People v Echavez, 95 SCRA 663 (1980) Facts: Fiscal A!"#io R$ Ello %le# sepa&ate i"'o&atio"s aai"st si*tee" people 'o& s+!atti" hich asp!"ishale !"#e& P- .o$ //$ Fve o' the i"'o&atio"s e&e &a2e# to !#e 4ice"te Echavez, &$ he!#e #isisse# the %ve i"'o&atio"s e'o&e the acc!se# co!l# e a&&ai"e#$ "e o' the !#e7s&o!"#s 'o& the #isissal as that !"#e& the &!le o' e!s#e e"e&is the #ec&ee #oes "ot appl to thec!ltivatio" o' a &azi" la"#$ he %scal ase# that the #isissal o&#e& e &eco"si#e&e#$ss!es: ;hethe& P- .o$ // hich pe"alizes s+!atti" a"# siila& acts, applies to a&ic!lt!&al la"#s$ R!li"<=el#: .o$ he co!&t &!le# that P- .o$ // #oes "ot appl to past!&e la"#s eca!se its p&ealeshos that it as i"te"#e# to appl to s+!atti" i" !&a" co!"ities o& o&e pa&tic!la&l to illealco"st&!ctio"s illealco"st&!ctio"s i" s+!atte& a&eas a#e ell>to>#o i"#ivi#!als$ he s+!atti" coplai"e# o' i"volvespast!&e i"volvespast!&e la"#s i" &!&al a&eas
S A ;E?? ACCEPE- PR.CP?E =A ;ERE A SA@E S AB@@S, C@RSAD EA.E B= =E PR.E- PAES F =E P@B?S=E- AC AS ;E?? AS=SE ER.SC AERS =A AD A- . C.SR@. =E EA.. F =ESA =ESA@E, S@C= AS AS =E =SRD =SRD F S E.ACE., E.ACE., =E REAS.S REAS.S FR =EPASSAE =EPASSAE F =E B?? A.- P@RPSES P@RPSES BE ACCP?S=EACCP?S=E- BD BD =E EAS@RE EAS@RE $CSS.ER F C@SS, petitio"e&, vs$ESS SA.-AR- EASER., .C$, (Fo&e&l: Sta"#a&#>4ac!! Re%"i" Co&p$ (Phil$), &espo"#e"t$ $R$ .o$ ?>839 A!!st 1/, 19/5 FACS:Respo"#e"t ESS is the hol#e& o' Re%"i" Co"cessio" .o$ , iss!e# the Sec&eta& o' A&ic!lt!&e a"# .at!&al Reso!&ces o" -ecee& 9, 195/, a"# ope&ates a pet&ole! &e%"i" pla"t i" ?ia Bataa"$ @"#e& A&ticle 103 o' Rep!lic Act .o$ 38/ hich p&ovi#es: -!&i" the %ve ea&s 'olloi" the &a"ti" o' a" co"cessio", the co"cessio"ai&e co"cessio"ai&e a ipo&t '&ee o' c!stos #!t, all e+!ipe"t, achi"e&, ate&ial, i"st&!e"ts, s!pplies a"# accesso&ies, &espo"#e"t ipo&te# a"# as assesse# the special ipo&t ta* (hich it pai# !"#e& p&otest)$Co!&t p&oce#!&es: he Collecto& o' C!stos o" Fe&!a& 16, 196, hel# that &espo"#e"t ESS as s!ect to the pae"t o' the special ipo&t ta* p&ovi#e# i" Rep!lic Act .o$ 139G, as ae"#e# R$A$ .o$ 35, a"# #isisse# the p&otest$ " a&ch 1, 196, &espo"#e"t &espo"#e"t appeale# the &!li" o' the Collecto& o' C!stos to the Coissio"e& o' C!stos ho, o" a&ch 19, 1965, aH&e# the #ecisio" o' sai# Collecto& o' C!stos$ 3" !l , 1965, &espo"#e"t ESS %le# a petitio" ith the Co!&t o' a* Appeals 'o& &evie o' the #ecisio" o' the Coissio"e& o' C!stos$ he Co!&t o' a* Appeals, o" Septee& 30, 196/, &eve&se# the #ecisio" o' he&ei" petitio"e& Coissio"e& o' C!stos a"# o&#e&e# &e'!"# o' the ao!"t o' P//5$6 to
