ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACT IN DORAEMON “STAND BY ME” MOVIE MINI RESEARCH PAPER Lecturer : Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D. Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Pragmatics Course at the English Education of Post-graduate Program
Arranged by: TIRA NUR FITRIA S200140027
ENGLISH STUDY POST GRADUATE PROGRAM MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA 2015 1
A. INTRODUCTION Language is one of the most important aspects in human daily life. It is used as a means to communicate with other people. Language, both spoken and written is used by human being to express his thought, ideas and emotion by using sounds, gestures and signals in various purposes and reasons. Language is so essential for everyone, it cannot be separated from human’s life because it is used to interact to each other. Hartley (1982: 11) states that language is a means of communication. To communicate by speaking is not a gratuitous act; it is purposeful, and thus language has an instrument aspect. Communication can only take place successfully of the means of communication is agreed by its users, and thus language has a conventional aspect. Society as we know would not exist without language, and indeed for some it is a defining characteristic of human race itself, for exceeding in sophistication of any animal communication.” Pei (1996) as quoted in Yasin (2008: 6) states that language is a system of communication by sound operating through the organ of speech and hearing, among members a given community, and using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meaning. Those definitions above show how language is useful in human’s life, it is emphasized that there is a conventional meaning which leads to an understanding in a communication, that the speaker and the listener must mutually catch the meaning of the speech so that the communication runs cooperatively and there is no misunderstanding towards the delivered messages. A cooperative communication does not require only the linguistic knowledge of the speaker and the listener but it also requires the contextual knowledge, in which role is very important to understand the meaning of the speech that being uttered. Jannedy et. al (1994: 227) state “to fully understand the meaning of a sentence, we must understand the context in which it is uttered. Pragmatics concerns itself with how people use language within a context and why they use language in particular ways. This unit examines how speaker and hearer affect the ways in which language is used to perform various function and intention (intended purpose). It can be giving and 2
asking information, and also asking for help. In linguistics, utterances which have something to do with others and require them to do what the speaker says are called speech act. Speech acts is one of pragmatic fields. It shows a human activity in a language and pragmatics studies the way people act through their speech. Speech act theory puts stress on the use of language. As language is the act of doing something, the study of speech act studies how someone expresses something like promising, thanking, requesting, apologizing. It means that when someone tells something, she also does something. According to Austin (1962: 94), speech act is everything which we do at the time of conversing or set of discussion verbal owning function. Austin first introduced the idea of speech act, analyzing the relationships between utterances and performances. Speech acts usually appears in the first person, and use the simple present tense, indicative. Speech acts are not descriptive, instead they are pronounced to affect an actual situation, speech acts usually do not refer to the past events. Speech act is the action performed by language to modify the state of the object on which the action performed. In many aspects of life, speech acts can surely always be found. Regarding the case, speech acts is indeed significance to investigate the language phenomena occur in spoken language especially in movie. This study conducted to give evidence that in a cartoon movie is not only about the syntax and semantics that can be analyzed and come about in conversation in a cartoon movie. But also, the existence of linguistic expertise that can be analyzed deeper based on speech acts theory. It is interesting to observe kinds of speech acts uttered by the characters in a cartoon movie. For this study, the researcher choose the movie as the data to prove that speech act are used in conversation or dialogue in cartoon movie. The researcher use Doraemon “Stand By Me” film. Beside the film is interesting and popular series which released in Indonesian theathre at December 2014, it also has many utterances which indicating any kind of speech acts and its function. It can be showed by the utterances that are categorized on type, and the function. There are many types or classifications of speech acts. In 3
analyze the type of speech act in the movie, the researcher uses speech acts classifications based on Austin and Searle‟s theories of speech acts. The researcher also limit the data of conversation or dialogue in film only in 15 minutes or 20 duration of movie. B. LITERATURE REVIEW 1.
