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G. Social and political stratifcation (UCSP11/12HSOIIIc30) Social stratifcation is a societ!s cate"ori#ation o$ people people into into socioecono%ic socioecono%ic strata& strata& 'ased pon teir occpation and inco%e occpation inco%e&& *ealt *ealt and social stats& stats & or deri+ed po*er (soc (socia iall and poli politi tica cal) l).. ,s sc sc&& stratifcation is te relati+e social position o$ persons *itin a social "rop& cate"or& "eo"rapic re"ion& or socia soc iall ni nitt . In %odern ester estern n soci societie eties s& social stratifcation tpicall is distin"ised as tree social classes (i) te pper class& classes class& (ii) te %iddle class& class & and (iii) te lo*e lo*err clas class s in trn trn&& eac eac clas class s can can 'e s'di+id s'di+ided ed into strata& strata& e.". te pper pper-strat%& -strat%& te %iddle-strat%& and te lo*er strat%. oreo+er& a soci social al stra strat t% % can can 'e $or% $or%ed ed pon pon te te 'ase 'ases s o$ insip or insip or caste caste&& or 'ot. e cate"ori#ation o$ people ' social strata occrs in all all soci societ etie ies& s& ran" ran"in in" " $ro% $ro% te te co%p co%ple le& & state'ased societies to tri'al tri'al and $edal societies& *ic are are 'ased 'ased pon pon sociosocio-eco econo% no%ic ic rela relatio tions ns a%on" a%on" classes o$ no'ilit and classes o$ peasants peasants.. Historicall& *eter or not nter-"aterer nter-"aterer societies societies can can 'e defn defned ed as soci social all l stra strati tife fed d or i$ soci social al stra strati tifc fcat atio ion n 'e"a 'e"an n *it *it a"ricltre and co%%on co%%on acts o$ social o$ social ecan"e& ecan"e & re%ains a de'ated %atter in te te social sciences. sciences .425 6eter%inin" te strctres o$ social stratifcation arises $ro% ine7alities o$ stats a%on a%on" " pers person ons& s& ter tere$ e$or ore& e& te te de"r de"ree ee o$ social ine7alit deter deter%in %ines es a person person!s !s socia sociall strat strat%. %. Gene Genera rall ll& & te te "rea "reate terr te te social co%pleit o$ a societ& te %ore social strata eist& ' *a o$ social di8erentiation..1 di8erentiation
teir part. s& class& stats and part are are eac eac aspec aspects ts o$ te distri distri't 'tion ion o$ po*er *itin a co%%nit. Class& stats and part a+e not onl a "reat deal o$ e8ect *itin teir indi+idal areas 't also a "reat deal o$ in9ence o+er te oter areas. incld des es prop proper ert t sc sc as - Wealth incl 'il 'ildi din" n"s s& lan lands& ds& $ar $ar%s& %s& os oses es&& $actories and as *ell as oter assets Economic Situation
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te resp respec ectt *it *it *ic *ic a Prestige te person or stats stats position position is re"arde re"arded d ' oters - Status Situation a'ilit o$ people or "rops "rops Power te a'ilit to acie+e teir "oals despite opposition $ro% oters < Parties
,ccordin" to e'er& tere are t*o 'asic di%ension di%ensions s o$ po*er po*er the possession possession of power and the exercising of power .2 2. Soci Social al %o' %o'il ilit it sst sste% e% o+e%en entt o$ Social Social mobilit mobility y is te %o+e% indi+idals& $a%ilies& oseolds& or oter cate" cate"ori ories es o$ people people *iti *itin n or 'et*e 'et*een en social strata in a societ. It is a can"e in socia soc iall sta stats ts rela relati ti+e +e to ote oters rs!! soci social al location *itin a "i+en societ. 3 a. Open Open (cla class) ss) is te te stra strati tifc fcat ation ion tat tat $aci $acili lita tate tes s soci so cial al %o'i %o 'ili lit t&& *it indi+idal acie cie+e +e% %ent ent and pers person ona al %erit erit deter%inin" social ran . e ierarcical social stats o$ stats o$ a person is aci acie+ e+ed ed tro tro" " tei teirr e8or e8ort. t. ,n ,n stats tat is 'ased on $a%il 'ac"rond&& etnicit 'ac"rond etnicit&& "ender "ender&& and reli"ion&& *ic is also no*n as reli"ion ascr as cri' i'ed ed stat st ats s&& 'e 'eco% co%es less i%po i%port rtan ant. t. er ere e is no dist distin inct ct line line 'et*een te classes and tere *old 'e %ore positions positions *itin *itin tat stats. Core indstrial nations see% to a+e %ore o$ an ideal open class sste%. = In open stratifcation sste%s stats is acie+ acie+ed ed tro" tro" %erit& %erit& and e8ort. e8ort. is is so%eti%es no*n as > meritocracy.
