VISOKA ŠKOLA STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA ZA INFORMACIONE TEHNOLOGIJE
Predavač Terzić Milica, dipl. filolog Skripta Engleski jezik 2
Beograd 2013 1
Sadržaj: Question Formation ............................................................................................... 4 The Simple Present Tense ..................................................................................... 5 The Present Continuous Tense .............................................................................. 8 Verbs not Used with Continuous Tenses .......................................................... 10 The Present Perfect Simple Tense ......................................................................... 11 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense .................................................................. 14 Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous ..................................... 16 Adjective Placement .............................................................................................. 17 Adjectives as Nouns .............................................................................................. 18 The Simple Past Tense of the Verb to be ............................................................... 18 The Simple Past Tense ........................................................................................... 21 The Past Continuous Tense ................................................................................... 24 Adverbs ................................................................................................................. 26 The Past Perfect Simple Tense ............................................................................... 27 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense ....................................................................... 30 Past Modal Verbs ................................................................................................... 32 Verbs of the Senses ............................................................................................... 32 Verb Patterns ........................................................................................................ 33 Articles .................................................................................................................. 35 The Indefinite Article .................................................................................... 35 The Definite Article ....................................................................................... 35 No Article .................................................................................................... 37 Countable and Uncountable Nouns ........................................................................ 38 Quantifiers ........................................................................................................... 39 Wish ..................................................................................................................... 40 Clauses of Contrast and Purpose ........................................................................... 41 Defining Relative Clauses ...................................................................................... 41 Non-defining Relative Clauses .............................................................................. 42 The Passive Voice ................................................................................................. 43
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Impersonal Passive ....................................................................................... 44 The Future Simple Tense ........................................................................................ 45 Be+Going to+Infinitive .......................................................................................... 47 The Future Continuous Tense ................................................................................ 48 The Future Perfect Tense ...................................................................................... 50 Reported Speech
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Statements ................................................................................................. 51 Questions .................................................................................................... 53 Orders ....................................................................................................... 53 Conditional Sentences .......................................................................................... 54 The First Conditional .................................................................................... 54 The Second Conditional ................................................................................ 55 The Third Conditional ................................................................................... 55 Phrasal Verbs ....................................................................................................... 56 Exercises ................................................................................................................ 59 Literatura ............................................................................................................... 102
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QUESTION FORMATION (POSTAVLJANJE PITANJA) Kada se postavljaju pitanja uz pomoć modalnih glagola ili vremena gde postoje pomoćni glagoli (be, have, itd.) potrebno je da se zameni mesto subjekta ili pomoćnog glagola. Primer: Can you drive? (Možeš li da voziš?) Why are you laughing? (Zašto se smeješ?) Prosta vremena (present and past simple) koriste pomoćne glagole (do/does ili did) pre subjekta. Primer: Where do you live?(Gde živiš?)
Odrična pitanja koristimo da pokažemo iznenađenje ili kada očekujemo da će se druga strana složiti sa nama. Primer: Isn’t this a beautiful place? (Zar ovo nije divno mesto?)
Ako je glagol praćen predlogom, predlog se nalazi na kraju pitanja. Primer: What are you talking about? (O čemu pričaš?)NE About what are you talking? Često koristimo upitnu reč sa predlogom. Primer: A I am thinking. (Razmišljam.) B What about? (O čemu?) Kada su upitne reči who/what/ which subjekt pitanja, onda ne koristimo pomoćne glagole. Primer: Who wrote this? (Ko je napisao ovo?)NE Who did write this?
Koristite indirektna pitanja kada želite da zvučite ljubaznije. Where does she live? (Gde ona živi?)-direktno pitanje Could you tell me where she lives? (Da li mi možeš reći gde ona živi?) –indirektno pitanje U indirektnom pitanju red reči je kao u potvrdnoj rečenici (subjekat+glagol) Can you tell where it is? (Možete li mi reći gde je?) (it is=subjekat+glagol)
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THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (PROSTO SADAŠNJE VREME) Prosto sadašnje vreme (simple present tense) se gradi od osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez «to»). Na primer, infinitiv sa «to» glagola raditi glasi to work a infinitiv bez «to» glasi work. Za sva lica osim za treće lice jednine potvrdni oblik prostog sadašnjeg vremena glasi work. Za treće lice se dodaje –s. Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I work – Ja radim You work – Ti radiš He works – On radi She works – Ona radi It works – Ono radi Množina (plural) We work – Mi radimo You work – Vi radite They work – Oni rade
Nastavak –s u trećem licu jednine može imati različite oblike. Ukoliko se glagol završava na vokal o nastavak će glasiti –es, kao u primeru glagola go koji u 3. l. jed. glasi goes ili glagol do koji u 3. l. jed. glasi does. Ukoliko se glagol završava na –ch, -sh, -x, -ss, nastavak takođe glasi –es. Na primer: He teaches (teach – predavati). She washes (wash – prati). He kisses (kiss – ljubiti). She fixes (fix – popravljati). Ako se glagol završava na –y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik –y prelazi u –ie. Na primer: He cries (cry -plakati). It flies (fly – leteti). Ako je ispred –y samoglasnik, nema promene. She plays (play – igrati). He stays (stay – ostati). Izuzetak je glagol have (imati) koji u trećem licu glasi has. Upitni oblik glagola u prostom sadašnjem vremenu se gradi od pomoćnog glagola do, odnosno does (za treće lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Sva pitanja se u engleskom jeziku dele na Yes/No pitanja i Wh- pitanja. Yes/No pitanja nemaju upitnu reč i na njih se može odgovoriti sa „da“ ili „ne“. Wh- pitanja počinju upitnom rečju a one su: when, what, why, where, how, how much, how many...
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Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Do I work? – Da li ja radim? Do you work? – Da ti radiš? Does he work? – Da li on radi? Does she work? – Da li ona radi? Does it work? – Da li ono radi? Množina (plural) Do we work? – Da li mi radimo? Do you work? – Da li vi radite? Do they work? – Da li oni rade? Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Do I work? – Yes, I do / No, I don’t Do you work? – Yes, you do / No, you don’t. Does he work? – Yes, he does / No, he doesn’t Does she work? – Yes, she does / No, she doesn’t Does it work? – Yes, it does / No, it doesn’t Do we work? - Yes, we do / No, we don’t Do you work? – Yes, you do / No, you don’t Do they work? –Yes, they do/No, they don’t Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where do I work? – Gde ja radim? Where do you work? – Gde ti radiš? Where does he work? – Gde on radi? Where does she work? – Gde ona radi? Where does it work? – Gde ono radi? Množina (plural) Where do we work? – Gde mi radimo? Where do you work? – Gde vi radite? Where do they work? – Gde oni rade?
Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog obika pomoćnog glagola do (odnosno does za treće lice jednine) i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola.
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Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I do not (don't) work – Ja ne radim You do not (don't) work – Ti ne radiš He does not (doesn't) work – On ne radi She does not (doesn't) work – Ona ne radi He does not (doesn't) work – On ne radi Množina (plural) We do not (don't) work – Mi ne radimo You do not (don't) work – Vi ne radite They do not (don't) work – Oni ne rade Upotreba: Prosto sadašnje vreme se koristi za: •
Radnje koje se ponavljaju (navike, običaji, rutine)
I get up at 6 o'clock. (Ja ustajem u 6 sati.) She wears a uniform at work. (Ona nosi uniformu na poslu.) The English drink tea at 5 o'clock in the afternoon. (Englezi piju čaj u 5 sati popodne.) U ovom smislu se mogu koristiti i prilozi i fraze za učestalost (reči koje označavaju koliko često se dešava radnja). To su: Always (uvek), usually (obično), often (često), sometimes (ponekad), never (nikad), every day (svakog dana), every month (svakog meseca), every year (svake godine) i sl. Zatim, once a year (jednom godišnje), twice a day (dvaput dnevno), three times a week (triput nedeljno) i sl. Prilozi always, usually, often, sometimes, never dolaze pre glavnog glagola u potvrdnom obliku. Fraze every day, every month, twice a year, itd. najčešće dolaze na kraju rečenice. I always go to school at 8 o'clock in the morning. (Ja uvek idem u školu u 8 sati ujutru.) She usually drinks tea in the evening. (Ona obično pije čaj uveče.) We never eat in the living room. (Mi nikad ne jedemo u dnevnoj sobi.) •
Opšte istine (nešto što je uvek tačno)
People change money in banks. (Ljudi menjaju novac u bankama.) A day has 24 hours. (Dan ima 24 časa.) The Earth goes around the Sun. (Zemlja se okreće oko Sunca.) The Sava flows into the Danube. (Sava se uliva u Dunav.) •
Karakteristike subjekta
He speaks English very well. (On dobro govori engleski.) My sister plays the piano. (Moja sestra svira klavir.)