Theory of Speech Act In simple words, a speech act is a compound word between speech
and act. It is used by people to express their action via speech or utterances. Yule (1996:47) defines speech acts as “actions performed via utterances” which can be classified into apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, or request. When a speaker utters something, he or she then expects that the hearer will be affected by his or her utterances. For example, when a speaker utters a complaint to the hearer, he or she does not only expect that the utterance is heard by the complainee, but more importantly, he or she also wants the complainee to fix the mistake based on the complaint. We use language all the time to make things happen. We ask someone to pass the salt or marry us - not usually at the same time. We order a pizza or make a dental appointment. Speech acts include asking for a glass of beer, promising to drink the beer, threatening to drink more beer, ordering someone else to drink some beer, and so on. Some special people can do extraordinary things with words, like baptizing a baby, declaring war, awarding a penalty kick to Arsenal FC or sentencing a convict. Linguists have called these things “speech acts” and developed a theory (called, unsurprisingly, “speech act theory”) to explain how they work. Austin (1962) in Fasold (2006: 162) points out that when people use language, they are performing a kind of action that is called speech acts. The use of the term speech act covers ‘actions’ such as requesting, commanding, questioning, and informing. In studying pragmatics, we concern on how to utter a speech so that the listener can interpret the meaning that is conveyed by the speaker. 4
According to speech acts theory which comes from Austin’s (1962), people make an utterance not only to say it rather than they have intention towards the hearers. Many linguistic theories take their premises in some rather simple –minded assumptions about human language: that it is nothing but combination of sound and meaning, or that language can be defined as a set of correct sentences. The basic flaw in such thinking is that it does not pay attention to language as an activity which produces speech acts. Searle (1969: 16), cited in Mey, 2001) defined speech acts as the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication. Speech act is one element of pragmatics discussion involving speaker, hearer or writer, reader and things that being talking about. In attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical and words, but they perform actions via those utterances. Similarly, Austin beliefs that there is a lot of more to the language that the meaning of its words and phrases. He was convinced that people do not just use language to say things (to make statements), but to do things (perform actions) (Thomas, 1995:32). Speech act is a technical term in linguistics and the philosophy of language. Speech acts can be analysed on three levels: illocutionary act, the performance of an utterance: the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance; an illocutionary act: the semantic 'illocutionary force' of the utterance, thus its real, intended meaning ; and in certain cases a further perlocutionary act: its actual effect, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize something, whether intended or not (Austin, 1975:3). Many scholars identify 'speech acts' with illocutionary acts, rather than locutionary or perlocutionary acts. As with the notion of illocutionary acts, there are different opinions on the nature of speech acts. We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. A speech act is an 5
utterance that serves a function in communication. A speech act might contain just one word, as in "Sorry!" to perform an apology, or several words or sentences: ‘I’m very sorry that I caused her to faint”. Speech acts include real-life interactions and require not only knowledge of the language but also appropriate use of that language within a given culture. 2.
Speech Act Classifications by Austin (1995) According to Austin in Trosborg (1995), in every utterance, a speaker performs an act such as stating a fact or an opinion, confirming or denying something, asking a question, issuing an order and so forth. Then, he made one important distinction concerning the three kinds of actions associated with the utterances. Those are explained below. 1) Locutionary Acts A locutionary act is the simple act of saying something and meaning the things that people say. It is the basic of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression. This is the basic of speaking, which itself consists of three related subjects: (a) a phonic act of producing an utterance inscription, (b) a phatic act of composing a particular linguistic expression in a particular language, and (c) a rhetic act of contextualizing the utterance-inscription (Austin 1962, Lyons 1995: 177-85, cited in Huang 2007). According to Yule‟s theory (1996: 48), the locutionary act is the basic act of an utterance in producing a meaningful linguistic expression. For example: “I‟ve just made some coffee”, the locutionary act of this utterance is that the speaker has just made some coffee. From this division it follows that the locutionary act comprises other three “sub-acts”: phonetic, phatic and rhetic. This distinction as well as the notion of locutionary act in general was often criticized by Austin’s followers. Searle even completely rejects Austin’s division and proposes his own instead (Searle, 1968: 405). Searle (Searle, 1968: 412) warns that Austin’s rhetic act is nothing else but a reformulated description of the illocutionary act and he therefore suggests another term, the so-called propositional act which expresses 6
