Sociologia y Tendencias de Moda. Subculturas. Tribus urbanas.

Iojtki [zzakr jk Ailiaak

\ZTIBNMZ KJNK

\{dl{az{ti| \flbfafnåi r Zkojkolbi| jk Efji

KA P[OC Of pfjkef| kozkojkt ai bjkfafnåi \ztibnmz Kjnk |bo midait |fdtk ka p{oc! |{dl{az{ti jk ai l{ia ptfwbkok/

Ai l{az{ti p{oc pf|kk {o ftbnko di|ijf ko ai eø|bli pfp{ait r ai |bz{ilbüo |flbia r klfoüebli jk Bonaizktti i ﬉oiak| jk af| 70/ I ekjbijf| ekjbijf| jk af| >0 ai |flbkjij bonak|i iztiwk|idi {oi ltb|b| ptfg{oji r ktio e{lmf| af| hüwkok| af| y{k wkåio ai |bz{ilbüo lfef {oi |kùia jk of g{z{tf -af y{k kaaf| jkofeboitfo jk|ztfr! midaitâ eé| ijkaiozk jk k|zk zâtebof"/ \bz{ilbüo |flbia8 ai lb{jij jk Afojtk| g{k ka kpblkoztf jk {oi wktjijkti |bz{ilbüo iaiteiozk3 ai ltb|b| jka pkztüakf |{eiji i fztf| gilzftk| ztihktfo lfef tk|{azijf {oi bepftziozk jk|fl{pilbüo! ltklbktfo af| dittbf| pfdtk|! r ai giazi jk |fa{lbfok| ztiåio {o mftbxfozk okntf/ Ka |b|zkei bepfoåi {oi zkojkolbi jk ntiojk| k|lkoitbf|! jfojk k|ztkaai| pfp aakoi| jk a{lk|! wk|z{itbf| f|zkozf|f| r

lfoztizf| ebaafoitbf| |bedfabxidio {o k|zbaf jk wbji lfo ka y{k of |k bjkozb﬉lidio af| hüwkok|! y{k jåi i jåi |k |kozåio eitnboijf| pft ka |b|zkei/ I|å g{k lfef ai jb|ziolbi koztk ai ptfj{llbüo |flbia r ai tkiabjij |flbia i ai y{k |k kogtkozidio af| hüwkok| jk ai âpfli ftbnboü af o{oli iozk| lfoflbjf pft ai |flbkjij! ka p{oc/ Ka zâtebof p{oc8 k|zk zâtebof bonaâ| zbkok {o |bnob﬉lijf jk|pklzbwf y{k p{kjk witbit! ipabléojf|k i fdhkzf| -|bnob﬉liojf di|{ti" f i pkt|foi| -|bnob﬉liojf winf! jk|l{bjijf! di|{ti! k|lftbi! jk|ptklbidak///" Ka |k{jüobef p{oc g{k bep{k|zf pft pitzk jk af| eb|ef| pbfoktf| jka nâoktf! ri y{k lfo k|zi piaidti iditlidio lfepakziekozk ai beptk|büo y{k ai |flbkjij ij{azi pf|kåi |fdtk kaaf|/

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Ka akei ‑of g{z{tf― f ‑jk|ztfr―8

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Ai zkftåi jka of g{z{tf |{tnbü l{iojf af| nt{pf| jk hüwkok| wbktfo y{k |{ g{z{tf kti okntf! giazi jk kepakf! iazf| ptklbf| ko ai wbwbkoji r giazi jk fpftz{objijk| mblbktfo y{k |k tkdkaitio lfozti zfjf af k|zidaklbjf! i|å lfef ia g{z{tf bjkiab|zi y{k |k ak| ptfpfoåi/ \bepakekozk midåi nkozk y{k |k oknidi i |kn{bt ka k|zbaf jk wbji ptfp{k|zf/ E{lmf| hüwkok| lfekoxitfo i jkef|ztit y{k |{ e{ojf of zkoåi oiji y{k wkt lfo ka y{k ai| nkoktilbfok| iozktbftk| midåio |fùijf/ Zfjf| af| |åedfaf|! af| pitéekztf| k|zâzblf| r zfjf af y{k tkptk|koziti ai |flbkjij! y{kjidi ia fztf aijf jk ai wiaai y{k ai eb|ei tkiabjij ak| midåi bep{k|zf/ Ai l{k|zbüo kti jbgktkolbit|k jk k|k |b|zkei y{k af| midåi eitnboijf pft lfepakzf/ Ztio|ntk|bfok| wb|{iak|8 ai k|zâzbli p{oc d{|lidi tkm{bt jk zfji| ai| lfowkolbfok| ilkpziji|! pft af y{k af| p{oc| ijfpzitfo kakekozf| lfef lftzk| jk pkaf bozkolbfoiaekozk eia mklmf|! y{k iliditfo jktbwiojf ko ai| ltk|zi|! r zbozk| jk pkaf jk lfaftk| bo{|{iak|/ Dftlkn{åk| r tfpi ebabzit! ri y{k kti ai øobli illk|bdak pft ptfwkobt jk ai| tkek|i| jk zbkoji| ebabziti|! jk imå y{k jkofzitio {oi pf|blbüo iakhiji jka {züpblf |{kùf jk pix r ieft jk ai nkoktilbüo mbppbk r {oi ilzbz{j jk a{lmi lfozti af| pitéekztf| |flbiak|/ Ai i{zfe{zbailbüo lfo ﬉oiabjij k|zâzbli! pktgftilbfok| ko ekhbaai|! oitbx r ftkhi|

lfo bepktjbdak|! ptklkjbkojf jk {oi gftei ptbeitbi i ai efji jk af| pbktlbon| ko witbi| jâliji|/ K}mbdåio |åedfaf| oixb|! af| p{oc| jk ai ptbekti fakiji wk|zåio lfpbi| jk ai| lmiy{kzi| jk {obgftek| iakeiok| jk ai \kn{oji N{ktti E{ojbia -pft af jblmf iozktbftekozk"! eé| zitjk pftzitåio |faf ai| k|wé|zbli|3 ka {|f jk k|zf| |åedfaf| of tk|pfojåi i obon{oi bjkozb﬉lilbüo lfo ka oixb|ef! |bof |bepakekozk |k aakwidio piti ptfwflit! f ltkit jkdizk/ E{lmf| p{oc| k|ntbeåio koztk |{| iz{kojf| k|zf| |åedfaf|! pktf k|zidio e{r akhf| jk |bepizbxit lfo ai| bjki| oixb|/ Okntf|! h{jåf|! mbojøk| r zfjf zbpf jk boebntiozk| boebntiozk| ktio! piti af| nt{pf| okf oixb|! ai li{|i jk zfjf| af| eiak| |flbiak|3 af| p{oc|! i jbgktkolbi jk kaaf|! wkåio i k|zf| nt{pf| lfef lktliof| i ai li{|i p{oc! ri y{k jkdåio |fpftzit ziedbâo ai k}la{|büo r ai boh{|zblbi |flbia/ Jk mklmf! {o khkepaf jk k|zf| k| ai d{koi jb|pf|blbüo jka p{oc i k|l{lmit tknnik! eø|bli hieiblioi! ai øobli eø|bli tk|pkziji pft kaaf| eé| iaaé jk ai ptfpbi! jkef|ztiojf jk k|zk efjf y{k ka lfepfokozk tilb|zi hieé| k|z{wf ptk|kozk ko ai k|kolbi jka efwbebkozf/ EØ\BLI8 P[OC 9 K\ZIDAB\MEKOZ 08 ka p{oc ltklk r ai |flbkjij ri of p{kjk bnoftit af y{k k|zé pi|iojf! ko 92>7 \k} Pb|zfa| ﬉tei lfoztizf lfo KEB/ K|zf g{k {oi wktjijkti pitijfhi ri y{k {oi bepftziozk jb|lfntigåi jk eø|bli pfp! khkepaf jk k|zidab|mekoz! milk oknflbf|



















lfo ka mi|zi kozfolk| eé| wbt{akozf nt{pf jk ai k|lkoi p{oc/ Ka p{oc ﬉teidi |{ ilzi jk jkg{olbüo ko ka bo|ziozk y{k |k tklfoflk |{ oilbebkozf/ Pktf Hmfo Arjfo! pft kozfolk| Hmfo Tfzzko! wfx jk af| \k} Pb|zfa|! |idåi y{â milkt/ Ioitlmr aakni ia p{k|zf 94 ko |{ |keioi jk aioxiebkozf r KEB y{ktbkojf kwbzit ptfdakei| |ili jk lbtl{ailbüo ka jb|lf/ Af| \k} Pb|zfa| liab﬉lio jk baknia ai illbüo r iptfwklmio {oi lfogktkolbi jk ptko|i piti bo|{azit i Eblc Hinnkt r i Tfj \zk~itj/ Ka jbwftlbf ak lf|zü 4;/000 abdti| i KEB r ka tk|{azijf g{k laitf8 p{oc 9%k|zidab|mekoz 0/ Af| \k} Pb|zfa| g{ktfo ptfmbdbjf| ko li|b zfjf| af| a{nitk| jk ai nbti y{k midåio jb|p{k|zf pft ka piå|/ Ka p{oc |bn{k ltklbkojf |ftzkiojf zfjf zbpf jk lfoztfa! lt{xi O{kwi Rftc Rftc r jk iaaå ia tk|zf jk Oftzkieâtbli! lfo lfepfokozk| lfef af| Tiefok|! Zmk \zffnk|! EL%;/// Eé| zitjk ﬉teitfo lfo I'E! pktf lfo ka jb|lf Nfj \iwk Zmk Y{kko -liolbüo ko ai l{ia ka k|ztbdbaaf |k tk﬉ktk i ai Tkboi jk Bonaizktti8 of mir g{z{tf! of "! ab|zf piti jb|ztbd{lbüo mir g{z{tf piti zb

ai lfepiùåi jklbjk ptk|lbojbt jk kaaf| il{|éojfak| jk jk|ztfxit diùf|! bozkozf| jk wbfailbüo i |kltkzitbi| r pft izilit i jh|/ Ai tkiabjij g{k y{k fztf| itzb|zi| jka tflc laé|blf mblbktfo {oi iekoixiozk pkzblbüo ‑f of|fztf| f kaaf|―/ Zmk Lai|m8 Zmk Lai|m k| i af| Pb|zfa| af y{k g{ktio af| \zfok| i af| Dkizak|! {o pi|f eé| iaaé/ Iztiåio ekof| lmblf| ko d{|li jk pfnf -dibak wbfakozf litilzktå|zblf jka p{oc" r k|l{pbzihf|! r eé| bozkaklz{iak|/ Ptfpfoåio eé|! midaidio jk pfaåzbli! jk |fa{lbfok| g{z{ti|! jk tkwfa{lbüo r |fdtk zfjf jk illbüo/ Kti {oi n{kttbaai y{k kep{ùidi n{bzitti|/ Ijipzilbüo ia ektlijf8 ektlijf8 Jkk Jkk Tiefok! g{ojijft jk af| Tiefok|! jklåi y{k af| p{oc| dtbzéoblf| ktio {of| ieitnijf|! y{k liozidio liolbfok| |fdtk ka ptfdakei jk of zkokt ztidihf r k|f of pfjåi |kt e{r iakntk! y{k kaaf| ziedbâo k|zidio ko pitf l{iojf kepkxitfo r k|f of bepbjbü milkt liolbfok| jbwktzbji|/ Ko K|zijf| [objf| |k ak jbf {o a{nit ijkoztf ia p{oc! lfektlbiabxéojfaf! lfektlbiabxéojfaf! ebkozti| Ntio Dtkziùi af wkåi lfef {oi iekoixi! af| oftzkiek%