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THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (SADAŠNJE TRAJNO VREME) Sadašnje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostom sadašnjem vremenu (Present Simple Tense), tj. is/am /are+ sadašnji particip (present participle) glavnog glagola. Sadašnji particip se gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak –ing: go – going sleep – sleeping work – working Ako se glagol završava na jedan suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak, naglašen samoglasnik, krajnji se suglasnik ispred –ing udvostručava. Na primer: hit – udariti stop – prestati permit – dopustiti begin – početi
particip: hitting particip: stopping particip: permitting particip: beginning
Krajnje –l se uvek uvostručava.Npr.: travel – putovati
particip: travelling
Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I am working – Ja radim You are working – Ti radiš He is working – On radi She is working – Ona radi It is working – Ono radi Množina (plural) We are working – Mi radimo You are working – Vi radite They are working – Oni rade Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Am I working? – Da li ja radim? Are you working? – Da li ti radiš? Is he working? – Da li on radi? Is she working? – Da li ona radi? Is it working? – Da li ono radi?
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Množina (plural) Are we working? – Da li mi radimo? Are you working? – Da li vi radite? Are they working? – Da li oni rade? Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Am I working? – Yes, I am / No, I'm not Are you working? – Yes, you are / No, you aren’t Is he working? – Yes, he is / No, he isn’t Is she working? – Yes, she is / No, she isn’t Is it working? – Yes, it is / No, it isn’t Are we working? - Yes, we are / No, we aren’t Are you working? – Yes you are / No, you aren’t Are they working? –Yes, they are / No, they aren’t Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where am I working? – Gde ja radim? Where are you working? – Gde ti radiš? Where is he working? – Gde on radi? Where is she working? – Gde ona radi? Where is it working? – Gde ono radi? Množina (plural) Where are we working? – Gde mi radimo? Where are you working? – Gde vi radite? Where are they working? – Gde oni rade? Odrični oblik sadašnjeg trajnog vremena se gradi od odričnog oblika pomoćnog glagola TO BE u sadašnjem vremenu i sadašnjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I am not (I'm not) working – Ja ne radim You are not (aren't) working – Ti ne radiš He is not (isn't) working – On ne radi She is not (isn't) working – Ona ne radi It is not (isn't) working – Ono ne radi Množina (plural) We are not (aren't) working – Mi ne radimo You are not (aren't) working – Vi ne radite They are not (aren't) working – Oni ne rade
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Upotreba: Sadašnje trajno vreme (present continuous tense) se koristi za: •
Radnju koja se dešava u trenutku govora, te se stoga uz njega često nalaze vremenske odrednice now (sada) i at the moment (u ovom trenutku)
She is reading a book at the moment. (Ona trenutno čita knjigu.) •
Privremenu radnju
We're living in my sister's flat until we find a new house to buy. (Živimo u kući moje sestre dok ne nađemo novu kuću da kupimo.) •
Planove vezane za budućnost
I am visiting my sister next weekend. (Sledećeg vikenda ću posetiti svoju sestru.)
GLAGOLI KOJI SE NE UPOTREBLJAVAJU U PRESENT CONTINUOUS-u Jedan broj glagola najčešće ne može da bude upotrebljen u trajnim vremenima. Najvažniji od njih su: hear – čuti, see – videti , taste – okusiti , smell – mirisati, remember – setiti se , understand – razumeti , wish – želeti , want – hteti, know – znati itd. Oni su, umesto u present continuous tense-u koriste u present simple tense-u. I hear a noise in the next room. (Čujem nekakvu buku u susednoj sobi.) Stop! Don't you see the red light? (Stani! Zar ne vidiš crveno svetlo?) This cake tastes good. (Ovaj kolač ima dobar ukus.) Do you remember our first dance? ( Sećaš li se našeg prvog plesa?) I wish you a lot of happiness. (Želim vam mnogo sreće.) I know that you don't understand me. (Znam da me ne razumete). Neki od datih glagola menjaju značenje u present continuous tense-u: I see a boy in the garden. (Vidim dečaka u dvorištu.) She is seeing Milan. (Ona se viđa sa Milanom.) I don’t hear you. Could you repeat it, please. (Ne čujem te. Možeš li da ponoviš, molim te.) I am hearing from him twice a month. (Čujem se s njim dva puta mesečno.) 10
THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (SADAŠNJE SVRŠENO PROSTO VREME) Sadašnje svršeno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se gradi od glagola TO HAVE u sadašnjem prostom vremenu, tj. have/has i prošlog participa (past participle) glavnog glagola. Prošli particip se kod pravilnih glagola gradi kada se na infinitiv doda nastavak –ed. Kod nepravilnih glagola prošli particip ima drugačiji oblik (tzv. treća kolona): play – played work – worked sleep – slept Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I have (I've)worked – Ja sam radio You have (You've)worked – Ti si radio He has (He's)worked – On je radio She has (She's) worked – Ona je radila It has (It's) worked – Ono je radilo Množina (plural) We have (We've) worked – Mi smo radili You have (You've) worked – Vi ste radili They have (They've) worked– Oni su radili Jednina (singular) I have (I've) slept – Ja sam spavao You have (You've) slept – Ti si spavao He has slept (He's) – On je spavao She has slept (She's) – Ona je spavala It has slept (It's) – Ono je spavalo Množina (plural) We have slept (We've) – Mi smo spavali You have slept (You've) – Vi ste spavali They have slept (They've) – Oni su spavali Upitni oblik glagola sadašnjeg svršenog vremena se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomoćnog glagola TO HAVE (u sadašnjem vremenu) i lične zamenice. Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Have I worked? – Da li sam ja radio? Have you worked? – Da li si ti radio? Has he worked? – Da li je on radio? 11
Has she worked? – Da li je ona radila? Has it worked? – Da li je ono radilo? Množina (plural) Have we worked? – Da li smo mi radili? Have you worked? – Da li ste vi radili? Have they worked? – Da li su oni radili? Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Have I worked?–Yes, I have / No, I haven't Have you worked? – Yes, you have / No, you haven't Has he worked? – Yes, he has / No, he hasn't Has she worked? – Yes, she has/ No, she hasn't Has it worked? – Yes, it has / No, it hasn't Have we worked? - Yes, we have / No, we haven't Have you worked? – Yes, you have / No, we haven't Have they worked? –Yes, they have / No, they haven't
Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where have I worked? – Gde sam ja radio? Where have you worked? – Gde si ti radio? Where has he worked? – Gde je on radio? Where has she worked? – Gde je ona radila? Where has it worked? – Gde je ono radilo? Množina (plural) Where have we worked? – Gde smo mi radili? Where have you worked? – Gde ste vi radili? Where have they worked? – Gde su oni radili? Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog obika glagola have (odnosno has za treće lice jednine) i prošlog participa glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I have not (haven't) worked – Ja nisam radio You have not (haven't) worked – Ti ne radiš He has not (hasn't) worked – On nije radio She has not (hasn't) worked – Ona nije radila It has not (hasn't) worked – Ono nije radilo
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Množina (plural) We have not (haven't) worked – Mi nismo radili You have not (haven't) worked – Vi niste radili They have not (haven't) worked – Oni nisu radili Upotreba: Sadašnje svršeno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se koristi za: • Radnju koja je upravo završena, te se stoga uz njega često nalazi vremenska odrednica just (upravo) She has just gone out. (Ona je upravo izašla.) •
Radnju koja se desila u prošlosti u neko neodređeno vreme
I have travelled to America. (Putovao sam u Ameriku.) •
Prošlu radnju koja ima vidljive rezultate (posledice) u sadašnjosti
The lift has broken down. We have to use the stairs. (Lift se pokvario. Moramo da idemo stepenicama.) I have washed the car. It looks lovely. (Oprao sam kola. Izgledaju odlično.) • Radnju koja se desila u prošlosti ali je moguće da se ponovi u sadašnjosti I have seen wolves in that forest. You can still see them sometimes. (Video sam vukove u toj šumi. Još uvek ih ponekad možeš videti.) • Radnju koja se dešava u nezavršenom vremenskom periodu Vremenski period koji traje često je označen sa today, this morning / afternoon / evening / week / month / year / century, recently, lately... I haven't seen him today. (Nisam ga danas video.) He has had a lot of bad luck recently. (U poslednje vreme nije imao mnogo sreće.) U ovom značenju često se javljaju i prilozi ever i never da označe životna iskustva subjekta. He has never eaten Chinese food. (On nikada nije jeo kinesku hranu.) • Radnju koja je počela u prošlosti i još uvek traje. U tom smislu se koriste for i since. For se koristi da označi vremenski period u kojem radnja traje. We have lived here for 10 years. (Živimo ovde već 10 godina.) Since označava trenutak kada je radnja počela. They have been friends since their schooldays. (Oni su prijatelji još od školskih dana.)
