure in the eld of %edicine and %edical ethics during his ti%e. *n fact, his ath is still stated in %ost %edical schools all over the world ' those who are starting their %edical career.
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1i@ centuries later, the 0o#an "#pire had alread' ta-en over the /reco 7ellenic civili(ation. 4here, appeared 1alen 8"&"F$" A.D.9. 7e wrote %an' oo-s descriing diseases and prognoses as well as %odications to the 7ippocratic views in %edicine.
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5ith the introduction of +hristianit!, %oreover, ethics had eco%e widel' ased on the teachings written in the Bile. A passage of the 4orah, "Love your neighbour as yourself" was ta-en up ' the writers of the New
4esta%ent and %ade part of the theological centerpiece of Christian ethical stance. 4he New 4esta%ent lets Jesus teach that all the co%%and%ents of
Jewish religious law could e su%%ari(ed in the two rules, "Love God and love your neighbor" 8Mar- "$!$G&"9. •
ho#as )2uinas, a pro%inent religious gure during the Middle Ages, developed a s'nthesis of Bilical and Aristotelian ethics called natural la$ theor!, according to which the nature of hu%ans deter%ines what is right and wrong.
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I##anuel 3ant, in the "Gth centur', argued that right and wrong are founded on dut', which issues a Categorical *%perative to us, a co%%and that, of its nature, ought to e oe'ed. An action is onl' trul' %oral if done fro% a sense of dut', and the %ost valuale thing is a hu%an will that has decided to act rightl'. 4o decide what dut' reuires, 6ant proposes the principle of universali(ailit'! correct %oral rules are those we could will ever'one to adopt.
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*n "Hth centur' Britain, *ere#! Bentha# and *ohn 'tuart 4ill advocated utilitarianis#, the view that right actions are those that are li-el' to result in the greatest happiness of the greatest nu%er. Itilitarianis% re%ains popular in the twent'rst centur'.
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Nure#berg +ode%
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halido#ide%
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Declaration o elsin5i% *n "H;), the 5orld Medical Association estalished reco%%endations guiding %edical doctors in io%edical research involving hu%an participants. 4he Declaration governs international research ethics and denes rules for research co%ined with clinical care and non therapeutic research. 4he Declaration of 7elsin-i was revised in "H<=, "HG&, "HGH and "HH; and is the asis for /ood Clinical 2ractices used toda'.
*ssues addressed in the Declaration of 7elsin-i! ?esearch with hu%ans should e ased on the results fro% laorator' and ani%al e@peri%entation ?esearch protocols should e reviewed ' an independent co%%ittee prior to initiation *nfor%ed consent fro% research participants is necessar' ?esearch should e conducted ' %edicall'Kscienticall' ualied individuals ?is-s should not e@ceed enets
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us5egee '!philis 'tud! 6789:;78<:=%
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National 0esearch )ct 678<>=%
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0adiation "?peri#entation and u#an Participant )buses
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Bel#ont 0eport%
Foundations and Principles o Bioethics in Nursing
Foundation o Bioethics | Defnition o er#s
Bioethics F a living stud' of the conduct of hu%an life# derived fro% %oralit'
principles and ethics.
"thics F practical and nor%ative science, ased on reason, which studies hu%an
acts and provides nor%s for their goodness or adness# a generic ter% for various wa's of understanding and e@a%ining the %oral life of a person# F
Being normative, ethics of actions are ased on standards of societ' and acts are udged ' standards of what is accepted as right or good
F
action# Being descriptive , ethics of actions are ased on what people elieve
F
and how people act are pheno%enologicall' descried# Being analytic, people anal'(e the concepts and %ethods of ethics in the light of what the' oserve, elieve, and practice.
4oralit! F addresses the uestion of what is right and what is wrong.
+o##on #oralit! F Co%prises of sociall' approved nor%s of hu%an conduct.
"thical theor! and #oral philosoph! F philosophical re0ection or when we
spea- of %oralit'3s nature and function# the purpose of a theor' is to enhance clarit', s'ste%atic order and precision of argu%ent in our thin-ing aout %oralit'.
4etaethics F involves anal'sis of these three! language, concepts and %ethods
of reasoning# a ranch of anal'tic philosoph' that e@plores the status, foundations, and scope of %oral values, properties, and words. 5hereas the elds of applied ethics and nor%ative theor' focus on what is %oral, %etaethics focuses on what %oralit' itself is.
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