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tbli of| pi|i o af| nt{pf| {ojktntf{oj ia |b|zkei! io{aiojf ko lbktzf |kozbjf ai k|kolbi eb|ei jka efwbebkozf/ Jb|pkt|bfok|8 ian{of| |klzftk| jka efwbebkozf! izkozf| i ai| piaidti| y{k midaidio jk ai oklk|bjij jk {oi tkwfa{lbüo pkteiokozk! |üaf |idåio y{k ai lf|i jkdåi tijbliabxit|k |bkeptk {o pflf eé|! koztiojf i|å ko {oi k|pklbk jk k|pbtia jk lfoztfwkt|bi| y{k g{k jkgfteiojf ai k|kolbi p{oc milbi |üaf {o aijf jka i|{ozf/ Midåi y{k zkokt ai ltk|zi eé| iazi! ntbzit af| pkftk| bo|{azf| lfozti ka k|zidab|mekoz r nfapkit lfo fjbf piti |kt eé| p{oc/ Fdhkzbwf| jb|zbozf| k|zidio |iabkojf i ai a{x ptfwfliojf y{k pktjbkti |{ g{ktxi boblbia/ Iy{ka g{z{tf y{k zkeåio k|zidi imå! ka zbkepf midåi iwioxijf r iy{kaaf| hüwkok| y{k y{ktåio ka liedbf midåio lfttbjf ai eb|ei |{ktzk y{k af| iozktbftk|/ Ka p{oc |k g{k lfowbtzbkojf ko {oi nkoktilbüo y{k ri of d{|lidi ka liedbf! |bof |faf {of| l{iozf| boijipzijf|! ko |{ eirftåi jtfnijblzf| f lfo ptfdakei| akniak|/ Ka p{oc pktjbü

g{ktxi pktf of mir tkwfa{lbüo ian{oi y{k i |{ pi|f of jkhk lkobxi|/ Ka lfofflblzf p{oc%|cbomkij mbxf y{k i{ekoziti ai wbfakolbi/ Af| lidkxi tipiji akåio ka Ekbo Ciepg - Eb Eb A{lmi! pft Ijfag Mbzakt! abdtf k|ltbzf lfedboiojf kakekozf| i{zfdbfnté﬉lf| lfo {oi k}pf|blbüo jk bjki| jk lftzk tilb|zi" lfef |b |k ztiziti jk ai Dbdabi r af| p{oc| wkåio ko kaaf| k|k gi|lb|ef y{k ziozf lfedizbktfo lfedizbktfo r lfedizåio! ptfj{lbâojf|k i|å lfofflblzf| r pkaki|/ Gbaf|fgåi8 tklmixio af| jfnei|! r of d{|lit {oi øobli wktjij! |k ztizi jk l{k|zbfoit r ztio|ntkjbt zfjf af y{k tfjki i {of3 jk mktbt i ai |flbkjij y{k ak| mbtbü ko {o ptbolbpbf/ D{|lio of ilz{it lf og ft ek i ai | ef ji | r ai | eiobp{ailbfok| ekjbézbli|! ijkeé| jk k|zit zfziaekozk ko lfozti jka lfo|{eb|ef/ K|zâzbli8 |k bozkozidi ef|ztit {o y{bkdtk tijblia lfo ka k|zbaf jk ai i{zftbjij r k}ptk|it ia of k|zit jk il{ktjf lfo ai |flbkjij lfowkolbfoia! i|å lfef lfo af| k|zbnei| |flbiak|/ Ka p{oc ftbnboia of jidi k}pablilbfok| r d{|



















lidi bolfefjit i af k|zidaklbjf lmfliojf! fgkojbkojf! efak|ziojf! |bkojf |bkeptk ‑bepfaåzbliekozk lfttklzf― r af fp{k|zf ia eia n{|zf! ai eftia r ai ztijblbüo/ Ko {o ptbekt efekozf kti dé|bliekozk {oi |ktbk jk ilzbz{jk| jk jkntijilbüo k|zâzbli r e{|blia ip it kh ij i| i {o i |k tb k jk lfepftziebkozf| lfepftziebkozf| jk jb|lfogftebjij y{k |k g{ktfo ilkoz{iojf/ Jkdbjf ia litélzkt lfofflblzbwf r i wklk| wbfakozf jka p{oc! mio k}b|zbjf ian{of| nt{pf| y{k ko |{ eø|bli bola{rko {o eko|ihk f zti|gfojf jk lftzk {aztijktklmb|zi! i{oy{k ko nkoktia ka efwbebkozf |k jk﬉ok lfef lktliof i ai bxy{bktji/ \[DJBWB\BFO JKA P[OC! LIZKNFTÅI\8 Gtinekozilbüo jk bjkiak|8 i ekjbji y{k ka p{oc g{k nioiojf zkttbzftbf |fdtk ka e{ojf lfowbtzbâojf|k |bkeptk milbi ai| lf|z{edtk| jk ai| o{kwi| xfoi| ko y{k tk|bjåi |{ afliabxilbüo! g{k k}pktbekoziojf {oi gftxiji ijipzilbüo ia zkttkof jk|wbéojf|k jk |{ ekzi ptbolbpia8 k}ptk|it ka jk|lfozkozf lfo ai |flbkjij/ Af| liedbf| y{k |{gtbü ka nâoktf jbktfo a{nit i ai pâtjbji jk wiaftk| y{k af midåio aakwijf ia i{nk jk af| efwbebkozf| |flbiak|/ Ko l{iozf i af| |{dnt{pf| jkoztf jka p{oc! k|zf |k jkdk i y{k mfr ko jåi ri of k}b|zk tkiaekozk {oi lfolb|i jk﬉oblbüo jka p{oc! af y{k jktbwi ko ai ipitblbüo jk |{dnâoktf|! liji {of di|ijf ko {o étki jk ai eø|bli ijfpziji pft ka nt{pf p{oc lfef litilzktå|zbli/ EØ\BLI8 %Mitjlftk p{oc8 ﬉oiak| jk af| >0! eé| k}ztkei! eé| tépbji r eé| intk|bwi/ Kwfa{lbüo jk af| i|pklzf| eé| koâtnblf| jka p{oc/ Dioji| lfef8 Jkij Ckookjr|! Zmk Li|{iazbk| f Dij Dtibo|/ %Ekzialftk&Ekziamitjlftk&

Pf|z%P{oc8 |k litilzktbxü pft ai ztb|zkxi ko ai| akzti| r ka a{zf pft ka p{oc kolidkxijf pft ai gti|k ‑P{oc b| Jkij―/ Dioji| lfef Hfr Jbwb|bfo/ %\ci%p{oc8 lfedboijf lfo ka |ci! lfo bo|zt{ekozf| lfef ka |i}fgüo f ai ztfepkzi/ Dioji| lfef OFG]/ %P|rlmfdbaar8 ekxlai lfo ka tflc jka Tflcidbaar! liolbfok| jk af| iùf| ;0/ Dioji| lfef Zmk Ltiep|! Zmk Ekzkft|/ %P{oc%Pfp8 |{tnk ko K|zijf| [objf|! k| ka eé| iakhijf i ai boblbizbwi ftbnboitbi jka p{oc/ Dioji| lfef Ntkko Jir f Nffj Lmitafzzk/ ZKEÉZBLI8 %Ioitlf%p{oc8 koaixio lfo ptélzbli| ioity{b|zi|/ %Mfttft%p{oc8 tkailbfoijf| lfo pkaål{ai| pkaål{ai| jk zkttft r jk \ktbk%D r zfji ai beinko y{k ak| ilfepiùi! xfedbk|! wiepbtf|! k|y{kakzf|// Dioji| lfef Zmk Jb|zbaakt|/ %Nfzmbl%P{oc8 ekxlai lfo ka efwbebkozf k|zâzblf nüzblf/ Dioji| lfof IGB/ %\ztibnmz Kjnk8 of i ai| jtfni| r i giwft jka wknkzitbiob|ef/ w knkzitbiob|ef/ %\ztkkz%p{oc& Fb)8 tkailbfoijf lfo ai k|zâzbli \cbomkij r ka |bojbliab|ef/ K| ai tiei eé| jktklmi jka p{oc/ %\cizk%P{oc8 tkailbfoijf| lfo ai |{dl{az{ti jka |cizk/ %Y{kkt%P{oc8 tkailbfoijf lfo bozkntiozk| mfef|k}{iak|/

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BEÉNKOK\

Ka p{oc k|8 Ka p{oc k|8 ai k}ptk|büo pkt|foia jk ai |bon{aitbjij y{k ptfwbkok jk ai| k}pktbkolbi| jk ltklkt ko lfozilzf lfo o{k|zti midbabjij m{eioi piti tixfoit r paiozkit ptkn{ozi|/ Ka p{oc k|8 {o efwbebkozf y{k |btwk piti tkdizbt ilzbz{jk| |flbiak| y{k mio |bjf pktpkz{iji| i ztiwâ| jk ai jkabdktiji bnoftiolbi jk ai oiz{tiakxi m{eioi/ Ka p{oc k|8 {o ptflk|f jk l{k|zbfoit r jk lfeptfekzkt|k i ai lfeptko|büo! y{k tk|{azi ko ka ptfntk|f bojbwbj{ia! r pft tkj{ojiolbi! fflftk| jkoztf jk {oi kwfa{lbüo |flbia/ Ka p{oc k|8 ai ltkkolbi jk y{k k|zk e{ojf k| af y{k milkef| jk âa! ai wktjij ptfwbkok jk o{k|zti lfeptko|büo jk lüef |fo ai| lf|i|! of jka lbknf ipknf i güte{ai| ilktli jk lüef jkdktåio |kt/

