STRANDS OF LANGUAGE (81-PART t) Mónica Aragonés Laura Alba-Juez
universitaria /ñ\ Editorial Ramon Areces E
pc\$Je
cD'So$l\
CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
15
INTRODUCT¡ON
17
U N I T1 : S M I L E ! ! A) W A R M I NU GP . . . . . . . . . . . B) O R A LD IS C OU R SE EX : P R E SSING AND OPINIONS D E S C R IB INEGV E N T S ACTIVITI ES c) MULII-TASKING Grammar Capsule: Connectors Y D ) T A C K L INVGOC A B U L A R........ , OW'S Y O U RS P E L L I N G. .?. . . . . . . . . . . . E ) N O WH 1 . c h ,k, ck,o r c? ........ 2 . y ,i , o r i e ?. . . . . . . . . . . . F) AND...HOW'SYOURFORMATION OF WORDS? 1. Suffixes-ence,-ance,-ency,-ancy prefixes 2. Negative un- anddis- .......... 3. Prefixescon-,ex-,in-,perHP P R OP RIATELY ANDPUTTING IT INTO G ) U S I N GE N GL IS A MOTION genitive Grammar capsule:The case's/ of 's 1. Thegenitive case / of 2. Difference betweenexpressions suchas a horserace/a race horse 3. Prepositions at, in, of,on, andfor 4. Verbsmakeanddo (Grammar capsule) 5 . Ne i th e r...n o r............... pronouns (Grammar 6. Emphatic andreflexive ..... capsule)
23 25
TIMETO RELAX
Self-evaluation unit1
25 27 29 31 35 35 36 36 36 37 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 42 42 44 45
CONTENTS9
UNIT2: LUXURYAND ROMANCE A) WARM ING UP B) O R A LD I S C O U R S ED:E S C R I B I NE GX P E R I E N C E S
c) MULTI-TASKING ACTIVITIES
Grammar Capsule: Connectors again! D) T ACKLING VOCABULARY ........ E ) NOW HOW' S YOURSPELLTNG? '1. ul ir 2. Doubleconsonants F) AND...HOW'SYOURFORMATTON OF WORDS?
pre-/pro1. Prefixes 2. Adjective andadverbformation G ) U SINGENGLISH APPROPRIATELY ANDPUTTING IT IN T O MOTION Grammar capsule: Zeroplural 1. Translation of sentences containing thezeroplural 2 . Usesof even........ 3. Verbsexpressing epistemic or extrinsic modality Grammar Capsule: Modalauxiliaries 4. Modalauxiliaries 5. Prepositions on, in, at andfor 6. Tenseandtime(Grammar Capsule) 7. Definite, indefinite andzeroarticle TIME TO RELAX Self-evaluation unit2 UNIT3: TEA LOVERS A) W A R M I N GU P B) ORALDISCOURSE: PUTTING A CASE( lNA CONVERSATION) c) MULTI-TASKING ACTIVITIES D ) TACKLING VOCABULARY Grammar Capsule: /n as an adverbial particle E ) N O WH O W ' Y S O U RS P E L L | N G. .?. . . . . . . " . . . . -ie/ -ei 1. Vowelcombinations 2. Doubleconsonants F) AND...HOW'SYOURFORMATION OF WORDS? -lessI -ful(Grammar 1. Adjective formation: Capsule) -/y(Grammar 2. Adverbformation: Capsule) . l0
(Bt-pART sTRANDS oF LANGUAGE t)
49 3 l c l
53 56 58 o+ b4
64 65 65 65 66 66 ol ot
68 68 69 70 70 72 72 73 77 70
79 81 84 87 88 88 89 89 89 91
G ) U S |N GE N GL T SAHP P R OP R |A TELY ANDPUTT|NG tT |NTO MOTION 92 G r a m maca r p su l eS: o mea/ n y .......... 92 1 . S o m ea/ n y .......... 92 2. Compoundsof some,any,no, or every(nobody,no one, anybody,everybody,nowhere,anywhere,everywhere, anything,nothing,and everything).......... 94 3 . S u p e r l a t i v .e. s. . . . . . . . , . . . 94 (Grammar 4. Spaceprepositions Capsule) 95 5. Frequency adverbs 96 6 . T i m ep h r a s e .s. . . . . . . . . . , 96 T I M ET O R E L A X 97 S e l f - e v a l u a tiuonni t3 ...,.......... 98 T R A N S L AT ION A N DC OMP OS IT ION l( Units1- 3) 100 U N I T4 : C R I M EA N DD A N G E R. . . . . . . . . . .
101
A ) W A R M IN G UP 103 B ) O R ALDIS C OU R SD EIS : C U S S ING MEANINGS 103 c ) M U L T |-T A S K TANCG T tV tT tE............. S 105 D) TACKLING VOCABULARY 110 E ) N O WH , OW'S Y O U RS P E L L | N G. .?. . . . . . . . . . . . 115 e r / a r 1. Spellings f o rt h es o u n dI A L . . . . . . . . 115 2 . V o we las n dco n so n a n ts ......... 115 -ue/ -ew 3. Endings 116 F) AND...HOW'SYOURFORMATION OF WORDS? 116 Grammar Capsule: Compound words 116 1. Compound words:N+N/N+Adj/Adj+Adj 117 prefixes 2. Negative 118 dis-,un-,in-,or im- ........... G) USTNG ENGLTSH AppROpRtATELy ANDPUTT|NG tT |NTO MOTION 118 Grammarcapsule:The PastPerfect Tense 118 1 . Ve r bsi n th e P a stP e rfe ct ..,............ 118 2. PastSimple+ Pastperfect 120 3. Useof wherein relativeclauses 120 4. Personal (subjective, possessive Pronouns objective, and possessive (Grammar reflexive)/ adjectives Capsule)...,. 121 5. Phrasesof thetype Io hisamazemenV to her owndismay at the beginning of the sentence/clause ....... 123
CONTENTSI I
6. Reported speech Grammar Capsule: Directand Indirect speech 7. Useof reflexive pronouns TIMETO RELAX S e lf- evaluation unit4 .............. U N fT5 : W ILDLIFE EXPERIENCE .......... A) w A R M t N G U P. . . . . . . . . . . . B) ORALDISCOURSE: NARRATION ABOUTW tLDLtF E
EXPERIENCE . .S ......
c) MULTI-TASKI NGACTIVITIES
t¿+
124 t¿J t¿o
127
129 131 131 133 138 144
D) T A C K L I NVGO C A B U L A R Y , . . . . . . . , OW'S E ) N O WH Y O U RS P E L L I N G. .?. . . , . . . . . . . . - ou/- ow .......... 1. Gr aphemes 144 2 . H o m o p h o n .e. s. . . . . . . . . . .. 144 F) AND...HOW'SYOURFORMATION OF WORDS? 145 1. Compound words:N+N;Adj/Adv+V/Adj+N .. 145 Grammar Capsule:Abstract Nouns 146 2. Abstr act- noun for m ation .............. 147 G) USINGENGLISH APPROPRIATELY ANDPUTTING IT INTO MOTTON 148 1. Usesof since....... 149 Grammar Capsule: Timeprepositions/ conjunctions: sinceI for ............ 148 2. Specialuseof somewordswithcertainprepositions '150 (e.9.awayfrom)....... 3. Quantifiers a little/a few+ mass/countnouns 150 GrammarCapsule: (a)little/(a) few Quantifiers 150 4. Adver bs of fr equency .............. 152 5. Relative clauses 153 6. Useof the expressions af the time/on time/in time/at one time/at times 154 7. Prepositions: about,with,by,on,after,for,from,untit ..... 155 T IMETO RELAX 155 S e l f- evaluation unit5 .............. 156
12 sTRANDS oF LANcuAGE (Bt-pART t)
Ji'{lT6: LANDSCAPEANDTHE ARTS
159
161 GP A ) W A R M T NU L PINIONS. GE R S O N A O B ) O R A LD I S C O U R S EE:X P R E S S I N P GIVINGDETAILSABOUTFAMOUSPEOPLE'S 161 . .S ....... B T o G R A P H T. E 163 CG T T V T T T............. ES c ) M U L T | -T A S K TAN 168 VOCABULARY D) TACKLING 172 SP R E L L I N G.?. . . . . . . . . . . . . E ) N O WH , OW' SYOU 172 1 . S i l e ngt b e f o r n e .............. 173 2. Doubleconsonants 173 FORMATTON OF WORDS? S F) AND...HOW'YOUR
Noun-andadjective-formation Capsule: Grammar 173 m o r p h e m e. .s. . . . . . . . . . . . -al/ -age 174 morphemes 1. Nounformation -al ........... 174 formation morpheme 2. Adjective lr INTO ANDPUTTING APPROPRIATELY c) usrNc ENGLTSH 175 MOTION 175 1. Compounds with+ver verbsin defining Useof prepositional Grammar Capsule: 176 relativeclauses 176 2. Defining relative clauses 178 s 3 . C o mp a ri soonf a d j e cti ve........... (second 179 ........ type) 4. Conditional sentences sentences... 1 8 0 Capsule: Secondtypeof conditional Grammar '181 t n tinuous? .............. 5 . Pr e s e nSt i mp l eo r p re se nco 182 6 . P r e p o s i t i o.n. s. . . . . . . . . . . . 183 article 7. (Omission of)thedefinite .........183 CONNECTION A N DL IT E R A T U R E:THE H ) L A N G U A GE of an of narratives:Analysis 1. ldentifying the structure excerpttrom Switzerland,the Cradleof Libertyby Mark 184 Twain 185 2. Exercise on anothernarrative .. 188 T I M ET O R EL A X 189 S e l f - e v a l u a tiuonni t6 ............... 191 | ( Units4- 6) ......... T R AN S L AT ION A N DC OMP OS IT ION MODELEXAM
193
ANDTASKS KEYTO EXERCISES
201
I3 CONTENTS
U N I Tl : S M I L E ! !
A) WARMINGUP 1) Doyoulikeit whenpeoplesmileat you? 2) Whatdo youthinkpeoplemeanif theysmileat you? 3) Do yousmileoften?Do youfindit healthy?
B) ORAI DISCOURSE: EXPRESSING OPINIONS AND DESCRIBING EVENTS CAN DOs: 1) Expressopinions/likes/dislikes. 2) Exchangeideas:agreeldisagree. 3) Describean eventin your life.
o) Lisienfo Wendyond Mqrk's conversqfion
fffi (Wendyis readinge-mailson hercomputer) Wendy:Ugh!I'm reallypuzzledaboutall thisemoticonstuff. Mark: Emoticonstuff?What do you mean?Why? What'sso puzzlingaboutit? W:Well,it'sa wholenewcodewe haveto dealwithnow...Didn't we haveenoughwithlanguage itself?Howam I supposed to interpret a smileyface???
UNIT l : S M l L E l l2 5
Andonewitha semi-colon on it ;-)tglZ Doesit meanit'sfunny or theyaretryingto saysomething beyoncl that?lf theyarewinking an eye,whaton earthdo theymean?Theywantus to guesstoo much... M: Oh,com e I t h i n ky o u ' r eo v e r d o i n gi t a l i t t l eb i t . . . ls e e n o co mp lication at Just use your common sense and your i ma g i nation! W: ...Andhowaboutthisfacesticking itstongueoutandsmilingat thesametime(Q)? Doesit meantheyarenicelysmilingat youbut you?Mygoodness!This simultaneously m-ocking is insulting! M: I don' tthinkit' sinsulting, no.. U S EY OURIM AGINATION, W ENDY!
sayit' sEXClTlN G...
W: lmagination? No way!l'm not hereto imaginethings.I want F A C TS, symbols lcan r elyon...a language whichwillm ak em e feel l 'mo n safegr ound... Allthismoder n ambiguity... ldon' tlik ei t at al l l l M: Comeon,Wendy,relax! W: Lookat thisone:1@¡Whatdo youthinkmycolleague is trying to saywithit? lt looksso unfriendly anddisrespectful to me! M: Let me see... (Afterreadingthe message): Oooh,please, Wendy... Willyouforoncemakean effortto understand? lf youplace it rightin its context,you'llsee that whatshe-meansis that she's stressed andupsetwithherboss.Nothing personal aboutyoul! W: Well, you know, I still think all this smiley-face stuff is u n n e cessar y confusing... and M: Wendy,please,SMILE!Life is beautiful. SMILE,WENDY
b) Now discussthe followingw¡lh your tutor or clqssmqlesin the forum/virfuqlcloss: 1. Whyis Wendypuzzled? 2. Whatdoesshethinkaboutthedifferent kindsof smileyfaces?
26
(Bt-pART sTRANDS oF LANGUAGE t)
3. Whatis Mark'spointof view? 4. Whatkindof personality do you thinkWendyhas? Do you think she'seasy-going? 5. HowaboutMark'spersonality? Canyoucomparebothapproaches (Wendy's life to and Mark's)?
c) MULTT-TASKING ACTIVITIES IIONA LISA:LOOK,READ,LISTEN,STUDYand WRITE Step1.Go on the internetand LOOKat the portraitof MonaLisaat: http//upload.wiki media.org/wi kipedia/com mons/6/6a/Mona*Lisa.jpg Step2. READthe relatedtextand LISTENto its spokenversionto make sureyouknowhowto pronounce andgivethe correctintonation to it.
She haslongteasedscholarswithher mysterious sensuality, and her identityhas beena puzzlefor almost500 years.Was MonaLisa the wifeof Francesco del Giocondo, as manyscholarsbelieve,or a duke'swidow or a Medici mistress?Now computerartist Lillian Schwartzthinksshe has foundthe "mostobvious,most revealing, mostpoetically.tight" answer.MonaLisais noneotherthanLeonardo da Vincihimself. Schwartzwas testinga new computerprogramat AT & T Bell Laboratories when she comparedLeonardo's mostfamouspainting with his onlyknownself-portrait, drawnin red chalkat the end of his life.She scaledeaohpictureon her computerscreento the same proportions, thenmatchedthe leftsideof the self-portrait to the right side of the Mona Lisa. The featuresmatchedprecisely- "a congruenceso strikingas to precludecoincidence," she writesin January'sArts & Antiquesmagazine. She concludesthat eventhe
H,?5,i;.¡,soj:fr:|
smileis theartist'supsidedown,'lhe mirrored
Schwartzcontendsthat her identificationmakes sense, for Leonardolovedriddlesand opticalparadoxes. And while he kept
UNIT l : S M l L E l l2 7
precisenoteson his other commissions, she says,he apparently madeno recordsforthe MonaLisa,norwashe everpaidforthework. to Milanto He neverpartedwithit, carryingit withhimfromFlorence Rome to France.Historiansbelievethat Leonardowas probably WickAllison, Perhaps, writesArts & Antiquespublisher homosexual. "a sideof himselfthathe treasured." the MonaLisarepresents "Nonsense," Manyart expertsremainunconvinced. said James who Art HistoryDepartment, Beck,chairmanof Columbia University's arguesthat otherLeonardofaceshavesimilarfeaturesand that the lookis simplya matterof style."An artistpaintswhat'sin his mind," says Beck,"not what he sees."lf Schwartzis right,what may have mindwasa privatejokethathasfooledposterity. beenin Leonardo's
Step3. DOthefollowing andSTUDYthegrammarexplanations exercises whennecessary:
I ) Choose the correcf qnswer from the ones g¡ven below 1. Whatdo you thinkSchwartzmeanswhen she says"the most poetically right"answer? a,) lt remindsus of Dante'spoetry. answer. satisfying b) lt is the mostaesthetically poeticalaboutthe picture. c,) Thereis something to the 2. Whydid she matchthe leftsideof Leonardo's self-portrait rightsideof MonaLisa's? a) BecauseLeonardomighthave paintedhis reflectionin the mirror. b) Becausehe was left-handed. c) Becauseit is the bestwayto comparetwo portraitswhichare similar.
28
(Br-PART r) STRANDS oF LANGUAGE
3 . Whatdo youthinka "mirrored smile"meansin the text? a,) A mysterious smile. b,) A smilewhichis upsidedown. probablylookedat himselfin the mirrorto paintit. c) Leonardo 4 . Thefactthathe mayhavebeenhomosexual is important because:
a,) lt explains why he paintedsucha delicatesmile. b) Hisstyleis effeminate. c) lt represents howhe wouldhavelikedto be himself. 5 . "Anartistpaintswhat'sin his mind"meansthathe paints: a) Thewomanwho he is in lovewith. b) Hisowninterpretation of things. c) Whathe sees.
