The Special Purpose Machine (SPM) plays an important role to increase productivity. Most of the machines require settings every time we need to machine a component. Here the SPM designed …Full description
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distributed antenna system for the enterprise
microstrip antenna for DTH application.
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Statement of Purpose
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Antenna isolation calculation
Special Purpose Antenna
Folded Dipole
Yagi-Uda
Log-Periodic
Turnstile
Helical
Folded Dipole Antenna 1. Design
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L = 143/f
where: L is in meters f is in MHz
Input impedance is four times higher than a basic half-wave dipole Zi = 72Ω*4 = 288Ω To vary input impedance: Zi = Ratio*72 Ω
Where: d1 is the conductor diameter for the feed arm of the dipole d2 is the conductor diameter for the non -fed arm of the dipole S is the distance between the conductors Ratio is the step up ratio
2. Description -
a dipole antenna whose outer ends are folded back and joined together at the center
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the impedance is about 300 ohms, as compared to 72 ohms for basic halfwave dipole
3. Advantages -
wider bandwidth compare to the basic half-wave dipole
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the bandwidth can be increased further by making the dipole elements larger in diameter
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well matched to 300-Ohm balanced transmission lines
4. Application -
used in the simple FM dipole antennas that can be bought to use as temporary FM broadcast antennas
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used within other larger antennas such as the Yagi.
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widely used with television and fr equency-modulation receivers.
Yagi-Uda Antenna 1. Design
Elements - The Driven Element where feed point is located and where the feed line is attached from the transmitter to the Yagi to perform the transfer of power from the transmitter to the antenna - Parasitic Elements element that is not directly connected to the feed line elements used for the purpose of o btaining directional power gain Reflector and Directors Reflectors length is 5% longer than the driven element ◦
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the spacing is generally between .1 and .2 wavelength
Prevents antenna from sending backward
Director
length is 5% shorter than the driven element
the spacing is generally between .1 and .2 wavelength
used to provide the antenna with directional pattern and gain
typical spacing between elements vary from about 0.1 to 0.2 of a wavelength,
depending on the specific design elements are usually parallel in one plane, supported on a single crossbar
known as a boom. the elements must be made of o f some kind of conducting material: copper,
aluminum, coaxial cable are best suited. the horizontal stick (boom) can be made of anything.
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if it is made of conducting material, the elements must be isolated from the stick.
Simple Three Element Yagi
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(b) is the radiation pattern
2. Description -
a linear array consisting of a dipole and two or m ore parasitic elements: one reflector and one or more directors
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named after two Japanese scientists who invented it
3. Advantages -
bandwidth can be increased by using more than one folded dipole, each cut to a slightly different length
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the typical directivity is between 7dB and 9dB
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a directional antenna designed to maximize reception over long distances
4. Application -
commonly used for VHF TV reception because of its wide bandwidth
the length and spacing of the elements of a log-periodic antenna increase logarithmically from one end to the other
element at the back of the t he array is a half wavelength at the lowest frequency
of operation the feed phase is reversed from one element to the next to ensure that the
phasing of the different elements is correct the direction of maximum radiation is towards the feed point
2. Description -
Consist of several dipoles of different length and spacing that are fed from a single source at the small end. The transmission line is crisscrossed between the feedpoints of adjacent pairs of dipoles.
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Physical structure is repetitive, making electrical characteristics repetitive as well
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it offers less gain for its size than does the more conventional Yagi
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the antenna input impedance varies repetitively when plotted as a function of frequency and periodically when plotted against the log of the frequency
3. Advantages -
independent of radiation resistance and radiation pattern to frequency
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able to provide directivity and gain while being able to operate o ver a wide bandwidth
4. Application -
used where a wide range of frequencies is needed while still having moderate gain and directionality
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used at VHF and UHF for a variety of applications, including some uses as a television antenna
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used on the HF portion of the spectrum where operation is required on a number of frequencies to enable communication to be maintained
Turnstile Antenna 1. Design
consists of two horizontal half-wave antennas mounted at right angles to each other in the same horizontal plane Radiation Pattern
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The radiation pattern shown is the sum of r adiation patterns from the two dipoles, which produces a nearly omnidirectional pattern
2. Description -
a set of two dipole antennas aligned at right angles to each other and fed 90 degrees out-of-phase
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when mounted horizontally the antenna is nearly omnidirectional on the horizontal plane.
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when mounted vertically the antenna is directional to a right angle to its plane and is circularly polarized.
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balanced transmission lines
3. Application -
developed primarily for omnidirectional vhf communications
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often used for communication satellites because, being circularly polarized, the polarization of the signal doesn't rotate when the satellite rotates
Helical Antenna 1. Design
the dimensions of the helix are determined by the wavelength λ of the radio waves used, which depends on the fre quency.
the length of the coil determines how directional the antenna will be as well as its gain; longer antennas will be more sensitive in the direction in which they point.
a ground plane at the driven e nd makes the radiation unidirectional from the far (open) end
where: ◦
r is the radius of the helix a is the pitch angle
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S is the spacing between turns
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L is the length of one turn
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is the tangential unit vector describing the contour of the helix
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Zo is the starting height of the helix pitch angle α:
where: s is the spacing from turn toturn r is the radius of the helix
the ground plane diameter is typically 0.94l in diameter at the center frequency
the radiating element is a helix of wire, driven at one end and radiating along t he axis of the helix
Power Gain
where: Ap(dB) = antenna power gain (dB) D = helix diameter (meters) N = number of turns (any positive integer) S = pitch(meters) λ = wavelength (meters per cycle)
3-dB Beamwidth
where: θ = beamwidth (degrees)
D = helix diameter (meters) N = number of turns (any positive integer) S = pitch(meters) λ = wavelength (meters per cycle)
2. Description -
An antenna that has the form of a helix
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A helical antenna is a specialized antenna that emits and responds to electromagnetic fields with rotating (circular)polarization
3. Application
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typically used for applications where reduced size is a critical operational factor
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most suitable for Mobile and Portable High-frequency (HF) communications in the 1 MHz to 30 MHz operating range