Ka p{oc k|8 ai a{lmi lfo|ziozk lfozti ka ebkjf jk ai| tkpktl{|bfok| tkpktl{|bfok| |flbiak|/ Eiob﬉k|zf P{oc! pft Ntkn Ntig﬉o/





















\ZTIBNMZ KJNK -‑liebof tklzf―"

\]K -idtkwbilbüo" Ka ‑\ztibnmz Kjnk― zbkok |{ oilbebkozf i ﬉oiak| jk ai jâliji jk af| >0 ko î|mbonzfo! pitzbkojf jk ai dioji Zkko Bjak|! i{oy{k of |ktåi mi|zi ka oilbebkozf jk ai dioji Eboft Zmtkiz -lfo ebkedtf| iozktbftekozk ko Zkko Bjak| lfef |{ abjkt Bio Eilcirk" l{iojf |k zfeitåi k|zi ﬉af|fgåi lfo eé| |ktbkjij/ \{ ptbolbpbf dé|blf k| pitzblbpit ko ai |{dl{az{ti p{oc lfo {oi efzbwilbüo pf|bzbwi! {oi wbji |bo jtfni| jk obonøo zbpf piti pfjkt k|zit iaktzi ia e{ojf y{k of| tfjki/ \k pf|blbfoi lfozti ka k|zktkfzbpf jka tflcktf lktliof i ai| jtfni| r ai jk|efzbwilbüo/ Ka ofedtk wbkok jk ai liolbüo \ztibnmz Kjnk! jka nt{pf Eboft Zmtkiz/ /// |fr |fr {oi pkt|foi bn{ia y{k z{! pktf zkonf ekhftk| lf|i| y{k milkt y{k |kozitek pft imå r g{eit mbktdi! pft y{k |â y{k |fr lipix jk lfozbo{it! lfozbo{it! ek tåf i ai bjki jk lfekt pi|zbaai| ek tåf i ai bji jk i|pbtit pkniekozf! |bkeptk y{bktf k|zit iaktzit! iaktzit! of y{bktf zkokt y{k {|it e{akzi|! |bnf {o liebof tklzf/// tklzf///

\bedfafnåi8 i ﬉oiak| jk af| >0! [\I! î|mbonzfo JL! ai k|lkoi p{oc aflia kti eé| ntiojk y{k o{oli pktf lfo ka pi|f jka zbkepf e{lmf| p{oc| |k wfawbktfo jtfnijblzf|/ Ko af| lfolbktzf| ofteiak| |faf pfjåio pi|it pkt|foi| eirftk| jk 49 iùf| piti ptfzknkt i af| ekoftk| jk af| jiùf| jka id{|f jka ialfmfa/ Ko {o lfolbktzf af| bozkntiozk| jka nt{pf ktio ekoftk| jk 49 iùf| r |k ak| pbozü ko ai eiof {oi ] lfo tfz{aijft

|{| eiof| piti jkef|ztit |{ |fabjitbjij lfo af| lmbof| eé| hüwkok| r tklmixit ka ialfmfa r ai| jtfni| lfo kaaf|/ Ai zkeézbli |ztibnmz kjnk nbti ko zftof i kogfy{k| pf|bzbwf| |fdtk ai| l{iabjijk| jk ai h{wkoz{j! ai ieb|zij! ai |izb|gillbüo jk k|gftxit|k! ka idiojfof jk ai| jtfni| r ka ialfmfa ijkeé| jk ka zidilf3 pitzblbpio ko ka klfafnb|ef |flbia ekjbiozk ka wknkzitbiob|ef! r k|zéo ko lfozti jka |k}f ptfeb|l{f/ I af| bjkiak| abdtk| jk jtfni| |k ak |{eü ai abdktilbüo iobeia! jfojk |k ijy{btåi {o obwka |{pktbft jk lfo|bjktilbüo âzbli y{k iditliti af| bozktk|k| jk af| jkeé| iobeiak| of% m{eiof|/ I|å p{k|! ka |ztibnmz kjnk |{pfok ko lbktzf efjf {oi jk ai| lfo|fabjilbfok| jk k|zâzbli| r paiozkiebkozf| jkoztf jka p{oc jbtklziekozk kogflijf| milbi {oi wbji |ioi! bozkoziojf pfokt {o kogfy{k pf|bzbwf ko ai gt{|ztilbüo bogiozba/ K|zi lfttbkozk bozkozi lfoltkzit r p{abt ka |bnob﬉lijf jka p{oc lfef tkillbüo i k|zéojitk| |flbfl{az{tiak|/ \{pfok {oi dø|y{kji jk abdktzij bojbwbj{ia! ltåzblf lfo ai| lf|z{edtk| pkt|foiak| y{k p{kjko tkptk|kozit gftei| jk fptk|büo! d{|liojf |iabt|k jk af| k|zktkfzbpf| jk lfo|{ef lfe{oblilbüo lfe{oblilb üo k bozkoziojf bozkozi ojf wbwbt |ioiekozk ai l{az{ti p{oc/ Of |k mi jk lfog{ojbt lfo ka zâtebof oftzkiektbliof jt{n gtkk! ri y{k k| {o zâtebof y{k |k ipablio ian{oi| pkt|foi| y{k g{eio r dkdko pktf of lfo|{eko jtfni| bakniak| lfef ai lfliåoi! ka |pkkj

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Iojtki [zzakr jk Ailiaak

\ZTIBNMZ KJNK

\{dl{az{ti| \flbfafnåi r Zkojkolbi| jk Efji

KA P[OC Of pfjkef| kozkojkt ai bjkfafnåi \ztibnmz Kjnk |bo midait |fdtk ka p{oc! |{dl{az{ti jk ai l{ia ptfwbkok/

Ai l{az{ti p{oc pf|kk {o ftbnko di|ijf ko ai eø|bli pfp{ait r ai |bz{ilbüo |flbia r klfoüebli jk Bonaizktti i ﬉oiak| jk af| 70/ I ekjbijf| ekjbijf| jk af| >0 ai |flbkjij bonak|i iztiwk|idi {oi ltb|b| ptfg{oji r ktio e{lmf| af| hüwkok| af| y{k wkåio ai |bz{ilbüo lfef {oi |kùia jk

lfoztizf| ebaafoitbf| |bedfabxidio {o k|zbaf jk wbji lfo ka y{k of |k bjkozb﬉lidio af| hüwkok|! y{k jåi i jåi |k |kozåio eitnboijf| pft ka |b|zkei/ I|å g{k lfef ai jb|ziolbi koztk ai ptfj{llbüo |flbia r ai tkiabjij |flbia i ai y{k |k kogtkozidio af| hüwkok| jk ai



















Ka akei ‑of g{z{tf― f ‑jk|ztfr―8

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Ai zkftåi jka of g{z{tf |{tnbü l{iojf af| nt{pf| jk hüwkok| wbktfo y{k |{ g{z{tf kti okntf! giazi jk kepakf! iazf| ptklbf| ko ai wbwbkoji r giazi jk fpftz{objijk| mblbktfo y{k |k tkdkaitio lfozti zfjf af k|zidaklbjf! i|å lfef ia g{z{tf bjkiab|zi y{k |k ak| ptfpfoåi/ \bepakekozk midåi nkozk y{k |k oknidi i |kn{bt ka k|zbaf jk wbji ptfp{k|zf/ E{lmf| hüwkok| lfekoxitfo i jkef|ztit y{k |{ e{ojf of zkoåi oiji y{k wkt lfo ka y{k ai| nkoktilbfok| iozktbftk| midåio |fùijf/ Zfjf| af| |åedfaf|! af| pitéekztf| k|zâzblf| r zfjf af y{k tkptk|koziti ai |flbkjij! y{kjidi ia fztf aijf jk ai wiaai y{k ai eb|ei tkiabjij ak| midåi bep{k|zf/ Ai l{k|zbüo kti jbgktkolbit|k jk k|k |b|zkei y{k af| midåi eitnboijf pft lfepakzf/ Ztio|ntk|bfok| wb|{iak|8 ai k|zâzbli p{oc d{|lidi tkm{bt jk zfji| ai| lfowkolbfok| ilkpziji|! pft af y{k af| p{oc| ijfpzitfo kakekozf| lfef lftzk| jk pkaf bozkolbfoiaekozk eia mklmf|! y{k iliditfo jktbwiojf ko ai| ltk|zi|! r zbozk| jk pkaf jk lfaftk| bo{|{iak|/ Dftlkn{åk| r tfpi ebabzit! ri y{k kti ai øobli illk|bdak pft ptfwkobt jk ai| tkek|i| jk zbkoji| ebabziti|! jk imå y{k jkofzitio {oi pf|blbüo iakhiji jka {züpblf |{kùf jk pix r ieft jk ai nkoktilbüo mbppbk r {oi ilzbz{j jk a{lmi lfozti af| pitéekztf| |flbiak|/ Ai i{zfe{zbailbüo lfo ﬉oiabjij k|zâzbli! pktgftilbfok| ko ekhbaai|! oitbx r ftkhi|