&espo"#e"t ESS hich the latte& ha# pai# !"#e& p&otest$ Stat!tes s!ect o' co"st&!ctio" :a$ R$A$ .$ 38/ (PER?E@ AC F 19G9) I title, A&t$ 103, A&t$ 10, A&t$ 10GJ$ R$A$ .$ 139G (SPECA? A ?A;), as ae"#e# R$A$ .o$ 35 I title SS@E: ;. the e*eptio" e"oe# he&ei" p&ivate &espo"#e"t ESS '&o c!sto #!ties &a"te# R$A$ .$ 38/ (PER?E@ AC F 19G9) sho!l# e&ace o& i"cl!#e the special ipo&t ta* ipose# R$A$ .$ 139G (SPECA? A ?A;)$ =E?-: Des$ Petitio" #e"ie# 4e&a v$ C!evas Facts: P&ivate &espo"#e"ts he&ei", a&e e"ae# i" the a"!'act!&e, sale a"# #ist&i!tio" o' %lle# il p&o#!cts th&o!ho!t the Philippi"es$ he p&o#!cts o' p&ivate &espo"#e"t, Co"soli#ate# Philippi"es "c$ a&e a&ete# a"# sol# !"#e& the &a"# -a&iol# he&eas those o' p&ivate &espo"#e"t, e"e&al il Copa" (Phil$), "c$, !"#e& the &a"# ?ie&tJ a"# those o' p&ivate &espo"#e"t, il "#!st&ies "c$, !"#e& the &a"# -!tch Ba$ P&ivate &espo"#e"t, "stit!te o' Evapo&ate# Fille# il a"!'act!&e&s o' the Philippi"es, is a co&po&atio" o&a"ize# 'o& the p&i"cipal p!&pose o' !phol#i" a"# ai"tai"i" at its hihest the sta"#a&#s o' local %lle# il i"#!st&, o' hich all the othe& p&ivate &espo"#e"ts a&e ee&s$ CR &e+!i&e# the &espo"#e"ts to ith#&a '&o the a&et all o' thei& %lle# il p&o#!cts hich #o "ot ea& the i"sc&iptio" &e+!i&e# Sectio" 169 o' the a* Co#e ithi" %'tee" (15) #as '&o &eceipt o' the o&#e&$ Fail!&e to copl ill &es!lt to pe"alties$ Sectio" 169 tals o' the i"sc&iptio" to e place# i" sie# il he&ei" all co"#e"se# sie# il a"# all il i" hateve& 'o&, '&o hich the 'att pa&t has ee" &eove# totall o& i" pa&t, sol# o& p!t o" sale i" the Philippi"es shall e clea&l a"# leil a&e# o" its ie#iate co"tai"e&s, a"# i" all the la"!ae i" hich s!ch co"tai"e&s a&e a&e#, ith the o&#s, his il is "ot s!itale 'o& "o!&ishe"t 'o& i"'a"ts less tha" o"e ea& o' ae, o& ith othe& e+!ivale"t o&#s$ he CF a"ila o&#e&e# the CR to pe&pet!all &est&ai" '&o &e+!i&i" the &espo"#e"ts to p&i"t o" the laels o' thei& p&o#!ct the o&#s his il is "ot s!itale 'o& "o!&ishe"t 'o& i"'a"ts less tha" o"e ea& o' ae$$ Also, it o&#e&e# the Fai& &a#e Boa&# to pe&pet!all &est&ai" '&o i"vestiati" the &espo"#e"ts &elate# to the a"!'act!&e
ss!e: ;hethe& o& "ot sie# il is i"cl!#e# i" the scope o' Sectio" 169 o' the a* Co#e$
=el#: .o, Sectio" 169 o' the a* Co#e is "ot applicale to %lle# il$ he !se o' speci%c a"# +!ali'i" te&s sie# il i" the hea#"ote a"# co"#e"se# sie# il i" the te*t o' the cite# sectio", o!l# &est&ict the scope o' the e"e&al cla!se all il, i" hateve& 'o&, '&o hich the 'att pat has ee" &eove# totall o& i" pa&t$ " othe& o&#s, the e"e&al cla!se is &est&icte# the speci%c te& sie# il !"#e& the 'ailia& &!le o' e!s#e e"e&is that e"e&al a"# !"liite# te&s a&e &est&ai"e# a"# liite# the pa&tic!la& te&s the 'ollo i" the stat!te$ he #iKe&e"ce, the&e'o&e, etee" sie# il a"# %lle# il is that i" the 'o&e&, the 'att pa&t has ee" &eove# hile i" the latte&, the 'att pa&t is lieise &eove# !t is s!stit!te# ith &e%"e# coco"!t oil o& co&" oil o& oth$ t ca""ot the" e &ea#il o& sa'el ass!e# that Sectio" 169 applies oth to sie# il a"# %lle# il$ t ca""ot the" e &ea#il o& sa'el ass!e# that Sectio" 169 applies oth to sie# il a"# %lle# il$ Also, it has ee" 'o!"# o!t that the %lle# il p&o#!cts o' the petitio"e&s ("o p&ivate &espo"#e"ts) a&e sa'e, "!t&itio!s, holesoe a"# s!itale 'o& 'ee#i" i"'a"ts o' all aes (p$ GG, Rollo) a"# that !p to the p&ese"t, Filipi"o i"'a"ts 'e# si"ce i&th ith %lle# il have "ot s!Ke&e# a" #e'ects, ill"ess o& #isease att&i!tale to thei& havi" ee" 'e# ith %lle# il$ =e"ce, appli" Sectio" 169 to it o!l# ca!se a #ep&ivatio" o' p&ope&t itho!t #!e p&ocess o' la$
