Soil Stablization Using Egg Shell Powder

EFFECT OF EGG SHELL POWDER ON GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL Project report report submitted in fulfillment of the t he requirement requirement for the degree of

Master of Technology Technology In

Geotechncal Engneerng By Har!reet Sngh "#$#%#%#& Under the supervision of

Dr' ()l*r Sngh Gll

De!art+ent of C,l Engneerng G)r) Nana- De,' Engneerng College. Gll Roa/. Gll Par-. L)/hana. P)n0a* #1#223

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CERTIFICATE

Ths s to certfy that the !ro0ect enttle/ EF E F F E C T O F E G G S H E L L submit itte ted d *y Mr. PO P O W D E R O N G E O T E C H N I C A L P R O P E R T I E S O F S O I L subm Mr. Harpreet Singh "Roll No' #$#%#%#& n f)lfll+ent of the re4)re+ents for the a5ar/ of GURU NANAK NANAK DEV Master of Technology Degree n Geotechncal Engneerng at GURU ENGINEERING ENGINEERING COLLEGE s an a)thentc 5or- carre/ o)t *y the+ )n/er +y s)!er,son

an/ g)/ance'

Date6 Place6 L)/hana

Dr. Ku!ir Singh Gi

Associate Professor, Professor, Department of Civil ngineering, !uru "ana# Dev$ De v$ ngineering ngineering College %udhiana$















AC(NOWLEDGMET

I 5o)l/ l-e to ta-e ths o!!ort)nty to than- G'N'D'E'C for !ro,/ng +e 5th s)ch a ,*rant an/ learnng at+os!here' Frst an/ fore+ost. I 5ant to con,ey +y +ost sncere gratt)/e to Dr' ('S GILL. Assocate Professor. De!art+ent of C,l Engneerng. G'N'D'E'C for ta-ng o)t t+e fro+ the hectc sche/)le an/ g)/ng +e 7 all so n the +ost 5ar+ an/ fren/ly +anner' I 5o)l/ also l-e to e8ten/ +y than-f)lness than-f)lness to all the !rofessors of the De!art+ent of C,l Engneerng for the collect,e -no5le/ge +!arte/ to +e. +a-ng +e ca!a*le eno)gh to see thro)gh the entre !rocess' I a+ gratef)l to the staff an/ +e+*ers of the Geotechncal Engneerng La*oratory for ther relentless ser,ce an/ coo!eraton 5th +e' Last *)t not the least. I a!!recate all +y fren/s 0)st for *eng there an/ e8ten/ng the +oral s)!!ort'

HARPREET SINGH















ABSTRACT No5a/ays. cons/era*le attenton has *een !a/ to the )tl9aton of alternat,e +aterals. 5hch *ear hgher engneerng 4)alty than tra/tonal +aterals an/ are fnancally affor/a*le' Sol s one of the +ost +!ortant +aterals )se/ n a ,arety of constr)cton !ro0ects ncl)/ng earth canals an/ earth /a+s' The fact that sol +ay !ro,/e all the resstance characterstcs necessary for a !ro0ect ll)strates the +!ortance of ,aro)s +etho/s )se/ to +!ro,e sol 4)alty' Clay sol s 5/ely )se/ n +ost of the constr)cton !ro0ects' Clay sols. !artc)larly soft clay sols. ha,e goo/ !lastc !ro!ertes so that ncrease/ +ost)re res)lts n ther /ecrease/ shear strength. co+!ress,e strength an/ ,ol)+e changes' These /a+ages ty!cally ta-e an rre!a rre!ara*l ra*lee toll toll on str)ct) str)ct)res. res. 5hch 5hch f)rthe f)rtherr clarf clarfes es the +!ort +!ortanc ancee of sol sol +!ro, +!ro,e+en e+ent' t' Cons/erng +llons of tons of 5aste !ro/)ce/ ann)ally across the co)ntry. 5hch not only !oses the !ro*le+ of /s!osal *)t also a//s to en,ron+ental conta+naton an/ health rs-s. )tl9aton )tl9aton of s)ch ref)se an/ n/)stral n/)stral 5astes an/ ther s)*s/ary s)*s/ary !ro/)cts as alternat,es alternat,es to cons constr) tr)ct cto on n +ater +ateral alss +ay +ay effe effect ct,el ,ely y cont contr* r*)t )tee to en, en,ro ron+ n+en ental tal !rese !reser, r,at aton on an/ an/ +n+9aton of ther a/,erse effects on the En,ron+ent' In the !resent !res ent st)/y. eggshell eggshell !o5/er 5as )se/ as a 5aste to co+*ne 5th sol so that n/e8 !ro!ertes co+!acton an/ shear strength !ro!ertes of clay sol 5ere n,estgate/ at /fferent +8t)re !ro!ortons' Then the shear shear strengt strength h of sols sols alrea/y alrea/y +eas)re/. +eas)re/. 5ere 5ere co+!ar co+!are/ e/ 5th 5th those those of the e8!er+ e8!er+ent ental al s!ec+ens +8e/ 5th eggshell !o5/er at /fferent !ro!ortons'