GRAMMARCAPSULE: Conneclors Connectors are wordsor expressions that are usedto connect ideas,such as so, otherwise, then, on the contrary, on the other hand.Whenspeakingaboutthe syntacticstructureof the sentence, theseconnectors are calledconjuncts.Conjunctsare unitswhose mainfunctionis to join togethertwo or moreutterances whichhave a semanticrelationshipbetweenthem. They express textual relationships. Theyare connectorsof structure,and as such,theycan connectphrases,clauses,sentences andparagraphs: E.g.: He was a liar andfurthermorea criminal.(Nounphrases) He neverstudiedfor hisexams.However,he passedthem all with verygood grades.(Sentences) In spokendiscourse, conjunctsare very frequently usedto mark the beginningof a turn in conversation, and as such,they are also consideredto be discoursemarkers.Among the most common discourse markersarewell,now,now then,so, then,etc.allof which can be usedto makedifferent typesof semanticconnections.
UNIT l : S M l L E l l2 9
2> Pul the followingsentencesfogelher us¡ngfhe oppfopriqle connector a) MonaLisais a mystery. Heridentity (because/until). haslongpuzzled scholars b,) Schwartzwastestinga computerprogram. Shecompared (inorderto/while). thetwopictures d Shescaledthetwopictures. Shematched (that/before). eachoneon thecomputer d) Thefeaturesmatchedprecisely. Sheconcluded (since/in thatMonaLisawasLeonardo case). e/ Schwartz's explanation makessense. Manyexpertsdisagree (whenever/although). f) Leonardo tookthepicturewithhim. He travelled(wherever/u ntil). g) Manyhistorians believethat Leonardo was probablyhomosexual. "a sideof himselfthat he The MonaLisamayhaverepresented red"(therefore/although). treasu h,) MonaLisamaybe Leonardo himself. Manyart expertsremainunconvinced (unless/yet).
3) ORAI PRODUCTION: Describingon evenf us¡ng connecfors Describe an important recenteventin yourpersonal lifeanddiscussit withyourclassmates/tutor in classor in a videoconference.Why wasthis eventimportant to you?Howhas it affectedyou?Ask othersfor advice. USEconnectors/ discoursemarkers(e.9. First,Then,Nor¡2, etc.)to join yourideasandmakethemcohesive andcoherent.
4> MAKEA LIST, WRITE ANDSUMMARIZE a) Makea listof the mostconvincing reasonsfor believing thatMona Lisais actually Leonardo. b/ WouldyouagreewithSchwartzor withBeck?Explainwhy. c) Rewrite thepassageusingthefollowing notes: . Mona Lisa'sidentityis a mystery- wife,widowor mistress? Schwartz's answerpoetically rightbutfactually wrong?
30
(Bt-PART sTRANDS oF LANGUAGE t)
L e o n a rd o 'sse l f-p o rtra iand t M ona Lisa technologically compared.Similarityof featuresmore than coincidence? Mirrored smile. Riddletypicalof Leonardo,lovedparadoxes. No recordsof paymentforwork,tookit withhimeverywhere. painting Possibly representsa secretaspectof himselfthat he treasured. Art worldunconvinced? Similarities amongLeonardo's other works makecoincidence a "matterof style".Doestheartistpaintreality or was Leonardo's realityitselfa puzzle?
D) TACKHNGVOCABUTARY BUILDUPYOUROWNGLOSSARY OFTERMSFOB UN|Tt: Look up the following words in a monolingual (English-English) dictionary as well as any others you find difficult to understand in the text: (n) a) sensuality (n) b) identity c) mistress(n)
d) obvious(adj.) e) match(v) f) striking(adj.)
g) famed(adj.) h) argue(v) i) fool(v)
I ) Findin the fext fhe oppositeor neqr oppos¡le of the following words a) ambiguous b) wrong c) ooscure d) unknown e) vaguely
0
frown
g) agrees h) different i) public
UNIT l : S M l L E l 3l l
2> Complete these sentencesw¡th fhe oppropr¡ote word from those listed below sensuality
magazines
identitity
features
mind
publisher
nonsense
aboutalmost a) These days you can find a beauty,sport,cars, and many other subjects. anything;fashion, ; he neverseemsto say
b) What he said was anythingsensible.
of the c) The police couldn'tdiscoverthe crime' him the commit had seen no-one as criminal, d) She never thought she could write a book, but the toldhershehada lotof talent. of womenis somethingthat painters e/ The work. oftentry to capturein their has always been a f) The power of the favourite subjectfor psychologists. but are nothingspecialindividually, s) H e r togetherthe effectis quitebeautiful.
3) Include one of fhe following verbs in the oppropriote tense in lhe blqnk spqces below fo complete the meoning of these sentences draw match
carry conclude
remarn argue
that a) As she was alreadytwo hourslate,he shewasn'tcomingto the PartY. in Spainfor a weekafterthe othersleft, b) | becausethe weatherwas so good. portraitsof peoplein cafés, c) He lovesto if theyare notawarethathe is doingit. especially
32
(Bt-PART oF LANGUAGE STRANDS D
for hoursaboutpoliticalissues,but everyone stillthoughtthe sameafterwards. a ) Thissweater doesn't I think thesetrousers; l'llreturnit to thestoreandaskfor a refund. ' f) H e my suitcasesall the way up to the fifth floor,whichhurthisbackquitebadly.
d) They
4> Findlhe phrosesin lhe lexf thEt completethe following$enlences theday,l'm too tiredto go out.
d/
b) Heturnedtheglass
and spilledmilkall over
thefloor. ¡l lf youworkharderthanotherpeople,it that youshouldearnmoremoney. d) A goodstudent of allhislectures should and classes. o ) She lovedhimso muchthatevento himfor was a day difficult, f) To be good at a sport is usuallyas m uch oracticeas of talent. that peopleneverknow s) Theytellso many what they are laughingabout.
5) l. Findffie odjecfiyes or o'dverbsin the text lhot medn the following a) b/ c) d)
clear,blatant. immediately impressive. wellknown. according to whatis generally thought.
2. filou¡include the appraprioté ward from fñose you found above (rn exercise I ) in the blank spüces a) Her beauty was hadheardabouther. everybody
all over the country;
l : S M l L E l l3 3 UNIT
problem is to yourmoney Tome,thesolution youshouldgeta jobthatpaysyoumore. he is havingan affairwith anotherwoman, but I don'tbelieveit. because d) Van Gogh'spaintingsare usually of the brightcolourshe uses. c)
ó) Solvelhe crossword us¡nglhe clues below
34
(BI-PART oF LANGUAGE STRANDS D
DOWN spirit. 1. a womanwhohasa continuing 10. thoughts, illicitrelationship witha man. 12. pertaining to thesenses. 2. deceive. 14. register, keepdata. 3. reacha judgement. 15. continue to be. 6. discuss. 17. impressive, obvious. 7. sketch. 18. resemble. coincide. books 9. a personwho publishes or ileriodicals.
ACROSS; 4. painting of oneself. 6. well-known.
16. characteristics. 18. publication.
8. as it seems. 11. picture.
19. to takewithoneself. 20. identified, awareof itsexistence.
1 3 . n o b l e ma n .
21. sameness or likeness.
E) NOW HOW'SYOURSPETUNG? ln the text we find wordssuch as scholars,duke, opticaland Beck. in theirspelling? Canyoutellthedifference
I ) Add ch, k, ck, or c fo the following words knoa=
lusy_-olo$r la
l : S M l L E l l3 5 UNIT
2) Wordsend¡ngin -y following$ consonsnf chcnge the y to i beforesdd¡ng o suffix - laboratories, history- historians. E.g.:laboratory Thisis notthecasewiththesuffix"ing";carry- carrying. Addy, i, or ie in the blankspaces: obe_ed stead_ly
cherr_s fl_ing
funn_er worr_d
SP_-S
happ_ly
stor_s
sunn_er stud_ing cr_s
After checkingyour answerstry to formulatethe corresponding spellingrules.Go to your grammarbook if necessary.
F) AND... HOW'$YOURFORMATTON OF WORDS? Noticethe words congruenceor emergency. The endings-ence, -ance,-ency,-ancyare oftenusedto formabstractnouns.
I ) Formnew words by using one of Él'rese suffixes different
convenient
efficient dependent
consistent
acquaint annoy absent
3ó
r) STRANDS oF LANGUAGE Gr-PART
assure accept predom inant allow
ptef¡xesun-,qs in "unconvinced", 2> The_negqfive ond d,s-os ¡n disregordore frequenilyused. Add eitherone of themto the follbwingwords: _illusion order
-happy grateful advantaoe
_important aqree
-loyal
WISE
aporove
healthv
ooeorenl
3) Look qt the words "precluden',"conclude", "include"n "excludeo'.-clude is the bEse fo which differenf pref¡xes ore ddded Seehow manywordsyou can makeby joiningthesefour prefixes (con-,ex-, in-, per-) to the following bases: _ceive ject
_fect
_cept
-sist
_vert
-form -mit
G) US|NGENGUSH APpROPR|ATETY AND PUTTING IT INTOMOTIOH Possessivesappearvery often in the Mona Lrbatext: E.g.:"A duke'swidow." "Leonardo's mostfamouspainting" "...The MonaLisa'sfamedsmileis theartist's" ". . . in L e o n a rd omi 's n d "
UNIT l : S M l L E l l3 7
lf¡ The genitive cose: 's / of GRAMMARCAPSULE:
€
in whichthe genitiveis usedin TheSecret Examinethe instances of the Smile.Someof them are:the wifeof Francescodel Giocondo,a duke'swidow,Leonardo'smost famouspainting,the right side of the MonaLisa, elc. As we can see in these examples,sometimesthe construction NP's(NounPhrase+'s) is usedandsomeothertimestheformulaNP + of + NP is preferred.In spite of the fact that there are usually in a one or the otherconstruction reasonsfor preferring compelling givencase,the degreeof similarityand overlaphas led linguiststo as variantformsof the genitive. regardthe two constructions 's (traditionally knownas the In general,the genitiveconstruction for humannouns: is preferred Saxonpossessive) E.g.: a duke'swidow mind Leonardo's is preferred to a lesserextentfor animalnouns This construction policy). (thecat'sears)and humangroupnouns(thegovernment's as we can see in this However, this rule is not alwaysobserved, wherethe del Giocondo, examplefromthe text:fhe wifeof Francesco nounphraserefersto a humanbeing. known as the Latin The constructionwith of (traditionally possessive), is generallypreferredfor inanimateobjects,massand abstractnouns. E.g.: Theleft sideof the self-portrait. is also preferredwhen the modifyingnoun The of-construction phraseis long: E.g. Thearrivalof the 10:30planefromManchester.
38
(Bt-PART t) oF LANGUAGE STRANDS
I ) f{er_-consullingthis point in your grommqr book,' join lhe following nounsusing 's oi simply t (opostrophewitñouf s) a) Charlesthe Second/ his reign b) The house/ Tomand Mary c) MiltonandShakespeare /'theirworks d) The backyard / our neighbours - e) Bismarck / hisGermany f) Europe/ its difficulties g) Bill'sfather/ hisfriend h) John/ oneof his nephews i) My smallsisters/ theirtoys j) The ladies/ theirctothes k) . My son-in-law / the bicycle l) Jimand Elisabeth / theirchildren m) Yerdiand Puccini/ the operas n) The portrait/ Mr.Brown
2> Explointhe ditferencebelween the following expressionsby sloling whqt eqch one meqns a) b) c) d) e)
A goodbusiness deal/ A gooddealof business. A wineglass/ A glassof wine. A pay-day/A day'spay. A horseracelA racehorse. A sportsfield/ Fieldsports.
3) Note-fh9 u9e of lhe prepositionsat, in, oi, on, ond lor tn lhe texf ond ofter reqding oboul fñem in o grommqr book, fill in Íhe blonk-spqcesw¡ih fhe oppropriqte one a) Mr.Smithhaslivedhere b) Shewaswearingseveralrings
two years. herfingers.
UNITl: SM|LEll39
themin thishouse. the moment. a newproject
c) Thereis no room d) He is working
e) The childrenwrote their names
the screenof their
computers.
0
The man
ljust methim thegreycoatis a detective. thepub.
he saidbecausehe spoke everything s) Wecouldhear voice.
a veryloud lavender. h) Marysmells m i nd. i) Youshouldtry to keepwhatI havetoldyou Dillon's. ¡) I haveboughtthesebooks no matterhow far Christmas, k) They all came home awaythey might have been.
mywaynome. thesupermarket t) l'llstop theirth i r ti es . m) Allthe menshegoesoutwithare the Universityof Kansas n) He studiedChemistry fouryears.
4, In the text we find fhe expressions "makessense" ;"madeno records". in meaningand usagebetweenthe verbs Do youknowthe difference make? to do andto
MAKEI dO GRAMMARCAPSULE:
&i
between Spanishspeakersoften have problemsdistinguishing intoSpanishas make and do becausebothverbscan be translated hacer.To make means to buildor producesomethingand can be To do meansfo translatedas hacerin the Senseof fabricar,elaborar. as hacerwilhthe meaningofrealizar, carryoutandcanbe translated the choiceof theseverbsdependson the Itevára cabo.Ultimately, wordswithwhichtheycollocate:
40
(Bt-PART l) oF LANGUAGE STRANDS
You make: an accusation, allowances, an appointment, arrangements, an attempt,a bed,the bestof ..., a cake,certainthat..., a change,a choice,a comment,a complaint,a confession,a darc,á decision,a demand,a liscgvery, a dress,an effort, an enquiry,'an estimate,an excuse,a fire, friends(with),fun of ..., a gesturé,á fuss of..,.,. a good/bad impression,a journey, a living, á loss, love, a mistake,.money,the mostof ...,.a movement,a noiáe,an offer,peace, war,a phone call, a plan, a point (of ...), a profrt,progress,a wish,a promise,a proposition,a remark, useof, a statem'ent, etc. . You do: your best, business,a course,the cleaning,the cooking, damage,the dishes,your dyty,evil,an exercise,a favourlthegardeniíg, qood,your hair, harry, one's homework,honour,the housetiork,a jo-b, justice, research,right, the rooms,the shopping, - a srJm,a translaiioni, the washing,wonders,some work,wrong,eic. After readingthe grammarcapsuleand some more information aboutthe use of theseverbs in a grammarbook,includeeithermake or do, in the appropriatetense,in the followingsentences: a) "Whatare you b) She enjoys m o rn i n g . c) The dogs impossible to sleep. d) Sh e
?""l'mreading a book". exerciseearly in the so muchnoisethat it was all herclothesherself.
e) Everyone must
the house. f) "Whatdo you a secretaryin a Canadianbank".
hisbedbeforeleaving "1workas fora living?"
s)
H e- a mostuninteresting proposition whichnobodyaccepted. h) Whydon'tyoujust the bestof it and enjoyyourselfinsteadof complaining so much? i) The children their homeworkand thenwentout to the gardento play. Wouldyou me a favour? coffee.
UNIT l : S M l L E l l4 1
k) What will you holidays? don't t) Please, m) D o n 't of yourself.
for the Christmas that,it bothersme.
that,you're
a fool
5) Thesentenceprecedingnor olwoys hos o negqt¡vemeqn¡ng E.g.:"Hemadeno records...nor washe everpaidforthework". parentsneverforgave him,nor did hersisters. Hisgirlfriend's neither But the mostfrequentuse of nor is with the coniunction pair. forminga correlative Rewritethe followingsentencesas in the example: Hedidn'go t to thepub. E .g .:Jo hn didn'go t to thecinem a. Johnwentneitherto thecinemanor to thepub. Theydidn'tfight. didn'tquarrel. a) Thechildren b) The examwasn'tshort.lt wasn'teasy. c) Thatoldmancan'tread.He can'twrite. d) Tommustn'twork.He mustn'tstudy. in sports. e) Shecan'trun.Shecan'tparticipate f) Theycan'teat fish.Theycan'teat meat.
ó) Theword himselfis used emphoticolly in this lexl "MonaLisais noneotherthan Leonardoda Vincihimself", "a It is also used as a reflexivepronoun: side of himself that he treasured".