1. Soci Social al desi desira ra'l 'les es e thre threee-co comp mpon onen entt theo theory ry o ore *idel idel no* no*n as stratifcation& %ore te three Weberian Weberian stratifcation stratifcation or t class system & *as de+eloped ' Ger%an sociolo"ist a e'e e'err *it *it class class&& stats and and po*er po*er as as distinct ideal tpes. e'er de+eloped a %ltidi%ensional approac to social soci al stra stratifc tifcation ation ta tat re9ec e9ects ts te te inte interp rpla la a%on a%on" " *e *eal alt t&& pres presti ti"e "e and and po*er. e'er e'er ar" ar"ed ed tat tat po*e po*err can can ta tae a +ariet o$ $or%s. , person:s po*er can 'e so*n so*n in te social social order tro" tro" teir teir stats& in te econo%ic order tro" teir class class&& and in te politi politica call order order tro" tro"
o" te etent to *ic indi+idals a+e a+e soci social al %o'i %o'ili lit t in te te Unit United ed States is States is de'ated& ne* %e%'ers o$ te elite are e+idence tat tere is so%e elite %o'ili %o'ilit t 'et*e 'et*een en class classes. es. Presi Presiden dentt ?ara ?arac c O'a%a O'a%a *as 'orn 'orn to a $a%il *itot *ealt and $ac $aced rac racial ial discri%ination&& 't discri%ination acie+ed te
i"est oAce in te contr as a reslt o$ is personal acie+e%ents. In %odern *estern Brope& stats depends on indi+idal edcational and pro$essional attain%ent& %eanin" tat people are raned 'ased on acie+ed stats. '. Closed (caste) is a $or% o$ social stratifcation caracteri#ed ' endo"a%& ereditar trans%ission o$ a li$estle *ic o$ten incldes an occpation& rital stats in a ierarc& and csto%ar social interaction and eclsion 'ased on cltral notions o$ prit and polltion. Its paradi"%atic etno"rapic ea%ple is te di+ision o$ societ into ri"id social "rops& *it roots in ancient istor and persistin" ntil toda. So%eti%es& sociolo"ists and antropolo"ists std te castelie social di+isions eistin" in +arios contries ' sin" te Indian caste sste% as an analo"ical 'asis $or researc. e ter% caste-sste% is also applied to non-%an poplations lie ants and 'ees. D -
Castes are %ost o$ten stratifed ' race or etnicit& econo%ic stats& or reli"ios stats.
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Castes a+e 'een noted in societies all o+er te *orld tro"ot istor& to" te are %istaenl o$ten ass%ed to 'e a tradition specifc to India.
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Historicall& te caste sste% in India consisted o$ $or *ell no*n cate"ories ?ra%ins (priests)& Esatrias (*arriors)& Faisas (co%%erce)& Sdras (*or%en). So%e people le$t ot o$ tese $or caste classifcations *ere called otcasts or ntoca'les and *ere snned and ostraci#ed.