Content s

Lst of Fg)res Lst of Ta*les A*stract Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter – 2 LITERATURE REVIE

% '#

Sol Sta*l9aton %'%'# Defnton %'#'% Nee/s an/ A/,antages %'#'$ Metho/

%'%

A!!lcatons of Agrc)lt)ral Agrc)lt)ral an/ Do+estc Wa Wastes stes n Geotechncal A!!lcatons' A!!lcatons' %'%'# Agrc)lt)ral 5astes %'%'% Do+estc Waste % '$ Sol Pro!ertes %'$'# Atter*erg L+ts %'$'% S!ecfc Gra,ty %'$'$ Shear Strength Chapter – ! E"PERIMENTAL INVESTI#ATION $ '# Sco!e of 5or- $ '% Materal :se/ $'$ $'$ ;ref ef ste!s te!s n,o n,ol, l,ee/ n e8!er 8!er+ +en ents ts $'$' $'$'# # S!ec S!ecf fc c Gra, Gra,ty ty of Sol Sol $'$'% L4)/ L L+t $'$'$ '$'$ Plas lastc tc L+t +t $'$' $'$'1 1 Proc Procto torr Co+! Co+!ac acto ton n Te Test $'$'< $'$'< :nconf :nconfne ne/ / Co+!re Co+!ress sson on Stren Strength gth Tes Testt Chapter – $ RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS 1 '# S!ecfc gra,ty 1 '% In/e8 Pro!ertes 1'%'# L4)/ L L+t 1'%'% '%'% Plas lastc tc L+t +t 1'1' 1'1'$ $ Plas Plast tc cty ty In/e8 n/e8 1'1 1'1 Stan/ tan/ar ar/ / Proc Procto torr Co+!a o+!accton ton Test 1 '1 :nconfne/ Co Co+!resson Test

Page no.















LIST O' O ' TABLES TABLES

TABLE %'#

PA#E NO.

















C(APTER)1 INTRODUCTION

















For any lan/7*ase/ str)ct)re. the fo)n/aton s ,ery +!ortant an/ has to *e strong to s)!!ort the entre str)ct)re' In or/er for the fo)n/aton to *e strong. the sol aro)n/ t !lays a ,ery crtcal role' So. to 5or- 5th sols. 5e nee/ to ha,e !ro!er -no5le/ge a*o)t ther !ro!ertes an/ factors 5hch affect ther *eha,or' The !rocess of sol sta*l9aton hel!s to ache,e the re4)re/ !ro!ertes n a sol nee/e/ for the constr)cton 5or-' Fro+ the *egnnng of constr)cton 5or-. the necessty of enhancng sol !ro!ertes has co+e to the lght' Ancent c,l9atons of the Chnese. Ro+ans an/ Incas )tl9e/ ,aro)s +etho/s to +!ro,e sol strength etc'. so+e of these +etho/s 5ere so effect,e that ther *)l/ngs an/ roa/s stll e8st' In In/a. the +o/ern era of sol sta*l9aton *egan n early #=>2?s. 5th a general shortage of !etrole)+ an/ aggregates. t *eca+e necessary for the engneers to loo- at +eans to +!ro,e +!ro,e sol other than re!lacng the !oor sol at the *)l/ng *)l/ng ste' Sol sta*l9aton sta*l9aton 5as )se/ *)t /)e to the )se of o*solete +etho/s an/ also /)e to the a*sence of !ro!er techn4)e. sol sta*l9aton lost fa,or' In recent t+es. 5th the ncrease n the /e+an/ for nfrastr)ct)re. ra5 +aterals an/ f)el. sol sta*l9aton has starte/ to ta-e a ne5 sha!e' Wth the a,ala*lty of *etter research. resear ch. +aterals an/ e4)!+ent. t s e+ergng as a !o!)lar an/ cost7effect,e +etho/ for sol +!ro,e+ent' Here. n ths !ro0ect. sol sta*l9aton has *een /one 5th the hel! of ce+ent an/ egg

