42
(BI-PART t) oF LANGUAGE sTRANDS
GRAMMAR CAPSULE: Empholic qnd reflexive pronouns The pronounhimselfis usedin the MonaLisatext(The secretof the Smile)bothas a reflexiveand as an emphaticpronoun. we usethe reflexivepronounswhenthe subjectand the object of an actionare the same, i.e., reflexivepronoúnsreplacea coreferential nounphrase,normallywithinthe samefinitevérbclause: E.g.: Suecut herselfwiththe razor. He lookedat himselfin the mirror. I promisedmyselfI wouldbehavebetternexttime. Emphaticreflexivepronouns:Reflexive pronouns aresometimes placedin apposition forthesakeof emphasis and/orend-focus. In this case,andfromthe discourse pointof view,theycannotbe saidto be proper,for theydo notfulfilthe objectiunction reflexive andconveya differentmeaning.They are used emphaticailyto indicatethat someone,and not someoneelse, did something. This could be translatedintoSpanishas uno mismo,en persona. E.g.: I myselfsowedthe dress. lsowedthe dressmyself. A: Canyoudo the shopping? B:Whydon'tyoudo it yourself? After reviewingemphaticand reflexivepronounsin the capsule and in your grammarbook,f¡ll ¡n the gapswith the appropriateiorm: a) The President receivedthe journalists and explained thesituation to them. b) Thatold manis alwaystalkingto c) I live by in an old housein the country. d) DidSuehurt with the knife? e) Lookat in the mirrorwiththatsillyhat. f) They must solve all the problemsby otherwise theywon'tlearn.
UNIT l : S M l L E l l4 3
s) We havebought
a lovelynewcarbecause theoldoneno longerworkedproperly.
h) Stopfeelingsorryfor get out of so muchtrouble. i) She makesall her clothes quitea goodjob too.
to anddo something and she does
i) Theseboysalwaysseemto begetting
into
trouble.
You can check the answersto all exerc¡sesand tasks in the KEY TO EXERCISESANDTASKSat the end of the book. TIMETORELAX:Now let'srelax,sit down,and watchsome withthe topicof this uni{_ interesting videosin connection re=relat€d ?v=mPeeTbiTPCU&featu http://www.youtube.com/watch lwEM&feature=related ?v=lEdGhfO http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ffej15-DglO&feature=fvst hüp://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=eskXn bVYr3Y http//www.youtu be.com/watch ?v=nCpD72b-df s http://www.youtube.com/watch
M
(BI-PART LANGUAGE STRANDSOF D
Self-EvaluationUniI I exercises and thencheckyouranswersin the KEy _^ o_9llg_tollowing TOEXERCISES AND TASKSat the end of thebook:
I ) Ghoosefhe opposife or neor oppos¡teof these words 1 . a m bi g u o u s 2. unknown 3. frown
a) laugh b) private c) smile
4. different 5. public
d) famous e) indifferent f) obvious g) similar
2> Complefe lhese words with lhe correct opf¡on emistry
1.
a) ch
b) k
c) ck
d)c
b) k
c) ck
d) c
b) k
c) ck
d) c
b)k
c) ck
d) c
b) k
c) ck
d) c
2. fantasti a) ch lu_ a) ch we2 a) ch 5 . psy-ology a) ch
UNITl: SMlLEll45
3) Choose lhe correct oPfion I. A good deal oi business a) A lot of business. business. b) A profitable c) A welldonebusiness.
2. A wine grdss a) A glasswithwinein it. wine. b) A glassusedfordrinking c) A glassof wine.
3. A day's pdy a) A payof one day. b) A dayon whichone is Paid. c) A pay-day.
4. A race horse a) A horserace. b) A racein whichhorsesparticipate. c) A horsefor racing.
5. Field sporls a) A fieldwheresportsare practised. b) A sportsfield. outdoors. c) Sportspractised
46
(Bl-PART oF LANGUAGE STRANDS D
4> Choosefhe correct opt¡on lo complele lhe meqning of lhe following senlences 1. Whatdo you a) to make 2. I lovehome a) doing 3. I a) did
for a living?
b) make
bread. b) making c) made
5. Stop a) doing
d) do
d) did
my bedandcleanedthe housebeforeleaving. b) made
4. WhathaveI a) to do
c) to do
c) do
d) make
to deservethis?! b) made
c) done
d) to make
so muchnoise!You're disturbing us. b) make c) do d) making
UNIT l : S M l L E l l4 7
ffiruffiH ffi= ,#ffiffiffiW &ffiffiffi#ffie###ffi
A) WARMTNG UP 1) Whatdo youthinkwe aregoingto studyin thisunit?Why? 2) Areyoua romanticperson?Why/Whynot? 3) Wouldyou liketo livea lifeof luxury?
B) ORAI DISCOURSE: DESCRIBING
EXPERIENCES
1. CANDOs: 1) Describea placeand discussdreams,hopes and ambitions. 2l Narratea story. 3) Relatedetailsof unpredictableoccurrences.
lislen fo Meg ond Lindsoy's conversolion
(Meg and Lindsayare watchinga TV show aboutthe top ten luxurious hotelsin theworld) Meg:Wow!| certainlywouldliketo takemy significant otherto a placelikethat!
UNIT 2: LUXURY ANDROMANCE5l
Whatdidyousay?Yourwhat? a minutel Lindsay:Wait other.That'sit. M: My significant L : Oo o h ...w e l l ,w e l l !T h a t'sver ygoodnews!ldidn' tknowther e girl! wassucha personin yourlife...Tellme all aboutit,younaughty M : We l l ....l 'm n o t g o i n gto tell you the detailsbut...hejust it...lt wasmagic!Myknight in my lifewhenI leastexpected appeared in shiningarmorcameto my rescuewhenI no longerhadanyhopes the Andltell you:I' mnowhaving o n e l i n ess... o f b e i n gsa ve d ...frol m t i m eo f my l i few i thh i m!!! Luckyyou!lI wishI couldsay s e x citing!!! L :Wo o o h l T h so a t u n d so t h es a m e . . . So I and SOOOROMANTICI! hallucinating M:Yes.lt lS exciting, FV... place on like those him dream plan with to a wantto an escape Whatdo you makeof it, eh? idea!lf I maygiveyousomeadvice,I have L: I thinkit'sa fantastic but it's none of thosetop ten worlda greatplaceto recommend, i t's... f a m ou sh o te l s... M :Y e a hte , l lme ,te l lme !I'mallear s... '. in Spain. L:Well,thisis a dreamplacein thevillageof Mondariz, youknow,butit has as thosetoptenhotels, so high-sounding nothing style...lt'sthe European of high-class thesoberIuxuryandelegance you can isolate places where magical of those one MondarizSpa, tradition, of enchantment, in atmosphere world an rest of the fromthe "BelleEpoque" kindof luxury... peaceanda particular in Spainis that? Whereabouts M: Really? '.an of Spain.. to thenorth-west areain Galicia, L: lt'sin a beautiful thinkers, artists,politicians, areathathasbeenableto bringtogether place loversandall kindsof peoplein searchof an ideal...A fantastic i n d e e d !l ! M :Ww w ..T h amu t's si cto mYear s!!!t L: In the hotelyou notonlycan bathein thermalwaters,butyou at the sametimeyou can alsoreceiveall kindsof beautytreatments l'd say - out-of-body dare luxurious, and are havinga romantic, "significant your other"... with experience
52
(Bt-PART t) oF LANGUAGE STRANDS
M: EnoughlI takeit! l'llgo on the internetrightawayto makethe reservation for our weekvacation! Thanksa lot! l'll tell you all about ourSpanish adventure whenwe'reback!!!! e ! )L
lt S A
b) Now discussthe follow¡ngwilh your lutor or clqssmotesin lhe forum/-virtuqlcloss "my significant 1) What does the expression other"mean?lf you haven'theardthe expression before,makea guess. 2) Whatdo youthinkMegmeanswhenshesays:,,|'rn notgoingto tell youthe details"withrespectto her loveaffair? 3) Howdoesshedescribe therelationship? ls sheveryenthusiastic? 4) what do youthinkof the description of Mondariz? Doesit sound likea niceplaceto you?Explainwhyor whynot. 5) Narratea romanticeventor storyaboutyourselfor someoneyou know. l.
c) MULTI-TASKING ACTtVtTtES THELUXURYDAIMLER:LOOK,READ,L|STEN,STUDYand WRTTE step t. Go to the followingwebpageon the internetto see different pictures of GuySalmonluxurycars: http:i/images. google. es/images?hl=es&q=Guy+Sal mon+cars&btnG= Buscar+im7"C3%A1genes&gbv=!g.¿q=f Ssq=
u Y
step2. READthe relatedtextand LlsrEN to itsspokenversionto make sureyou knowhowto pronounce and givethe correctintonation to it.
UNIT2: LUXURY AND ROMANCE 53
This is the true story of a lady,a gentleman,a Guy Salmon chauffeuranda dozenred roses.Or,to be strictlyaccurate,twodozen red roses.The roseswereorderedto be placedin a chauffeur-driven reservedrecentlyby oneof our clients. Daimler, The roses- and the Daimler- wereto markthe occasionof his wasto presentonewhilsttravelling Hisintention birthday. ladyfriend's for a and elegantWestEnd restaurant in the otherto a fashionable surprisebirthdaydinner. manner,he also To start the eveningin a suitablycelebratory in thelimousine. waiting and ordereda bottleof PolRogerlobe chilled the gentlemanknewhe couldlook Havinggivenhis instructions, Fortheto an eveningto remember. forwardwiñ pleasantanticipation the eveningstartedmuchearlierin however, Guy Salmonchauffeur, the day. of one particular is the responsibility EachGuy Salmonlimousine perfect mechanical in lt is hisdutyto ensureit is maintained chauffeur. perfection. So, althoughthis order, and washed and valetedto particularDaimlerhad madeonly one trip sinceits last wash,the washedit again.He polishedit too.He brushedeveryinch chauffeur He vacuumedthe carpets.He polishedthe wood of the upholstery. workand cleanedthe windows.He evenwashedoutthe ashtrays' The limousineprepared,the chauffeurchanged into his ice in the Daimler's Thenhe placedthe champagne livery. immaculate His off. setting seat before back red roses on the bucketandthedbzen wasa privateaddressin SouthLondon. destination He intendedto arrive,as always,ten minutesearly,savinghis maybe late.His clientsfromanylastminuteworrythattheirlimousine timing,as always,was perfect.He knocked,informedthe gentleman hadarrived,andwaited. his limousine was wereready.The gentleman In a fewminutes,his passengers to the Thanks impressed. The lady was suitably suitablycharming. ran love smooth. of true drivingskills,for oncethe course chauffeur's wasspilt,andthe couplearrivedin the best Nota dropof champagne of spirits. whilst Theladyembarked, returned. Fourhourslater,thelimousine you mind, don't hope gentleman one side.'l to the took chauffeur the
54
(Bt-PART l) oF LANGUAGE STRANDS
sir,but I felt the roseswereperhapsnot of the standardthev mioht havebeen,'heexplained.'And foui hoursin the backof the Óaimier wouldnothaveimproved them.So I tookthe libertyof replacing them withanotherdozenroses,sir.I hopeyoudon'tobject'. The gentleman certainly didn't.Nordid his ladyfriend, whofound her roses mysteriously lookingeven fresherthan when she first received them.But howdid the chauffeur finda dozenfreshrosesat in centralLondon?Well,he was a Guy Satmonchauffeur, :]i:l'3f.,, Punch,Publicity.
step3. Do thefollowing exercises andsruDY thegrammarexplanations whennecessary:
I ) Ghoosefhe coruecfqnswerfrom the ones g¡ven below 1. T h ech a u ffe uclre a n s... a) the ashtrays. b,) the upholstery. c/ the entirecar. 2. Thechauffeur putsthe roses... a) on the backseat. b) in the ice bucket. c) on the frontseat. 3. He leavesten minutes early... a/ becausehe wasoncelatedue to trafficproblems. b/ to avoidhisclientsgettingimpatient. c) in orderto buythe flowersbeforearriving.
UNIT2: LUXURY AND ROMANCE 55
I 4 . Thecarpicksthe clientsup...
a) at theirhouse. b) at a restaurant. c) al a hotel. drivingskills... 5 . Thanksto thechauffeur's was notsPilt. a) the champagne b) theyavoidedthe trafficjam. soonerthananyoneelse' c,) theyarrivedat the restaurant 6 . Theyspentthefourhours... d at an EastEndrestaurant. b) at a WestEnd restaurant. c) havingdrinksin the car. mainlysells... 7 . Theadvertisement service. a) a practical b,) luxury. c,) speed. qualityis thathe... mostoutstanding 8 . Thedriver's a) drivesveryquickly. b) repairsthe car himself. c/ foreseeseverything.
Conneclors ogo¡n! Lel's CAPSULE: GRAMMAR fevise whql we leqrnt in Unit I that are used to connect are wordsor expressions Connectors ideas,such as so, otherwise,then, on the contrary,on the other hand.Whenspeakingaboutthe syntacticstructureof the sentence, are calledconiuncts.Conjunctsare unitswhose theseconnectors whichhave mainfunctionis to join togethertwo or moreutterances textual express a semanticrelationshipbetweenthem. They
5ó
(Bt-PART oF LANGUAGE STRANDS D
relationships. Theyareconnectors of structure, andas such,theycan connectphrases,clauses,sentences and paragraphs: E.g.:He was a liar andfurthermorea criminal. (Nounphrases) He neverstudiedfor hisexams.However,he passedthemail with verygoodgrades.(Sentences) In spokendiscourse, conjunctsare very frequently usedto mark the beginning of a turn in conversation, and as such,theyare also consideredto be discoursemarkers.Among the most common discoursemarkersare Well,Now,Nowthen,So,Then,etc.all of which canbe usedto makedifferent typesof semanticconnections.
2> Join the following sentences by us¡ng one of lhe connecfors qnd including fhe necessqry puneluqlion qnd chqnges a) Thegentleman hadgivenhisinstructions. He thoughthe couldlook forwardto an eveningto remember. (once/while) b) Theyentered the limousine. He ordereda bottleto be chilled.(before/ although) c) EachGuySalmonlimousine is the responsibility of oneparticular chauffeur. It is his duty to maintainit in perfectmechanical condition. (however /therefore) d) Thisparticular Daimler hadmadeonlyonetrip. It hadto be washed.(once/ although) e) He brushedeveryinchof the upholstery. He alsovacuumed the carpets.(andI as a result) f) He wantedto arrivewithenoughtime. Hisclientswouldnot haveto wait.(sothat/ but) g) He hadplacedthe champagne in the Daimler. He set off.(once/ while) h) He leftthenminutesearly. Histimingwasperfect. (once/ so)
UNIT2: LUXURY AND ROMANCE 57
He knockedat the door. had arrived.(until/ in his limousine He informed the gentleman order) He waited. Theywerenotquiteready.(therefore / because) k) The roseswerenotof the standardtheymighthavebeen. hadto buysomenewones.(since/ in contrast) The chauffeur
PRODUCTION: Describeqnd 3) ORAIANDWRITTEN discussdreoms,hopesond ombitions;nonqfe o slory; relqle detoils of unpredicloble occurfences
t.
Answerthese questions to a) Whatdoestheslogan"We'renotnumberone;youare"suggest you? offeredby thisservice. b) Commenton someof the advantages in rentingone of these c) Whatsort of personmightbe interested chauffeur-driven cars? foundthe roses? d,) Howdo youthinkthe chauffeur e) Wouldyoudreamof hiringa servicelikethiseverin yourlife?
2. lmagine you dre inlerestedin impressingthe
daughter of d local millionaire with d view to marrying her eventually. Everything must be perÍecl and money is no object, Explainyour requ¡remenfscrnd plans to ]he Daimlerdgent in l5O words (obout two or three psragro,phs)
VOCABULARY D) TACKLTNG BUILD UP YOUROWN GLOSSARYOF TERMSFOR UNIT2: Look up the lollowing words in a monolingual (English-English)
58
(Br-PART r) STRANDS oF LANGUAGE
dictionary, as well as any others you tind difficutt to understand in the text: a) strictly(adv.) b) accurate(adj.) c) suitably(adv.)
d) ensure(v) e) polish(v) f) spill(v)
g) skill(n) h) ice bucket(n) i) intend(v)
| ) Find fhe oppos¡le or neqr oppos¡le of fhe following words in the texf WORD
OPPOSITE/NEAR OPPOSITE
a) false b) vaguely c) unstylish d) inappropriately e) horrible f) unattractive g) inability h) obviously
2> Someof the words in lhe texl ore reloted to cleoning.Trylo find the qppropr¡qleverb fo complefe eoch senfence clean
wipe
polish
vacuum
brush
wash
a) Youshould b) I haveto c) He always
yourshoesbeforeyougo out. my hair;it'sverydirty. histeethtwicea day.