3. Social Ine7alit Social inequality occrs *en resorces in a "i+en societ are distri'ted ne+enl& tpicall tro" nor%s o$ allocation& tat en"ender specifc patterns alon" lines o$ sociall defned cate"ories o$ persons. Bcono%ic ine7alit& sall descri'ed on te 'asis o$ te ne7al distri'tion o$ inco%e or *ealt& i s a $re7entl stdied tpe o$ social ine7alit. o" te disciplines o$ econo%ics and sociolo" "enerall se
D ttps//en.*iipedia.or"/*ii/Caste ttps//***.'ondless.co%/sociolo"/tet'oos/'ondlesssociolo"-tet'oo/"lo'al-stratifcation-and-ine7alit-/sste%so$-stratifcation-D/caste-sste%s-3@-3=2/
di8erent teoretical approaces to ea%ine and eplain econo%ic ine7alit& 'ot felds are acti+el in+ol+ed in researcin" tis ine7alit. Ho*e+er& social and natral resorces oter tan prel econo%ic resorces are also ne+enl distri'ted in %ost societies and %a contri'te to social stats. or%s o$ allocation can also a8ect te distri'tion o$ ri"ts and pri+ile"es& social po*er& access to p'lic "oods sc as edcation or te Jdicial sste%& ade7ate osin"& transportation& credit and fnancial ser+ices sc as 'anin" and oter social "oods and ser+ices. @ a. ,ccess to social& political& and s%'olic capital Social capital is a $or% o$ econo%ic and cltral capital in *ic social net*ors are central& transactions are %ared ' reciprocit& trst& and cooperation& and %aret a"ents prodce "oods and ser+ices not %ainl $or te%sel+es& 't $or a co%%on "ood.
e ter% "enerall re$ers to (a) resorces& and te +ale o$ tese resorces& 'ot tan"i'le (p'lic spaces& pri+ate propert) and intan"i'le (actors& %an capital& people)& (') te relationsips a%on" tese resorces& and (c) te i%pact tat tese relationsips a+e on te resorces in+ol+ed in eac relationsip& and on lar"er "rops. It is "enerall seen as a $or% o$ capital tat prodces p'lic "oods $or a co%%on "ood.10 Political capital re$ers to te trst& "ood*ill& and in9ence a politician as *it te p'lic and oter political f"res. is "ood*ill is a tpe o$ in+isi'le crrenc tat politicians can se to %o'ili#e te +otin" p'lic or spend on polic re$or%.11
In sociolo" and antropolo"& symbolic capital can 'e re$erred to as te resorces a+aila'le to an indi+idal on te 'asis o$ onor& presti"e or reco"nition& and ser+es as +ale tat one olds *itin a cltre. , *ar ero& $or ea%ple& %a a+e s%'olic capital in te contet o$ rnnin" $or political oAce. eorists a+e ar"ed tat s%'olic capital acc%lates pri%aril $ro% te $lfll%ent o$ social o'li"ations tat are te%sel+es e%'edded *it potential $or presti"e. c as *it te acc%lation o$ fnancial capital&
s%'olic capital is !rational! in tat it can 'e $reel con+erted into le+era"in" ad+anta"e *itin social and political speres. Ket nlie fnancial capital& s%'olic capital is not 'ondless& and its +ale %a 'e li%ited or %a"nifed ' te istorical contet in *ic it *as acc%lated. S%'olic capital %st 'e identifed *itin te cltral and istorical $ra%e tro" *ic it ori"inated in order to $ll eplain its in9ence across cltres. 