the proposition (a neutral phrase without illocutionary force). In other words, a proposition is the content of the utterance. Wardhaugh (1992) offers this explanation. Propositional acts are those matters having to do with referring and predicating: we use language to refer to matters in the world and to make predictions about such matters (Wardhaugh, 1992: 285). Propositional acts cannot occur alone since the speech act would not be complete. The proposition is thus expressed in the performance of an illocutionary act. What is essential to note here is that not all illocutionary acts must necessarily have a proposition (utterances expressing states such as ‘Ouch!’ or ‘Damn!’ are “propositionless” as Searle observes (Searle 1976:30)). Having defined the proposition and propositional acts, Searle modifies Austin’s ideas and states that there are utterance acts (utterance acts are similar to Austin’s phonetic and phatic “sub-acts”, Searle (1976:24) defines them as mere uttering morphemes, words and sentences), propositional acts and illocutionary acts. 2) Ilocutionary Acts An illocutionary act can also be called as an implied level. It is an act of doing something. Yule (1996: 48) writes that “the illocutionary act is performed via the communicative face of an utterance” and it is an intended meaning of a speaker. this is performed via communicative force of an utterance. This means when someone utters something, he or she actually has an intention, for example to make statement, an offer, an explanation, or for some other communicative purpose. In other words, Huang (2007) states that illocutionary refers to the type of function the speaker intends to fulfill, or the type of action the speaker intends to accomplish in the course of producing utterance. For example: “I‟ve just made some coffee”, it is an imperative statement that a speaker might utter it to make a request or an order to someone else. Illocutionary acts are considered the core of the theory of speech acts. As already suggested above, an illocutionary act is the action performed by the speaker in producing a given utterance. The 7
illocutionary act is closely connected with speaker’s intentions, e.g. stating, questioning, promising, requesting, giving commands, threatening and many others. As Yule (Yule, 1996: 48) claims, the illocutionary act is thus performed via the communicative force of an utterance which is also generally known as illocutionary force of the utterance. Basically, the illocutionary act indicates how the whole utterance is to be taken in the conversation. Sometimes it is not easy to determine what kind of illocutionary act the speaker performs. To hint his intentions and to show how the proposition should be taken the speaker uses many indications, ranging from the most obvious ones, such as unambiguous performative verbs, to the more opaque ones, among which mainly various paralinguistic features (stress, timbre and intonation) and word order should be mentioned. All these hints or let’s say factors influencing the meaning of the utterance are called Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices, or IFID as Yule, referring to previous Searle’ s work, calls them (Yule, 1996: 49). In order to correctly decode the illocutionary act performed by the speaker, it is also necessary for the hearer to be acquainted with the context the speech act occurs in. Mey (Mey, 1993: 139) says that one should not believe a speech act to be taking place, before one has considered, or possibly created, the appropriate context. 3) Perlocutionary Acts According to Yule (1996: 48), a perlocutionary act is the effect of an utterance. It deals with the effect on the hearer by means of uttering the sentences. When someone creates an utterance, he or she simply functions with intending it to have an effect. The speaker utters something on the assumption that the hearer will recognize the effect that the speaker intended. The example of a perlocutionary act can be seen clearly in the utterance “I‟ve just made some coffee”, which has the effect on the hearer. This utterance means that the speaker wants the hearer to drink the coffee that he or she has made.
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Perlocutionary acts, Austin’s last element in the three-fold definition of speech acts, are performed with the intention of producing a further effect on the hearer. Sometimes it may seem that perlocutionary acts do not differ from illocutionary acts very much, yet there is one important feature which tells them apart. There are two levels of success in performing illocutionary and perlocutionary acts which can be best explained on a simple example. “Would you close the door?” Considered merely as an illocutionary act (a request in this case), the act is successful if the hearer recognizes that he should close the door, but as a perlocutionary act it succeeds only if he actually closes it. There are many utterances with the purpose to effect the hearer in some way or other, some convey the information directly, others are more careful or polite and they use indirectness to transmit the message. 3.