UNIT2: LUXURY AND ROMANCE 59
d) Thisrugis fullof dust,youwillhaveto
havespiltmilkalloverit. thetable;you
e) Please
3)- Complete fhe following senfenceswith o verb in the oppropr¡ofe lense from fhose listed below order reserve intend
ensure maintain present
tmpress mind mark
inform
replace
improve whenyou highstandards
to a) It is important a r e r u n n i n ga b u s i n e s s . b) lf you wantto
youmuststudY yourEnglish,
and practicehard.
becausewe a tableat the restaurant, knewit wouldbe verycrowded. h i mw i t ha theY d) Whenhe leftthe comPanY,
c) We
gold watchfor his years of service.
to cometo the party,butat the lastminute the bossgaveme someextraworkto do. thatthe housewassafeby lockingallthe f) H e
a)
doorsand windows.
s) Theywere very
by the flowerswe bought
them;theysaidtheyhadneverseenanyso beautiful' to h) Everyyearwe opena bottleof champagne thedayon whichwe gotmarried. taking us to the airport i) He sayshe doesn't on Saturday,becausehe has nothingelse to do.
i) Whenhe brokethe glass,he hadto
it with
anotherone,as it wasveryvaluable. two bottlesof wine, but the waiterhas k) onlyone. brought illnessaSSoonaS himof hismother's t) TheyholidaY. he camebackfromhis
ó0
(Bt-PART l) oF LANGUAGE STRANDS
4> Cg.mp!-ete lhe sentencesus¡ngthe qppropriqfe odjecfive or qdverb from those listed belbw ond chonging fhem where necessory strictly
particular
accurate
charming
fashionable pleasant
mysteriously suitable
a) Her clothes were very ; she was appropriately dressedfor the occasion. b,) Hismoneydisappeared fromhiswallet,and he neverfoundoutwhotookit. c,) Theirreporton thesituation in Africawasvery all of the correctfactswerethere. d) H es mi l e d man. ; he wasa veryattractive e) She wantedthat
painting;she wouldn't acceptanyother. f) The sun shonevery ; it was neithertoo hot nortoo cold. g) Theyalwayswantto go to the most places; theycan'tstandgoingto unstylish ones. h,) His remarkswere not true;I foundthem rathervagueand exaggerated.
5) Thephrosq¡verb set off meonsto leqve,lo stort go¡ng.lnsqrfone of the followingverbs¡h the blqnk spqeesof lhese sentences:fum off (stop by using q switch), put of (_d.gloy, postpone); iake o7 (thebeginningof o flight),be off (go, Iéove),wedr oft (lose intensity,fqde -9wqy),put (someóne)otf (discourqge),get oft (corire down from) a) Please,
the light,I wantto go to sleep. b) As soonas I finishtypingthis reportl'll to John'shouse.
UNIT 2: LUXURY ANDROMANCEól
at 12.00,butit c) The planewas supposedto wasdelayed. thathorse,it'sverydangerous. d) e) Don'tworryif the colouris too bright,it will so o ne n o u g h . goingto Londonuntilnext We will haveto month. aboutthe idea;trynotto g) Sheis veryenthusiastic withyoursarcasm. her
w¡th the correctform: ó)' Fillin the blqnk spoce__s posit¡on), setup (ro¡seinto 9ef Pgc\ (deloy)' sef (reserve' rn (begin ond cont¡nue),sel ds-id.e setkeép), seI abouf (to begin_lodo_)' down (estoOtish),sef off (cogse.lo qct), set out (begin o courseof oction) to lookforthe lostgirl. equipment the camerasand recording They t¡me. waste wouldn't they so arrived actors the before by the bad All our holidayPlans were weather. by the teacher. TheruleswereclearlY by the heat. The bombcouldhavebeen
a) We all b)
c) d) e)
f) Winterhas s) She had just
arrived. h) At the storeI askedthemto for me untilthe nextdaY.
62
(Bl-PART oF LANGUAGE D STRANDS
earlierthanusualthisYear. doing her work when he
the greencoat
7> Solvefhe crosswordusing lhe clues below
DOWN 1 . a b i l i t y, q u a l i ty o f d o i n g something well. 2. specific, singular.
4. precise,correct. 6. strangely. 10. makebetter.
UNIT2: LUXURY AND ROMANCE ó3
3. in vogue,uPto theminute. waY. 5. in an approPriate to identifY. 6. to signify, 7. affect stronglY,create a attitude. favorable L substitute.
9. attractive, Pleasant. 11. setaside. of liquid. 12. a smallquantitY 13. tell,r ePor t. whichis givenon a 14. something specialoccasion.
E) NOW,HOW'SYOURSPEIIING? I- l' Thei in q word such qs Siris sometimes from the letter u when il ¡s indistinguishoble pronounced.Add eitheri ot u lo complele fhe followingwords ret--n s_rvive c--rve sh.-rt rpose o s--rface s_rgeon
c_rcus b_rst s---rprise f_rm c_rcle th_rst b_rth
d_rt fl--rt P-rchase f-rnish m_rder b_rth ---rgent
oppeSomeqof lhese words whichInclude it in fhe blqnk double consonont. üte spoce whefe necessofy
64
chauf-eur
ac_urate
oc_as_lon
ele-gant
din-s¡
even-ing
(Bl-PART oF LANGUAGE D STRANDS
bot val
le eted
_aculate
chil_ed
rem ember vacuum-ed
ad_res_
WOT
V
ti m
pas
i no
enoers
charm_ing
inform_ed
F) AND... HOW'SYOURFORMATION OF WORDS? I ) Notice fhe words 'opresent,' ond ,,promise".The prefixes prc-and prc- hove been odded fo lhe bqses-senfsnd -mrbeto form these lerms. See ]ro* moly words you cun mqke by joining these fwo prefixes pre-lpro- lo fhe following bqses fer -*-*Pel sume
tend
vide
voke
scribe
serve
cede
duce
-pose
dict
2) Give fhe odjeclive ond lhe odverb fhot cofrespond lo lhese nouns:
UNIT2: LUXURY AND ROMANCE ó5
c) usrNc ENGUSH APPROPRTATELY AND PUTT¡NG IT INTOMOTION "two dozenred roses"(in 1. Look at the expression Spanishdos docenasde rosas rojas).Noticethat the word "dozen"(like hundred,thousand,million)when used with a definitenumber takesneitherthe pluralsuffix-s northepreposition of.
GRAMMAR CAPSULE: Zero plurol Somenounswhichindicatequantities or measures havethesame form in the singularas in the pluralwhenfollowedby a noun,for example:dozen,foot,hundred,thousand,million,elc. E.g.: Mexicocityhasaround22 millioninhabitants. He'ssixfoottwo (inches). [6ft2in.] Or to be strictlyaccurate,two dozen (red) roses.(Seetext) Thesenouns,however, addthe plural-s inflectional morphemeif they are followedby the prepositionof (e.9.:Dozensof students, millionsof ants\. Someanimalnamestakethe zeropluralbut can be usedwith a s i n g u l aa r n d p l u ra lme a ning,for exam ple:cod, deer ,salmon, sheep,grouse,etc.(e.9.'.Onesheep,two sheep,etc.;onecod, a lot of cod, etc.). Someothernamesof animalsalso havezero pluralif they are prey,e.g.:herring,pheasant, considered salmon,trout,etc.However,
66
(Bt-PART STRANDS oF LANcUAGE t)
if theyare usedto denotedifferent individuals or speciestheytakethe rg.gulqfpluralinflection(e.g:^Theysaw fivedeer'runningin"thepark; The fishes of the tndic ocean are different from "those ú tné Caribbean\. zeroplurals. include:a) somewordswithbasesendingin -s: ^ 91h.r senes,me.?ns,species(one series/ two series, etc.);b) Nati-onality yorq: endingin -ese: p91lyguese,Chinese,etc. 1onéÉortuguesi two Portuguese,etc.);c) words such as aircraftanddice qe.i: oné aircraft/ dice;two aircraft/ dice, etc.)
| ) Now frqnslqte into English a) Trescientosdólares. b) Cincuenta euros. c) Cientosde libros. d) Cincodocenasde huevos. e) Ochomiltrescientas personas. f) Docenasde flores. g) Cincomillones de habitantes.
2> look of the use of lhe word evenin the texl:,,He even wqshed out lhe qshtroys,,(inctuso) ..."lookingevenfresherthanwhenshefirstreceivedthem,'. (aún más) Fromthe following pairsof sentences writea newone usingthe word evenas in the examplebelow: E.g.: Yesterday was hot.Todaywas hotter. Todaywas evenhotterthanyesterday. a) Maryis beautiful. Sophieis morebeautiful. b) Thisfilmis bad.The otherone is worse. c) Londonis big.Tokyois bigger. d) Tomis thin.Billis thinner. e) Piccadilly Circusis large.Trafalgar Squareis larger.
UNIT2: LUXURY AND ROMANCE 67
3) Severqlmedal verbs expressilg gp¡:femic or extrinsiemodalitY qppecrr in fhe text with the following meonings -possibility,,...the gentleman to an eveningto knewhe could lookforward... remember" -probability"...anylastminuteworrythatthe limousine may be late." politenesswithexcessive remotepossibility "l felt the roseswere perhapsnot of the standardthey might have begn".
Modql ouxil¡qries: mayf GRAMMARCAPSULE: might/canf could whichbehavein somewayslike arespecialverbs Modalauxiliaries do, but which have certain have and the primaryauxiliariesbe, are: Theirmaincharacteristics peculiarities. accordingto the 1. They form the negativeand interrogative to his boss; not speak (e.g.: paftern He could noríralauxiliary questionl' May I askyou a primaryauxiliaries,contractionof these verbs is 2. As with 'in possible the negative(e'g': can't; mustn't; couldn't; needn't;etc.\. 3. Theycan be usedto formtag questions(e.9.:Youcan'tswim, can you?). 4. Theycan be usedin shortanswers(e.9.:A:Canyou swim?B: No,I can't.), 5. Theycanreplacea verbor clausethathasbeenreferredbefore (Shecan'tswim,but I can)' avoidredundancy and,therefore, and theyhaveno infinitive 6. In contrastwithprimaryauxiliaries, preceded to. by be cannot thereforethey 7. They do not add an -s to the third personsingularin the presenttense.
ó8
(Bl-PART oF LANGUAGE STRANDS D
8 . All modalverbsare followedby the bare infinitive, exceptfor ought to and used to (Shemight wantto seeyou). Theseverbsare defective becausetheyonlyhaveone or two forms.Theyusuallylacka formfor ths futuie,the conditional and an -ing form. After readingthe grammarcapsuleand more informationabout modal verbs in your grammarbook, do the following exerciseby adding may,might, can or could in the blank spaces: a) You losethem. b) H e c) d) You
usemy classnotesif youarecarefulnotto stillcome,it'snottoo lateyet. I borrowyourpen? be right.l'm in no position to judge.
e) The chairmanaskedpolitelyif he
colleague.
interrupt his
f) The childrenshouldhavebeenmorecarefulwhentheycrossed the street,they havegot runover. paintthe roomin two days. s) l ' msu reI h) You i)
I
i) Long
keepyourrooma littlemoretidy. speakFrenchfluentlywhenI wasyounger. it last!
4) Answerthe following quesf¡onsu$inglhe words in brqekefs . E.g':whyisn'the home?(mayrgo cinema)He mayhavegoneto the cinema. a) Whydidn'the writeto us?(could/ forget) b) Howdid he knowaboutourplans?(couldi guess) c) Whyisn'tshewaitingat the busstop?(mayldelay)
UNIT2: LUXURY AND ROMANCE 69
d)
Whydidn'the cometo visitus?(might/ busy)
e) Whyis he in bed?(might/ ill)
qnd 5)' Notice fhe use of the prepos¡tionson, in, of qnd for, which qppeqr frequently in this text' qft'erreviewing them, fill in the blonks with fhe oppfopfiote one her birthday.
a) I hopeto be withmYdaughter b) She lives
the third floor of that building
a big apartment.
them or ning. s get up earlY c) Theyalway the dressed d) She was not sufficiently occasion. thewallis stillwet. e) Thepaint answered. thedoorbutnobodY f) We knocked theyusuallyopentheirpresents Germany s) Eve. Christmas thetrain. h) They had a quick mea i)
He has worked two years.
France
j' ) T h e p r o b l e m w i t h | i v i n g t h e c o a s t i s t h duringthesummer' therearetoo manytourists theend. k) Theysaythatcrimedoesn'tPaY
t) We can meet
frontof youroffice. m) Theywentoff to the mountains
Wednesday,
theweekend.
"Hoving given his. ó)' Noticethe sentence: the genllemon knew..."In lhe first ¡nslruct¡onso clouse of ftrisexómple,the speoker/wtitet expressessomethingthol is finished.In the seéondclouse onotheroctivity is storted,in which cose the Post simPleis used 70
l) (Bl-PART oF LANGUAGE STRANDS
GRAMMARCAPSULE: Tenseond time including Englishand spanish,verbaltense . In mostlanguages, doesnotnecessarily coincidewithreártime.Tenéeis the grammatical ggleggry (linguisticexpression)that we can identifyas verbal inflection. In English,for example,we can distinguish two tenses; presentand past (Englishhas no futureinflectedform of the verb), whereaswe, as humans,can identifyeventsoccurringin the pasi, presentor future.Inthesameway,we canusedifferent ténsesto'refer to variousmomentsin time; for instance,we can use the simple presentformsto referto a timedifferent fromthe momentof speaking. presenttense E.g.: Thenthe FrenchinvadeEngland. (Historic - pasttime) I hear she has been givenan award.(presentusedwith - pasttime) verbsof communication Derekleavesfor Rometomorrow. (presenttense- future time) lf Sallywere here today,she wouldbe sad. (past tense - present time)
After studying the different tenses and their relationshipto aspectin your grammarbook,put the followingsentencestogeiher, as the exampleshows: E.g.: He finished hislunch.
He wentoutto play. Havingfinished hislunch,he wentoutto play.
a) | wonthe firstprize.I receiveda sportscar. b) He finishedreadingthe book.He gaveit to hissister. c) | studieduntilverylate.ThenI wentto bed. d) He lostthe keysto his apartment. He spentthe nightat a friend's house. e) Shefinished lunch.Shewentoutfora walk.
UNIT2: LUXURY AND ROMANCE 7l
7> - Note the use of the definiteqnd indefiniteorl¡cle in the text, ond fhen include eilher o(n), the' ot O (no orticle) in the blunk spoces hard-boiled eggand a) Heonlyhad diet. applefor lunchbecausehe is on bedsandcleaned b) Theymade room. countryfor c) We livedin coupleof years. piano?No,but l'mverYfondof d) Do youplay music and I play bir. guitar been it'scertainly daylYes, e) What dayto remember. to learn. language difficult 0 Japaneseis Madrid g) firstthingtheydidwhentheygotto theywanted Pradomuseumbecause wasvisii Meninas. to see bananaor -'h) 'Wouldyou prefer "-orange please,I love orangeÍor dessert?" oranges". úE: \P
TIMETO RELAX:Now,let'srelax,sit down,andwatchsome withthe topicof thisunit: videosin connection interesting
re=relaled E&featu ?v=4caOwK7Vq2 http:i/www.youtube.com/watch r 165312/this*is_realy*good-for-you com/watch/ metacale. http://www. _perfomanees/
72
(Bt-PART l) oF LANGUAGE STRANDS
$elf-Froluation LlnitZ Do the followinoexercises and thencheckyouranswersin the KEy TO EXERCTSES A-ND|ASKSái iñ" ."0 of rhebook:
t ) Choosethe oppos¡teor neEr oppos¡leof lhese w0rds 1. false 2. unstylish 3. inappropriate
a/ skill b) suitable c) true
4. obviously 5. inability
d) fashionable e) clearly f) unfalse g) mysteriously h) clearly
2> Choosethe correcf opfion to complete - the meqningof lhe followingsenteneds 1. I thinkhejustwantedto muchmoney. a) impact b) impress
us by spending so c) impressing d) impression
2. Tom'sgradeswon't harder. a) ensure
b) improve
3 . This medicinewill a) improved
b) ensured
if hedoesn'tworkmuch c) good
d) to improve
youa goodnight'ssleep. c) ensure d) assured
4 . What he said was
a joke,buttheytookit _as seriously andwere veryangryat hirn a) intented b) intended c) intent d) intending
UNIT2: LUXURY ANDROMANCE 73
John as caPtainof the football 5. Harryhas team. d) replaced a) substitute b) respondedc) respond
3) Chooselhe correcl opt¡on fo complete ihe
meoningof the followingsenfences
1. Youcanphonehimnow,he'salwayshome the evening. c) for b) in a) on
Segovia
2. Do you know when the train arrives? c) o n b) for a) at
d) in
Tuesdayif You'refree.