12 '. Gender ine7alit Gender inequality re$ers to ne7al treat%ent or perceptions o$ indi+idals 'ased on teir "ender. It arises $ro% di8erences in sociall constrcted "ender roles. Gender sste%s are o$ten dicoto%os and ierarcical "ender 'inar sste%s %a re9ect te ine7alities tat %ani$est in n%eros di%ensions o$ dail li$e. Gender ine7alit ste%s $ro% distinctions& *eter e%piricall "ronded or sociall constrcted. (On di8erences 'et*een te sees& see Se and pscolo".)13 Se- and "ender-'ased preJdice and discri%ination& called seis%& are %aJor contri'tin" $actors to social ine7alit. ost societies& e+en a"ricltral ones& a+e so%e seal di+ision o$ la'or and "ender-'ased di+ision o$ la'or tends to increase drin" indstriali#ation.415 e e%pasis on "ender ine7alit is 'orn ot o$ te deepenin" di+ision in te roles assi"ned to %en and *o%en& particlarl in te econo%ic& political and edcational speres. o%en are nderrepresented in political acti+ities and decision %ain" processes in %ost states in 'ot te Glo'al ort and Glo'al Sot.1= c. Btnic %inorities Lacial or etnic ine7alit is te reslt o$ ierarcical social distinctions 'et*een racial and etnic cate"ories *itin a societ and o$ten esta'lised 'ased on caracteristics sc as sin color and oter psical caracteristics or an indi+idal!s place o$ ori"in or cltre. B+en to" race as no 'iolo"ical connection& it as 'eco%e a sociall constrcted cate"or capa'le o$ restrictin" or ena'lin" social stats.1>
cltral caracteristics& are sin"led ot $ro% te oters in te societ in *ic te li+e $or di8erential and ne7al treat%ent& and *o tere$ore re"ard te%sel+es as o'Jects o$ collecti+e discri%ination. is defnition incldes 'ot o'Jecti+e and s'Jecti+e criteria %e%'ersip o$ a %inorit "rop is o'Jecti+el ascri'ed ' societ& 'ased on an indi+idal!s psical or 'ea+ioral caracteristics it is also s'Jecti+el applied ' its %e%'ers& *o %a se teir stats as te 'asis o$ "rop identit or solidarit. In an case& %inorit "rop stats is cate"orical in natre an indi+idal *o ei'its te psical or 'ea+ioral caracteristics o$ a "i+en %inorit "rop *ill 'e accorded te stats o$ tat "rop and 'e s'Ject to te sa%e treat%ent as oter %e%'ers o$ tat "rop. d. Oter %inorities (e.". persons *it disa'ilities) e disa'ilit ri"ts %o+e%ent as contri'ted to an nderstandin" o$ people *it disa'ilities (incldin" not to 'e called !disa'led!) as a %inorit or a coalition o$ %inorities *o are disad+anta"ed ' societ& not Jst as people *o are disad+anta"ed ' teir i%pair%ents. ,d+ocates o$ disa'ilit ri"ts e%pasi#e di8erence in psical or pscolo"ical $nctionin"& rater tan in$erioritM$or ea%ple& so%e people *it atis% ar"e $or acceptance o$ nerodi+ersit& %c as opponents o$ racis% ar"e $or acceptance o$ etnic di+ersit. e dea$ co%%nit is o$ten re"arded as a lin"istic and cltral %inorit rater tan a "rop *it disa'ilities& and so%e dea$ people do not see te%sel+es as a+in" a disa'ilit at all. Later& te are disad+anta"ed ' tecnolo"ies and social instittions tat are desi"ned to cater $or te do%inant "rop.1 c. Glo'al Ine7alit (relationsips 'et*een states and non-state actors in te "lo'al co%%nit) Glo'al Ine7alit 6i8erences a%on" Contries -
Contries can 'e stratifed accordin" to teir per-person "ross national prodct. Nort percent o$ te *orld!s poplation li+e in lo*-inco%e contries& co%pared *it onl 1 percent in i"-inco%e contries.
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,n esti%ated 1.3 'illion people& or nearl one in $or people& li+e in po+ert toda& an increase since te earl 1@0s. an are te +icti%s o$ discri%ination 'ased on race& etnicit& or tri'al aAliation.
Sociolo"ist Louis Wirth defned a %inorit "rop as a "rop o$ people *o& 'ecase o$ teir psical or