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THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (SADAŠNJE SVRŠENO TRAJNO VREME) Sadašnje svršeno trajno vreme (present perfect continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u sadašnjem svršenom vremenu (present perfect tense), tj. have/has been i sadašnjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I have been working – Ja sam radio You have been working – Ti si radio He has been working – On je radio She has been working – Ona je radila It has been working – Ono je radilo Množina (plural) We have been working – Mi smo radili You have been working – Vi ste radili They have been working– Oni su radili Upitni oblik glagola u sadašnjem svršenom trajnom vremenu (present perfect continuous tense-u) se gradi kao upitni oblik present perfect simple tense-a tj. inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomoćnog glagola TO HAVE i lične zamenice. Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Have I been working? – Da li sam ja radio? Have you been working? – Da li si ti radio? Has he been working? – Da li je on radio? Has she been working? – Da li je ona radila? Has it been working? – Da li je ono radilo? Množina (plural) Have we been working? – Da li smo mi radili? Have you been working? – Da li ste vi radili? Have they been working? – Da li su oni radili? Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Have I been working? – Yes, I have / No, I haven`t. Have you been working? – Yes, you have / No, you haven’t. Has he been working? – Yes, he has / No, he hasn`t. Has she been working? – Yes, she has/ No, she hasn`t. Has it been working? – Yes, it has / No, it hasn`t.
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Have we been working? - Yes, we have / No, we haven`t. Have you been working? – Yes, you have / No, you haven’t. Have they been working? –Yes, they have / No, they haven’t. Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where have I been working? – Gde sam ja radio? Where have you been working? – Gde si ti radio? Where has he been working? – Gde je on radio? Where has she been working? – Gde je ona radila? Where has it been working? – Gde je ono radilo? Množina (plural) Where have we been working? – Gde smo mi radili? Where have you been working? – Gde ste vi radili? Where have they been working? – Gde su oni radili? Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog obika glagola TO BE u sadašnjem svršenom vremenu i sadašnjeg participa glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I have not (haven`t) been working – Ja nisam radio You have not (haven`t) been working – Ti nisi radio He has not (hasn`t) been working – On nije radio She has not (hasn`t) been working – Ona nije radila It has not (hasn`t) been working – Ono nije radilo Množina (plural) We have not (haven`t) been working – Mi nismo radili You have not (haven`t) been working – Vi niste radili They have not (haven`t) been working – Oni nisu radili Upotreba: Sadašnje svršeno trajno vreme se koristi za: •
Radnju koja je započeta u prošlosti, još uvek traje i može se nastaviti u budućnosti
She has been learning English for three years. (Ona uči engleski već tri godine.) U ovom kontekstu koristimo priloge for i since. For označava ukupan vremenski period trajanja radnje. I have been swimming for an hour. (Plivam već sat vremena.) Since označava početak dešavanja radnje.
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I have been living here since 1998. (Živim ovde od 1998.) •
Radnju koja se do skoro dešavala i ostavila jasne posledice u sadašnjosti
It has been raining. The ground is still wet. (Padala je kiša. Zemlja je još mokra.) Napomena: Kao što se iz prethodnih primera može videti, sadašnje svršeno trajno vreme se može prevesti i sadašnjim vremenom, u zavisnosti od konteksta.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
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Sadašnje svršeno prosto vreme (present perfect simple tense) se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama koje su se dogodile u neodređenom trenutku u prošlosti i gde je jasno naznačeno da je radnja završena. Tako je pri upotrebi sadašnjeg svršenog vremena (present perfect tense) subjekat više zainteresovan za rezultat radnje.
Mary has bought a new car. (Meri je kupila novi auto.) I have broken my leg. (Slomila sam nogu.)
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Present perfect continuous tense se koristi kada govorimo o radnjama za koje nismo sasvim sigurni da su završene.Ovim vremenom ističemo da smo više zainteresovani za dužinu trajanja radnje nego posledice koje ona ostavlja.
He has been working for the same company since 1990. (On radi za istu kompaniju od 1990. godine.) I have been talking to my sister for more than two hours. (Razgovarala sam sa svojom sestrom više od dva sata.) •
Tako se present perfect simple koristi uz how much i how many, a present perfect continuous tense uz how long.
How many cakes have you made? (Koliko si kolača napravila?) How much sugar have you bought? (Koliko si šećera kupio?) How lon have you been making cakes? (Koliko dugo praviš kolače?) • Razlika postoji i u primerima: I have read the book. You can have it back. (Pročitala sam knjigu. Možeš je uzeti natrag.) I have been reading the book, so you can't have it back. (Čitam knjigu, pa je ne možeš uzeti natrag.) U prvoj rečenici radnja je završena dok u drugoj nije.
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U nekim slučajevima oba vremena se mogu koristiti sa istim značenjem. Često sa glagolima LIVE i WORK.
I have been working for this company for 5 years. (Radim za ovu kompaniju već 5 godina.) I have worked for this company for 5 years. (Radim za ovu kompaniju već 5 godina.) I've been living in London since 1997. (Živim u Londonu od 1997.-e.) I've lived in London since 1997. (Živim u Londonu od 1997.-e.) •
U slučajevima kada je dužina trajanja radnje naglašena, koristićemo sadašnje svršeno trajno vreme.
I have been working here for ages. (Radim ovde već godinama.)
ADJECTIVE PLACEMENT (REDOSLED PRIDEVA U SINTAGMAMA) •
Kada u engleskom jeziku koristimo više prideva da opišemo neku imenicu, potrebno je da ti pridevi imaju određeni redosled.
U tabeli u nastavku je prikazan redosled prideva.
1 mišljene
2 veličina
3 starost
4 oblik
5 boja
6 poreklo
7 materijal
8 svrha
9 imenica
Napomena: Obično se ispred imenice koristi najviše tri prideva. U nastavku su primeri koji se odnose na odgovrajući raspored prideva na osnovu gore navedene tabele.Između prideva se ne nalaze zarezi.
A wonderful old Italian clock. (1, 3, 6, 9) (Divan stari italijanski sat.) A big square blue box. (2, 4, 5, 9) (Velika kockasta plava kutija.) A disgusting red plastic ornament. (1, 5, 7, 9) (Odvratni crveni plastični ukras.) Old black riding boots. (2, 5, 8, 9) (Stare crne čizme za jahanje.)
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ADJECTIVES AS NOUNS (PRIDEVI U FUNKCIJI IMENICA) Određeni član the se koristi sa pridevima koji označavaju pripadnost naciji i koji se završavaju sa –sh, -ch, -ss, -ese. Ovi pridevi nemaju nastavak za množinu. The Japanese are hard-working. (Japanci su vredni.) The English are cold. (Englezi su hladni.) •
•
Nacionalnosti koje se završavaju sa –an i još neke kao što su Greek i Thai, imaju funkciju i imenice i prideva. Kada se govori o narodu iz tih zemalja može se koristiti množina.
The Greeks are warm people. (Grci su topli ljudi.) The Italians are beautiful. (Italijani su lepi.) •
Kod nekih nacionalnosti postoji i pridev i imenica za označavanje nacionalnosti.
Primeri: Turkish, a Turk Polish, a Pole She is Turkish. -pridev (Ona je turske nacionalnosti.) She is a Turk. -imenica (Ona je Turkinja.) Takođe je moguća konstrukcija: She is a Turkish woman. -imenica (Ona je Turkinja.) Napomena: Kada želite da kažete da je neko, na primer, Englez ili Engleskinja, onda je potrebno da koristite dodatnu odrednicu man ili woman. U tom slučaju ne zaboravite neodređeni član. He is an English man. (On je Englez.) She is a Japanese woman. (Ona je Japanka.)
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE OF THE VERB TO BE(PROŠLO PROSTO VREME GLAGOLA TO BE) Potvrdni oblik glagol TO BE (biti) u prostom prošlom vremenu glasi: Jednina (singular) I was – Ja sam bio You were – Ti si bio He was – On je bio She was – Ona je bila It was – Ono je bilo 18
Množina (plural) We were – Mi smo bili You were – Vi ste bili They were – Oni su bili I was at the theatre last night. (Ja sam sinoć bio u pozorištu.) My sister and her best friend were in London three years ago. (Moja sestra i njen najbolji prijatelj su pre tri godine bili u Londonu.) David was in Sarajevo last summer. (Dejvid je bio u Sarajevu prošlog leta.)