So*+ So*+ ,o-* ,o-*%* %*&a &at* t*on on or sta sta*+ *+*/ */at at*o *on n *s 0s0a 0s0a++ ++  &arr &arr*e *e- o0t o0t to a&h* a&h*e eee the the %o++o3*ng goa+s4 @

Increasng Increasng sol strength. strength. geotechn geotechncal cal !ro!erte !ro!ertess an/ *earng *earng ca!acty ca!acty

@

Pre, Pre,en ent tng ng str) str)ct ct)r )ree s)*s s)*s/ /en ence ce

@

Re/)c Re/)cng ng a/hes a/heson on n hghly hghly a/hes a/hes,e ,e sols sols

@

Increa Increasn sng g a/he a/heso son n n so sols ls 5th 5th lo5 lo5 a/h a/hes eson on "san "san/s& /s&

@

Increa Increasn sng g safety safety facto factorr aganst aganst slo! slo!e. e. le,ees le,ees an/ an/ earth earth /a+ sl/ sl/ng ng

@

Re/) Re/)c cng ng sol sol !las !last tc cty ty n/e n/e8' 8'

















C(APTER)2 LITERATURE REVIE

















Sol sta*l9aton s the !rocess of alterng so+e sol !ro!ertes *y /fferent +etho/s. +echancal or che+cal n or/er to !ro/)ce an +!ro,e/ sol +ateral 5hch has all the /esre/ engneerng !ro!ertes' Sols are generally sta*l9e/ to ncrease ther strength an/ /)ra*lty or to !re,ent eroson an/ /)st for+aton n sols' The +an a+ s the creaton of a sol +ateral or syste+ that 5ll hol/ )n/er the /esgn )se con/tons an/ for the /esgne/ lfe of the engneerng !ro0ect' The !ro!ertes of sol ,ary a great /eal at /fferent !laces or n certan cases e,en at one !lace the s)ccess of sol sta*l9aton sta*l9at on /e!en/s on sol testng' Baro) Baro)ss +etho/s are e+!loye/ to sta*l9e sol an/ the +etho/ sho)l/ *e ,erfe/ n the la* 5th the sol +ateral *efore a!!lyng t on the fel/' Prnc!les of Sol Sta*l9aton6 @

E,al) E,al)atn atng g the sol sol !ro! !ro!ert ertes es of of the area area )n/er )n/er cons cons/e /erat raton' on'

@

Dec Dec/ /ng ng the the !ro!ert !ro!erty y of sol 5hc 5hch h nee/s nee/s to *e altere altere/ / to get the /esg /esgn n ,al)e ,al)e an/ choose the effect,e an/ econo+cal +etho/ for sta*l9aton'

@

Desgn Desgnng ng the the Sta*l Sta*l9e/ 9e/ sol sol +8 sa+!le sa+!le an/ an/ testng testng t n the la* la* for nten/ nten/e/ e/ sta*l sta*lty ty an/ /)ra*lty ,al)es'

2.1.2

Nee-s 5 A-antages Sol !ro!ertes ,ary a great /eal an/ constr)cton of str)ct)res /e!en/s a lot on the