lfo bepktjbdak|! ptklkjbkojf jk {oi gftei ptbeitbi i ai efji jk af| pbktlbon| ko witbi| jâliji|/ K}mbdåio |åedfaf| oixb|! af| p{oc| jk ai ptbekti fakiji wk|zåio lfpbi| jk ai| lmiy{kzi| jk {obgftek| iakeiok| jk ai \kn{oji N{ktti E{ojbia -pft af jblmf iozktbftekozk"! eé| zitjk pftzitåio |faf ai| k|wé|zbli|3 ka {|f jk k|zf| |åedfaf| of tk|pfojåi i obon{oi bjkozb﬉lilbüo lfo ka oixb|ef! |bof |bepakekozk |k aakwidio piti ptfwflit! f ltkit jkdizk/ E{lmf| p{oc| k|ntbeåio koztk |{| iz{kojf| k|zf| |åedfaf|! pktf k|zidio e{r akhf| jk |bepizbxit lfo ai| bjki| oixb|/ Okntf|! h{jåf|! mbojøk| r zfjf zbpf jk boebntiozk| boebntiozk| ktio! piti af| nt{pf| okf oixb|! ai li{|i jk zfjf| af| eiak| |flbiak|3 af| p{oc|! i jbgktkolbi jk kaaf|! wkåio i k|zf| nt{pf| lfef lktliof| i ai li{|i p{oc! ri y{k jkdåio |fpftzit ziedbâo ai k}la{|büo r ai boh{|zblbi |flbia/ Jk mklmf! {o khkepaf jk k|zf| k| ai d{koi jb|pf|blbüo jka p{oc i k|l{lmit tknnik! eø|bli hieiblioi! ai øobli eø|bli tk|pkziji pft kaaf| eé| iaaé jk ai ptfpbi! jkef|ztiojf jk k|zk efjf y{k ka lfepfokozk tilb|zi hieé| k|z{wf ptk|kozk ko ai k|kolbi jka efwbebkozf/ EØ\BLI8 P[OC 9 K\ZIDAB\MEKOZ 08 ka p{oc ltklk r ai |flbkjij ri of p{kjk bnoftit af y{k k|zé pi|iojf! ko 92>7 \k} Pb|zfa| ﬉tei lfoztizf lfo KEB/ K|zf g{k {oi wktjijkti pitijfhi ri y{k {oi bepftziozk jb|lfntigåi jk eø|bli pfp! khkepaf jk k|zidab|mekoz! milk oknflbf|



















lfo ka mi|zi kozfolk| eé| wbt{akozf nt{pf jk ai k|lkoi p{oc/ Ka p{oc ﬉teidi |{ ilzi jk jkg{olbüo ko ka bo|ziozk y{k |k tklfoflk |{ oilbebkozf/ Pktf Hmfo Arjfo! pft kozfolk| Hmfo Tfzzko! wfx jk af| \k} Pb|zfa|! |idåi y{â milkt/ Ioitlmr aakni ia p{k|zf 94 ko |{ |keioi jk aioxiebkozf r KEB y{ktbkojf kwbzit ptfdakei| |ili jk lbtl{ailbüo ka jb|lf/ Af| \k} Pb|zfa| liab﬉lio jk baknia ai illbüo r iptfwklmio {oi lfogktkolbi jk ptko|i piti bo|{azit i Eblc Hinnkt r i Tfj \zk~itj/ Ka jbwftlbf ak lf|zü 4;/000 abdti| i KEB r ka tk|{azijf g{k laitf8 p{oc 9%k|zidab|mekoz 0/ Af| \k} Pb|zfa| g{ktfo ptfmbdbjf| ko li|b zfjf| af| a{nitk| jk ai nbti y{k midåio jb|p{k|zf pft ka piå|/ Ka p{oc |bn{k ltklbkojf |ftzkiojf zfjf zbpf jk lfoztfa! lt{xi O{kwi Rftc Rftc r jk iaaå ia tk|zf jk Oftzkieâtbli! lfo lfepfokozk| lfef af| Tiefok|! Zmk \zffnk|! EL%;/// Eé| zitjk ﬉teitfo lfo I'E! pktf lfo ka jb|lf Nfj \iwk Zmk Y{kko -liolbüo ko ai l{ia ka k|ztbdbaaf |k tk﬉ktk i ai Tkboi jk Bonaizktti8 of mir g{z{tf! of "! ab|zf piti jb|ztbd{lbüo mir g{z{tf piti zb

ai lfepiùåi jklbjk ptk|lbojbt jk kaaf| il{|éojfak| jk jk|ztfxit diùf|! bozkozf| jk wbfailbüo i |kltkzitbi| r pft izilit i jh|/ Ai tkiabjij g{k y{k fztf| itzb|zi| jka tflc laé|blf mblbktfo {oi iekoixiozk pkzblbüo ‑f of|fztf| f kaaf|―/ Zmk Lai|m8 Zmk Lai|m k| i af| Pb|zfa| af y{k g{ktio af| \zfok| i af| Dkizak|! {o pi|f eé| iaaé/ Iztiåio ekof| lmblf| ko d{|li jk pfnf -dibak wbfakozf litilzktå|zblf jka p{oc" r k|l{pbzihf|! r eé| bozkaklz{iak|/ Ptfpfoåio eé|! midaidio jk pfaåzbli! jk |fa{lbfok| g{z{ti|! jk tkwfa{lbüo r |fdtk zfjf jk illbüo/ Kti {oi n{kttbaai y{k kep{ùidi n{bzitti|/ Ijipzilbüo ia ektlijf8 ektlijf8 Jkk Jkk Tiefok! g{ojijft jk af| Tiefok|! jklåi y{k af| p{oc| dtbzéoblf| ktio {of| ieitnijf|! y{k liozidio liolbfok| |fdtk ka ptfdakei jk of zkokt ztidihf r k|f of pfjåi |kt e{r iakntk! y{k kaaf| ziedbâo k|zidio ko pitf l{iojf kepkxitfo r k|f of bepbjbü milkt liolbfok| jbwktzbji|/ Ko K|zijf| [objf| |k ak jbf {o a{nit ijkoztf ia p{oc! lfektlbiabxéojfaf! lfektlbiabxéojfaf! ebkozti| Ntio Dtkziùi af wkåi lfef {oi iekoixi! af| oftzkiek%

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tbli of| pi|i o af| nt{pf| {ojktntf{oj ia |b|zkei! io{aiojf ko lbktzf |kozbjf ai k|kolbi eb|ei jka efwbebkozf/ Jb|pkt|bfok|8 ian{of| |klzftk| jka efwbebkozf! izkozf| i ai| piaidti| y{k midaidio jk ai oklk|bjij jk {oi tkwfa{lbüo pkteiokozk! |üaf |idåio y{k ai lf|i jkdåi tijbliabxit|k |bkeptk {o pflf eé|! koztiojf i|å ko {oi k|pklbk jk k|pbtia jk lfoztfwkt|bi| y{k g{k jkgfteiojf ai k|kolbi p{oc milbi |üaf {o aijf jka i|{ozf/ Midåi y{k zkokt ai ltk|zi eé| iazi! ntbzit af| pkftk| bo|{azf| lfozti ka k|zidab|mekoz r nfapkit lfo fjbf piti |kt eé| p{oc/ Fdhkzbwf| jb|zbozf| k|zidio |iabkojf i ai a{x ptfwfliojf y{k pktjbkti |{ g{ktxi boblbia/ Iy{ka g{z{tf y{k zkeåio k|zidi imå! ka zbkepf midåi iwioxijf r iy{kaaf| hüwkok| y{k y{ktåio ka liedbf midåio lfttbjf ai eb|ei |{ktzk y{k af| iozktbftk|/ Ka p{oc |k g{k lfowbtzbkojf ko {oi nkoktilbüo y{k ri of d{|lidi ka liedbf! |bof |faf {of| l{iozf| boijipzijf|! ko |{ eirftåi jtfnijblzf| f lfo ptfdakei| akniak|/ Ka p{oc pktjbü

g{ktxi pktf of mir tkwfa{lbüo ian{oi y{k i |{ pi|f of jkhk lkobxi|/ Ka lfofflblzf p{oc%|cbomkij mbxf y{k i{ekoziti ai wbfakolbi/ Af| lidkxi tipiji akåio ka Ekbo Ciepg - Eb Eb A{lmi! pft Ijfag Mbzakt! abdtf k|ltbzf lfedboiojf kakekozf| i{zfdbfnté﬉lf| lfo {oi k}pf|blbüo jk bjki| jk lftzk tilb|zi" lfef |b |k ztiziti jk ai Dbdabi r af| p{oc| wkåio ko kaaf| k|k gi|lb|ef y{k ziozf lfedizbktfo lfedizbktfo r lfedizåio! ptfj{lbâojf|k i|å lfofflblzf| r pkaki|/ Gbaf|fgåi8 tklmixio af| jfnei|! r of d{|lit {oi øobli wktjij! |k ztizi jk l{k|zbfoit r ztio|ntkjbt zfjf af y{k tfjki i {of3 jk mktbt i ai |flbkjij y{k ak| mbtbü ko {o ptbolbpbf/ D{|lio of ilz{it lf og ft ek i ai | ef ji | r ai | eiobp{ailbfok| ekjbézbli|! ijkeé| jk k|zit zfziaekozk ko lfozti jka lfo|{eb|ef/ K|zâzbli8 |k bozkozidi ef|ztit {o y{bkdtk tijblia lfo ka k|zbaf jk ai i{zftbjij r k}ptk|it ia of k|zit jk il{ktjf lfo ai |flbkjij lfowkolbfoia! i|å lfef lfo af| k|zbnei| |flbiak|/ Ka p{oc ftbnboia of jidi k}pablilbfok| r d{|





















lidi bolfefjit i af k|zidaklbjf lmfliojf! fgkojbkojf! efak|ziojf! |bkojf |bkeptk ‑bepfaåzbliekozk lfttklzf― r af fp{k|zf ia eia n{|zf! ai eftia r ai ztijblbüo/ Ko {o ptbekt efekozf kti dé|bliekozk {oi |ktbk jk ilzbz{jk| jk jkntijilbüo k|zâzbli r e{|blia ip it kh ij i| i {o i |k tb k jk lfepftziebkozf| lfepftziebkozf| jk jb|lfogftebjij y{k |k g{ktfo ilkoz{iojf/ Jkdbjf ia litélzkt lfofflblzbwf r i wklk| wbfakozf jka p{oc! mio k}b|zbjf ian{of| nt{pf| y{k ko |{ eø|bli bola{rko {o eko|ihk f zti|gfojf jk lftzk {aztijktklmb|zi! i{oy{k ko nkoktia ka efwbebkozf |k jk﬉ok lfef lktliof i ai bxy{bktji/ \[DJBWB\BFO JKA P[OC! LIZKNFTÅI\8 Gtinekozilbüo jk bjkiak|8 i ekjbji y{k ka p{oc g{k nioiojf zkttbzftbf |fdtk ka e{ojf lfowbtzbâojf|k |bkeptk milbi ai| lf|z{edtk| jk ai| o{kwi| xfoi| ko y{k tk|bjåi |{ afliabxilbüo! g{k k}pktbekoziojf {oi gftxiji ijipzilbüo ia zkttkof jk|wbéojf|k jk |{ ekzi ptbolbpia8 k}ptk|it ka jk|lfozkozf lfo ai |flbkjij/ Af| liedbf| y{k |{gtbü ka