Upitni oblik glagola TO BE u Simple Past Tense-u se gradi inverzijom glagola TO BE i lične zamenice. Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Was I? – Da li sam ja bio? Were you? – Da li si ti bio? Was he? – Da li je on bio? Was she? – Da li je ona bila? Was it? – Da li ono bilo? Množina (plural) Were we? – Da li smo mi bili? Were you? – Da li ste vi bili? Were they? – Da li su oni bili? Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Was I? – Yes, I was / No, I wasn’t Were you? – Yes, you were / No, you weren’t Was he? – Yes, he was / No, he wasn’t Was she? – Yes, she was / No, she wasn’t Was it? – Yes, it was / No, it wasn’t Were we? – Yes, we were / No, we weren’t Were you? – Yes, you were / No, you weren’t Were they? – Yes, they were / No, they weren’t
Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where was I? – Gde sam ja bio? Where were you? – Gde si ti bio? 19
Where was he? – Gde je on bio? Where was she? – Gde je ona bila? Where was it? – Gde je ono bilo? Množina (plural) Where were we? – Gde smo i bili? Where were you? – Gde ste vi bili? Where were you? – Gde su oni bili?
Were you at home last night? (Da li si sinoć bio kod kuće?) Were your parents in Belgrade last summer? (Da li su tvoji roditelji bili u Beogradu prošlog leta?) Was I clear? (Da li sam bio jasan?) Where were Marko and Sandra three days ago? (Gde su bili Marko i Sandra pre tri dana?) Why was he here? (Zašto je on bio ovde?) Odrični oblik glagola TO BE u Past Simple Tense-u (prošlom prostom vremenu) glasi: Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I was not (wasn't) – Ja nisam bio You were not (weren't) – Ti nisi bio He was not (wasn't) – On nije bio She was not (wasn't) – Ona nije bila It was not (wasn't) – Ono nije bilo Množina (plural) We were not (weren't) – Mi nismo bili You were not (weren't) – Vi niste bili They were not (weren't)– Oni nisu bili My father wasn't here yesterday. (Moj otac juče nije bio ovde.) Her sister and John weren't in Madrid last summer. (Njen sestra i Džon nisu bili u Madridu prošlog leta.) Sandra wasn't happy when she was a child. (Sandra nije bila srećna kada je bila dete.) I wasn't ill yesterday. (Juče nisam bio bolestan.)
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THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE (PROSTO PROŠLO VREME) Prosto prošlo vreme (simple past tense) pravilnih glagola se gradi od osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez «to») i nastavka –ed. Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I worked – Ja sam radio You worked – Ti si radio He worked – On je radio She worked – Ona je radila It worked – Ono je radilo Množina (plural) We worked – Mi smo radili You worked – Vi ste radili They worked – Oni su radili Ako se infinitiv glagola završava na –e, nastavak glasi –d Primer: He closed (close – zatvoriti) Ako se glagol završava na –y i ukoliko je ispred njega suglasnik, –y prelazi u –i. Primer: He cried (cry -plakati) Ako je ispred –y samoglasnik, nema promene. She played (play – igrati) He stayed (stay – ostati) Ukoliko se infinitiv završava na jedan suglasnik ispred koga je kratak, naglašen samoglasnik, taj krajnji suglasnik se udvostručava pred nastavkom za prosto prošlo vreme. plan – planned (planirati) stop – stopped (zaustaviti) Nepravilni glagoli imaju posebne oblike za prošlo vreme i oni se uče napamet. Upitni oblik glagola u prostom prošlom vremenu se gradi od pomoćnog glagola do u prošlom vremenu koji glasi did i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Did I work? – Da li sam ja radio? Did you work? – Da li si ti radio? Did he work? – Da li je on radio? Did she work? – Da li je ona radila? Did it work? – Da li je ono radilo?
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Množina (plural) Did we work? – Da li smo mi radili? Did you work? – Da li ste vi radili? Did they work? – Da li su oni radili? Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Did Did Did Did Did
I work? – Yes, I did / No, I didn’t you work? – Yes, you did / No, you didn’t. he work? – Yes, he did / No, he didn’t she work? – Yes, she did / No, she didn’t it work? – Yes, it did / No, it didn’t
Did we work? – Yes, we did / No, we didn’t Did you work? – Yes you did / No, you didn’t Did they work? – Yes, they did / No, they didn’t Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where did I work? – Gde sam ja radio? Where did you work? – Gde si ti radio? Where did he work? – Gde je on radio? Where did she work? – Gde je ona radila? Where did it work? – Gde ono radilo? Množina (plural) Where did we work? – Gde smo mi radili? Where did you work? – Gde ste vi radili? Where did they work? – Gde su oni radili? Nepravilni glagoli grade upitni oblik na isti način. Subjekatska i objekatska pitanja (Subject and object questions) Kada se upitna reč odnosi na subjekat rečenice koja je odgovor na postavljeno pitanje, glagol stoji u potvrdnom obliku. Ovakvo pitanje se naziva subjekatsko. Kod rečenice: Who called you? (Ko te je pozvao?) odgovor na pitanje glasi John called me. Odgovor na gorenavedeno pitanje je »John«, što je subjekat rečenice. Kod rečenice: Who did you call last night? (Koga si pozvao sinoć?) odgovor na pitanje glasi I called Robert last night. Odgovor na gorenavedeno pitanje je »Robert«, što je objekat rečenice. 22
Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog oblika pomoćnog glagola do u prošlom vremenu i osnovnog oblika glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik Nepravilni glagoli grade odrični oblik na isti način. Jednina (singular) I did not (didn't) work – Ja nisam radio You did not (didn't) work – Ti nisi radio He did not (didn't) work – On nije radio She did not (didn't) work – Ona nije radila It did not (didn't) work – Ono nije radilo Množina (plural) We did not (didn't) work – Mi nismo radili You did not (didn't) work – Vi niste radili They did not (didn't) work – Oni nisu radili
Upotreba: •
Prosto prošlo vreme se koristi za radnju koja je završena u prošlosti. Karakteristične vremenske odrednice uz koje se upotrebljava su:
Yesterday – juče, the day before yesterday – prekjuče, two years ago – pre dve godine, three hours ago – pre tri sata, last Monday – prošlog ponedeljka, last year – prošle godine, in 1977 – 1977.-e i sl. I worked in a shop last year. (Radio sam u prodavnici prošle godine.) My brother finished his homework an hour ago. (Moj brat je završio domaći pre sat vremena.) Last week we decided to buy a new house. (Prošle nedelje smo odlučili da kupimo novu kuću.) Sandra closed the window a few minutwes ago. (Sandra je zatvorila prozor pre nekoliko minuta.) My father built this house in 1997. (Moj otac je sagradio ovu kuću 1997.-e) The day before yesterday Marko bought a nice hat. (Prekjuče je Marko kupio lep šešir.)
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THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (PROŠLO TRAJNO VREME) Prošlo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se gradi od glagola TO BE u prostom prošlom vremenu, tj. was/were i sadašnjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola. Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I was working – Ja sam radio You were working – Ti si radio He was working – On je radio She was working – Ona je radila It was working – Ono je radilo Množina (plural) We were working – Mi smo radili You were working – Vi ste radili They were working – Oni su radili Upitni oblik glagola u prošlom trajnom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomoćnog glagola TO BE (u prošlom vremenu) i lične zamenice. Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Was I working? – Da li sam ja radio? Were you working? – Da li si ti radio? Was he working? – Da li je on radio? Was she working? – Da li je ona radila? Was it working? – Da li je ono radilo? Množina (plural) Were we working? – Da li smo mi radili? Were you working? – Da li ste vi radili? Were they working? – Da li su oni radili? Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Was I working? – Yes, I was / No, I wasn’t Were you working ? – Yes, you were / No, you weren’t Was he working? – Yes, he was / No, he wasn’t Was she working? – Yes, she was / No, she wasn’t Was it working? – Yes, it was / No, it wasn’t Were we working? – Yes, we were / No, we weren’t Were you working? – Yes, you were / No, you weren’t Were they working? – Yes, they were / No, they weren’t
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Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where was I working? – Gde sam ja radio? Where were you working? – Gde si ti radio? Where was he working? – Gde je on radio? Where was she working? – Gde je ona radila? Where was it working? – Gde je ono radilo? Množina (plural) Where were we working? – Gde smo mi radili? Where were you working? – Gde ste vi radili? Where were they working? – Gde su oni radili? Odrični oblik prošlog trajnog vremena se gradi od odričnog obika pomoćnog glagola TO BE u prošlom vremenu i sadašnjeg participa glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I was not (I wasn't) working – Ja nisam radio You were not (weren't) working – Ti nisi radio He was not (wasn't) working – On nije radio She was not (wasn't) working – Ona nije radila It was not (wasn't) working – Ono nije radilo Množina (plural) We were not (weren't) working – Mi nismo radili You were not (weren't) working – Vi niste radili They were not (weren't) working – Oni nisu radili Upotreba: Prošlo trajno vreme (past continuous tense) se koristi za: •
Radnju koja je trajala duže vreme u prošlosti
She was reading a book all day yesterday. (Ona je ceo dan juče čitala knjigu.) •
Dve radnje koje su se u prošlom vremenu paralelno dešavale
While I was watching TV, my sister was doing her homework. (Dok sam ja gledao TV, moja sestra je radila svoj domaći.) •
Prošlu radnju koja je duže trajala a prekinuta je nekom drugom prošlom radnjom. Ta druga radnja se obično izražava prostim prošlim vremenom (past simple tense):
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I was watching TV when the telephone rang. (Ja sam gledao TV kada je telefon zazvonio.) When we arrived they were playing cards. (Kada smo stigli oni su igrali karte.) Napomena: Glagoli koji se ne koriste u Present Continuous Tense-u, ne koriste se ni u Past Continuous Tense-u. Umesto njih se obično koristi glagol u Past Simple Tense-u.