*earng ca!acty of the sol. hence. 5e nee/ to s ta*l9e the sol 5hch +a-es t easer to !re/ct the loa/ *earng ca!acty of the sol an/ e,en +!ro,e the loa/ *earng ca!acty' The gra/aton



















@

It s +ore +ore econo econo+ +ca call *oth *oth n ter+ ter+ss of cost cost an/ an/ ener energy gy to ncr ncrea ease se the *ear *earng ng ca!acty of the sol rather than gong for /ee! fo)n/aton or raft fo)n/aton'

@

It s also )se/ )se/ to !ro,/e !ro,/e +ore +ore sta*lty sta*lty to the the sol n slo!es slo!es or or other other s)ch !laces'

@

So+et+es So+et+es sol sol sta*l9a sta*l9aton ton s also )se/ to !re,ent !re,ent sol eroson eroson or for+aton for+aton of of /)st. /)st. 5hch s ,ery )sef)l es!ecally n /ry an/ ar/ 5eather'

@

Sta*l Sta*l9a 9aton ton s also also /one /one for sol 5ater 5ater7!r 7!roof oofng ng ths !re,en !re,ents ts 5ater 5ater fro+ entern enterng g nto the sol an/ hence hel!s the sol fro+ losng ts strength'

@

It hel!s hel!s n re/) re/)c cng ng the sol sol ,ol)+ ,ol)+ee chan change ge /)e to chan change ge n te+ te+!era !erat) t)re re or +ost)re content'

@

%'#'$

Sta*l Sta*l9a 9aton ton +!r +!ro,e o,ess the 5or-a 5or-a*l *lty ty an/ an/ the /)ra /)ra*l *lty ty of of the sol' sol'

Metho-s

A. Me&han* Me&han*&a+ &a+ ,etho,etho- o% Sta*+*/ Sta*+*/at*o at*on n

@

In ths ths !roc !roce/ e/)r )re. e. sols sols of /ff /ffere erent nt gra/a gra/at ton onss are +8e/ +8e/ toget togethe herr to o*tan o*tan the the /esre/ !ro!erty n the sol' Ths +ay *e /one at the ste or at so+e other !lace fro+



















+o/fcaton e+!hass s g,en for +a8+)+ )tl9aton of local +ateral so that cost of constr)cton +ay *e +n+9e/ to the +n+)+ e8tent' At the sa+e t+e safe /s!osal of agrc)lt)ral an/ /o+estc 5astes *eco+e challengng tas- for engneers' Hence an atte+!t has *een +a/e *y researchers to )se agrc)lt)ral an/ /o+estc 5astes as sol sta*l9ers' The *enefcal effects of certan agrc)lt)ral an/ /o+estc 5astes are /sc)sse/ *elo5'

2.2.1 16

Agr*&0+t0ra+ 3astes R*&e h0s7 ash

Rce h)s- ash s a +a0or agrc)lt)ral !ro/)ct o*tane/ fro+ !a//y' For e,ery 12 -N of rce #2-N of h)s- s !ro/)ce/' !ro/)ce/' The h)s- s /s!ose/ off ether *y /)+!ng t n an o!en hea! near the +ll ste or on the roa/ s/e to *e *)rnt later' ;)rnng the rce h)s- generate/ a*o)t #<7 %2 of ts 5eghng as ash' The ash *eng ,ery lght s easly carre/ *y 5n/ an/ 5ater contr*)tng to ar an/ 5ater !oll)ton' The h)ge 4)antty of ash generate/ re4)res large areas for /s!osal' The hgh !ercentage of slceo)s +ateral !resent n rce h)s- ash n/cate/ that t has !o99olanc !ro!ertes' The nor+al +etho/ of con,erson of h)s- to ash s *y ncneraton'



