Pf|z%P{oc8 |k litilzktbxü pft ai ztb|zkxi ko ai| akzti| r ka a{zf pft ka p{oc kolidkxijf pft ai gti|k ‑P{oc b| Jkij―/ Dioji| lfef Hfr Jbwb|bfo/ %\ci%p{oc8 lfedboijf lfo ka |ci! lfo bo|zt{ekozf| lfef ka |i}fgüo f ai ztfepkzi/ Dioji| lfef OFG]/ %P|rlmfdbaar8 ekxlai lfo ka tflc jka Tflcidbaar! liolbfok| jk af| iùf| ;0/ Dioji| lfef Zmk Ltiep|! Zmk Ekzkft|/ %P{oc%Pfp8 |{tnk ko K|zijf| [objf|! k| ka eé| iakhijf i ai boblbizbwi ftbnboitbi jka p{oc/ Dioji| lfef Ntkko Jir f Nffj Lmitafzzk/ ZKEÉZBLI8 %Ioitlf%p{oc8 koaixio lfo ptélzbli| ioity{b|zi|/ %Mfttft%p{oc8 tkailbfoijf| lfo pkaål{ai| pkaål{ai| jk zkttft r jk \ktbk%D r zfji ai beinko y{k ak| ilfepiùi! xfedbk|! wiepbtf|! k|y{kakzf|// Dioji| lfef Zmk Jb|zbaakt|/ %Nfzmbl%P{oc8 ekxlai lfo ka efwbebkozf k|zâzblf nüzblf/ Dioji| lfof IGB/ %\ztibnmz Kjnk8 of i ai| jtfni| r i giwft jka wknkzitbiob|ef/ w knkzitbiob|ef/ %\ztkkz%p{oc& Fb)8 tkailbfoijf lfo ai

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Ka p{oc k|8 Ka p{oc k|8 ai k}ptk|büo pkt|foia jk ai |bon{aitbjij y{k ptfwbkok jk ai| k}pktbkolbi| jk ltklkt ko lfozilzf lfo o{k|zti midbabjij m{eioi piti tixfoit r paiozkit ptkn{ozi|/ Ka p{oc k|8 {o efwbebkozf y{k |btwk piti tkdizbt ilzbz{jk| |flbiak| y{k mio |bjf pktpkz{iji| i ztiwâ| jk ai jkabdktiji bnoftiolbi jk ai oiz{tiakxi m{eioi/ Ka p{oc k|8 {o ptflk|f jk l{k|zbfoit r jk lfeptfekzkt|k i ai lfeptko|büo! y{k tk|{azi ko ka ptfntk|f bojbwbj{ia! r pft tkj{ojiolbi! fflftk| jkoztf jk {oi kwfa{lbüo |flbia/ Ka p{oc k|8 ai ltkkolbi jk y{k k|zk e{ojf k| af y{k milkef| jk âa! ai wktjij ptfwbkok jk o{k|zti lfeptko|büo jk lüef |fo ai| lf|i|! of jka lbknf ipknf i güte{ai| ilktli jk lüef jkdktåio |kt/

Ka p{oc k|8 ai a{lmi lfo|ziozk lfozti ka ebkjf jk ai| tkpktl{|bfok| tkpktl{|bfok| |flbiak|/ Eiob﬉k|zf P{oc! pft Ntkn Ntig﬉o/



















\ZTIBNMZ KJNK -‑liebof tklzf―"

\]K -idtkwbilbüo" Ka ‑\ztibnmz Kjnk― zbkok |{ oilbebkozf i ﬉oiak| jk ai jâliji jk af| >0 ko î|mbonzfo! pitzbkojf jk ai dioji Zkko Bjak|! i{oy{k of |ktåi mi|zi ka oilbebkozf jk ai dioji Eboft Zmtkiz -lfo ebkedtf| iozktbftekozk ko Zkko Bjak| lfef |{ abjkt Bio Eilcirk" l{iojf |k zfeitåi k|zi ﬉af|fgåi lfo eé| |ktbkjij/ \{ ptbolbpbf dé|blf k| pitzblbpit ko ai |{dl{az{ti p{oc lfo {oi efzbwilbüo pf|bzbwi! {oi wbji |bo jtfni| jk obonøo zbpf piti pfjkt k|zit iaktzi ia e{ojf y{k of| tfjki/ \k pf|blbfoi lfozti ka k|zktkfzbpf jka tflcktf lktliof i ai| jtfni| r ai jk|efzbwilbüo/ Ka ofedtk wbkok jk ai liolbüo \ztibnmz Kjnk! jka nt{pf Eboft Zmtkiz/ /// |fr |fr {oi pkt|foi bn{ia y{k z{! pktf zkonf ekhftk| lf|i| y{k milkt y{k |kozitek pft imå r g{eit mbktdi! pft y{k |â y{k |fr lipix jk lfozbo{it! lfozbo{it! ek tåf i ai bjki jk lfekt pi|zbaai| ek tåf i ai bji jk i|pbtit pkniekozf! |bkeptk y{bktf k|zit iaktzit! iaktzit! of y{bktf zkokt y{k {|it e{akzi|! |bnf {o liebof tklzf/// tklzf///

\bedfafnåi8 i ﬉oiak| jk af| >0! [\I! î|mbonzfo JL! ai k|lkoi p{oc

|{| eiof| piti jkef|ztit |{ |fabjitbjij lfo af| lmbof| eé| hüwkok| r tklmixit ka ialfmfa r ai| jtfni| lfo kaaf|/ Ai zkeézbli |ztibnmz kjnk nbti ko zftof i kogfy{k| pf|bzbwf| |fdtk ai| l{iabjijk| jk ai h{wkoz{j! ai ieb|zij! ai |izb|gillbüo jk k|gftxit|k! ka idiojfof jk ai| jtfni| r ka ialfmfa ijkeé| jk ka zidilf3 pitzblbpio ko ka klfafnb|ef |flbia ekjbiozk ka wknkzitbiob|ef! r k|zéo ko lfozti jka |k}f ptfeb|l{f/ I af| bjkiak| abdtk| jk jtfni| |k ak |{eü ai abdktilbüo iobeia! jfojk |k ijy{btåi {o obwka |{pktbft jk lfo|bjktilbüo âzbli y{k iditliti af| bozktk|k| jk af| jkeé| iobeiak| of% m{eiof|/ I|å p{k|! ka |ztibnmz kjnk |{pfok ko lbktzf efjf {oi jk ai| lfo|fabjilbfok| jk k|zâzbli| r paiozkiebkozf| jkoztf jka p{oc jbtklziekozk kogflijf| milbi {oi wbji |ioi! bozkoziojf pfokt {o kogfy{k pf|bzbwf ko ai gt{|ztilbüo bogiozba/ K|zi lfttbkozk bozkozi lfoltkzit r p{abt ka |bnob﬉lijf jka p{oc lfef tkillbüo i k|zéojitk| |flbfl{az{tiak|/ \{pfok {oi dø|y{kji jk abdktzij bojbwbj{ia! ltåzblf lfo ai| lf|z{edtk| pkt|foiak| y{k

BEÉNKOK\





































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Y{kko! Y{kko BB r \mkkt Mkitz Izzilc









































Ka ‑Naie Tflc― ko ai pi|itkai/

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Af| Ntki|kt| |fo {oi |{dl{az{ti y{k oilbü ko af| iùf| ;0 ko af| KK[[/ Af| y{k pktzkoklåio i kaai ktio lmblf| hüwkok| jk lai|k ztidihijfti k|zijf{objko|k|! |fdtkzfjf mb|piof| r k{tfpkf| -ai eirftåi bziabiof|" |bz{ijf| ko Oftzkieâtbli/ KK[[ wbf {oi tkwfa{lbüo l{az{tia bep{a|iji pft ka tépbjf jk|ittfaaf boj{|ztbia r ka lfo|kl{kozk gkoüekof jk lfo|{eb|ef/ Midåi ilidijf ai \kn{oji N{ktti E{ojbia tklbkozkekozk r ka pioftiei ptfpblbü ka oilbebkozf jk o{kwi| dioji|! |fdtk zfjf pft ka ntio tkw{kaf y{k wbwåi ai h{wkoz{j jk ai âpfli/ Ai lai|k ztidihijfti hfwko i{ekozü jk gftei il{|iji r |k wbf























Ktio i{zftk| jk lfogablzf|! wiojiab|ef r wbfakolbi/ Ia |kt jk lai|k| dihi| r tkp{jbijf| pft ai| lai|k| eé| iazi|! kaaf| tk|pfojåio jk k|zi gftei piti milkt|k wkt3 pktf |bo obon{oi lfoofzilbüo pfaåzbli/ [zbabxidio nti|i| f gbhijftk| piti efajkit |{ lidkaaf -nfeboi! lkti! dkzøo! ilkbzk eboktia"/ Af| k|zbaf| y{k ijfpzidio ktio ka pfepijf{t -zbpf jk pkboijf y{k |k litilzktbxi pft ai ltkilbüo jk {o z{pâ iazf r y{k zfei |{ ofedtk jk ai itb|zültizi r ieiozk jk A{b| ]W jk Gtiolbi! Eijiek jk Pfepijf{t"! Pfepijf{t"! ka z{pâ! ka kakpmioz zt{oc -ztfepi jk kakgiozk" ! ka |ablc dilc -pkaf pknijf i af| aijf|"! ka hkaar tfr -dtixf jk nbziof" r ka gafp3 zfjf| kaaf| pkboijf|