ADVERBS (PRILOZI) Prilozi su reči koje bliže određuju glagole, prideve i druge priloge, tj. oni objašnjavaju kako se nešto radi, odnosno na koji način se obavlja neka radnja. Postoje razne vrste priloga, mi ćemo se ovde baviti prilozima koji se grade od prideva. Naime, najveći broj priloga se gradi tako što se na osnovu prideva doda nastavak –ly. quick + -ly = quickly (brzo) slow + -ly = slowly (sporo) clear + -ly = clearly (jasno) kind + -ly = kindly (ljubazno) careful + -ly = carefully (pažljivo) beautiful + -ly = beautifully (lepo) Pridevi koji se završavaju na –y, menjaju –y u –i. easy + -ly = easily (lako) happy + -ly = happily (srećno) angry + -ly = angrily (ljuto) Pridevi koji završavaju na –le, gube krajnje –e, i dodaje im se samo –y. gentle + -y = gently (nežno) comfortable + -y = comfortably (udobno) Neki prilozi imaju potpuno isti oblik kao pridevi. Takvi su sledeći prlozi: fast (brzo) hard (teško, jako) late (kasno) early (rano) Postoje prilozi hardly i lately, ali oni imaju drugo značenje. hardly (jedva) lately (u poslednje vreme) Prilog koji odgvara pridevu good (dobar) je nepravilan i glasi well.
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Primeri: She sang beautifully last night. (Ona je sinoć lepo pevala.) He speaks English well. (On dobro govori engleski.) They ran quickly. (Oni su brzo trčali.) Please, talk slowly. (Molim vas, govorite sporo.) He always drives very fast. (On uvek vozi veoma brzo.)
Prilozi se najčešće nalaze na kraju rečenice. Prilozi stoje iza direktnog objekta, ako on postoji, inače posle glagola postoji sledeći redosled: prilog za način (manner), prilog za mesto (place), prilog za vreme (time) I didn't feel well at work yesterday morning. (Nisam se osećala dobro na poslu juče ujutru.) Well je prilog za način, at work za mesto, a yesterday morning za vreme. Ako u jednoj rečenici postoji više priloga za vreme, na prvo mesto dolazi onaj koji pokazuje bliže vreme. The next class is at 9 o’clock, on Monday, April 27th. (Sledeći čas je u 9 sati ,ponedeljak, 27.-og aprila.)
THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE (DAVNO PROŠLO PROSTO VREME) Davno prošlo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se gradi od pomoćnog glagola TO HAVE prošlom prostom vremenu (past simple tense-u), tj. had i prošlog participa glavnog glagola. Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I had (I’d) worked – Ja sam bio radio You had (You’d) worked – Ti si bio radio He had worked (He’d) – On je bio radio She had worked (She’d) – Ona je bila radila It had worked (It’d) – Ono bilo je radilo Množina (plural) We had (We’d) worked– Mi smo bili radili You had (You’d) worked– Vi ste bili radili They had (They’d) worked– Oni su bili radili
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Jednina (singular) I had (I’d) slept – Ja sam bio spavao You had (You’d) slept – Ti si bio spavao He had (He’d) slept – On je bio spavao She had (She’d) slept – Ona je bila spavala It had (It’d) slept – Ono je bilo spavalo Množina (plural) We had (We’d) slept – Mi smo bili spavali You had (You’d)slept – Vi ste bili spavali They had (They’d) slept– Oni su bili spavali Upitni oblik glagola u davnom prošlom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) pomoćnog glagola TO HAVE (u prošlom vremenu) i lične zamenice. Upitni oblik Jednina (singular) Had I worked? – Da li sam ja bio radio? Had you worked? – Da li si ti bio radio? Had he worked? – Da li je on bio radio? Had she worked? – Da li je ona bila radila? Had it worked? – Da li je ono bilo radilo? Množina (plural) Had we worked? – Da li smo mi bili radili? Had you worked? – Da li vi ste bili radili? Had they worked? – Da li su oni bili radili? Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Had Had Had Had Had
I worked? – Yes, I had / No, I hadn't you worked? – Yes, you had / No, you hadn't he worked? – Yes, he had / No, he hadn't she worked? – Yes, she had / No, she hadn't it worked? – Yes, it had / No, it hadn't
Had we worked? - Yes, we had / No, we hadn't Had you worked? – Yes, you had / No, we hadn't Had they worked? –Yes, they had / No, they hadn't
Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where had I worked? – Gde sam ja bio radio? Where had you worked? – Gde si ti bio radio? Where had he worked? – Gde je on bio radio? 28
Where had she worked? – Gde je ona bila radila? Where had it worked? – Gde je ono bilo radilo? Množina (plural) Where had we worked? -Gde smo mi bili radili? Where had you worked? – Gde ste vi bili radili? Where had they worked? –Gde su oni bili radili? Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog oblika prošlog vremena glagola have i prošlog participa glavnog glagola. Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I had not (hadn't ) worked – Ja nisam bio radio You had not (hadn't) worked –Ti nisi bio radio He had not (hadn't) worked – On nije bio radio She had not (hadn't) worked – Ona nije bila radila It had not (hadn't) worked – Ono nije bilo radilo Množina (plural) We had not (hadn't) worked – Mi nismo bili radili You had not (hadn't) worked – Vi niste bili radili They had not (hadn't) worked – Oni nisu bili radili
Upotreba: Davno prošlo prosto vreme (past perfect simple tense) se upotrebljava za: •
Radnju koja se završila pre neke druge prošle radnje
She suddenly found that she had lost her camera. (Odjednom je shvatila da je izgubila foto aparat.) •
Ovo vreme se upotrebljava u zavisnim rečenicama uz after. Takođe se mogu pojaviti i prilozi when i because
After we had reached the top, we began to feel tired. (Pošto smo se popeli na vrh počeli smo da osećamo umor.) His friend tried to help him after he had lost all his money. (Prijatelji su pokušali da mu pomognu nakon što je izgubio sav svoj novac.) When he had finished his homework, he went to play. (Kada je završio domaći, izašao je da se igra.) Because he'd spent so much, he had very little money. (Pošto je bio potrošio toliko, imao je vrlo malo novca.)
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THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (DAVNO PROŠLO TRAJNO VREME)
Davno prošlo trajno vreme (past perfect continuous tense) se gradi od glagola HAVE u past perfect tense-u i sadašnjeg participa glavnog glagola. Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I had (I’d) been working – Ja sam bio radio You had (You’d) been working –Ti si bio radio He had been working (He’d) – On je bio radio She had been working (She’d) – Ona je bila radila It had been working (It’d) – Ono bilo je radilo Množina (plural) We had been working (We’d) – Mi smo bili radili You had been working (You’d) – Vi ste bili radili They had been working (They’d) – Oni su bili radili
Upitni oblik Upitni oblik glagola u sadašnjem svršenom trajnom vremenu se gradi upitnim oblikom glagola TO HAVE (u past perfect simple tense-u). Jednina (singular) Had I been working? – Da li sam ja bio radio? Had you been working? – Da li si ti bio radio? Had he been working? – Da li je on bio radio? Had she been working? – Da li je ona bila radila? Had it been working? – Da li je ono bilo radilo? Množina (plural) Had we been working? – Da li smo mi bili radili? Had you been working? – Da li vi ste bili radili? Had they been working? –Da li su oni bili radili? Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Had Had Had Had Had
I been working? – Yes, I had / No, I hadn’t you been working? – Yes, you had / No, you hadn’t he been working? – Yes, he had / No, he hadn’t she been working? – Yes, she had/ No, she hadn’t it been working? – Yes, it had / No, it hadn’t
Had we been working? - Yes, we had / No, we hadn’t Had you been working? – Yes, you had / No, we hadn’t Had they been working? –Yes, they had / No, they hadn’t
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.
Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where had I been working? – Gde sam ja bio radio? Where had you been working? – Gde si ti bio radio? Where had he been working? – Gde je on bio radio? Where had she been working? – Gde je ona bila radila? Where had it been working? – Gde je ono bilo radilo? Množina (plural) Where had we been working? – Gde smo mi bili radili? Where had you been working? – Gde ste vi bili radili? Where had they been working? – Gde su oni bili radili?
Odrični oblik Odrični oblik se gradi od odričnog oblika HAVE u davnom prošlom vremenu i sadašnjeg participa glavnog glagola. Jednina (singular) I had not (hadn’t ) been working – Ja nisam bio radio You had not (hadn’t) been working –Ti nisi bio radio He had not (hadn’t) been working – On nije bio radio She had not (hadn’t) been working – Ona nije bila radila It had not (hadn’t) been working – Ono nije bilo radilo Množina (plural) We had not (hadn’t) been working – Mi nismo bili radili You had not (hadn’t) been working – Vi niste bili radili They had not (hadn’t) been working – Oni nisu bili radili
Upotreba: •
•
Davno prošlo trajno vreme se upotrebljava za radnju koja je trajala do nekog trenutka u prošlosti. Tako se ne naglašava da je radnja završena nego se potencira njeno trajanje Često se uz ovo vreme koriste for i since
When we came Sally had been waiting for half an hour. (Kad smo mi stigli, Seli je čekala već pola sata.) When I called on him he had been reading for a while. (Kada sam ga posetio, on je čitao već neko vreme.)
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PAST MODAL VERBS (PROŠLI MODALI) • Modalni glagoli se mogu kombinovati sa prošlim infinitivom (perfect infinitive). Prošli infinitiv se gradi od glagola HAVE i prošlog participa glavnog glagola npr. have been, have taken, have gone •
Should (ili shouldn’t) u kombinaciji sa prošlim infinitivom označava radnju koja je u prošlosti bila pogrešna ili zbog koje se subjekt kaje.
I should have listened to your advice. (Trebalo je da poslušam tvoj savet.) She shouldn’t have given up her job. (Nije trebalo da da otkaz na poslu.) Shouldn’t se često koristi za kritikovanje nekoga. You shouldn’t have worn that dress in the street. (Nije trebalo da nosiš tu haljinu na ulici.) •
Modalni glagoli may, might i could se kombinuju sa prošlim infinitivom kada govorimo o tome da se nešto možda desilo u prošlosti.
The child might have imagined the situation. (Dete je možda izmislilo situaciju.) I might have done the right thing. (Možda sam učinila pravu stvar.) They could have played a trick on you. (Možda su te prevarili.) •
Must i can’t se koriste uz prošli infinitiv kada govorimo o tome da se nešto sigurno desilo ili se sigurno nije desilo u prošlosti.
She must have been terrified. (Mora da je bila preplašena.) Robert can’t have spoken to Mr. Marković. He doesn’t know a word of Serbian. (Robert sigurno nije razgovarao sa gospodinom Markovićem. On ne zna ni reč srpskog.)
VERBS OF THE SENSES (GLAGOLI ČULA) Glagoli čula su: Look Feel Smell Sound Taste Seem Look, feel, smell, sound, taste+pridev (adjective) He looks nice. (On izgleda lepo.) It smells great. (Divno miriše.) We sound bad. (Zvučimo loše.)
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Look, feel, smell, sound, taste like+imenica (noun) They look like businessmen. (Oni izgledaju kao biznismeni.) It feels like cotton. (Poput pamuka je.) She looks like a famous person. (Ona izgleda kao slavna ličnost.) Look, feel, smell, sound, taste as if+glagol (verb) He looks as if he had too much food. (Izgleda kao da se prejeo.) It sounds as if someone is knocking on the door. (Zvuči kao da neko kuca na vratima.) It sounds as if it is raining. (Zvuči kao da pada kiša.) Feel like znači želeti ili biti raspoložen za nešto. Primer: I don’t feel like going out. (Nisam raspoložen za izlazak.)
VERB PATTERNS (SLAGANJE GLAGOLA)
•
Posle određenih glagola, glagolski oblici koji slede imaju – ing nastavak (gerund). Takvi glagoli su:
enjoy, can’t stand, mind, detest, consider, risk, continue, suggest I enjoy dancing. I don’t mind getting up. Marijana suggested going to the cinema.
•
Posle određenih glagola koristi se to + infinitive. Takvi glagoli su:
want, hope, plan, need, expect, promise, offer, decide, refuse, try, forget, learn, would like, would love, would prefer, would hate, (can) afford, manage, arrange, agree What do you want to do this evening? It’s not very late. We don’t need to go home yet. I tried to read my book but I was too tired. I’d love to go to Australia. Would you like to sit down? No, I’d prefer to stand, thank you.
•
Glagoli iza kojih mogu da se koriste glagol sa završetkom – ing ili to + infinitive:
love, like, prefer, hate Za radnju koja se vrši iz zadovoljstva, koristi se nastavak -ING tj. gerund: She likes going shopping. (Ona voli da kupuje.) U određenoj prilici, tj. kad je ideja iz nekog razloga dobra, iza ovih glagola bi trebalo upotrebiti to + infinitiv: I like to go shopping on Mondays. (Volim da kupujem ponedeljkom.)
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Međutim, često ne postoji nikakava razlika: Ana likes dancing. (Ana voli da pleše.) pleše.) I prefer travelling by car. (Više volim da putujem kolima.) I hate being late. (Mrzim da kasnim.) kasnim.)
•
ili
Ana likes to dance. (Ana voli da
ili I prefer to travel by car. (Više volim da putujem kolima.) ili I hate to be late. (Mrzim da
Neki glagoli menjaju značenje u zavisnosti od toga da li su praćeni infinitivom sa to ili -ing formom glagola.
STOP He stopped smoking. (Prestao je da puši.) He stopped to smoke. (Zastao je da zapali cigaretu.) REMEMBER I clearly remember locking the door. (Jasno se sećam da sam zaključao vrata.) I remembered to lock the door when I left. (Setio sam se da zaključam vrata kad sam izašao.) REGRET I regret saying bad news to him. (Žao mi je što sam mu rekla loše vesti.) I regret to say this to you but I don’t have a choice. (Žao mi je što moram ovo da ti kažem, ali nemam izbora.) GO ON The minister went on talking about the price boom. (Ministar je nastavio da priča o skoku cena.) - nastavak iste stvari After discussing the economic problems, he went on to talk about trade. (Nakon diskusije o ekonomskim problemima, nastavio je pričom o trgovini.) - nastavak nečim novim TRY She tried to keep her eyes open but she couldn’t. (Pokušala je drži oči otvorene, ali nije mogla.) - pokušati nešto If you don’t like the taste of cauliflower, try cooking it with beaf. (Ako ne voliš ukus karfiola, pokušaj da ga kuvaš sa junetinom.) - pokušati nešto novo, eksperiment ili test
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ARTICLES (ČLANOVI) THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (NEODREĐENI ČLAN) Neodređeni član (indefinite article) a/an se ispred imenica koje počinju suglasnikom čita / ∂/ dok se ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom čita kao / ∂n /. a boy / ∂ boi / an egg / ∂n eg / Treba obratiti pažnju da pri tom je važan izgovor tako da se piše an hour, zato što se ’h’ ne izgovara. Kod fraze a yellow car, koristi se ’a’ zato što se y izgovara kao ’j’. •
Neodređeni član se koristi da označi lice ili stvar koje ne poznajemo ili koje po prvi put pominjemo. Neodređeni član se upotrebljava isključivo sa imenicama u jednini. There is a boy in the street. (Neki dečak se nalazi na ulici.) She put an apple on the table. (Stavila je jabuku na sto.) • Neodređeni član se koristi ispred zajedničkih imenica da označi celu vrstu. A rose is a flower. (Ruža je cvet.) A dog is a faithful animal. (Pas je verna životinja.) • Neodređeni član se koristi ispred imenskog dela predikata. I am a student. (Ja sam student.) The ugly duckling became a beautiful swan. (Ružno pače je postalo prelepi labud.) • Neodređeni član se koristi kod određenih izraza. What a lovely dress! (Kakva divna haljina!) What a pity! (Kakva šteta!) What a beautiful girl! (Kako lepa devojka!) She is such an actress! (Ona je takva glumica!) Have a nice trip! (Srećan put!)