3. We can meet b) in a) at
d) on
c) for
her father,who
4. Mary has alwaYsworked ownsa big clothingcompany. c) in b) on a) for
d) at theairportuntil
5. Hesaidhewouldwaitforus we arrived. a) at
d) at
c) on
b) in
d) for
4> Choosethe correct option to complete fhe followingsentences
television.
1. I lovewatching b) an a) a 2.
74
c) the
üa
in doctorsaysyoushoulddo moreexercise orderto keePfit. b)an a)a
l) (Bl-PART oF LANGUAGE sTRANDS
c) the
d)a
Year. a) a
mathematics is my favouritesubjectthis b) an
c) the
d)@
4. MyfriendJohnSmithwasbornin a) a
5. Theysay a ) a
b) an
c) the
üa
applea daykeepsthe doctoraway. b) an
c) the
üa
UNIT 2: LUXURY ANDROMANCE75
t NIT3: TEALOVER$
A) WARMINGUP 1) Whatdo you usuallyhavefor breakfast, tea or coffee? 2) Do y_ouhavepreference for any kindof tea (green,black,white, etc.)? 3) Do youthinktea is goodfor yourhealth?lf so, in whatrespects?
B) ORAI DISCOURSE: PUTTING A CASE (rN A CONVERSATION) CAN DOs: 1 ) Briefly give reasons and explanations for opinionsand/oractions. 2l Developan argumentwell enoughto be followed without difficultymost of the time.
o) Lisfenlo Tony ond Shqron's conversqlion:
Wl
*
(Tonyand sharon are working,and it is now time for a break) Ughl l'm overwhelmed withso muchwork.I needa cup of --Ton_V: coffeefor energy. sharon:coffee?oh prease,Tony,you shourdbe more hearthconscious. Coffeeis not...
UNIT3: TEALOVERS79
| needsomekind T:Well,whatdo youwantme to drinkinstead? of invigorating stuff. AND healthyat the S: TEA is your bestoption.lt's invigorating p o ssi b l e ... Youcan' timagine TEA... dr inkGREEN s a m eti me A . n d ,i f has. thisbeverage all the goodproperties sorry.Thankyou very T: Tea?No way! No! | find it disgusting, much. yourEnglish youdon'tliketea,considering S:Well,it'sincredible o r i g i n s... T:Yes,I'mtheblacksheepof theU.K.I knowit.l'vealwaysrebelled I don'tthinkI shouldliketeajustfor andconventions. traditions against l'venevergonealongwiththecrowd... themerefactof beingBritish.... It'sa question of principle. S: I seeyourpoint,butif whattheydo is goodforyourhealth,you Look,l'llgiveyoumany it, don'tyouthink?... shouldat leastconsider whyyoushoulddrinkgreentea...Andyes,don'tdrinkit like reasons putanymilk yourfellowcountrypeople, becausein factyoushouldn't the s i n i t ....l t h a sto b e d ru n kw i thNO milkandNO SUGAR....That' r i g h th t i n gto d o ... Youwantme to drinktea,and T: Oh Sharon,youmustbe bonkers. putsugarin it??!!.Howon you're I tellingme shouldn't on top of that least I shouldbe allowedto it, At earthwill I be ableto swallow then? with somesweetness! taste coverup the disgusting S: Look,sweetie,youtakeit or you leaveit, but if youdo whatl'm and/or againsta longlistof incurable tellingyou,youwillbe protected unwanteddiseases,such as cancer,heartdisease,arthritis,tooth -FYl- green youwillloseweight!Because... decay...AND,besides, tea raisesyour metabolismand causesthe body to burn more Canyouthinkof a betterdrink? calories... T: I sureCAN'T,Sharon.HowcouldI everhavethoughtthatI could YOUW IN!!l!! c o n tra d iyo ct u ?Y OUWl N ,S H ARON,
b) Now discuss lhe following w¡th your lutor or c¡ossmqles in the forum/virtuql closs 1) Why does Sharonthink tea is betterthan coffee?Wouldyou agree?
80
(Bt-PART t) STRANDS oF LANGUAGE
2) H.owwouldyou describeTomaccordingto what he says about himself? 3) Whatkindof personis Sharon? 4) Whatdo youthinkconvinces Tomto drinktea at the end? 5) \gry lt'rgt_Vou knowall aboutthe benefitsof greentea,wouldyou drinkit? Saywhyor whynot.
c) MUrT|-TASKING ACTTVITIES DRINKING TEA IN BRITAIN: WATCH,READ,LISTEN,STUDY and WRITE stgp 1. Go on the internetand wATcH the followingvideosabout drinking tea in England http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=qiqEp RkLbck http://www. youtube.com/watch ?v=GFqJOxJseTe step 2. READthe relatedtextand LlsrEN to its spokenversionto make sureyouknowhowto pronounce andgivethe correctintonation to it.
"n,:lñ5i,1iJ".":iiJ;,il:,li3lilfl l3!;iLiJ;,?ilElf.::lff lh:l biological q3oe complicated experiments to finda wayof s-poiting
3n! it.To the eternalgloryof Britishsciencetheirlabourboréfruii.Theü suggested that if you do not drinkit clear,or with lemonor rum aná sugar,butpoura fewdropsof coldmilkintoit, and no suoarat all.the desiredobjectis achieved.once this refreshing, aromátic,oriental beverage was successfully transformed intocolourless and tasteless gargling-water, it suddenlybecamethe nationaldrínkof GreatBritain and lreland- stillretaining, indeedusurping, the high-sounding titleof tea. Therearesomeoccasions whenyoumustnotrefusea cupof tea, you are judgedan exoticand barbarousbirdwithoutany othenryise
UNIT3: TEALOVERS8l
hopeof everbeingableto takeyourplacein civilisedsociety.lf you youget are invitedto an Englishhome,at fiveo'clockin the morning a cup of tea.lt is eitherbroughtin by a heartilysmilinghostessor an almostmalevolently silent maid.When you are disturbedin your (orMabel),I think sweetest morning sleepyoumustnotsay:"Madame you are a cruel,spitefuland malignantpersonwho deservesto be you haveto declarewithyourbestfiveo'clock shot".On the contrary, smile:"Thankyou so much.I do adorea cup of earlymorningtea, especially earlyin the morning". lf theyleaveyoualonewiththeliquid, you maypourit downthe washbasin. Then you havetea for breakfast; then you havetea at eleven youhaveteafortea;then o'clockin themorning;then afterlunch;then aftersupper;andagainat eleveno'clockat night. Youmustnot refuseanyadditional cupsof tea underthe following circumstances: if it is hot;if it is cold;if youaretired;if anybodythinks you mightbe tired;if you are nervous;if you are gay*;beforeyou go out;if you are out;if you havejust returnedhome;if youfeellikeit; if youdo notfeellikeit;if youhavehadno teaforsometime;if youhave just hada cup. Youdefinitely mustnotfollowmy example. I sleepat fiveo'clockin I drinkinnumerable the morning;I havecoffeefor breakfast; cupsof blackcoffeeduringthe day;I havethe mostunorthodox and exotic -l jusi mentionthis The otherday,for instance teasevenat tea-time. you howlowsomepeoplecansinkas a terrifying exampleto show piece I wanteda cup of coffeeand a of cheesefor tea. lt was one hot days and my wife (once a good of those exceptionally Englishwoman, now completelyand hopelesslyled astrayby my wickedforeigninfluence)madesome cold coffeeand put it in the refrigerator, whereit frozeand becameone solidblock.On the other hand,she leftthe cheeseon the kitchentable,whereit melted.So I hada pieceof coffeeand a glassof cheese. GeorgeMIKES,Howto be an Alien - Note that this text was written in 1946, when the modern use of gay (meaning homosexual)was not known. In this text gay is used as an adjectiveand it means "happy".Gay meaninghomosexualis consideredto be a neologism,and can also be useo as a noun.
82
(Br-PART STRANDS oF LANGUAGE r)
Step3. DO the following exercises:
I ) soy whetherthe following siofemenlsore frue or fqlse qccord¡ngto the possqge;when folse,g¡ve lhe correcl vers¡on a) Teawasoriginally an unpleasant drink. b) A groupof Britishscientists decidedto makeit better. c) Theysuggested you shouldput a sliceof lemonin it to makeit drinkable. d) Teais the national drinkof GreatBritainand lreland. e) Peoplewho are not fond of tea are considered*exotic,,and "barbarous,, by the British. f) The writer loves being woken up early in the morningby somebody whooffershima hotcupof tea. g) TheBritishdrinknumerous cupsof teaat anytimeof theday. h) The author'swife, as a good Engrishwoman, arwaysrespects national customs. i) Thewriterhasleftasidehis pernicious foreignhabitsand hasgot usedto the English wayof life.
2, order the followilg elemenfsto form meqningful senlencesqccording to the pqssoge a ) t h e r e/ c up /o f /o cca si o n/w s h e n/ r efuselnoV some/ must/you /arelaltea. b) tea/ morning/ adoreI do I I I cupI a I earlyI ot. c) definitely I you lnot / must/ example / follow/ my. d ) i n n u m e ra b lbel/a ck/co ffe/ er /cu ps/dr inkI of I dayI r heldur ing. e) refrigerator / coffeeI theI andI frozeI it I in I theI put / we. f ) u n o r t h o d /olx/ t e a s/ e x o t i c /m o s tl t h el h a v e l a n d .
UNIT3; TEALOVERS83
3) ORALPRODUCTION: Answerlhese queslions a) DoyouthinkBritishscientists evermadebiological in experiments order to tell peoplehow they shoulddrink tea? Explainyour answer. b) Do you believethe authorexaggerates when he quotesthe innumerableoccasionson which British people drink tea throughout the day?Givea reasonfor youranswer. c) The bookfromwhichthispassagehasbeentakenwaswrittenin 1946by a Hungarian authorafterhe hadlivedin England forsome years. Do you know if Englishpeople'scustomshave now changedin thisrespect?lf so, howhavetheychanged? d) Canyoufindanyironicstatements in thetext?Quoteat leastthree of them. e) Whichis, in youropinion,the funniestparagraph in thistext?
D) TACKLINGVOGABUTARY BUILD UP YOUROWN GLOSSARYOF TERMSFOR UNIT3: LooK up the tollowing words in a monolingual (English-English) dictionary, as well as any others you find difticult to understand in the text: a) spoil(v) b) drop(n)
(adj.) d) high-sounding (adv.) e) otherurise
g) spiteful (adj.) h) sink(v)
c) achieve(v)
f) heartily(adv.)
i) wicked(adj)
| ) Fill in the gops using fhe following verbs in fhe oppfopriule form achieve deserve
84
refuse suggest
(Bt-pART STRANDS oF LANGUAGE D
disturb sporl
a) He is an honestman. He doesn't
such treatment. b) Lastyear'sorangecropwas by hail. c) Don't them.Theyhavehada verytiringday. d) He will never timidly. e) Whydid you
successif he behavesso theirinvitation?
f) She thatwe shouldwalkfasterif we wanted to reachthe top beforedark.
2) Gomplelethesesenlencesw¡thlhe expressions in fhe box
a) You can't rely on her;the otherday, , she hadan important appointment and shedidn'tturnup. b,) "Shallwe go to the cinema""No,I don't it." c) He didn't acceptthe other'sopinion. he maintained thathe was notto blame. d) Mrs.Martin,for havingpostedthe letters for me. e) I don'tfeelwell;l'llhave food f) Youcan'treallysay he is a hardworker,but he is alwaysreadyto help.
UNIT3: TEALOVERS85
3) The words motching the definilions qre h¡dden in the word squore; lhey moy hove q horizonfo¡, verticql, or d¡qgonol position (the firsl one hos been done to show you)
F o
S
F
T
L
T
R
z
P
o
U R X
H
F
E T
o
M
S
E
L
o
A
E
D
R
P
A
o
S
M
z
W E
o o
W N
I
T
R
E M H M U J
L
E
V
T
o c U c
I
€
N
A W E
S
B W S
I
L
A
P
L
S
D M T
P
A
A
E
R
a) Go downbelowa surface,fallto a lowerlevelor position. b,) Hardenintoiceas a resultof greatcold. c) The expectation of something happening as onewishes. d/ Causeto flowsteadilyand rapidly. e) Femaleservant. f) Worry,annoyance, risk. g) Theamountof liquidthatfallsin oneroundmass. guests. h/ A womanwho receives i) Becomeliquid.
8ó
(Br-PART STRANDS oF LANGUAGE D
4) Decide which of fhese odjectives from the text ccn modily the tollowingnouns.Someof the udjecfivescon suif more lhon one noun E.g.:civilised society,civilised customs. ADJECTIVES civífised smiling silent
foreign sm ile witch
spiteful
laughter
malignant gay
society customs prayer
unorthodox wicked
look child reading colours ideas expressions
See the use of bring rn in the text.
GRAMMARCAPSULE: ln os on odverbiol porlicle
gl
particle ln usedas an adverbial canhavethefollowing meanings: Usedwithverbsof movement it means"enter"(comein. drivein. rush in, walk in). Usedwithverbswitha directobjectit canmean"help"or "inviteto enter"(askin, bringin, carryin, let in).
UNIT3: TEALOVERS87
Be at home(be in, stay in). Keepinside(fastenin, shut in). Visit (cal/in, drop in).
5) Jrlo* complete the sentencesby using one of fhese verbs in the qppropriofe form: ásk, lef, shut,drive, drop, be a/ Don't ready.
the childrenin yet.Dinnerisn't
b) He usually in for a coffeeafterwork. c) lf the dog is too noisy, h i mi n . just d) Youneedn'tparkyourcaroutside, In. e/ Aren'tyou yourfriendin? f)
Stevein?
E) NOW HOW'S YOUR SPELI¡NG? I ) Fillin the gops w¡th one of lhe vowel comb¡nqlions-ieo¡ -ei consultyourEnglish dictionary wherenecessary; usearsoa phonetic dictionary to checkpronunciation.
ach ve rec_ve dec___ve
88
I
o c bel
e f
s_ze
c
f
th
h
sTRANDS (Bt-nART oF LANGUAGE D
conc___ve f
c_ling rel f f_td
?) Decide whetherthe follow¡ngwords from fhe lexl crrespelt eitherw¡th ü singleor wilh u double consonünl;includethe second consonünfwhen necessüfy sug_est
suc_es_ful_y
stif_ colourles_ heartil_y
sud_enl_y oc_as_ion hos_tes_
especial_y
sup_er (themeal)
ad_it
fol_ow
ional
ter_ifying
cof_ee
F) AND...H(}W'SYOURFOnMATION OFWORDS?
[i trü'J,¿ül
GRAMMAR CAPSULE: Adjective formqtion: -less I -lul
g
ll
thing 2 dol
a) Abstractnounsreferto a qualityor idearatherthanto a physical object.The suffix-ful is usuallyaddedto abstractnounsmeaning "having thequalityof" or "fullof": E . g . : s p oo n
spoonfu/
beauty
beautiful
b) The suffix-/esscan be addedto nounsto formadjectives with the meaning of "nothavingthequalityof": E . g . : p e nn y spot
penni/ess spot/ess
wotethatwhilesomenounscantakebothendings, othersaddeitheroneor the other.