Piti wk|zbt|k {zbabxidio af| hkio| ix{ak| Akwb| ittkeionijf|! pkzf jk ztidihf! pioziaüo jk wk|zbt lfaft liy{b! lieb|i| lfo eioni| jfdaiji| r dfzi| jk ztidihf f jk efzflblab|zi/ I wklk| aakwidio dfboi|! più{kaf|! litzkti| jk lijkoi f lixijfti| jk l{ktf okntf -zåpbli| ko ai| littkti| jk lflmk| f efzf|"/ Wk|zåio i|å pfty{k kti ai tfpi y{k pfjåio ijy{btbt lfo |{ obwka klfoüeblf dihf3 af| efof|! ai| dfzi| r ai nti|i y{k i wklk| ptk|kozidio |{| tfpihk| |k jkdåio i |{| ztidihf|! e{lmf| jk kaaf| ztidihidio ko ziaaktk| ekléoblf|/

























litilzktbxio pft |{ ieft ia efzft! i af| lflmk| r efzf| laé|bli|! r i ai eø|bli

























gtkl{kozk| r piti nioit oklk|bzidio zkokt ka ekhft lflmk pf|bdak! pft kaaf

























Ko ka lbok jk|zilitfo ilzftk| lfef8

























iolaijf| ko Oftzkieâtbli/ Jk|p{â| jk ai| efjbgblilbfok| jk ai Akr jk

























































































































































































































































































































































































































































P B O% [P Ka k|zbaf pbo%{p! k| {o k|zbaf y{k jktbwü jktbwü jk ai| ba{|ztilbfok| jk af| liakojitbf| ko ai âpfli jk af| iùf| <0/ K|zi gftei jk wbji y{k ijy{btbktfo witbi| e{hktk| z{wf |{ i{nk ko af| iùf| ;0 jfojk ka k|zbaf kwfa{lbfoü jk|jk {o ftbnko pblzütblf ptflkjkozk jk ai beinboilbüo jk af| mfedtk| i {oi gftei jk wk|zbt r ilz{it/ Ai e{hkt pbo%{p! |bn{k {o piztüo jkgbobjf/ \k ztizi jk e{hktk| dfobzi| r |ko|{iak|! ofteiaekozk pai|eiji| ko |bz{ilbfok| lfeptfekzbji| y{k jk|zbaio ktfzb|ef k bonko{bjij/ Ai jk|o{jkx of k| {o tky{b|bzf! |{ koliozf tk|bjk ko ai| pf|k| r ko ai bozkolbfoiabjij jk |{ ebtiji! ko k|i giaji y{k ko|kùi af h{|zf ipfriji ko ai beinboilbüo/ Tkliziji| ko |{| lfebkoxf r ei| jk|zipiji| ia gboia! |bkeptk bo|bo{iozk|! ai| Pbo%{p| tkwfa{lbfoitfo ka lfolkpzf jk dkaakxi r |k}{iabjij! ftbnboiojf i|å ka ipkaizbwf lmkk|klick tkgktbjf i ai k}ptk|büo! .. k|zé eé| d{koi y{k {oi zitzi jk y{k|f../ K\ZBAF R LITILZKTÅ\ZBLI\

Ka k|zbaf jk ai| Pbo%{p| |k jkgbok pft {o ptkjfebobf jk ai| l{twi|! pklmf id{ojizk! e{|af| ptfebokozk|! |mftz| jk zbtf iazf! ebob%giaji|! lftpbùf|! pkaf foj{aijf pft af| mfedtk|! pk|ziùi| aitni|! lkhi| eitliji| eitliji| r aidbf| tfhf|/ Ziedbâo jk jkgboko pft {|it aixf| ko ka pkaf r ko ai tfpi jiojf k|k zfy{k jk bonko{bjij k bogiozba/ Ai| l{twi| zbkoko ntio bepftziolbi ko ai e{hkt Pbo%{p ri y{k k|zf jke{k|zti {oi e{hkt |ioi r |ia{jidak jiojf i|å {o i|pklzf intijidak milbi ka mfedtk/ AI\ PBO%[P\ KO AI N[KTTI

I af aitnf jk af| iùf| ai| lmbli| pbo%{p| pi|itfo jk |kt |bepak| ba{|ztilbfok| i e{hktk| jk litok r m{k|f pai|eiji| ko gfzfntigåi| r ko ka lbok/ Jkdbjf i |{ ntio kwfa{lbüo r i ai tkpktl{|büo y{k z{wbktfo ko ai p{dablbjij k|zi| e{hktk| g{ktfo {of jk af| blfof| piti iobeit i af| |fajijf| jk ai n{ktti/ L{iojf |{tnbü ai n{ktti ai| pbo%{p| ri k|zidio ko zfji lai|k jk io{olbf|! piogakzf|! liakojitbf| !kzl/ Â|zi| e{hktk| ktio ka k|påtbz{ iektbliof y{k ir{jidi i af| |fajijf| i



















e{hktk| lfef kaai ak| k|pktidi ko li|i r y{k pft k|f zkobio y{k a{lmit/ OF\K%ITZ

K|zk zbpf jk itzk |{tnk jk af| |fajijf| y{k pbozidio |{| iwbfok| lfo lmbli| pbo%{p of |üaf piti tklftjit i ai| e{hktk| dfobzi| y{k ak| k|pktidio ko |{ piå| |b of ziedbâo piti jkef|ztit ia piå| kokebnf y{k ktio {o piå| zio g{ktzk r tblf y{k |k pfjåio pktebzbt pbozit |{| iwbfok|/ BA[\ZTIJFTK\ LAÉ\BLF\

Iadktzf Witni| Nkftnk Pkzzr Zkj ^bzmkt|/ ^bzmkt |/ EFJKAF\ PBO%[P

Iobzi Pink Dkzzr Lfep|fo Ntkzi Nitdf Eitakok Jbkztblm Jfaftk| jka Tbf Nbonkt Tfnkt| Zkaei Zfjj \fpmbi Aftko Liojr Ditt Littfa Dickt Dtbnbzzk Ditjfz Eitbaro Efotfk Dkzzr Pink MFEDTK\ PBO%[P

Ko ai jâliji jk af| ;0 ziedbâo |{tnbktfo af| mfedtk| Pbo%{p f ziedbâo jkofeboijijf| jkofeboijijf| af| mfedtk| dkkglick/ K|zf| mfedtk| ktio ilzftk| r lioziozk| gief|f| y{k pf|idio jk|o{jf| f |keb% jk|o{jf| iozk ai| léeiti| piti pkaål{ai| f io{olbf| jk tfpi bozktbft/ Af| lmblf| dkkglick zkoåio {oi iztilzbwf |k}{ia r {o ntio l{ktpf y{k ak| milbi ipitklkt ko e{lmi| jk ai| tkwb|zi| jfojk iozk| ipitklåio e{hktk|/ Ai kjij jk ftf jk af| dkkglick |k lkozti ko af| iùf| >0 jfojk zti| ai ntio ilkpzilbüo jka Pairdfr koztk af| mfedtk|! ipitklk ka Pairnbta/ K|zi tkwb|zi |{tnbü piti |kt lfeptiji pft e{hktk| pktf ia lidf jk af| iùf| ilidü |bkojf {oi tkwb|zi lfo {o labkozk mfef|k}{ia/ I k|zi tkwb|zi ak |bn{k ai ipktz{ti jka Lf|efpfabzio r eé| ijkaiozk jk ai gief|i Lkozktgfaj|/ Af| mfedtk| Pbo%{p| eé| gief|f| ktio8 Wblzft Eiz{tk N{r Eijb|fo



















AI\ LMBLI\ PBO%[P R KA PFTOF Ai| e{hktk| Pbo%{p kepkxitfo lfo k|k zfy{k jk j{ax{ti k bonko{bjij y{k |k ak| fzftnidi piti milktai| i{o eé| boflkozk| k bogiozbak| pktf jkdbjf ia id{|f jk |{ beinko ko ai ekjbézbli! ai k|zâzbli Pbo%{p g{k kwfa{lbfoiojf mi|zi aaknit i {oi e{hkt |kn{ti jk |å eb|ei r lfo {o l{ktpf k|pklzil{ait k|pklzil{ait y{k of zkobi ebkjf i a{lbtaf/ I|å |k lfowbtzbü ko {oi beinko boflkozk i fzti e{r jb|zbozi r ktüzbli/ K|zi kwfa{lbüo |k mbxf i ztiwâ| jk ai p{dablbjij! pi|iojf jk io{olbf| piti ka mfnit i akolktåi |k}r r ptfwflizbwi/ Gboiaekozk Gboiaekozk ai| e{hktk| Pbo/{p ktio {o blfof blfof |k}{ia lfo e{lmf pk|f r ilidü lfowbtzbâojf|k ko ai ptfzinfob|zi jk giozi|åi| |k}{iak| r tkltkilbfok| pftofntégbli|/





































\{dl{az{ti|/ T{jk Dfr|/ \flbfafnåi/ Jb|kùf jk Efji 4/9

BOJBLK

Boztfj{llbüo

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Ftbnko

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Ai eø|bli t{jbk

Pénboi :

Ai tkabnbüo t{jbk8 ti|zigitb

Pénboi ;