DEFINITE ARTICLE (ODREĐENI ČLAN) Određeni član (definite article) the se isped imenica koje počinju suglasnikom izgovara kao / δ / dok se ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom određeni član čita kao / δi: / the book / δ buk / the eyes / δi: аіz / • Određeni član se koristi za opisivanje određenih, poznatih lica i stvari. The man you met is my friend. (Čovek kog si upoznao je moj prijatelj.) The book on the table is mine. (Knjiga na stolu je moja.) • Određeni član se koristi ispred superlativa i rednih brojeva. She is the prettiest girl in the class. (Ona je najlepša devojka u razredu.) The first act of the play was the best. (Prvi čin drame je bio najbolji.)
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• Određeni član se koristi da označi pojmove od kojih samo jedan postoji na svetu. the earth the past the sun the weather • the the the the the the the the
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena reka, mora, okeana, planinskih venaca, pustinja, poluostrva, grupe ostvra… Sava Adriatic sea Atlantic Alps Tatra Mountains Sahara Iberian Peninsula Caribbean
• Određeni član se koristi ispred imena pripadnika narodnosti da označi celu naciju. the French the Swiss •
the the the the
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena javnih zgrada i institucija (hotela, muzeja, galerija, pozorišta, bioskopa) u gradu. Odeon Cinema National Museum Modern Art Gallery Globe Theatre
• Određeni član se koristi ispred naziva instrumenata. She plays the guitar. (Ona svira gitaru) • Određeni član se koristi ispred naziva dnevnih novina. the Guardian, the Blic • the the the the
Određeni član se koristi ispred naziva zemalja u množini, onih zemalja koje u nazivu sadrže reč “republika” ili su skup više celina. United States of America Netherlands United Kingdom Czech Republic
• Određeni član se koristi ispred poimeničenih prideva. The old do not have a place in our society. The government needs to create more jobs for the unemployed.
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NO ARTICLE (IZOSTAVLJANE ČLANA) Član se ne koristi: • Sa imenicama u množini i nebrojivim imenicama kada govorimo uopšteno o nečemu Apples are very good for your health. We drink coffee and tea. • Ispred imena jezika i obroka She speaks French. We had lunch with John. • Ispred imena igara i sportova Marko plays chess very well. Many people like playing basketball. • Ispred ličnih imena i imena gradova, država Martin likes swimming. France is a beautiful country. I live in New York. • Ispred pojedinačnih planina i jezera Mount Kilimanjaro Lake Victoria • Ispred naziva mostova, ulica, parkova, trgova, bolnica London Bridge Hyde Park Trafalgar Square Memorial Hospital Brown Street • Ispred nedeljnih i mesečnih časopisa Time, Vouge • Ispred naziva školskih predmeta Mathematics Biology • U mnogim uobičajenim izrazima By day – danju, po danu At night – noću At home – kod kuće At work – na poslu In bed – u krevetu By car – kolima At present -trenutno
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Obratite pažnju na sledeće: • Ako govorite o jeziku bez reči “language” onda se član ne stavlja ispred jezika, a ako se koristi reč “language” onda se stavlja određeni član. French is difficult. The French language is difficult. •
Određeni član može da se koristi ispred nebrojivih ili apstraktnih imenica koje su dodatno određene nekom frazom ili rečenicom The coffee in my cup is too hot to drink. The Japanese he speaks is often heard in the countryside. The intelligence of animals is variable but undeniable. •
Postoje stvari koje se u engleskom jeziku kažu sa članom ili bez njega, a ne postoji lingvističko objašnjene zašto je tako Mankind The human race
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (BROJIVE I NEBROJIVE IMENICE) U engleskom jeziku neke imenice su nebrojive iako su u drugim jezicima brojive. Ovo je lista najčešće korišćenih nebrojivih imenica. One uvek zahtevaju glagol u jednini, nemaju množinu i ispred njih se ne može koristiti a/an. Accommodation Advice Luggage Equipment Furniture Garbage Information Knowledge Money News Progress Research Work Behaviour Mathematics Athletics Kod nebrojivih imenica (posebno kad je hrana u pitanju) može se izraziti množina uz pomoć dodatnih odrednica. Te odrednice su brojive: water - a glass of water equipment - a piece of equipment information- a piece of information cheese - a slice of cheese wine-a bottle of wine
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Neke imenice mogu biti i brojive i nebrojive, ali onda imaju različito značenje. Iron-gvožđe An iron –pegla Glass-staklo A glass- čaša Light-svetlost A light-lampa Time-vreme Two times-dva puta Imenice u množini Belogings-pripadnosti Clothes-garderoba Jeans-farmerke Trousers-pantalone Scissors-makaze Gorenavedene imenice nemaju jedninu. Koristi se glagol za množinu i ne mogu se koristiti sa a/an. Ako se predmeti sastoje dva dela (scissors, jeans) mogu se koristiti sa izrazom a pair, a onda je glagol u jednini (a pair of scissors is...) Ovo su primeri nekih izraza koji se mnogo smatrati i jedninom i množinom: choir, class, club, committee, family, government, jury, school, staff, team, union, the BBC, board of directors, the Conservative Party, Manchester United, the Ministry of Health Uz njih se mogu koristiti glagoli i u jednini i množini. Primeri: The The The The
team is playing tomorrow. (Tim igra sutra.) team are playing tomorrow. (Tim igra sutra.) staff was confused. (Osoblje je bilo zbunjeno.) staff were confused. (Osoblje je bilo zbunjeno.)
QUANTIFIERS (IZRAZI ZA KOLIČINU, KVANTIFIKATORI) • All ili all (of) the +imenica u množini All-opšte All (of) the-određeno
All people like music. All (of) the people in this room are workers. • Everything, everybody, everyone +glagol u jednini Everything is very nice. Everyone was here.
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• Most ili most (of) the+imenica u množini Most-opšte Most (of) the-određeno
Most people live in cities. Most (of) the people in this class are women. • None se koristi u kratkim odgovorima sa potvrdnim glagolima i ima ulogu zamenice. Is there any milk? There is none.
Neither/nor (ni, niti) (glagoli rečenici sa ovim odrednicama moraju biti u potvrdnom obliku) Either/or (ili, ili) They wanted to study either biology or history. Neither Marko nor Tanja wanted to go to the party. (glagol “want” je u potvrdnom obliku) •
WISH
• •
Ako se želi izraziti želja suprotna činjeničnom stanju stvari ili žaljenje za nečim koristi se glagol wish i iza njega odgovarajući oblik glavnog glagola. Umesto izraza WISH, možete koristiti izraz IF ONLY. Ako je želja vezana za sadašnjost, taj glagol će biti u prostom prošlom vremenu (past simple tense).
I wish I had enough money to buy a new car. (Voleo bih da imam dovoljno novca da kupim novi auto.) I wish I didn't have to work. (Voleo bih da ne moram da radim.) If only I could learn to drive. (Voleo bih da naučim da vozim.) • Glagol TO BE za sva lica glasi WERE I wish I were rich. (Voleo bih da sam bogat.) She wishes she were an actress. (Ona bi volela da je glumica.) If only I were smarter. (Voleo bih da sam pametniji.) • Ako je želja vezana za prošlost, koristi davno prošlo vreme (past perfect tense) I wish I had done that. (Voleo bih da sam to učinio.) They wish they hadn't been there yesterday. (Oni bi voleli da juče nisu bili tamo.) If only I had finished in time. (Voleo bih da sam završio na vreme.) •
Ako se želi izraziti da vas nešto nervira, onda koristite konstrukciju WISH+THING/PERSON+WOULD (nikada se ne kaže I wish I would) I wish you would stop that. (Voleo bih da prestaneš s tim.) I wish those people wouldn’ t look at me so much. (Voleo bih da me ti ljudi ne gledaju toliko.)
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CLAUSES OF CONTRAST AND PURPOSE (SUPROTNE I NAMERNE REČENICE) •
Although, even though, though-mada, međutim, pak, ipak
• Although i even though se mogu koristiti na početku i u sredini rečenice Although the weather was terrible, we had a good time. We had a good time although the weather was terrible. • Sa even though se izražava veći kontast He went to work even though he was ill. • Though može da se koristi samo u sredini rečenice, ali ne na početku I like Ann though she sometimes annoys me. • Izrazi Despite i In spite of znače uprkos. In spite of/Despite+noun +gerund + the fact that+subject+verb
In spite of/Despite his age, he is very fit. In spite of/Despite being 70, he is very fit. In spite of/Despite the fact that he is 70, he is very fit. • To, in order to, so as to, so as not to se koriste da bi se opisala svrha nečega. To+infinitive In oder to+infinitive So as to+infinitive I went to the bank in order to to talk to my bank manager. so as to
• Takođe se može koristiti So that+subjekat+modal (can, could, would) I went to the bank so that I could take out some money. • For+gerund, noun This cloth is for cleaning.