UNIT 3:TEALOVERS89
I ) Turnthe follow¡ng nouns into odiectives qnd ploce them under one of lhe heodings in the toble below. Mqke qny chonges in spelling you find necessofy help
harm
rest heart
sleep hair
meaning pain success
-less/ -ful
fright
breath
colour penny
thought revenge
-less
-ful
2> Look ot lhe following odverbs in lhe texl SuccessfuIIy, suddenly, heartiIy, especially, definitely, excepti onalIy, comp leteIy, hopeI essly. this Theyhaveall beenformedby addingthesuffix-ly to an adjective, ln some of manneror viewpoint. beinga commonwayof formingadverbs hasalsobeenmadefroma noun: casesthe adjective - successfully E.g.: success- successful heart- hearty- heartily - exceptionally - exceptional exception - hopefully hope- hopeful
90
(Br-PART t) oF LANGUAGE STRANDS
GRAMMARCAPSULE: Adverb formqlion: -ty Adverbsin Englishcanbe formedby addingthederivationar suffix -ly to adjectives. In mostcases,the resultingadverbis an adverbof manner: E.g.: kind legal
kindly legally
Someadverbsof time (frequency adverbs)can also end in -ly: monthly,weekly,hourly. This type of adverbcan be placedin almostany positionin the sentence. lt cango in initialposition: E.g.: Slowly,Jessydroveto herdestination. Middleposition: E.g.: Jessyslowlydroveto herdestination. Finalposition: E.g.: Jessydroveto herdestination slowly. Now give the noun and adjectivefrom which theseadverbshave beenformed: NOUN
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB personally carelessly fashionably
dirtily faithfully noisily endlessly
UNIT 3:TEALOVERS9l
confidentially funnily contemptuously intentionally
G) US|NGENGUSHAPPROPRTATETY AND PUTTING IT INTOMOT¡ON I ) After reqd¡ng lhe grommor copsule, do fhe exercise below
GRAMMARCAPSULE: Somef Any
E
The use of some: Thepartitive some,as opposedto any,is markedaffirmatively and quantity"a certainnumberor has the meaningof an indefinite lt canmodifybothcountable nouns. amount". anduncountable Examplein the text:/.../ to showyou how low somepeoplecan sink. Someis usedwhenyou are interested in the quantitybut you do notwant(or need)to be veryspecific.lt is pronounced /snm/. livein Sydney. E.g.: Someof my relatives in theobjectitself Somecanalsobe usedwhenyouareinterested ratherthan in the quantity. In this caseit wouldbe the pluralformof a/an and one with the meaningof "a numberof" or "a few of". lt is pronounced isEm/. please. E.g.: Giveme somecookies,
(Br-PART 92 sTRANDS r) oF TANeUAGE
As a rule,some is used in: a) affirmative (e.g.:He sentences wantedsomesugar;b) offersandrequests (e.9.:Would youlike-some wine?);c) questions wherethe answer"yes"is expected(e.g.:Why don'tyoubuysome of thosepastries?) The use of any: Thewordany is alsousedlo referto an indefinite quantityand is not markedaffirmatively or negatively. As a rule, we use any in negativesentences: Therearen'tany peoplein the street. We use any in normalunemphatic questionswhere both an affirmative anda negativeanswerare possible. Arethereany newbooksto buy? We can also use any in affirmative sentencesas a determiner referring to something or someonewhoseexactidentityor natureis irrelevant. In this case,any will havethe meaningof cuatquier(a)in Spanish. E.g.: Any personcando thísjob.
Nowput in someor anyto complete the sentences: a) "Can I offeryou don'twant b) He wasworkingfor c) There'shardly
morecake?""No,thankyou, I more." firmin Sheffield. milk left.
d) lf I couldfindmy records, l w o u l dl e ndyou a)
f)
He nevershowed We gottherewithout
s) Youcanvisitus h) Theremustbe
consideration forourfeelings. trouble. time.We are alwaysat home. placeto leavemy luggage.
UNIT 3:TEALOVERS93
Why don't you invite house? "Whichdo youprefer?" " D
friendsto your country willdo."
2> fncfudeone of fhe compoundsof some,dny, no, ot every (nobody, no one, crnybody,everybody, nowhere, crnywhere,everywhere, anything, noth¡ng,dnd everylhing) to complete the meon¡ngof thesesenlences a) I waitedfor a longtimebut
came. can playit.
b) Thegameis veryeasy; c) We are going
nextweekend.We are stayingat
h o me . d)
yousay maybe usedagainstyou.
e)
shesaidwastrue.
f)
There was _ alreadyleft.
in the theatre.
had
g) The weatherhere is hotterthan else in the country. h) Yourtoysare lying ; pickthemup,please.
3) Note lhe superlqfivesin the lext "...agroLtpof the mosteminent..." "...in your sweetestmorningsleep" "...withyour best five o'clock smile" "...themost unorthodoxand exoticteas" Now translate into English: a) Se pusosu mejorvestidoy se fue a la fiesta. b) Es el niñomásaltode la clase. c) Es el mássimpático de lostreshermanos. d) Creoque haselegidoel peorregalo.
94
(BI-PART sTRANDS oF LANGUAcE r)
e) Es la másinteligente de la familia. f) ¿EsMoscúla capitalmásfríade Europa? g) ¿Porquéte compraste el trajemáscarode la tienda? h) Es unode los paísesmáspequeños del mundo.
4> After reod¡ngfhe grommqr point, do ihe exercise below GRAMMARCAPSULE: Some spqce preposifions In front of / behind: Bothin front of andbehindexpressrelative position in a horizontal way {in contrast,above and below are exampiesof verticalrelative position). Thesetwo prepositions canbe seenas converse opposites: Peteris sittingin frontof Mary= Maryis sittingbehindpeter (Noticethatin thiscasewe cannottranslate in front of intoSpanish as en frentede.The appropriate translation wouldbe delantedá. Out ofl into Out of can be seenas the converse of into. E.g.: Shesteppedout of the car// Shesteppedinto the car. out of can alsosignifymaterialor constituency as in the following example: E.g.: Theymadea modelout of clay. Outside/Inside lnsidecan be saidto havethe samemeaningas in, and outside can substitutefor out (of). Both prepositions aie usedwith stative verbs,butcanaccompany a dynamicverbas well. E.g.: He wentoutsidethe room.(= outof) I havemy cellularphoneinsidemy pocket.(= in)
UNIT3:TEALOVERS95
Now,fill in the gaps with one of the prepositionsstudiedin the GrammarCapsule: a) Whenshe heardthe telephonering,she ran the house.
b) The puppyis sitting stepon it.
you;be carefulnot to
c) He was standingright
me but I hadn'tseen
him. d) His letteris
thatdrawer.
e) She took her glassescalmly inspected the newcomer. f) Don'tstay
her bag and
; it'sverycold.
5) Putfhe frequencyodverbsin the correct plqce: a) He kepton promising he wouldcomeand see us but he did (never). b) | go for a walkafterlunchbut Marydoes(often,hardlyever). c) She lovesgoingto the theatrebut she is free in the evenings (seldom). her beauty(always). d) | shallremember e) Haveyouwrittena poem?(ever). f) They have lunch at work but they have it in a restaurant (sometimes, generally).
ó) Sfudy the use of these lime phroses (Noie thct they generollyoccur at the end of the sentence) at five o'clock in the morning
early ln the morning
after supper
at eleven o'clock at night
during the day at tea-time
the other day
after lunch
96
(BI-PART r) sTRANDS oF LANGUAGE
Now translate into English: en septiembre. a) Voya cogerlasvacaciones b) Vamosa ver a Helenpasadomañana. venla televisión. c) Porla nochesiempre d) Mi cumpleaños es el 10 de noviembre. porla mañana. e) Me gustahacerla compratemprano f) Terminarán la nuevaestacióndentrode unosmeses. g) Ayerpor la tardefuimosal cine. h) Anteayerrecibimos unacartasuya. r) Nosllamaron porteléfono haceunosdías. -,F.-, Y
TIMETO RELAX: Now, let'srelax,sit down, and watch some interesting videosin connection with the topicof this unit:
youtube.comiwatch rCn49 http:/lwww. ?v=vnvYym Hl3mks&featu re=related http.//www.youtube.com/watch ?v=2ooT1 youtube.com/watch http:/iwww. ?v=BpWqCz ru5zk&featu re=reIated http://www.youtu ?v=|UcH5lSVTCg re=related be.comiwatch &featu
UNIT3: TEALOVERS97
SelÍ-EvaluotionUnit 3 and thencheckyouranswersin the KEy __ D_othe followingexercises TO EXERCISES ANDTASKS at theendof the-book:
| ) Circle fhe correcf onswer 1. Therewas hardly holiday. a) nobody
in town becauseit was a
b) none
2. Sherefusesto have a) nothing 3. There's language.
a) nobody
c) anybody
d) everybody
to do withherex-boyfriend.
b) everythingc) anything
d) anywhere
I cantalkto becausetheydon'tspeakmy b) everybody c) nothing
d) nowhere
4. His parentsreallyspoiledhim;theygavehim wanted. a) nothing
b) everything c) anywhere
5. He was very depressedand claimedthat a b o uh t i m. a) anybody
b) everybody c) nobody
he d) everywhere cared
d) nothing
2> Circle lhe letferwilh the correcl spellingof the followingwords 1. a) succesfuly b) sucessfuly c) successfully d) successfuly 2. a) sudenly b) suddenty c) suddenlly d) cudenly 3. a) aditional b) adicionat c) additionat d) addisional 4. a) occasion b) ocassion c) occassion d) ocasion 5. a) terifing b) terrifyng c) terrifying d) terryfying
98
sTRANDS oF LANGUAGE (Bt-IART t)
3) Choose lhe suffix thqt ctln be qppl¡ed lo the following nouns lo turn lhem inlo odjecl¡ves 1. harm a) -less/-ful b) -less
c) -ful
2. meaning a) -less/-ful b) -less
c) -ful
3. breath a) -less/-ful b) -less
c) -ful
4. revenge a) -less/-ful b) -less
c) -ful
5. colour a) -lesslful
c) -ful
b) -less
4> Choosethe correct oplion hisgoalunlesshe worksharder.
1 . T o mw i l ln e ve r a) reached
b) achieve
c) gets
d) access
2. He askedherto marryhim,butshe a) denied 3. 1 a) suggest 4. She
a) merit
b) deny
c) refused
d) disagree
we finishthisreportbeforegoingoutfordinner. b) want
c) believe
d) desire
to win becauseshewasthe best. b) denied
c) deserve
d) deserved
5. Theconstant noiseof thecarswasmost a) disturbing b) bother
c) disagree
d) bothered
UNIT3: TEALOVERS99
AND COMPOSITIONI TRANSTATION (Units I - 3) Do exercisesI and 2,andthen handthem in or sendto yourTutor for correction:
I ) Trqnslotefhe following senlences ¡nfo English el de Juany María. vecinos;es a) Esteno es el perrode nuestros él mismola cartani dejaríaquela escribiese b) Dijoqueni escribiría Laura. en Zaradesdehacemásde dosaños' c) Llevatrabajando peronotanguapacomo d) Es muchomásdelgadaquesu hermana ella. e) Recibiódosdocenasde rosasrojaspor su cumpleaños' f) se lavólas manos,se peinóy se miróen el espejoantesde salir de casa.
2> Composition what do you think of the text in unit 3 (Tea)?ls it funny?old Doesit representEnglandtoday?U¡tq g Tobstereotyped? fashioned? of thetextandof British givingyouropinion words) shortessay(about150 peoplein general.
100
(Bl-PART oF LANGUAGE D STRANDS
UNIT4: CRIMEAND DANGER
WARMINGUP Do you reador watchthe newsaboutcrimein yourcity? ls thereanyproblem withthesecurity in yourneighborhood? Whal aboutyourcity/town? Areyou interested in crimestories? Whatdo youknowaboutSherlock Holmes?
B) ORArDTSCOURSE CANDOs: 1) Exchangeideas. 2) Give opinions on the meaningsof certainwords or expressions.
t) Lislento the conversqfion between Fred qnd Jqck
Fred:My goodness!Life is gettingmoreand moredangerous sedays. Whatmakesyousaythat? Jack:Why?
4: CRIME UNIT ANDDANGEB 103
F:Whatmakesme say that???Don'tyou reador watchthe daily newsaboutcrimein ourcitY? you'reright".That'sprecisely J:AhlThat'swhatyoumeant.Yeah, webinaron... thisveryinteresting whyl'm attending what? F:An interesting webinar. J: An interesting F:Whaton earthis that? J:Youdon'tknowwhata webinaris???Well,you needto learn but A webinaris likea seminar, moreaboutmodernwebresources... the on the web.So that thousandsof peoplefromdifferentspotsof planetEarthcan be connectedat the sametime,attendinga given beminaron whatevertopicsthey are interestedin, just by sitting desk.'.. at theircomputer comfortably F : M m m mI s e e . . . withthewebinarlecturers J: Andof coursetheyareableto interact marvelsof the new The it? Ahh... isn't Wonderiul, or organizers. world! technological
J: lt's aboutcrimeand how to protectyourselffrom impending by simplybeingalertandawareof thefact dangersin yourcommunity, thatthesedangersexist. F: And havetheytoldyou whatthe crimerateis likein our city? or evenburglary... or pursesnatching, I don'treferto pick-bocketing childabuse,rapeor serialkillersin thisarea... I meanmurder, of the main J: Notyet,buttheyare goingto presentthe statistics theywill I think so next session, ¡n tne citiesin th'eUS and Éuropé the you after know l'll let of them. includeSan Franciscoas one session... F:O.K. J: Or...maybe youwouldpreferto joinus!Yousimplyhaveto fill dataandtheywillgiveyouthe torniwithyourpersonal in an electronió password to accessthewebinar' F:Yeah,right...but I'msureit alsocostsa lotof money"'lt'snot j u s tfi l l i n go u ta fo rm...
104
(BI-PART oF LANGUAGE D STRANDS
J: Don'tworryaboutthe money.Be my guest!!! F:Oh,no...Undernocircumstances willI acceptthat...NO,NO... J:Oh, comeon, Fred.Be reasonable.You've alwaysbeenmy best friend...WHATARE FRIENDS FOR?| WON'TTAKE'NO' FORAN A N S W ER ! ! !
b) Now discussfhe follow¡ngwilh your fulor or clqssmqfesin lhe forum/virtusl clqss 1) Whyis Jackattending the webinar? 2) Whatarethe differences between_a webinaranda seminar? 3) Do they give practicaltips on how to protectyourselfand your familyat thiswebinar? 4) In generalterms,howwouldyoudescribethe kindof crimeFredis mainlyinterested in? 5) Whatdo the expressions: be my guestandI won'ttake"no"for an answermean?
c) MULTI.TASK|NG ACTMTIES READ,LISTEN,STUDYand WRITE StepL READsomeof the information aboutSherlockHolmesandcrime in generalon the web: http://en.wikipedia,org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes http://wwwsherlockian. neV .
http://en.wikipedia.orglwiki/Crime
Step2. READthe relatedtextand LISTENto its spokenversionto make sureyou knowhowto pronounce andgivethe correctintonation to it.
UNIT4: CRIMEAND DANGEn | 05
Lastyear'sriotsat Broadwater Farmmarkedthe firsttimein living memorythatfirearms havebeenusedagainst thepolicein a mainland civil disorder.Accordingto ScotlandYard,weaponsdealersin that areahavehada bonanza sincethen.Andit is notonlythere.Shotgun licencesare this yearbeingdemanded and issuedin Londonát a fasterrate than ever.All over the countrythe Britishare arming themselves, with a startlingvarietyof weapons.Much of it is happening in the nameof a cultcalledSurvivalism. I havea friendin Hampstead, as middle-class an area as you can get. He and his childrenhavebeenattacked by groupsof youths,his househasbeen burgled, and to his own dismayhe foundhimselfpickingup a knife whenhe wentoutfor a walkon the Heathoneday.Myfriendwentinto one of thosehomesecurityshopswhereyou buy burglaralarms, windowlocksand everyotherpieceof steelwithwhichpeoplehope (oftenvainly)to securetheir goods.The shop assistantwas also frightenedand observedrather ruefully,"Your burglarsare my neighbours". He livedin northLondonon the sort of estatewhere televisions aresometimes dropped fromhigh-rise windows, on carsif noton heads.He hadbeenmugged threetimesandhiscarhadbeen continually trashed.ln despairratherthanwithgleehe had bought himselfa powerfulair gun and stoodwith it at the windowof his flat. When he saw a kid muckingaroundhis car, he shot him, ran downstairsand found the car spatteredwith blood.My friend expressed somehorror,but the assistantshruggedand askedwhat elsehe coulddo to protecthimselfandhisthíngs. Sometimes it seemshardto find someonewho has not been mugged,robbed,threatened in somewayor another-or at leasthad it happento a closefriend.(lronically, I was burgled, for the second timein a fewmonths, whilewritingthisarticle.) As a resultpeopleare buyingweapons. Britainis notlikethe UnitedStateswhereweapons are accumulated with an obscenityalmostbeyondimagination, but moreand moreof a fortressmentality appearsto be developing. lt is anotheraspectof Victorian values;a hundredyearsagopeoplereally fearedto walkmoststreetsof London,and it is startingagain. The Spectator i
l0ó
(Bt-pART sTRANDS oF LANGUAGE t)
Sfep3. DO the followingexercises:
I ) Ghoosefhe correci onswer 1. Theriotsof Broadwater Farmwere... a) theonlyonesin whichthe policeusedfirearms. b) thefirstonesin whichfirearmswereusedagainstthe police. c) lhe lastonesin whichthe policeusedfirearms. 2 . A l lo v e rt heco u n try th e B ri ti sh ... a) arelosingtheirarms. b) areusingtheirarms. c) arearmingthemselves. 3. Thecultis calledsurvivalism because... a/ it hassurvived a longtime. b,) it hasto do withpeoplesurvivingattacks. c) it is impossible to survivein London. 4. Theauthor's friendpickedup a knifebecause... a) he hadbeenattackedbeforeandwasfrightened. b) he wantedto attacksomeone. c) he hadseena biganimalnearhishouse. 5. Hisfriendwentintoa security shopto buy... a) an insurance for hishouse. b) aweaponto defendhimself. c) thingswithwhichto protecthishouse. 6. Wheredidtheshopassistant live? a) ln a housewithburglars. b) ln a houseprotected by alarms. c) In a flatin northLondon.