a+or!ho)s slca. 5hch react 5th l+e' Moha++e/ A*/)llah n,estgate/ an/ re!orte/ that The The O!t+) O!t+)+ + Most) Most)re re Conten Contentt "OMC& "OMC& ncreas ncrease/ e/ 5hle 5hle Ma8+) Ma8+)+ + Dry Densty Densty "MDD& /ecrease/ 5th ncreasng *agasse an/ ce+ent content 5hen a//e/ 5th latertc sol' The coheson /ecreases 5hle the angle of nternal frcton ncreases' Ths +ay *e /)e to re/)cton of clay clay 7 s9e s9e fract fracto on' n' The The l4) l4)/ / l+t l+t re/)c re/)ce/ e/ 5hl 5hlee the the !las !lastc tc l+t l+t ncr ncreas ease/ e/ an/ an/ conse4)ently the !lastcty n/e8 re/)ce/ 5th ncrease n *agasse n *agasse ash content' The re/)cton n !lastcty 5as /)e to a re/)cton n l4)/ l+t' Hence s)garcane *agasse ash can *e effect,ely )se/ as a sol sta*l9er'

!6

#ro0n-n0t she++ ash

Gro)n/n)t shell s an agrc)lt)ral 5aste o*tane/ fro+ +llng of gro)n/n)t' The ash fro+ gro)n/n)t shell has *een categor9e/ )n/er !o99olana. 5th a*o)t '33 Calc)+ O8/e "CaO&. #'=$ Iron O8/e "Fe%O$&. 3'#% Magnes)+ O8/e "MgO&. #<'=% Slcon O8/e "SO "SO%& %&.. an/ an/ 3'>$ 3'>$  Al)+ Al)+n n)+ )+ O8/ O8/ee "Al% "Al%O$ O$&' &' The The )tl )tl9a 9at ton on of ths ths !o99 !o99ol olan anaa as a re!lace+ent for tra/tonal sta*l9ers 5ll go a long 5ay n act)al9ng the /rea+s of +ost



















co)ntres contn)es to ncrease an/ e8!ecte/ to *e /o)*le n a+o)nt 5thn #2#< years' Ths ncrease ntensfes the !ro*le+s assocate/ 5th the /s!osal of ths *y7!ro/)ct' Ol,e ca-e res/)e has a !otental for )se as a sol sta*l9er an/ large ,ol)+es can *e *enefcally )se/' Ths st)/y s /recte/ to5ar/s /eter+nng /eter+nng f ol,e ca-e res/)e can *e )tl9e/ to ncrease the strength an/ sta*lty of e8!ans,e sols 5hch constt)te a costly nat)ral ha9ar/ to lght5eght str)ct)res on shallo5 fo)n/atons' Mo)sa F' Atto+ et al !ro!oses a !artal sol)ton to the !ro*le+s assocate/ 5th the ncrease of ol,e 5aste n or/an' Che+cal analyss 5as !erfor+e/ to /entfy the constt)ents of the ol,e 5aste after *)rnng at <<2C' A la*oratory st)/y conssts of the follo5ng tests on sa+!les treate/ 5th *)rnt ol,e 5aste6 Atter*erg L+ts. :nconfne/ Co+!ress,e Strength. Stan/ar/ Proctor Densty. an/ S5ellng Press)re tests' It 5as fo)n/ that the a//ton of %'< *y 5eght of the *)rnt ol,e 5aste 5ll ncrease the )nconfne/ co+!ress,e strength an/ the +a8+)+ /ry /ensty. 5hle the a//ton of >'< of the ol,e ash *y 5eght +n+9es the s5ellng !ress)re of the sol' The test res)lts sho5 !ro+se for ths +ateral +atera l to *e )se/ as sta*l9er sta*l9e r an/ to sol,e +any of the !ro*le+s assocate/ 5th ts acc)+)laton'



















an/ left for collecton' After collecton t s sorte/ f)rther at the 5aste collecton faclty an/ fnally *ale/ or shre//e/' Altho)gh the ,ast +a0orty of ths 5aste !a!er s recycle/ to !ro/)ce other !a!er !ro/)cts. ts )se has *een e8tre+ely l+te/ n hgh5ay a!!lcatons. +anly n aesthetc a!!lcatons'