Bwiomfk ‑Tmrnbon― Eitzbo

Pénboi 7

Ai wk|zbekozi jka t{jk dfr

Pénboi >

Milbi ka Tkbof [objf8 tkpktl{|bfok| ko fzti| |{dl{az{ti|

Pénboi >

Af| t{jk dfr| ko ai ilz{iabjij

Pénboi =

Dbdabfntigåi

Pénboi 2

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BOZTFJ[LLBÜO

Jk|p{â| jk midkt |bjf {oi lfafobi pktzkoklbkozk i K|piùi r Pftz{nia! ai b|ai ko ai y{k zkojtéo ftbnko jb|zbozi| |{dl{az{ti| iùf| jk|p{â|! pi|ü i |kt lfafobi dtbzéobli ko 97;;/ ]ireili! f ilz{iaekozk lfoflbji lfef Hieibli! g{k k}pafziji pft eiof jk fdti k|laiwi ztiåji jk Égtbli/ Ai k|laiwbz{j g{k fgblbiaekozk idfabji ko 9=<:! mklmf y{k ptfwflü lfogablzf| r tkw{kazi|! p{k|zf y{k ai pfdailbüo igtfiektblioi kti e{lmf eirft i ai daioli/ Z{wf a{nit {oi n{kttbaai y{k |k ptfafonü >7 iùf|/ Ai Tkwfa{lbüo Gtiolk|i! ko 9>=2! jbf a{nit i ai tkdkabüo jk Mibzå/ Ai abdktzij jk af| mibzbiof| bo|pbtü ai |kn{oji n{ktti jk n{kttbaai| hieiblioi ko 9>2;/ K|zi| n{kttbaai| lfo|kn{btåio y{k Hieibli fdz{wbkti ai bojkpkojkolbi jka Tkbof [objf ko ka |bnaf ]]! ko 9274/ Jk|jk kozfolk|! ai |bz{ilbüo klfoüebli jk ai b|ai z{wf iazbdihf|! r i ekjbijf| jk af| flmkozi! lfo ka bolbpbkozk ztégblf jk lfliåoi r ai| jf| dioji| tbwiak| g{ktzkekozk iteiji|! aaknitfo jk o{kwf ai| |bz{ilbfok| wbfakozi|/ K|zi dtkwk boztfj{llbüo i ai mb|zftbi jk Hieibli tkwkai y{k ai |bz{ilbüo piti ai| lai|k| iazi| pfjtåi |kt boekhftidak3 |bo keditnf! ai| lai|k| dihf| of lfttktåio k|zi eb|ei |{ktzk/ K| pft kaaf y{k ia fdzkokt ai bojkpkojkolbi! af| hüwkok| hieibliof| jk lai|k dihi! nkoktiaekozk jk i|lkojkolbi igtfiektblioi! of ai ilfnbktfo lfo ziozf fpzbeb|ef! p{k|zf y{k |{ |bz{ilbüo klfoüebli kti ptklitbi r of pf|kåio fpftz{objijk|/ Ka abdtf jk \{dl{az{ti| jk Jblc Mkdjbnk of| ko|kùi! koztk fzti| e{lmi| lf|i|! y{k ai| |{dl{az{ti| |fo nt{pf| lfo lfepftziebkozf| r ltkkolbi| ptfpbf| y{k jbgbktko jk af| nkoktiak| jk ai l{az{ti jk ai y{k gfteio pitzk -af y{k jkofeboitåio af| pko|ijftk| lfef ai mknkefoåi jk {oi l{az{ti3 {oi |flbkjij ftnéobli lfef {o zfjf bozkntijf 9/ L{iojf ka ptflk|f ittioli lfo {o izkozijf lfozti ka ftjko oiz{tia! jk|kedfli ko ai lfo|zt{llbüo jk {o k|zbaf! ko {o nk|zf jk jk|igåf f jk tkp{a|i3 bojbliojf {o tklmixf i af k|zidaklbjf4"/ \k p{kjk bjkozbgblit {oi |{dl{az{ti pft |{| fpbobfok| pfaåzbli| f itzå|zbli|! pft ai tixi! ai ftbkozilbüo |k}{ia { fztf| wiaftk|/ Af| wiaftk| jk {oi |{dl{az{ti |{kako k}ptk|it|k wb|{iaekozk i ztiwâ| jk ai gftei jk wk|zbt jk |{| ebkedtf|

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FTBNKO

[oi wkx lfoflbji ai mb|zftbi jk Hieibli! pfjkef| k|zidaklkt ka ftbnko jk af| T{jk Dfr| ko af| iùf| |k|kozi! iatkjkjft jk 927:/ Af| hüwkok| jk ai lai|k dihi of ktio pitzålbpk| jka fpzbeb|ef jk ai bojkpkojkolbi hieiblioi! r |{ k|li|f pfjkt klfoüeblf h{ozf lfo |{ i{|kolbi jk ztidihf r fpftz{objijk| ptfwflü y{k ijfak|lkozk| r hüwkok| ij{azf| |k ftniobxi|ko ko nmkzzf| piti lfoztfait af| dittbf| dihf| jk ai| lb{jijk|/ Ktio eitnboijf| jka |b|zkei! r ai øobli gftei jk |kozbt|k ian{bko ko {oi |flbkjij ko ai y{k af| zilmidio jk |kt ‑oijbk― kti bjkozbgblit|k i |å eb|ef| lfef T{jk Dfr|/ K|zk o{kwf nt{pf of |k bjkozbgblidi lfo {o k|zbaf e{|blia f lfef {o k|zbaf jk wk|zbt ko {o ptbolbpbf! |bof y{k kti {oi bjkfafnåi pfaåzbli r |flbia di|iji ko ka iozb|b|zkei! ka iozbgi|lb|ef r ai e{azbttilbiabjij/ Of fd|ziozk! of zitjitfo ko ekxlait|k lfo ai ltklbkozk jkabol{kolbi y{k k|zidi zkobkojf a{nit ko ai b|ai3 zfeiojf lfef tkgktkolbi ai| pkaål{ai| ptflkjkozk| jk K|zijf| [objf| |fdtk néo|zktk| : r ~k|zkto|;/ Af| ptfzinfob|zi| jk k|zi| pkaål{ai| |ktåio ka efjkaf i |kn{bt jk af| hüwkok| t{jbk|! y{k |k iakhidio jk |{ wbji lfzbjbioi piti boztfj{lbt|k ko ianf jbgktkozk/ AI EØ\BLI T[JBK

Jk gftei pitiakai i ai ipitblbüo r k}pio|büo jk k|zi |{dl{az{ti y{k |k tkdkaidi iozk af k|zidaklbjf pft {oi eboftåi daioli! ai eø|bli ko Hieibli kepkxü i lfdtit {o o{kwf |kozbjf/ Jk K|zijf| [objf| |k boztfj{hf ko ka piå| ka t'd! y{k |k pbolmidi ko af| |f{oj%|r|zke|/ Af| |f{oj%|r|zke| ktio pky{kùi| jb|lfzkli| ied{aiozk|/ G{ktfo! y{bxé eé| y{k obon{oi fzti bo|zbz{lbüo ko ai wbji jk af| iozbaaiof| jk lai|k ztidihijfti! ka a{nit jfojk ai okntbz{j p{jf k}paftit|k jk gftei eé| k}mi{|zbwi! jfojk ekhft r eé| abdtkekozk p{jbktfo k}ptk|it|k/ Ka |f{oj%|r|zke pi|ü i tkptk|kozit! |fdtk zfjf! piti af| hüwkok|! {o wiabf|f |iolzi|iozüt{e abdtk jk

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y{k |k aaieitåi |ciocbo"/ Ko k|zk pktbfjf af| t{jk dfr| |k lfowbtzbktfo ko ka lkoztf jk izkolbüo! ai fpbobüo pødabli k|zidi tfz{ojiekozk ko lfozti jk kaaf| r ko lfozti jk ai| itei|/ \k pi|ü {oi akr lfo ai l{ia l{iay{bkt pkt|foi lfo pf|k|büo jk itei| f e{oblbfok| |ktåi jkzkobji pft {o zbkepf bojkgbobjf/ K|zf! oiz{tiaekozk! boga{rü ko ka |ci p{k| af| itzb|zi| r ptfj{lzftk| jk k|zk zbkepf ipfridio ai| illbfok| jk af| t{jk dfr|/ Af| nt{pf| eé| tkptk|kozizbwf| jka |ci g{ktfo8 \f{a Dtfzmkt|! Zmk Mkpzfok| r Zmk îbakt|/ [o zbkepf jk|p{â|! ko ka wktiof jk 9277! {of jk af| eé| lia{tf|f|! af| itzb|zi| jk |ci y{k |k jb|pfoåio i |{dbt ia k|lkoitbf k| lkoitbf piti jit |{ lfolbktzf! l folbktzf! af mblbktfo jk eiokti e{lmf eé| akozi i li{|i jka liaft3 r ia pødablf ak koz{|bi|eü/ Pft af ziozf! ka |ci kwfa{lbfoü milbi {o o{kwf nâoktf8 ka tflc|zkijr/ E{|bliaekozk ka tflc|zkijr |k jbgktkolbi jk |{ iozklk|ft pft ai ptkjfeboiolbi jk af| lfoh{ozf| wfliak| r ai i{|kolbi jk ai| |kllbfok| jk wbkozf| feobptk|kozk| ko ka |ci/ Ko k|zk nâoktf e{|blia! |k p{kjko jk|zilit nt{pf| r itzb|zi| lfef8 Jk|efoj Jkcckt! Iazfo Kaab|! \abe \ebzm! Jiojr Abwbon|zfo! Zmk Pitinfo|! Zmk Kzmbfpbio|! Zmk Hieiblio|! Zmk Ekafjbio| r Zmk Lffabk|/ AI TKABNBÜO T[JBK8 TI\ZIGITB

Af| T{jk Dfr|! jk|p{â| jk midkt|k k|zidaklbjf pft li|b zfjf| af| nmkzzf| jk ai b|ai jk Hieibli! kepkxitfo i jk|ittfaait ilzbwbjijk| jkablzbwi|! lfef kti tfdit pky{kùf| lfektlbf| r i af| z{tb|zi| y{k wb|bzidio ai b|ai3 i|å lfef bt i g{eit niohi> ia Efozk Xbfo/ \k tkg{nbidio ziozf ko k|zi jkabol{kolbi lfef ko ai tkabnbüo! tka bnbüo! y{k kti ai Ti|zigitb/ Ka efwbebkozf ti|zigitb k| {o efwbebkozf |flbf%l{az{tia r tkabnbf|f y{k |{tnk ko af| lfebkoxf| jk af| iùf| 92<0 ko af| dittbf| eitnboiak| jk Cbon|zfo! Hieibli r ko af| |klzftk| t{tiak| ijrilkozk|! |bkojf ai wb|büo |flbia r l{az{tia jk Eitl{| Nitwkr y{k bo|pbtü i af| ti|zigitb|/ Af| |kn{bjftk| jka ti|zigitb! lfoflbjf| lfef ti|zi| r y{k of aakwio oklk|itbiekozk jtkijaffc -ti|zi|"! ltkko y{k Mibak \kai||bk! ka øazbef kepktijft

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litilzktbxijf| pft |{| .jtkij| ti|zi. r y{k a{lmitfo lfozti ka pfjkt $lftt{pzf$ jk ian{of| aåjktk| y{k iùijbktfo k|zf| kakekozf| |boltâzblf| i ai| jflztboi| ti|zigitb|/ E{lmf| ti|zi| ltkko y{k Him! gftei idtkwbiji jka ofedtk jka Jbf| Hkmfwé ko ai| k|ltbz{ti| Mkdtki|! midåi zkobjf ztk| kolitoilbfok|8 Ekay{b|kjkl! Hk|{ltb|zf! r gboiaekozk Mibak \kai||bk! ai øazbei k}ptk|büo jk Him! |bkojf liji {of jk kaaf| {o $\iawijft$/ Of mir {o k|z{jbf nkoktia i ai l{az{ti ti|zigitb! p{k| |knøo kaaf| liji {of k| jkpkojbkozk jk |{ gk! k| jklbt! ziedbâo zbkoko koztk kaaf| e{lmi| jbgktkolbi| ko |{ gk/ [oi jk ai| jflztboi| eé| bepftziozk| |fo ai jka lfo|{ef fplbfoia |fdtk ai eitbm{ioi! ri y{k â|zi k| ai paiozi |intiji jk af| ti|zigitb r k| {zbabxiji piti witbf| {|f| tbz{iak| y{k pfjtåio aakwit i kakwit af| pko|iebkozf| r i zkokt {oi åozbei lfe{oblilbüo lfo Him! i{oy{k of oklk|itbiekozk |k p{kjk i|flbit i af| ti|zi| lfo ai eitbm{ioi/ Ofzidak k| ka ntio jk|kf jk |{| jk|lkojbkozk| jk k|laiwf| okntf| jk wfawkt i Égtbli! jk ai| i|pbtilbfok| |flbiak| r l{az{tiak| jk ai lfe{objij oknti r jk ai| ko|kùioxi| jka ftniobxijft oilbjf ko Hieibli Eitl{| Nitwkr y{k laieidi £Égtbli piti af| igtbliof|³/