PAF?@ vs$ B!&ea! o' ?ao& Relatio"s Fe&"a"#o, Acti" C$$ (A!!st 1, 19/6)
Facts:
" Fe&!a& /, 19/6, Philippi"e Blooi" ills Copa", "c$ hel# a ce&ti%catio" electio" o" ho o!l# e the e*cl!sive a&ai"i" ae"t o' all its eploees$ he .atio"al Fe#e&atio" o' F&ee ?ao& @"io"s (.AF?@) o", ith G9 votes as aai"st the G19 votes o' the Philippi"e Associatio" o' F&ee ?ao& @"io"s (PAF?@)$ G votes e&e cast he&ei" "o !"io" as p&e'e&&e#$ he -i&ecto& o' ?ao& Relatio"s, Ca&elo .o&iel, the" ce&ti%e# .AF?@ as the e*cl!sive a&ai"i" ae"t o' Philippi"e Blooi" ills Copa", "c$Ls eploees$
-espite i""i" a ao&it, hich is hat is &e+!i&e# !"#e& the R!les a"# Re!latio"s iplee"ti" the ?ao& Co#e, to e the sole a"# e*cl!sive a&ai"i" ae"t, PAF?@ so!ht to i"voe the #oct&i"e i" Allie# ;o&e&s Associatio" o' the Philippi"es vs$ Co!&t o' "#!st&ial Relatio"s, he&ei" spoile# allots sho!l# e co!"te# i" #ete&i"i" the vali# votes cast$ As the&e e&e 1/ spoile# allots, PAF?@ a&!e# that the&e as &ave a!se o' #isc&etio" -i&ecto& .o&iel i" ce&ti'i" .AF?@$
ss!e: ;hethe& o& "ot the #oct&i"e i" Allie# ;o&e&s Associatio" o' the Philippi"es vs$ Co!&t o' "#!st&ial Relatio"s sho!l# e applie# i" this caseM
=el#: .o, it sho!l# "ot$
Ratio:
Fi&st oK, o"l 10 o' the spoile# allots e&e 'o& PAF?@, so eve" i' the e&e all co!"te#, PAF?@ o!l# still lose ith GG votes to G9 'o& .AF?@$
he esse"ce o' the ce&ti%catio" p&ocess is to ive eve& lao& o&a"izatio" the oppo&t!"it i" a '&ee a"# ho"est electio" to e the e*cl!sive CBA o' eploees$ PAF?@ as ive" a 'ai& electio", a"# lost$ " the @S, it is also the &!le that o"l a ao&it o' all vali# allots ill e "ee#e# to i" the electio"$
As the co!"t& is o" a i#e>scale i"#!st&ializatio" p&oect, a stale st&!ct!&e o' la a"# o&#e& i" the p&o#!ctive secto& is "ee#e#, that "ee# it est attai"e# th&o!h a collective a&ai"i" &eie$ Re+!i&i" a" asol!te ao&it to e otai"e# the vali# CBA o!l# !""ecessa&il p&ot&act the p&ocess a"# '&!st&ate the oal looe# to$
.o 'a!lt o' a &ave o& se&io!s cha&acte& ca" e ip!te# to -i&ecto& .o&iel as the case o' Allie# ;o&e&s Associatio" o' the Philippi"es vs$ Co!&t o' "#!st&ial Relatio"s as p&o!late# !"#e& the "#!st&ial Peace Act$ he ?ao& Co#e s!pe&se#e# the "#!st&ial Peace Act, a"# the p&ese"t &elative ao&it &!le sho!l# e %&st p&ove# to e i" &ep!"a"t to the ?ao& Co#e, hich as "ot #o"e$