26

P+ast*&s

Plastcs are +)ch +ore ,are/ n ter+s of orgn an/ !ro!ertes' Trash *ags. !lastc !!es. +l- 0)gs. *attery casngs. !lastc c)!s!lates. an/ !lastc so/a *ottles all are !otental so)rces for 5aste !lastc' These so)rces are co+!ose/ of ,aro)s ty!es of !oly+ers a+ong the+ Poly Ethylene Tere!hthalate "PETE& n so/a *ottles. Hgh7 Densty Polyethylene "HDPE& n +l- *ottles. Poly,nyl Chlor/e "PBC& n !!ng. Lo57Densty Poly Ethylene "LDPE& n thn fl+ !ac-agng. Poly!ro!ylene"PP& n crates. an/ !olystyrene "PS& n c)!s!lates' The !ro!ertes of the recycle/ !lastc rest +anly on the ty!e of resn or !oly+er )se/ n the !ro/)ct. as are recyclng o!tons an/ !rocessng' For e8a+!le. recla+e/ HDPE an/ PETE *ottles are gran)late/ nto s+all fla-es an/ a n/ se!arate/ *y floataton' The fla-es are then +elte/





















Car! Car!et et 5ast 5aste. e. also also refer referre/ re/ to as car!e car!ett f*e f*ers rs.. cons consst stss of 5ast 5astee fro+ fro+ n/) n/)str stral al !ro/)cton an/ /scar/e/ cons)+er car!et' The car!et 5aste generate/ each year an/ acc)+)late/ n lan/flls re!resents an a*)n/ance of )sef)l reso)rces. as t +ay *e con,erte/ nto ,aro)s )sef)l !ro/)cts' The rate of car!et /s!osal s a*o)t %7$ +llon tons !er year n the :'S' an/ a*o)t 173 +llon tons !er year 5orl/5/e' A car!et ty!cally conssts of t5o layers of *ac-ng ")s)ally fa*rcs fro+ !oly!ro!ylene ta!e yarns&. 0one/ *y CaCO$ flle/ styrene7 *)ta/ene late8 r)**er "S;R&. an/ face f*ers "+a0orty *eng nylon 3 an/ nylon 33 te8t)re/ yarns& yarns& t)fte/ t)fte/ nto nto the !r+ary !r+ary *ac-n *ac-ng' g' To )se !ost7c !ost7cons ons)+e )+err car!et car!et as concret concretee or sol sol renfo renforce+ rce+ent ent.. the car!et car!et s shre// shre//e/ e/ to reco,er reco,er f*ers' f*ers' It s general generally ly not necessa necessary ry to /sasse+*le /sasse+*le yarns n the car!et nto n/,/)al n/,/)al f*ers' o)0ang Wang Wang st)/e/ the )se of



















c+' Cr)+* r)**er e8h*ts fne !artcles rangng n s9e fro+ !assng No'1 to No'%22 se,es' Co+!ose/ !r+arly of ,aro)s ty!es of r)**er. recycle/ tre shre/s also contan car*on *lac-. !oly+ers. an/ fa*rcs as 5ell as steel 5re or *elt +aterals' Crag H' ;enson after after hs n,estgaton re!orte/ that Shre//e/ tres can *e )se/ as lght5eght fll. *ac-fll *ehn/ the retanng 5alls. constr)cton of hgh strength e+*an-+ents. /ranage +ateral. /aly co,er at a lan/fll. ther+al ns)laton to !rotect lan/fll lnng syste+s fro+ free9ng an/ also )se/ n leachate collectng syste+s *eca)se scra! tres can a/sor* to8c organc che+cals nor+ally fo)n/ n leachate'

96

Eggshe++ po3-er



















/eter+ne the o!t+al 4)antty of l+e an/ the o!t+al !ercentage of l+e7ESP co+*naton' The o!t+al 4)antty of l+e 5as gra/)ally re!lace/ 5th s)ta*le a+o)nt of eggshell !o5/er' Res)lts of the Ma8+)+ Dry Densty "MDD&. Calforna ;earng Rato "C;R&. :nconfne/ co+!resson test an/ :ntrane/ tra8al shear strength test all n/cate/ that l+e sta*l9aton at > s *etter than the co+*naton of 1 ESP  $ l+e'



