UNIT 4: CRIME ANDDANGEB | 07
7 . He boughthimself a gunbecause he wantedto...
a/ defendhis property. b) shoothimself. c/ trashhiscar. 8 . Theauthor thinksthatit is har d...
a,) to findsomeoneto attack. b,) notto attacksomeone. c) to findsomeonewho hasn'tbeenattacked. o
Peopleusedto be afraidto walkthe streetsbecause... a) theywereafraidof QueenVictoria. b/ Londonwas alsodangerous. c) theirvalueswereimmoral.
2)' Join these sentencesby us¡ngone of the connectorssnd includingthe necessory punctuofion a) Mañy shotgunlicensesare beingdemanded. The Britishare (because armingthemselves. / with) b) lt is happening in the nameof a cult calledSurvivalism. Some peopleseemto enjoyit. (with/ although) c) He pickedup a knife.He wentout for a walk.(and/ but) d) He went to a securityshop.You buy burglaralarmsand locks. (where/ that) e) He boughthimselfan air-gun.He had beenburgled. (because / therefore) f) My friendexpressedsome horror.The assistantshrugged.(if / when)He askedwhatelsehe coulddo.(and/ so) g) | wasburgled. I waswritingthisarticle. (since/ while) h) He lived in an estatein the north of London.Televisions are sometimes (where/ because) droppedfromwindows.
| 08
(Bt-pART sTRANDS oF LANGUAGE t)
3) O_RAL PRODUCTION: After reoding the text, discussthe onswersfo fhese quesfionswith your Tutorond clqssmoles a) Whyare the Britisharmingthemselves nowadays? b) why do youthinkthe writer's friendwasdismayed to findhimself pickingup a knifewhenhe wentoutfora walk? c) Whydoesthe authoradd in brackets the words,,often vainly,,? d) wouldyousaytheshopassistant livedin a friendly neighborhood? Giveyourreasons. e) Whywasthe car spattered withblood? f) Whatdo youthinkthe authormeansby a ,,fortress mentality,,?
4> WRITTEN PRODUCTTON: Writeo shorf teüer (100 150words)to Mr.Jennings,edilor of o locql newspoper,comploiningqbout the lqck of securityin your neighborhood CANDOs: a) Writea formalletterof complaint. b) write straightforward, connectedtexts on a range of familiar subjects. c) Linka seriesof shorterdiscrete elements intoa linearsequence. 7/fn, /t t¿'rg¿
23, S(Aa",Sa¿a 7á¿.4¿¿*"zn 0afu¿(/¿,Orca ?/ie"t4en23, 2010
7Vfr. /4¿r4S,4rU¿Ez'Ktal €¿rno 9, ?¿a¿4oeaa¿ 0a^fu¿//¿.Orca
Deaz 7Vln, /¿t4ztzr¿, 1 aw u*an?. ta qna
f/¿ p44k tt al ,/
"e//r4r¿?,
UNIT 4: CRIME ANDDANGER | 09
1/tart¿ ¿rr4r/r¿(q, B¿qr4arrlie)
D) TACKLING VOCABULARY BUILD UP YOUROWN GLOSSARYOF TERMSFOR UN|T4: Look up the following words in a monolingual (English-English) dictionary, as well as any others you find difficult to understand in the text: . (n) mainland weapon(n) dealer(n) . issue(v) startling(adj.) 0 burgle(v) g) dismay(n) h) ruefully(adv.) a) b) c) d) e)
i) j) k) t) m/ n) o)
mug(v) trash(v.) despair(n) glee(n) spatter(v) shrug(v) beyond(prep.)
t ) Findthe opposifesor neor oppos¡tesof the following words in the texf
I l0
(Bt-pART STRANDS oF LANGUAGE t)
d) pickup e) hope t) weaK g) easy
2> Findfhe express¡onsor phrqsesin the text fhqt meqn the follow¡ng a) whatthoselivingcanremember b) in theopinionof c) dueto d) in whatevermanner e) increasingly
3) Complefethesesenlencesusingfhe qppropr¡qle verb from those listed below: mark
observe issue
develoo express
a) She
b/ c) d) e)
her desirefor privacyby leavingthe roomandshutting thedoor. Overthe lastfew months,this childhas enormousappetitefor sweets;he neverlikedthembefore. Thefireworks thebeginning of theNewYear celebrations. Whenshe arrivedin Spain,she that the weatherwascolderthanshe hadexpected. TheGovernment hasstarted leafletsforthe peoplewhosmoke,warningthemaboutthe riskof lungcancer.
UNIT 4: CRIME ANDDANGEB I | |
4> Gompletethesesenfencesus¡ngthe qppropr¡qte nounflom thosein the box dealer area
Iicence rate
variety lock
article youth
a/ Therewassucha of clothesto choosefrom that I couldn'tdecidewhatto buy. b) The policesaidthat a with dark hair and a moustache wasseencommitting the crime. c,) This of Madridis reallywonderful to livein; thereare so manygoodbarsandcafés. d) Afterhishousewasburgledforthesecondtime,he decidedto put a stronger on thedoor. e/ | recentlyread an in the newspaper about howbadit is for one'shealthto drinkalcohol. f) He is workingso slowlythat at this he will neverfinishthejob in time. g,) | didn'tknowwhichcar I shouldbuy,so I askedthe to showme the bestmodelhe had. h) lf you don't have a for your hunti ng weapons,you can be fined a great deal of money by the Government.
5) Find lhe words in lhe text thql meon the following a,) principallandof a country b/ disturbances, disruption of normalstate c) instruments for fighting d) devicefor fastening or securingdoors e,) allowto fall f) hopelessness
l12
(Bt-pART STRANDS oF LANGUAGE t)
ó) Gompletefhe following senfencesusing the qppfopriofe express¡onor phrqsefrom those in fhe box sincethen thanever
if ,not
:
..
at
a) lf you go to a foreigncountry,you shouldbe able to speak a fewwordsof the language. b/ | startedworkingas a teachermanyyearsago,and I havestayedat the sameschool. c/ She alwayslooksbeautiful,but last night I thoughtshe looked morebeautiful d) Whenhe movedto the new house.h e decidedto join the local socialclub,and he madenewfriends. e) lf you want to be healthy,you shouldtry to take half an hour's exerciseeveryday, more.
7> Solvelhe crosswordus¡ngfhe clues below. Discussthe meqningswith your clqssmotes DOWN 1. district, zone. 2. hopelessness. 3. disturbance, turmoil. 4. stateintention to hurt. 8. exceeding.
10. be afraidof. 13. strongfastening. 1 5. youngman. 19. businessman, personwho sellsgoods.
9. numberof different things, assortment.
UNIT 4: CRIME ANDDANGEp I l3
ACROSS 2. evolve,grow. 5. defend,guard. 6. statesomething, make known. 7. equipwithweapons. 1 1 . official document or permission. 12. pieceof writingfor magazine, newspaper.
114
(Bt-PART STRANDS oF LANGUAGE D
14. strong,forceful. 16. r emar k. 17. allowto fall. 18. assault violently. 20. difficult. 21. instruments forfighting.
s) Now How'sYouRSPELUNG?
efu G
: ) Thesound I s / is sl fimes spelled er, os in writer,qnd olher fimes, or, os in burglar. Fill in fhe blonk spocesw¡fh eifher e or d schol_r begg_r coll_r
mast r flatt_r particul_r
díscov_r vineg_r groc_r
must_rd muscul_r wiz_rd plast r dang_r
regul_r peculi_r
2, Add E letfer ln fhe blonk spclces (only when necessqfy) fo complele lhese wofds fsken from ihe fext fir_arms
ptc_tng
hor_or
ac-ording we_pon
_nife ste_l as_istant
rob-ed
de'-ler Iicen_e is-ued
thre-ten hap_en
netgnoo_rs
at-ack expres_ed
drop_ed continual_y blo_d fortres_
ob
f e r
mid_le
cenitv
ironical v burg_led writ-ing bu_ing ac-umulate develop_ing
UNIT 4: CRIME ANDDANGEB | | 5
3)' The word "flue" oppeols in the firsi porogroph of the lexl. Notice thqf fhis ending, -ue, mqy somefimes be confused with -ew. wtite either 'ue ot -ew io complete lhese words. Donnfforget -to look up the pronunciqtion in your dictionory if necessqfy
1--
::'-
l;=
f_
purs-
tiss_
::',.-
:1,-
h
:,-cr
í"'_-iss
I= gr-
F) AND... HOW'SYOURFORMATION OF WORDS? ComPound words GRAMMARCAPSULE: wordssuchas of the text,we findcompound In the firstparagraph and Broadwater Broadwater,'fireirm's,mainland,or shotgun. while mainfand are exampiesof the Adi. + Nouncombination, firearmsand shotgun displaythe Noun+ Nounone' red'hot;bittersweet of the Adi.+ AdJ.combination: Examples nota noun' wordis an adjective, compound Inthiscasetheresulting and the syntacticrelations Thereare variousothercombinations, as by paraphrases, indicated may be elements of the compounding can be seenin theseexamPles: daydreamer -+ X dreamsduringthe day hardworking -+ X workshard
I Ió
(Bl-PART oF LANGUAGE D STRANDS
C3 Some compound words Eppedr in the firsl pcrsgroph of the fext: firesrm$! md¡n¡snd, shotgun. Put the words that sppeqr in lhe two columns iogether to form compound words ond fhe*l include thern under fhe oppropriafe heading below table news loud
brush speaker black
blue
cloth hand paper
bitter short book tooth
weight
heavy pale
case hot
red lip
stick sweet
NOUN+ NOUN
face
ADJ.+ NOUN
ADJ.+ ADJ.
UNI4 T: C R I M A E N DD A N G E BI l 7
2> On line 3 of the lexl, the negotive prefix -drs hos been qdded to the word order lo form disordeq it could qlso be odded to drming lo form disarming. Add either dis-, un-, irr.,ot im- to fhe following lerms lo mqke lhem negql¡ve intentional scientific appropriate loval
-*L"
credible obev reoard
forqettable -.ui. -fair orooer like conscious -favour pack
APPROPRIATEIY c) usrNc ENGLISH IT INTOMOTION AND PUTTING I ) Afler reod¡nglhe grommor cqpsule,do lhe exefc¡se below The Pqst Perfecf tense GRAMMARCAPSULE: Thereare manyinstances of the useof the pastperfectin thetext. The Past Perfectindicatespast in the past; it goes back to a remote,previous time.In thetext,the actionsof beingmugged,being buying a gun happenedsometimebeforethe pointin the trashedand placesthe mainactionof thestory.Theactions pastwherethenarrator Thus,the in the PastPerfectexpressseveraldegreesof remoteness. past further from in the as seen a definite refers PastPerfect to a time past. in the viewpoint
I l8
(Br-eART r) STRANDS oF LANGUAGE
Pastsimple/ past perfect Comparebothtenses: 1)
WasTomtherewhenSusanarrivedat the party? No,he hadalreadyleft.
But: WasTomtherewhenSusanarrivedat the party? Yes,but he didn'tsee her.
simplepastto referto a givenpointof . Ascanbeseen,yg usgthe past perfectrefersto soñiething time in the past,whilethe that happened before thatpointof time.
Now,join the followingpairsof sentencesusingthe connectorin bracketsand putting the appropriateverb into the-pastperfect. E.g.: I saw the firm.I didn't go to the cinemawith them.(so) I had seenthe film, so I didn't go to the cinemawith them. a/ | recognized himat the party.I methimoncebefore.(because) b) He atea big lunch.He wasn'thungryat suppertime.(so) c) | spoketo the director.The meetingbegan.(before) d,) | lookedin my bag.I rearized someonestoremy purse.(and) e/ she was ill for a longtime.she wentto the doctor's. (before) f) | wentout.He arrived.(bythetime) g) Theywereat homeail day.Theywantedto go for a wark.(so) h) we drankthreebotilesof wine.we arrivedat the partyrathertipsy. (so)
UNIT 4: CRIME ANDDANeEn I l9
2, In eqch sentenceihere qre fwo verbs in brqckefs;include one in fhe po$f simpleqnd lhe oÍher in lhe palsl pértecf fense: a) Allthe stores(close)
by the timewe (arrive) in town.
b) A lady (come)
in with a dog that (justbe) run overby a bicycle,
c) He (keep) he (see) d) They(finish)
(arrive)
staringat me wonderingwhere me before. all the drinksby the timeI at the party. the bandits(already
e) Whenthepolice(come) escape) D He (no finish) g,) When we (get) sayingthatthey(go) h) She (notfinish) (decide)
eatingwhen we (arrive) home we found a note for a walk. writingthe articlebut she to stopfor a rest.
3) Notice fhe use ol wherein lhese relqtive clduses "... homesecurityshopswhereyou buyburglaralarms..." "... thesortof estatewheretelevisions aresometimesdroppedfrom..." Writeother sentenceslike theseby combiningthe followingpair of clauses using either when, where,or why. Makethe necessary changesas in the examplebelow: E.g.: I visitedthe hospital. My sisterworkedthere. I visitedthe hospitalwheremy sisterworked. a) | neverlikedthe house.I wasbornin it. Theyleftearly. b/ Thatis the reason.
l2O
(Br-PART STRANDS oF LANGUAGE D
c) | boughtthiscoatlastmonth.I was in Germany. b/ | met her at the pub.She wasworkingas a waitress. c) We all lookedat the house.Shakespeare had livedin it. d,) | sawhimthismorning.He wasgoingto the office. e/ YesterdayI wentto a bookshop.I met Elizabeth. f) Thisis the house.He liveshere. g) Theyarrivedyesterday. We hadgoneout for a walk.
4> Ditferenfusesof personolpronouns(subjective, objecfive,possessiveqnd reflexive)bndpossessive odjeclivesqppeor in thb pqssqge subjective: He livedin NorthLondon objective:he shothim reflexive:armingthemselves he had boughthimself a powerfulairgun possessiveadjectives: his childrenhavebeen attacked to his own dismay Read about the use of pronouns in the grammar capsule and then choose the appropriateone to complótethe sentences below:
GRAMMAR CAPSULE: Pronouns:subjeclive, objective, possessive,reflexive. posseósive odjeclives pronouns:Th:eyreBlacea nounor a nounphrasein a . P.ersonal. neighboring (usuallypreeeding) clause: E.g.: Jackwentto the bankbeforehe leftthe town. the subjective . Personalpronounshavetwo setsof case-forrns:'a) formsand b) the objectiv€,forrns,
UNIT 4: CRIME ANDDANGER l2l
a) Thesubjectiveforms are usedas subjectsof finiteverbsand oftenas subjectcomplement:E.g.:She is my friend.(Subject) b) The objective forms are used as objects and/or as prepositionalcomplements.E.g.:I saw her walkingin the street. (object) Reflexivepronouns:We use the reflexivepronounswhen the subjectand the objectof an actionare the same, i.e., reflexive pronounsreplacea co-referential noun phrase,normallywithinthe samefiniteverbclause: E.g.: Suecut herselfwitha cookingknife. Emphatic Reflexive pronouns: Reflexivepronouns are placedin apposition for the sakeof emphasisand/orendsometimes focus.In thiscase,and fromthe discoursepointof view,theycannot be saidto be reflexiveproper,for theydo not fulfillthe objectfunction and convey a differentmeaning.They are used emphaticallyto This indicatethat someone,and not someoneelse,did something. couldbe translatedintoSpanishas uno mismo,en persona. E.g.: I myselfpaintedthe living-room. Possessiveadjectivesand possessivepronouns: Possessives in Englishmay functionas determinersbeforenoun headsor as independent nounphrases.The firstfunctioncan be fulfilledby any of the possessiveadjectives(m¡ your, his,her, its,our, your, theif and the secondone by the possessivepronouns(mine,yours, his,hers, ours,yours, theirs) function,possessive adjective) E.g.: Thatis his bike.(Determiner function, independent NP, Hersis the bag I found. (Subject possessive pronoun)
1 . I havegiven(a) my / (b) mineopinionbutthe finaldecisionis (a)
their/ (b)theirs. 2 . Youshouldbe ashamedof (a)yourselves / (b)yourownfor making is sleeping. so muchnoisewheneveryone (Br-PART 122 sTRANDS oF LANGUAGE D
3 . (a) My / (b) Mine parentssay they want to take a trip by (a) themselves / (b)theirselves. 4 . My brotherand (a) me / (b) | havealwaysgottenalongverywell with(a)ourselves / (b) eachother. 5 . Wouldyoudo allthistyping(a)yourown/ (b)yourself if youwere (a)me/ (b)myselft (c) | ? 6 . l'm surethisdrinkis (a) mine/ (b) my becauseI prepared it (a) myself/ (b)my own. 7 . Johnand (a) me / (b) | livedon (a) our own/ (b) ourselves for a week.Thenthe restof thefamilyarrived. 8 . (a) He/ (b)Himandhiswifearegoodfriendsof (a)us / (b)ours/ (c)ourselves. He wantsto writeall the invitations (a) himself/ (b) his own/ (c) him,so a) we / (b)ourselves / (c)us havenothing to do.