=ih &ep!te !st also e ive" to the co"tepo&a"eo!s co"st&!ctio" place# the e*ec!tive oHcials e"t&!ste# ith appli" the stat!te$ he R!les a"# Re!latio"s iplee"ti" the ?ao& Co#e e&e iss!e# Sec&eta& ple o' the -epa&te"t o' ?ao& a"# too eKect i" 19/5, the ?ao& Co#e tai" eKect i" 19/G$ he&e as o&e tha" e"o!h tie 'o& a se&io!s st!# o' s!ch &e!latio"s to avoi# a" i"co"siste"c ith the ?ao& Co#e$
$R$ .o$ 8/G16 Ap&il 8, 1991CEC? S$ -E 4??A vs$ CA FACS:" ctoe& 5, 198/, petitio"e& Cecilio S$ #e 4illa as cha&e# e'o&e the RC B&a"ch 1G5, aati ith violatio" o' BatasPaa"sa Bila" $ Petitio"e& allee#l iss!e# a chec paale to p&ivate &espo"#e"t, Roe&to ?o&aez, i" the total ao!"t o' @$S$ N,500$00 e+!ivale"t to P50,000$00 "oi" that at the tie o' iss!e he ha# "o s!Hcie"t '!"#s i" o& c&e#it ith #&aeea" 'o& pae"t o' s!ch chec i" '!ll !po" its p&ese"te"t$ he chec as #isho"o&e# the #&aee a" !po" p&ese"te"t'o& the &easo" i"s!''icie"t '!"#s$ Petitio"e& 'aile# to pa &espo"#e"t #espite &eceipt o' "otice o' s!ch #isho"o&$Petitio"e& ove# to #isiss the i"'o&atio" ai"tai"i" that the co!&t ha# "o !&is#ictio" ove& the oKe"se cha&e# si"ce thechec as paale i" #olla&s ('o&ei" c!&&e"c) a"# #&a" aai"st a 'o&ei" a"$he RC #e"ie# the otio" to #isiss 'o& lac o' e&it$ Petitio"e& ove# 'o& &eco"si#e&atio" !t his otio" as s!se+!e"tl#e"ie# the RC$he petitio"e& %le# a petitio" 'o& ce&tio&a&i ith the CA seei" to #ecla&e the "!llit o' RC o&#e&s$ he Co!&t o' Appeals#isisse# the petitio"$ A s!se+!e"t otio" 'o& &eco"si#e&atio" as also #e"ie# the CA$ h!s, petitio"e& %le# petitio" ithSC$ SS@E:1$ ;hethe& o& "ot the Reio"al &ial Co!&t o' aati has !&is#ictio" ove& the case i" +!estio"$$ ;hethe& o& "ot a chec #&a" aai"st the #olla& acco!"t ith a 'o&ei" a" is cove&e# BP Bl$ R@?.: he Co!&t #isisse# the petitio" 'o& lac o' e&it$ $ ;. RC has !&is#ictio"
he RC has !&is#ictio" ove& the case$ !&is#ictio" ove& the s!ect atte& is #ete&i"e# the stat!te i" 'o&ce at the tie o' coe"cee"t o' the actio"$ he R!les o' Co!&t p&ovi#e that i" all c&ii"al p&osec!tio"s the actio" shall e i"stit!te# a"# t&ie# i" the co!&t o' the !"icipalit o& te&&ito& he&e the oKe"se as coitte# o& a" o' the esse"tial i"&e#ie"ts the&eo' too place he co!&t also state# that !&is#ictio" o& ve"!e is #ete&i"e# the alleatio"s i" the i"'o&atio"$ " this pa&tic!la& case, the i"'o&atio" %le# aai"st petitio"e& speci%call allee# that the oKe"se as coitte# i" aati, a"# the&e'o&e, the sae is co"t&olli" a"# s!Hcie"t to vest !&is#ictio" !po" the RC o' aati$ he Co!&t ac+!i&es !&is#ictio" ove& the case a"# ove& the pe&so" o' the acc!se# !po" the %li" o' a coplai"t o& i"'o&atio" i" co!&t hich i"itiates a c&ii"al actio"$ o&eove&, i" the case o' O!e v$ People o' the Philippi"es, the co!&t hel# that the #ete&i"ative 'acto& i" #ete&i"i" ve"!e is the place o' the iss!a"ce o' the chec$ " the atte& o' ve"!e 'o& violatio" o' BP , the i"ist& o' !stice lai# #o" the 'olloi" !i#eli"es the pe&ti"e"t po&tio" o' hich &ea#s: (1) 4e"!e o' the oKe"se lies at the place he&e the chec as e*ec!te# a"# #elive&e#