#& Shrn-age L+t6 Ths l+t s ache,e/ 5hen f)rther loss of 5ater fro+ the sol /oes not re/)ce the ,ol)+e of the sol' It can *e +ore acc)rately /efne/ as the lo5est 5ater content at 5hch the sol can stll *e co+!letely sat)rate/' It s /enote/ *y &' ' %& Plastc L+t6 Ths l+t les *et5een the !lastc an/ se+7sol/ state of the sol' It s /eter+ne/ *y rollng o)t a threa/ of the sol on a flat s)rface 5hch s non7!oro)s' It s the +n+)+ 5ater content at 5hch the sol 0)st *egns to cr)+*le 5hle rollng nto a threa/ of a!!ro8+ately $++ /a+eter' Plastc l+t s /enote/ *y & P ' $& L4)/ L+t6



















a /efnte ,ol)+e /,/e/ *y +ass of e4)al ,ol)+e of 5ater' In case of sols. s!ecfc gra,ty s the n)+*er of t+es the sol sol/s are hea,er than e4)al ,ol)+e of 5ater' Dfferent ty!es of sol ha,e /fferent s!ecfc gra,tes. general range for s!ecfc gra,ty of sols6

San/

%'3$7%'3>

Slt

%'3<7%'>

Clay an/ slty clay

%'3>7%'=

Organc sol

%'2





















loa/e/ loa/e/ sol' The shear strength of a sol s one of the +ost +!ortant +!ortant characterstcs' characterstcs' There are se,eral e8!er+ents e8!er+ents 5hch are )se/ to /eter+ne shear strength strength s)ch as DST or :CS etc' The shear resstance offere/ s +a/e )! of three !arts6 & The str)ct)ral resstance to the sol /s!lace+ent ca)se/ /)e to the sol !artcles gettng nterloc-e/.





































!.1

S&ope o% 3or7

The e8!er+ental 5or- conssts of the follo5ng ste!s6 #'

S!ec !ecf fcc gra gra, ,ty ty of of so sol

%'

Deter+ Deter+na nato ton n of sol sol n/e n/e8 8 !ro!e !ro!ert rtes es "Atte "Atter*e r*erg rg L+ L+ts& ts& &

L4) L4)/ / l+ l+tt *y *y Casa Casagr gran an/e /e??s a!!a a!!ara rat) t)ss



















16

So*+

The sol )se/ n ths st)/y 5as collecte/ fro+ ,llage sahne5al Dstrct L)/hana' The sa+!le 5as thoro)ghly o,en /re/. 5eghte/ an/ store/ n sac-s at roo+ te+!erat)re' The general !ro!ertes of the sol 5as thoro)ghly st)/e/ n the la*oratory' The sol 5as teste/ for l4)/ l+t. o!t+)+ +ost)re content. +a8+)+ /ry /ensty an/ )nconfne/ co+!resson



















!.!. !.!.1 1

Spe& Sp e&*% *%*& *& gra gra* *t t o% the the so* so*++

The s!ecfc gra,ty of sol )n/er n,estgaton 5as /eter+ne/ as !er stan/ar/ /ensty *ottle +etho/ an/ 5th )s)al test +etho/ !rescr*e/ !rescr*e/ n I'S' %>%2 "Part $& #=2' The !ycno+eter !ycno+eter 5as /re/ thoro)ghly thoro)ghly an/ 5eghte/ 5th ca! tghtly scre5e/ on' The ca! an/ !ycno+eter 5as +a/e 5th a ,ertcal lne !arallel to the a8s of the !ycno+eter so that





















The L4)/ l+t of the sol )n/er analyss 5as /eter+ne/ accor/ng to the stan/ar/



















Ip = WL - WP



















Ths test 5as !erfor+e/ as !er stan/ar/ !roce/)re la/ /o5n n I'S' %>%2 "Part >& #=3<'















































































































































































Soil Stablization Using Egg Shell Powder

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