Speech Act Classifications by Searle (1979) Searle in Trosborg (1995: 14) states that there are five types of general functions performed by speech acts (illocutionary). They are declaratives, representatives, expressive, directives, and commissives. Those are explained further below. 1. Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance (Yule 1996:53). A speaker wants to change the world via his or her utterance. In order to perform declarations correctly, the speaker has to have a special institutional role in a specific context that can be used to express it. It is focused on the fit between world and words that effect immediate changes in institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra-linguistic institutions, those can be declaring war, christening, firing from employment and so on. For example; a. I now pronounce you husband and wife b. You’re out! c. You are fired 9
In (a) Example: Priest: I now pronounce you husband and wife. As shown from the example above, the speaker has to have a special institutional role, in a specific context, in order to perform a declaration appropriately. In using declaration the speaker changes the world via words. 2. Representatives (assertive) are those kinds of speech act that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not (Yule: 1996). Mey (2001) says that representatives are assertions about a state of affairs in the world as Leech (1983:128) called assertive, these also carry the values true or false. Hence, the utterance of representative should fit or match the world in order to be true. This kind of speech acts includes statement of fact, assertion, conclusions, and descriptions. For example: a. The earth is flat b. Chomsky did write about peanuts c. It was a warm sunny day All examples are representing the world as the speaker believes it is. In using this kind of speech act, the speaker makes words fit the world (belief). Like in (a), the utterance shows that the speaker believes that shape of the earth is flat which is a fact. The utterance above can be categorized as a representative speech act because the function of representative speech act can be used for making a statement of fact.
3. Expressive are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. They express psychological states (Yule: 1996, Levinson: 1983) and can be statement of pleasure, pain, dislikes, joy, pr sorrow. This expresses personal state of the speaker; the expression is essentially subjective and tells nothing about the world. Expressives are speech acts that state what the speaker feels. It can be caused by something the speaker does or the hearer does. They express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy or sorrow. A complaint also is a kind of expressive speech act. The complainees express their feelings (disapproval, unsatisfied, anger, etc) through this speech act classification. For example: a. I’m really sorry! b. Congratulations! 10
c. Oh, yes, great, mmmm, sssh! In (a) As shown from the example above, the speaker is making an apology to the addressee. The utterance above is categorized as expressive speech act as showing the speaker’s feeling of sorrow because it is a function of expressive speech act to express what the speaker feels.
Generally expressive speech acts can be caused by something the speaker does or the hearer does, but they are about speaker’s experience. In using expressive, the speaker makes words fit the world (of feeling). 4. Directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone else to do something. They express what the speaker wants. Mey 2001 states that these speech acts embody an effort on the part of the speaker to get the hearer or interlocutor to do something; to direct him or her towards some goal of the speaker’s. Commands, orders, requests, suggestions are the forms of directives. They are commands, orders, requests, and suggestions. For example: a. Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black b. Could you lend me a pen, please? c. Don’t touch that. In (a) The utterance above shows that the speaker intends the addressee to make a cu of coffee. It can be categorized as directive speech act as a command or request because of the first word used in the sentence, which is an imperative word. In using directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words (via utterance). The directives can be positive or negative. 5. Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. They express what the speaker intends. Like directives, commissives operate a change in the world by means of creating an obligation that is created by the speaker not the hearer (Mey 2001: 121). Commissives are promises, threats, refusals, pledges. For example: a. I’ll be back. b. I’m going to get it right next time. c. We will not to do that. 11
In (a) From the utterance above, the utterance can be categorized as commissive speech act as a promise because it is shown that there is a word “will” to show that the speaker is promising something, which is one of comissive speech act’s functions.
In using commissive, the speaker undertakes to make the world fit the words (via the speaker). And they can be performed by the speaker alone, or by group as a member of a group. 4.
Function of Speech Act by Leech (1983) According to Leech (1983;35), there are four social function of Illocutionary act, namely: a. Competitive, this Illocutionary act aims as competition to the social purpose. For instance; ordering, asking, and demanding. In this function, the negative politeness is used to reduce the unpleasant way between what speakers want to the politeness should say. b. Convival, this Illocutionary act aims incompliant with the social purposes, such as, offering (when someone offer to do something), greeting (when someone meets one another), thanking (when someone does something important to the speaker), and congratulation (when someone got something important). In this context, the politeness is utilized positively to make a pleasure relationship the society. c. Collaborative, this Illocutionary act aims at ignoring the social purposes such as; asserting, reporting, and instructing. This function does not contain the politeness. d. Conflictive, this Illocutionary act aims against the social purposes, for instance; threatening, accusing, refusing, and reprimanding. It is against politeness that is not all since it is purposed to emerge the anger except in the irony sentence.
5.