BWIOMFK ‑TMRNBON― EITZBO

Piti |kn{bt |{ littkti jk jkabol{kolbi di|éojf|k ko ai| pkaål{ai| jk néo|zktk|! af| t{jbk| zkoåio ko ntio k|zbei i Bwiomfk $Tmrnbon$ Eitzbo/ Tmrnbon kti {o g{kti jk ai akr jk Hieibli! r {o mâtfk y{k e{tbü i af| 4: iùf| pft mktbji| jk diai |{gtbji| j{tiozk {o zbtfzkf lfo inkozk| jk ai pfablåi ko 92:=! ko Abek Lir ! ko Hieibli / Tmrnbon k| lfo|bjktijf lfef ka ptbekt T{jk Dfr! i{oy{k of |k bjkozbgblitåi lfef zia mi|zi y{k ipitklbü ai |{dl{az{ti ko |å ko af| |k|kozi/ I eko{jf |k ia{jk i ai mb|zftbi lfef ka $Hieibli Jbaabonkt $/ Eitzbo afntü k|lipit jk ai ptb|büo! ka{jbt {oi tkjiji ei|bwi! r wbwbt {oi wbji jk ltbeko j{tiozk iùf| lfo ai ir{ji jk ai pfdailbüo jk Hieibli iozk| jk |{ øazbei pf|blbüo ko Abek Abek Lir/ Ka zâtebof tmrnbon k| {o pizfb| hieiby{bof= piaidti y{k |bnobgbli liabkozk! |iawihk! f eiaf/ Eitzbo g{k ofedtijf Tmrnbon pft af| a{nitkùf|! jkdbjf

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Hbeer Labgg! ekolbfoijf iozktbftekozk! |k mbxf gief|f koztk af| T{jk Dfr| ntilbi| i |{ pipka ko ai pkaål{ai Zmk Mitjkt Zmkr Lfek/ K|zi pkaål{ai hieiblioi jk 92>4! jbtbnbji pft Pkttr Mkoxkaa! |ktåi ptfzinfobxiji pft Hbeer Labgg! y{bko bozktptkzi i Bwiomfk Tmrnbon Eitzbo/

AI WK\ZBEKOZI JK [O T[JK DFR

Ai wk|zbekozi jk {o T{jk Dfr kti ai zåpbli jk af| fdtktf| jk ai âpfli! r k| ai y{k |bn{k lfo|bjktéojf|k ai wk|zbekozi laé|bli jk af| t{jbk|/ Â|zi kti8 pioziafok| jk wk|zbt jfdaijf| mi|zi af| zfdbaaf|! ri y{k ko iy{kaaf| zbkepf| zb kepf| ktio e{r litf| r af| ptfzknåio jk k|i gftei ebkozti| khkl{zidio |{ ztijblbfoia |ciocbo! zbtiozk| |fdtk ai lieb|i! jkdbjf i y{k iøo of kti e{r pfp{ait ka {|f jka lboz{tüo r! lfef lfepakekozf jka iz{kojf! {o |fedtktf jk iai lftzi/ MILBI KA TKBOF [OBJF8 TKPKTL[\BFOK\ KO FZTI\ \[DL[AZ[TI\

Pflf| iùf| jk|p{â| jk ai Bojkpkojkolbi jk Hieibli ko ka iùf |k|kozi r jf|! e{lmf| T{jk Dfr| kebntitfo ia tkbof [objf! lfoltkziekozk i Bonaizktti/ Af| t{jk dfr| ir{jitfo i boztfj{lbt r pfp{aitbxit af| |fobjf| lfef ka \ci r ka Tflc|zkijr! y{k iliditfo iztirkojf i af| efj|/ Af| efj| |fo {oi ztbd{ {tdioi y{k oilk ko [C i gboiak| jk af| ;0! ieiozk| jka efjkto hixx r ka da{k|/ Ktio hüwkok| y{k ltklbktfo ko {oi |flbkjij jk pf|n{ktti ntb| r |fedtåi/ Zfjf i |{ iatkjkjft i atkjkjft kti jklijkozk! r kepkxitfo i lfnkt af ekhft y{k midåi ko fzti| pitzk|8 ai eø|bli oknti jk KK[[ -ka hixx! ka T'D r eé| zitjk ka |f{a"! af| ekhftk| abdtf| r pkaål{ai| -{o khkepaf ka k}b|zkolbiab|ef gtiolâ|"! ai| ekhftk| tfpi| -k|zbaf Bwr Akin{k iektbliof! y{k kepkxü |bkojf {oi tfpi jk tblf| r ilidü pfp{aitbxéojfai af| okntf| ztio|ntk|ftk| jka hixx lfef Ebak| Jiwb|! af| ztihk| jk lftzk bziabiof! { fzti| ptkoji| ofwkjf|i| lfef af| pfaf| Gtkj Pkttr f dbko ai| diedi| jk df}kijft f ai| pfp{aitk| Z%\mbtz|"! kzl/

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mi|zi y{k ko 9272 |fo lfoflbjf| jkgbobzbwiekozk lfef |cbomkij|/ Ia bn{ia y{k af| iozbn{f| efj|! af| |cbomkij| |bn{bktfo k|l{lmiojf ai eø|bli jk af| t{jk%dfr| -ziozf k| i|å y{k ia tknnik y{k milåio af| hieibliof| ko Bonaizktti |k ak kepkxü i aaieit £|cbomkij tknnik³"/ \{ wk|zbekozi kti eé| £ptfakzitbi³! lfo|b|zbkojf ko lmiy{kzi| idfediji| f £dfedkt|³ £dfedkt| ³ -I{oy{k k|zi| ipitklbktfo eé| zitjåiekozk"! lieb|i| f pfaf|! zbtiozk|! wiy{ktf| r dfzi|! jkhiojf af| ztihk| piti ian{of| i an{of| jk af| jk eirft kjij/ AF\ T[JK DFR\ KO AI ILZ[IABJIJ

Lfef |k ekolbfoü ko ka ipitzijf jk Ai wk|zbekozi jk {o T{jk Dfr3 ka i|pklzf ztijblbfoia jka T{jr |bn{k |bkojf ka eb|ef/ Ai tfpi $jk niai$3 k| jk ztihk r lftdizi! nigi| jk |fa! pftc pbk 2! pioziaüo jfdaijf idihf r xipizf|! midbz{iaekozk! lfo lialkzbok| daiolf|/ Piti jbitbf k| di|ziozk {|{ia ka hkt|kr ab|f jk pblf f ka zåpblf jk tfedf|! lieb|i| jk l{ijtf|! xipizf|! dfboi! iektblioi/// Ko K|piùi of p{kjko kolfoztit|k jkei|bijf| li|f| jk t{jbk|! |bo keditnf! ko ian{of| piå|k| jk \{jieâtbli k}b|zko lfef ziak|/ I jbgktkolbi jka t{jr ztijblbfoia! e{lmf| t{jbk| mfr |{kako liedbit af| xipizf| pft ai| xipizbaai| zbpf lm{lc|! e{r jk efji øazbeiekozk! r |k {|io di|ziozk ai| lieb|kzi| jk tiri| r pfaf|/ Ilz{iaekozk! af| t{jk dfr| r af| |kn{bjftk| jk ai eø|bli \ci! y{k |bn{k i|flbéojf|k i k|zi |{dl{az{ti i pk|it jk y{k k|zi eø|bli |k jk|ittfaaiti milbi ka tflc |zkijr! koztio ko lfogablzf lfo fzti| |{dl{az{ti| lfef ai Kef! ai Pbhi f ai Okf%P{oc! p{k|zf y{k k|zi| mio ijfpzijf ka |åedfaf jka \ci ai \ciziaåzbli90/ K|zi ziedbâo k| {oi tixüo jk pk|f pft ai l{ia ko K|piùi |k |{kak bnoftit ai |{dl{az{ti t{jbk3 |{ |åedfaf of {zbabxijf pft kaaf|

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DBDABFNTIGÅI

Jbllbfoitbf Jbllbfoitbf wb|{ia jk jk ai efji/ Niwbo Iedtf|k&Pi{a Mittb|/ NN/ \{dl{az{ti|/ Ka |bnobgblijf jka k|zbaf/

Jblc Mkdjbnk

mzzp8&&k|/~bcbpkjbi/ftn&~bcb&T{jkVdfr mzzp8&&eiaciwbzr/dafn|pfz/lfe/k|&400=&09&ztbd{|%{tdioi|%t{jk%dfr|/mzea mzzp8&&ko/~bcbpkjbi/ftn&~bcb&Tmrnbon mzzp8&&ko/~bcbpkjbi/ftn&~bcb&HieiblioVpizfb| mzzp8&&k|/~bcbpkjbi/ftn&~bcb&EfwbebkozfVefj mzzp8&&~~~/iai|dittbliji|/ftn&gft{e|&wbk~zfpbl/pmp6g599'z59<0>='|bj5:9i2 47:<;k:j:7k4jjl=42020;'|zitz59; mzzp8&&~~~/gftf|~kdntizb|/lfe&zkei% nt{pfVy{kV|kVp{kjkVwfawktVefwbebkozfVt{jkVdfr%4 nt{pfVy{kV|kVp{kjkVwfawktVefwbebkozfVt{jkVdfr%422<0%9;;<4=4/mze 22<0%9;;<4=4/mze mzzp8&&k|/~bcbpkjbi/ftn&~bcb&HbeerVLabgg mzzp8&&ti{apt/dafn|pfz/k|&949920;=00& mzzp8&&~~~/gftf|~kdntizb|/lfe&eko|ihk%jflztboiVti|zigitb%9<<:44%9;4:2:7%9%

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Sociologia y Tendencias de Moda. Subculturas. Tribus urbanas.

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