5) Noticethqf the followingsenlencebeginsw¡th the prepositionfo Tohis own dismayhe foundhimselfpickingup a knife ... Changethe followingsentencesto makethem start in the same way: E.g.: He was amazedthattelevisions weresometimes droppedfromhighrisewindows." To his amazement, televisions weresometimes droppedfromhighrisewindows. a) Hewasastonished to seethe increase in demandforweapons. the demandfor weaoonshad increased.
b) He was irritated to seea kid muckingaroundhiscar. a kidwasmucking aroundhiscar. c) He was horrifiedto find the car spatteredwith blood.
withblood. , the carwasspattered d) He wassurprised to seethatthesituation wasgettingworse. getting the situation was worse. , UNIT 4: CRIN/E ANDDANeEn | 23
Hg
WaS qlsgUSteU
tU UEIJ Ftlllvllt/dllD
r''uyrrrV Yveqyvrre'
werebuYingweapons. Americans
ó) Reported speech is used in the senlence ... but the assistantshruggedand asked what else he could do to protecthimselfand his things. . The direct question would be= what else can I do to prgtect_ .yséf 2nd my iningsZ (Noticethat both the tense and the order of words change).
Direcl qnd indirecl speecl GRAMMARCAPSULE: In the case of direct speech the words of a speaker are withinthe reportiñgsentenceand retainthe statusof an incorporated indefendentclause.In writing,directspeechis identifiedbetween quotationmarks. such as: a) Direct speech may be introducedby different.verbs, verbs of thinking gasp, b) etc-); cry, (say,'tetl, ask, verbs of saying etc.). wonder, (think,ponder,reflect, that distinguish There are a series of formal characteristics All.deiclicelements reported(indirect)speechfrom.directspeech'. thatsignala personor thingto whichtheyare (i.ó.pointérs:elem'ent-s related)are shifted,therefore: to the speaker)arechangedto a) Firstpersonpronouns(referring thirdperson,and sécondpersonpronbunsare shiftedto firstor third, on the identityof the listener: depending "l don'tlikeher",shesaid-+ She saidshedidn'tlikeher "Willyoupleaselisten?"-+ Sheaskedif I wouldpleaselisten well as b) Deictic adverbs such as here, there o¡ now, as -generally by other (fhrb,these,etc.) are replaced demónstratives more remote- iorms (that, those,there, then),but, again,the shift dependson whereandwhenthe speakeris reporting: "Weare fine here"+ She saidtheywerefinethere
124
(BI-PART oF TANGUAGE D STRANDS
c) As can be seen in the above examples,verb tenses generally back-shifted, i.e.theychange,from presentto past: Present-+ Past Past PresentPerfect PastPerfect ] -+ Presentcontinuous
,*, perrect Pastcontinuous
. After readingmore informationabout direct and indirectspeech in your grammarbook,do the exercisefollowingthe example: E.g.: "l willstayat yourhousefor a fewdays',,saidJohn. Johnsaid (that)he wouldstayat my housefor a fewdays. a) "l can'lspeakltalianfluently," saidmy friend. "His b,) exerciseis fullof spellingmistakes," saidthe teacher. "l c/ wentskiingyesterday", saidSusan. "l d/ mustgo outto buysomefoodfor the children," saidMrs.smith. "l'll e) meetyou at PizzaHutat two o'clock,"said Mary. "My f) friendsarearrivingtomorrow," saidllcm. "l g) have a reservationat the hotel for my wife and myself,,, said Mr.Brown.
7> Look qt lhe following segmenlsfrom lhe text: ... he foundhimself pickingup ... ... he had boughthimselfa powertdair gun. ... to protecthimself... There isn't an exact correspondencebetween the use of the reflexiveform in Spanishand English: E.g.: Me lavéel pelo -+ I washedmy hair. Deberíanlevantarse antes-+ Theyshouldget up earlier.
UNIT 4: CRIMEAND DANcEn | 25
Se pusoel abilgo-+ He put on hiscoat. Se resfrió+ He got a cold. Translate the followingsentencesfrom Spanishinto English: a) (Ella)Se pusolosguantes. b) 1Ét¡Se miróen el espejo. c) Péinate antesde salir. d) Hacemos todoel trabajode la oficinanosotrosmismos. e) 1Ét¡Se hizodañoen la pierna. f) Maríase comiótodoel pan.
s) Se hacetodoslosvestidosellamisma. h) (Ella)Se divierte mucho. t)
1Ét¡Siemprehablasolo. TIMETO RELAX:Now,let'srelax,sit down,andwatchsome withthetopicof thisunit: interesting videosin connection
youtube.com/watch?v=08W RuGZja2E http:/iwww. youtube.comiwatch ?v=4s4M9-J kako&featu re=related http://www.
126
(Br-pART r) sTRANDS oF LANGUAGE
Self-EvqluotionUnit 4 Do the following exercises andthencheckyouranswersin the KEy TO EXERCISES ANDTASKS at the endof the book:
1) Choose the besf oplion lo complete fhe meon¡ng of fhe following senlences 1 . I l i v ei n a n e i g h b o u r h o o d burgled.
housesare often
a) when
b) because c) where
a) if
thepolicefinallyarrivedtheywererelieved. b) so c) although d) when
2
3 . H e h a da g u n a) but
he wasscaredto shootit. b) then
c) because
4. Marywalkedhomeby herself, thatit wasdangerous. a) if
d) where she knew
b) although c) so
5. I have been attackedtwice neighbourhood. a) while
d) although
d) that l i v i n gi n t h i s
b) since
c) where
d) therefore
2> Choosethe oppos¡leor neor opposifeof the words in the left column from those in fhe right one 1. weak 2 . p i c ku p 3. hope 4 . p e n s i on e r 5. easy
a) youth b) elderly c) drop d) e) f) g)
despair powerful weakless hard
UNIT 4: CRIME ANDDANGE? 127
3) Choosethe correct negofive prefix for eoch of these words 1. Íair b) un-
c) in
d) im-
a) dis-
b) un-
c) in-
d) im-
3. regard a) dis-
b) un-
c) in-
d) im-
b) un
c) in-
d) im-
b) un-
c) in-
d) im-
a) dis2. appropriate
4. pack a) dis5. polite a) dis-
4> Ghoosefhe correct option to complele the meqningof lhese senlences 1. Thisis notmy coat,it mustbe b) them a) your
b) his
c) him
b) them
untiltheyarrive. d) theirown c) themselves
3. I willwaitherefor a) they 4. Justhelp a) yours
d) yourself
withthebigknifehe hadjustbought.
2. Hecut a) his own
c) yours
d) himself
restaurant. :thisis a self-service b) yourself c) yourown d) you
aregoodfriendsof 5. Ourneighbours b) us c) ourselves d) ourown a) ours
128
(Br-pART r) oF LANGUAGE STRANDS
,
w' ' " I
,, r;,1,'
'¡t.i)i,;ffi}trffiFe$#ii
A) WARMINGUP 1) Wouldyou liketo livein the countryside? 2) Areyoukeenon wildanimals? 3) Have you had any wildlife experiences?lf so, tell your tutor/classmates aboutit. 4) wouldyougo on a safariif youhadthechance,or is thatreallynot "yourcup of tea"?
B) ORALDISCOURSE: Nqrrqtionqboul wildlife exper¡ences CAN DOs: 1) Narratea story. 2) Write/givean oraldescriptionof an eventand/ora recenttr¡p (realor imagined)relatedto wild life.
(Thomashasjust returnedfroma safariexperience in Africaand comesacrosshisfriendKevinat the club)
UNIT 5: WILDLIFE EXPERIENCE l3l
Kevin:Lookwho'sthere!Tom!Howniceto seeyou'reback,man. HowwasyourAfricanadventure? Tom:Woo,fantastic,man,FANTASTIC! lt was a totallynew and -literallyWILD-experience... Youcertainlyrealizehowinferiorwe are in manyrespects to the restof the animalworld... howdetached we havebecomefromthe wiselessonsof nature,and howbadthiscan beforthefutureof thehumanrace... Wearedeafto nature's warninqs. butironically we thinkwe'reveryclever... K: Yeah,you'reright...lt's ironicto see that we thinkwe'reso superiorand intelligent whenall we are doingis destroyour planet littleby little,in sucha pitifulway... T: Yeah,true.Nexttime you shouldcomewith me to Africa,I assureyouit willchangeyourperspective of lifeand it willmakeyou a betterperson... K: No doubtaboutthat,but no,man,no.I lovenaturebut I don't havethe gutsto get intothe jungle,wherea lionor any otherwild a n i malcouldtur n me intotheirlunchor dinner ... Not for m eee!!lI preferto watchwildlife documentary filmsinstead... T:Yeah, butit'snotthesame,bigguy.Therealexperience is much yourveins... moreexciting andit makestonsof adrenaline runthrough K: I see,butI stillpreferto be sittingcomfortably in mycouchwhile I contemplate all thesemagnificent animalson the screen.Haveyou seenlhe T.V.seriesentitledPlanetEarth?lt is narratedby Richard Attenborough, masterof masters... whata greatguy! T: No,as a matterof fact,I haven't... K :Andthisotherone....uhm m what' .. sitsname.... Ah,y es !M ar c h of the Penguinsl lt wassooootouchingto seewhatthe penguinsare capableof doingjust for the sakeof protecting theiroffspring... You shouldseethisfilm,man.Antarctica is alsoa wildterritory... if you've gotthecomplete picture.... onlyseenAfrica,youhaven't T: Oh,well,let'smakeour nexttripto Antarctica, then!Youknow l'm a sportfor everything! K: Yes,but I am NOT!!...I told you, I preferthe documentary films....Sorry... HAVEA GOODTRIPTO ANTARCTICA, TOM!!
132
(Br-pART STRANDS oF LANGUAGE r)
b) Now discussfhe follow¡ngw¡th your fulor or clossmqfesin the forum/virtuolcloss 1) Wouldyousaythetripto Africahaschanged Tom?lf so,howhas i t c h a n ge hd i m? 2) Do you thinkhe has enjoyedthe ',African experience,,? Explain whatmakesyouthinkso. 3) Whydoesn'tKevinwantto go to Africa? 4) ls Kevinnotas interested in natureas Tomis? "l ,,1'ma sport 5) Whatdo the expressionsdon'thavethe guts,'and foreverything" mean?
c) MUITI-TASKING ACTIVIT|ES WATCH, WRITE,READ,LTSTEN and STUDy step 1' wRlrrEN PRoDUcloN: Go on the internetand wATCHany of the wildlifevideos availableon the following you Tubewebpagó andthenwRlrE a summary(100-120 wordsapprox.)of whatyou saú: www.youtu be.com/resu lts?search*Quer!=ryi ldlife&search*type=&aq= 0s&oq=!i/l¡D+LIFE SUMMARY:
step2. READthe relatedtextandLlsrEN to itsspokenversionin thecD to makesureyouknowhowto pronounce andgivethe correctintonation to it.
UNIT 5: WILDLIFE EXPERTENCE 133
;; ";o tÁ*goi, *' 0". rir;;;;,,
u,."i n t r e p i d ,i n g e n i o u s ,
resourceful and patient-allqualities thatare regularly testedby the locations thattheyhaveto operatein andthewildlife thattheytry to photograph. Sincethe firstwildlifefilm was made,a successioñ of cameramen havesoughtto getthemselves or theircamerasintothe mostunlikely situations, and in doingso, theyhaveinevitably come across(and,withluck,filmed)behaviour andevenspeciesthatwere previously unknownto science.Manyanimalsseem to spendan inconveniently largeproportion of theirtime hiddenin setts,earths, dens,holts,lairsandotherassorted holes.Sincewhattheydo in their va ri oushomes can be of key im por tancein a wi l dl i fefi l m , photographers havehadto devisewaysof gettingtheircamerasinto theseplaces, andwhentheyhavesucceeded, filmsoften theresulting containnewbiological insights. In 1953,HeinzSielmann persuaded a pairof woodpeckers to accepta nestholewhichhada glassplateat the back,and throughthis he witnessedfor the first time their in the nest.At the time,it was certainlyfascinating behaviour for -an hour ornithologists, but it alsogrippedthe public's imagination aftertransmission the switchboard of the BBCwasstilliammedwith ca l l s. Sincethen,similartechniques havebeenusedmanytimes,with different in different species situations, andeachtimetherehavebeen newglimpses intoanimalbehaviour. The privatelifeof the kingfisher becamea littlemorepublicwhenRonEastman contrived to installa cameraat theendof a nesting tunnel,andshotthefirstfilmevermade of kingfisher chicksbeingfed.lt had alwaysbeenassumedthatthe parents mustfeedtheirchicksonfishthathadbeenbrokenintopieces or was partially digested, but the film revealed thatthe youngbirds weregiventhe impossible-looking taskof swallowing the fishwhole. Foxeshavealsorevealed a fewof theirfamilysecrets,and notjustto a singlecameraman. In this case,millionsof viewersacrossthe countrywitnessed intimate moments of an urbanvixenwithhercubs in the liveseriesFoxwatch, Thevixen'searth,an oldcellarln Bristol, wasbuggedwithmicrophones andinfrared cameras, andsoundand picturewere transmitted back to a mobilestudio,wherezoologist StephenHarriswaswaitingto describe andinterpret whatwasbeing seen,including theactualbirthof thecubs.Sincesuchyoungcubsare notableto regulate theirbodytemperatures, it wasassumed thatthe vixenwouldstaycloseto themat thisstage,andthecontinuous watch
134
I
(Br-pARi STRANDS oF LANGUAGE r)
Step3. DO the following exercises:
I ) Choosefhe correcf qnswerfollowing the contenls of the texl 1. Wildlife filmmakers musthavespecialqualities because... a) Iheyare ingenious, resourceful, and patient. b) theyhaveto workin difficultlocations. c/ animalsdon'tliketo be photographed. 2. Whencameramen havegot theircamerasintounlikelysituations they... previously a) havemadediscoveries unknownto science. b) havebeenunableto get out. c) haveusedtoo muchtapefilmingthe animals. 3. Thetimeanimals spendin theirhomesis inconvenient because ... a) theirhomesare uncomfortable. b) theirhomesaretoo dangerous for cameramen. c) it is difficultfor cameramen to filmthemthere.
UNIT5: WILDLIFE EXPERIENCE | 35
4 . HeinzSeilman witnessed thewoodpecker's behaviour by...
a) livingwiththemin theirnests. b/ persuading themto accepta specialnest. c,) givingthemthefoodon a glassplate. 5 . We knowthe publicwasinterested in thisdiscovery because...
a) agreatnumberof peoplecalledthe BBC. b) lheywerefascinated by ornithologists. c) theyjammedthetransmitter of the programme. publicised 6 . RonEastman the lifeof the kingfisher by... a/ shooting the kingfisher's chickswhiletheywereeating. b) introducing foodat theendof thefilm. c) puttinga camerain its nesting tunnel. 7 . Thefilmrevealed that...
a) the parentsfed smallfishto theirchicks. b/ thechickshadto swallow thefishin onepiece. c,) thefishwasonlypartially digested. 8 . Thevixen's earthfilmedby Foxwafch wasin...
a) an oldcellarin the middleof a town. b,) a mobilestudio. c) an oldcellarin thecountry. 9 . The Foxwatch camerasdiscovered thatthe doo fox...
a/ keptawayfromthe earthand cubs. b) wenthungryuntilthevixenleftthecubs. c/ occasionally leftfoodfor the vixenandcubs.
l3ó
(Bt-eART sTRANDS oF LANcUAGE i)