Way Performing Speech Act by Groundy (2000) Groundy (2000:55) “Speech act can be performed directly and indirectly, by way of performing another speech act. On the other hand we can perform speech act literally and nonliterally, depending on how we are using our words”. 12
a) Direct Speech Acts The speech act or it is called also direct Illocutionary act is one who matches the syntactic form of the utterance (Sari, 1998:27). In other word, direct speech acts are the syntactic form of utterance reflect the direct Illocutionary act. In addition, Groundy (2000:59) stated direct speech act happens when form and function match, such as; 1. I’ll never sell her (Declarative used as an assertive) 2. Don’t ever sell her (Imperative used to give an order/make request) 3. Will you ever sell her? (Interrogative used to ask question). b)
Indirect Speech Acts. Grundy (2000:60) stated that indirect speech act happens when form
and function do not match. It can be seen in the following examples: a. I wonder the train leaves (declarative form, has the function as question = Do you know when the train leaves, or as request = Tell me when the train leaves) b. Can you open me the door (Interrogative form, has the function as a request) Besides, indirect speech act is speech act which is performed indirectly through the performance of another speech act (Coulthrad, 1989:27). In addition, Sari (1998:37) defines indirect speech acts as the syntactic form of utterance which does not reflect any indirect Illocutionary act to respond the direct Illocutionary act. If the response seems appropriate. For instance; suppose you are in the kitchen, you are busy to make an omlet, then say, “Can you answer the telepohone?. It is uttered to your brother who is reading magazine. His response is inappropriate because he responds the direct Illocutionary act (asking question) rather than to indirect Illocutionary speech act (making request). c) Literal Speech Act It is performance of literal speech act. It happens when the speaker means is what he says. In other word, the speaker wants to do what he says (Sari; 1998:40). For instance; I eat three sandwiches and then
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announce I feel just awful. This utterance is exactly means what I say. Thus, this utterance constitutes a literal speech act. Literal is a speech act which speaker conveys the same meaning with the meaning of the words is arranged. Example of Literal speech act: Laporan pertanggungjawaban Bupati disusun dengan sangat rapi sehingga kita semua dapat membaca dengan sangat cepat. (Haryono, 2012: 6) The utterance above has meaning as meaning which is meant in arrangement of the words. So, utterance above is categorized as literal speech act. d) Non- Literal Speech Act It happens when the speaker does not mean what he says (Sari, 1998:41). For instance; imagine a students in English class who does not know man kinds of tenses. As he begins the midterm test, he turns to his friend and says “ I just love taking English test”. In this utterance, the student does not mean what he was said, but it has other meaning. Thus, this utterance constitutes as non-literal speech act. Non-literal is speech acts in which the speaker do not convey the same meaning or opposite meaning of the words are arranged. Example: Penanganan masalah pakaianan dinas luar biasa cepatnya. Sampai-sampai kita semua bosan menunggunya. (Haryono, 2012: 6) Utterance above is dissonant if it is meant based on the words arrangment. From this utterance is known “sebenarnya penanganan masalah pakaian dinas berjalan lamban”. The meaning can be known by the
following
utterance
“sampai-sampai
kita
semua
bosan
menunggunya”. 6.
Way of Speaker Use Speech Act by Yule (1998) Speech act concern the way a speaker uses various linguistic forms with certain functions (Yule, 1998: 54-56). There is relationship between the three structural forms (declarative, interrogative, imperative) and the three general communicative functions (statement, question, command or request). As further explanation, a speaker uses a declarative form to express a statement, an interrogative form is used in order to express a 14
question, and command or request will be expressed with imperative form. Simply, it can be seen clearly in the example below. Did you cook the food? Interrogatives Question Cook the food (please). Imperatives Command (request) You cooked the food. Declaratives Statement The explanation of direct and indirect speech acts can be read below. a) Direct Speech Acts Direct speech acts appear when there is a direct relationship between a structure and a function. A speaker, who uses direct speech acts, wants to deliver the literal meaning that the words conventionally express. Clark and Clark (1977: 28) state that there are three forms of sentence when someone wants to tell something to someone else. It is usually done by forming a declarative form, when they want to ask a question, interrogative will be used by the speakers, while imperative will be used when a speaker wants to order something. The application of direct speech acts are illustrated below. (1a) John closes the window. (1b) Did John close the window? (1c) Close the window John! In (1a), the speaker asserts that John closes the window, while in (1b) the speaker asks whether John closed the window or not, and in (1c) the speaker requests or orders John to close the window. b) Indirect Speech Acts An indirect speech act occurs when there is an indirect relationship between a structure and a function. In an indirect speech act, a speaker usually expresses his or her intention implicitly. Yule (1996: 55) writes that different structures can be used to accomplish the same basic function as it is shown in example 2, where the speaker wants the hearer not to stand in front of the TV. Those examples are illustrated as follow. (2a) Do you have to stand in front of the TV? (2b) You‟re standing in front of the TV. The basic function of all the above utterances is command or request. The interrogative structure in (2a) is not being used only as a question but also 15
as an indirect request. The declarative structure in (2b) is also an indirect request. (3a) Could you pass the salt? (3b) Would you pass the salt? There is a typical pattern in English to ask a question about the hearer‟s assumed ability, as in example (3a) or future likelihood with regard to doing something as in (3b) normally counts as a request to do something. Indirect speech acts appear to be a complicated way of communication since one must go through a complex reasoning process to interpret the indirect speech acts. One might think that it would be more efficient to do direct communication. However, it is not 100% true because indirect speech acts can add critics, humor, and even can show politeness instead of just saying something. Thus, indirect speech acts can also be seen as an efficient tool of communication since they can convey two or more messages at the same time. 7.
Characteristics of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
The relationship between structure and function is the criterion to distinguish direct speech and indirect speech. When the structure of an utterance is exclamative, and the speaker use this utterance to express surprise or praise, then the relationship between the function and structure is direct, and the utterance is a direct speech. For example, if a speaker says, what a nice skirt, and he really wants to praise, then it is a direct speech. However, as for an indirect speech act, the relationship between the function and structure is indirect. In other words, when a speaker uses an interrogative sentence, and his intention is to satirize, then it is an indirect relationship between the function and structure. For example, if a father says why you still haven’t done your homework? Do you want me to do it for you?, then the father does not really wish to come to help. On the contrary, he is ironic, and the utterance is an indirect speech. Uttering a sentence while meaning something else happens everyday in human communications.
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Geis (1995) elaborates on the way to classify direct and indirect speech as follows: For an utterance or speech, the relationship between the function and structure is the criterion to distinguish a direct speech or an indirect speech. If the relationship between the funktion and structure is direct, then the utterance or speech is a direct speech. If the relationship between the function and structure is indirect, then the utterance or speech is a direct speech. One thing which should be paid attention to in distinguishing direct speech from indirect speech is that if there are performative verbs in an utterance, then the utterance must be a direct speech act. Performative verbs are used to declare. C.
DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS The data from this study are Doraemon “Stand by Me” movie which is released on Indonesian theathre at December 2014. It is taken from YouTube. It is It is one of the popular websites that providing shared video or movie. The researcher takes only data of conversation or dialogue in film only in 15 minutes or 20 duration of movie. The researcher uses descriptive analysis. Firstly, the researcher downloads the movie that related to this study. Then the researcher write the part of subtitle movie. After write the transcription, the reesearcher categorize some utterances in the movie based on Austin and Searle‟s theories of speech acts. The next step is analyzing speech act in movie based on the context. In this section, the writer will present, analyze, and explain the data taken from the movie”. The researcher will utilize those Searle’s (1976) five categories of illocution act point for analyzing each utterance and the way of speaker use speech act by Groundy (2000). Finally, the researcher concludes findings of the result and discussion.
A.
First Analysis of Functions of Speech Act by Searle (1976) Searle (1976) suggested a number a dimensions of variation to classify speech act categories referring to a number of basic things we can do with language. The dimensions are based on the purpose of illocutionary point (Archer, Aijmer & Wichmann, 2012: 39). The five 17
categories of illocutionary act are representatives, commissives, directives, declarations, and expressives. 1.
Representatives Based on Yule (1996: 53) representatives are kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes. The representatives keywords are: hypothesize, insist, boast, show, state, complain, conclude, deduce, diagnose, claim, suggest, believe, assume and suspect. For example: No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Utterance He could be a bit difficult… I can’t. Impossible! He’s been standing forever, he’s tired He need a girl’s help It’s opening I can’t do this! But I’m sure you’ll have be glad to have him around
(Function) State State Show State Show State State
In (1, 3 and 4) utterance, the speaker see the fact about the object (person) about his condition, it is fact and can be proven by the others. In (5) utterance, the speaker say about fact that (things) is opened, and it can be proved by the hearer. In (2 and 6), the speaker say (diagnose/assume) hisself that he can do something. In (7) utterance, the speaker believe to the hearer (addresse) about the ability that he will be happy about something. 2.
Commissives Yule (1996: 54) states that commissives are those kinds of acts that speakers commit themselves to do some in the future. Similarly, by performing commissives speech act, the speaker commits to the course of action, announcing the intention. Commissive keywords are: plan, commit, promise, invitation, tomorrow, and later. For example: No 1. 2. 3. 4.
Utterance I’m going to puch the button of your nose I’m gonna fly into space I’ll help Noby find happiness I’ll show you how amazing 22th century is
Note Plan Plan Plan Plan
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In the (1,2,3 and 4) utterances above, it show about plan/promise/commit (signed in the word “Will”), as a commisive speech act that something (action) will be done or realized later/ as soon as. 3.
Directives Yule (1996: 53) states that directives are speech act which speaker attempts to get hearer to do something. The directive keywords are: ask, order, command, request, advice, beg, plead, pray, entreat, invite, permit, dare, challenge. For example: No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Utterance
Note (Function) Over here! Command/order Wait for me! Command/order Hurry! Command/order Noby, wake up! Command/order Noby, wake up already! Command/order Let’s keep watching Invite Give him a break Command/order You can play ball with us today Permit Stop it! You two! Command/order Don’t talk to me like that! Command/order Be thankful! Command/order Stop! Stop! Stop! Command/order Noby, wait! Command/order Let me try, big brother Ask Let’s go talk to great-great grandfather Invite Don’t be so rude! Command/order Let me come out Ask Stay calm and listen! Command/order Go away! Go! Command/order Get out of here! Command/order Don’t get mad, okay Command/order Look at this! Command/order Don’t get so down. You can change your fate Advice Hold on! Command/order Don’t worry! Command/order Calm down! Calm down! Command/order Start working! Command/order Start working, please! Command/order Let’s not do this! Command/order We have to help him Invite
The most dominant function of utterance (speech act) above shows as directive speech acts such as a command or request, ask, invite and permit . 19
The function ir order to the hearer (addressees) to do something, give response to the speaker or follow the speaker what to do. The directive speech act usually is signed by the first word (for example imperative) used in the sentence, which is an imperative word. In using directive, the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words (via utterance). The directives can be positive or negative (don’t) like in some utterance (see table above). 4. Declarations Declarations are words and expression of the speaker that change the worlds by his utterance, for example appointing, warning and ordering. For example the use of words ‘I bet’, ‘I declare’, and ‘I resign’ (Cutting, 2002: 17). According to Yule (1996: 53) to perform a declaration act appropriately, the speaker has to have a special position in a specific context. For example: In film Doraemon, is not found declarations utterance form of speech act. 5.. Expressives According to Yule (1996: 53), expressives are speech acts that state what the speaker feels. It can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow, apology, gratitude, congratulation . In doing this act, speaker express a psychological state towards the hearer (Archer, et.al, 2012). For example: No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Utterance Noby, nice catch! This is fun Thanks Thank you Yummy!!! I’m sorry. I caused…trouble Thanks Doraemon
Note (function) Like/ joy Like Like Like Like Apology Like
In (1) utterance, the speaker express “like” to the addressee. The utterance above as expressive speech act as showing the speaker’s feeling of pleasant/joy because it is a function of expressive speech act to express what the speaker feels (happy). In (5) utterance, the speaker express “like” to the addressee. The utterance above as expressive speech act as showing the speaker’s feeling of pleasant/joy about the food. In (6) utterance, the speaker is making an apology to the addressee because making trouble. The utterance above as expressive speech 20
act as showing the speaker’s feeling of sorrow because it is a function of expressive speech act to express what the speaker feels (regret).
B.
Second Analysis of Way Performing Speech Act by Groundy (2000) Groundy (2000:55) “Speech act can be performed directly and indirectly, by way of performing another speech act. We also can perform speech act literally and nonliterally, depending on how we are using our words”.
1.
Direct Speech Acts The speech act or it is called also direct Illocutionary act is one who matches the syntactic form of the utterance (Sari, 1998:27). In other word, direct speech acts are the syntactic form of utterance reflect the direct Illocutionary act. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Utterance We had steak 3 days Still standing in the hall? Why were you there? I don’t have grandchild You can’t come back to the future I can’t swim
Note Positive sentence/assertion Interrogative sentence/utterance Interrogative sentence/utterance Negative sentence/utterance Negative sentence/utterance Negative sentence/utterance
In (1, 4, 5 and 6) utterance, the speaker say to the hearer to inform about something he has. While (2 and 3) utterance, the speaker do not know about something and ask the addresse (hearer) to inform him. The utterance of direct speech act can be positive or negative sentence. 2.
Indirect Speech Acts. Grundy (2000:60) stated that indirect speech act happens when form and function do not match. Besides, indirect speech act is speech act which is performed indirectly through the performance of another speech act (Coulthrad, 1989:27). No 1. 2. 3.
Utterance Doraemon will take care of you But, I.m sure you’ll be glad to live around Doraemon Mom, why didn’t you wake me?
Note Positive pattern Positive pattern Interogative pattern
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In example above (1 and 2) utterance, A (speaker) said to C (you) about B (Doraemon) although the utterance has positive pattern but the speaker has purpose to inform the addresse about the meaning. While the (2) utterance (3), a child ask to his mother, although the utterance has interrogative pattern but a child has purpose to ask the mother to take wake him.
4.
Literal Speech Act Literal is a speech act which speaker conveys the same meaning with the meaning of the words is arranged. It happens when the speaker means is what he says. In other word, the speaker wants to do what he says. For example: No 1. 2.
Utterance Noby, nice catch Pretty bad at sport
Note Fact: really nice catch the ball Fact: really bad at sport
In (1) utterance, the speaker say to (the addressee) about his good ability in catching ball in baseball. While in (2) utterance, the speaker say to (the addressee), maybe the addressee really. quite bad in doing sport. 5.
Non- Literal Speech Act Non-literal is speech acts in which the speaker do not convey the same meaning or opposite meaning of the words are arranged. It happens when the speaker does not mean what he says. No 1. 2.
Utterance He’s studying. Maybe he’s smart. Even little kids can use it!
Note (meaning) Fact: stupid Fact: to tease
In (1) utterance, the speaker do not convey the meaning, maybe the addreesee stupid (fact), while the (2) utterance, the speaker also do not convey the meaning exactly, maybe the cat that the addresse can’t use the things like a child can do. D.
CONCLUSION Based on the data analysis of speech act in Doraemon “Stand by Me” script (subtitle) movie, it is found that: First, there are some speech act functions in the some utterance. The occurrences of representatives act in the 22
movie is eighty eight times (88) in from the entire speech. Then, the directives act is in the second top that occurred nineteen times (19). The commissives act occurred fourteen times (14). The fewest acts that occurred in are declarations act that occurred five times (5) and expressives act that only occurred five times (5) from the entire speech. The result also shows the dominant function of speech act in Doraemon “Stand by Me movie based on Searle’s speech act categories is about, while the dominant of speaker way of speect act based on Groundy (2000). REFERENCES Austin, J.L. 1962. ,How to Do Things with Words. Clarendon: Oxford Univ.Press --------------. 1972. How to Do Think with Words: The William James lecturer delivered at Harvard University in 1955. Oxford: Oxford Univ.Press. Geis, M. 1995. Speech acts and Conversational International. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hartley, John. 1982. Understanding News. London: Methuen Huang, Yan. 2007. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jannedy, S., Poletto, R., & Weldon T.L. 1994. Language Files (Sixth Edition). Columbus: Ohio State Univ.Press Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman Group Limited. Levinson, Stephen C. 1993. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Lyons, John. 1995. Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. Camridge U.K: Cambridge
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Mey, J. 2001. Pragmatics: an Introduction. 2nd ed. London: Blakewell Pei, Mario. 1965. The Story of Language. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company Searle, John R. 1997. Speech Acts. An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Thomas, Jenny. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman Publishing
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Trosborg, Anna. 1995. Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requeasts, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin, Newyork: Morton de Gruytter Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
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