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (ODREDBENE ODNOSNE REČENICE)
•
Odredbena odnosna rečenica (defining relative clause) bliže određuje imenicu ili zamenicu na koju se odnosi. Ona se ne može izostaviti jer bez nje rečenica ili nema smisao ili ga menja.
The police have caught the thief who stole the jewels. (Policija je uhvatila lopova koji je ukrao dragulje) who stole the jewels je odredbena odnosna rečenica (defining relative clause). • Ove rečenice počinju odnosnim zamenicama who, whose, whom, which, where, that.
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• Kada govorimo o ljudima, koristimo who ili that. I talked to the man who won the race. Ili I talked to the man that won the race. (Razgovarao sam sa čovekom koji je pobedio u trci.) • Kada govorimo o stvarima ili životinjama koristimo which ili that. I liked the car which my father bought. Ili I liked the car that my father bought. (Svideo mi se auto koji je kupio moj otac.) • Kada odnosna zamenica menja prisvojnu zamenicu (his, her, their...) koristimo whose (čiji, čija, čije) Marko is the boy whose parents live in our neighbouhood. (Marko je dečak čiji roditelji žive u našem kraju.) • Kada govorimo gde se nešto održalo ili dešavalo onda koristimo zamenicu where (gde). I saw the building where you had your party. (Video sam zgradu gde ste priredili žurku.) • Odnosne zamenice who, that i which mogu biti subjekat ili objekat odnosne rečenice. Npr.u rečenici I talked to the man who won the race, who je subjekat ili u rečenici That is the dog that attacked me, that je takodje subjekat rečenice. Međutim, u rečenici The letter which she sent me was nice, which je objekat Ili u rečenici The man that I met yesterday was very kind, that je takođe objekat • Kada je odnosna zamenica objekat rečenice ona se može izostaviti. The man that I met yesterday was very kind = The man I met yesteday was very kind. The letter which she sent me was nice. = The letter she sent me was nice.
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (UMETNUTE ODNOSNE REČENICE) •
Umetnuta odnosna rečenica (Non-definig Relative Clause) daje dodatno obaveštenje o glavnoj rečenici koje nije bitno za značenje rečenice kao celine. Glavna rečenica bi i bez nje imala smisla.
Belgrade, which is the capital of Serbia, has about 2 million inhabitants. (Beograd, koji je glavni grad Srbije, ima oko 2 miliona stanovnika) which is the capital of Serbia je umetnuta odnosna rečenica (non-defining relative clause) i odvaja se zarezima od glavne rečenice. • Odnosne rečenice počinju odnosnim zamenicama who, which, whom, whose • U umetnutim odnosnim rečenicama za stvari i životinje, koristi se odnosna zamenica which (ali ne i that kao što je slučaj sa odredbenim odnosnim rečenicama.) Mary gave the book, which she had already read, to her best friend. (Meri je knjigu, koju je već bila pročitala, dala svojoj najboljoj drugarici.) • U umetnutim odnosnim rečenicama za osobe koristimo odnosnu zamenicu who (ali ne i that kao što je slučaj u odredbenim odnosnim rečenicama)
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Ivo Andric, who was born in Travnik, was a great writer. (Ivo Andrić, koji je rođen u Travniku, bio je veliki pisac.)
• U slučajevima kada je who objekat rečenice, umesto njega se može koristiti whom. Milan, whom I saw yesterday, is today in London. (Milan, koga sam juče video, je danas u Londonu.) Varijanta sa who Milan, who I saw yesterday, is today in London. je manje formalna i češće se koristi. •
U značenju njegov (his), njen (her), njihov (their) koristimo whose.
Madonna, whose parents were born in Italy, is a famous American singer. (Madona, čiji su roditelji rođeni u Italiji, je poznata američka pevačica.)
•
Which se takođe može odnositi ne samo na reč iza koje stoji već i na celu rečenicu.
She gave me her watch as a present, which was very nice of her. (Dala mi je svoj sat na poklon, što je bilo veoma lepo od nje.)
THE PASSIVE VOICE (PASIV) Glagoli imaju dva stanja: AKTIV ili radno stanje i PASIV ili trpno stanje. • Ako subjekat rečenice vrši radnju, onda je glagol u AKTIVU Somebody cleans the office every day. (Neko čisti ovu kancelariju svakog dana.) • Ako subjekat rečenice trpi radnju, onda je glagol u PASIVU. The office is cleaned every day. (Ova kancelarija se čisti svakog dana.) -Objekat aktivne rečenice (the office) postaje subjekat pasivne rečenice i dolazi na početak rečenice, a glavni glagol (clean) se stavlja u pasiv (is cleaned).
•
Pasiv se gradi od odgovarajućeg oblika glagola to be i prošlog participa (past participle) glavnog glagola. Tako će u sadašnjem vremenu pasiv glagola clean glasiti am cleaned, are cleaned, is cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica) a u prošlom vremenu was cleaned, were cleaned (u zavisnosti od lica) Rečenica koju smo imali u sadašnjem vremenu, ovako bi izgledala u prošlom. Somebody cleaned the office yesterday. (Neko je juče očistio ovu kancelariju.) (AKTIV) The office was cleaned yesterday. (Ova kancelarija je očišćena juče.) (PASIV) Ostala vremena pasiva Present Continuous Somebody is cleaning the office. (AKTIV)
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The office is being cleaned. (PASIV) Past Continuous Somebody was cleaning the office. (AKTIV) The office was being cleaned. (PASIV) Present Perfect Somebody has cleaned the office. (AKTIV) The office has been cleaned. (PASIV) Past Perfect Somebody had cleaned the office. (AKTIV) The office had been cleaned. (PASIV) Modali i buduće vreme Somebody will clean the office. (AKTIV) The office will be cleaned. (PASIV) Somebody can clean the office. (AKTIV) The office can be cleaned. (PASIV) Upotreba: Pasiv se koristi: • Kada ne znamo ko je izvršio radnju The house was built in the 19th century. (Kuća je izgrađena u devetnaestom veku.) • Kada izvršilac radnje nije bitan Wine is served during the lunch. (Vino se služi tokom ručka.)
•
Ako želimo da označimo izvršioca radnje, koristimo predlog by These cakes have been made by mother. (Ove kolače je napravila moja majka.) Napomena: Samo prelazni glagoli (glagoli koji imaju objekat iza sebe) mogu da se stave u pasiv.
IMPERSONAL PASSIVE (BEZLIČNI PASIV) •
Lični pasiv znači da je objekat aktivne rečenice postaje subjekat aktivne rečernice. Svaki glagol koji zahteva objekat (prelazni glagol) može da formira lični pasiv.
Glagoli bez objekta ne mogu da formiraju rečenice sa ličnim pasivom (pošto ne postoji objekat da postane subjekat pasivne rečenice). Ako želite da koristite neprelazni glagol u pasivnoj konstrukciji, potrebna je bezlična konstrukcija-ovaj pasiv se naziva bezlični pasiv. Primer : he says – it is said •
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•
U engleskom jeziku, bezlični pasiv može da se formira samo sa glagolima percepcije (say, think, know, believe).
It+TO BE+ believed, said, known, thought+that+rečenica Primeri: People say that he is a liar. (AKTIV) It is said that he is a liar. (PASIV) People believe him to be a robber. (AKTIV) It is believed that he is a robber. (PASIV) • Takođe je moguće reći They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men. -gde se subjekat zavisne rečenice (women) stavlja na početak rečenice i glagol percepcije se stavlja u pasiv. Ostatak se formira korišćenjem infinitiva sa “to”. Subject+ TO BE +
said believed thought known
+ infinitive, past infinitive
Potrebno je obratiti pažnju na vreme u kojem se nalazi glagol zavisne rečenice. Ako je u sadašnjem vremenu, onda treba koristiti infinitiv, a ako je u prošlom onda prošli infinitiv. Primeri: People say that she is a dancer. (AKTIV) She is said to be a dancer.(PASIV) People believe that they stole the jewels. (AKTIV) They are believed to have stolen the jewels.(PASIV)
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (PROSTO BUDUĆE VREME) Prosto buduće vreme (future simple tense) se gradi od modalnog glagola will i osnovnog oblika glagola (infinitiv bez to). Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I will (I’ll) work – Ja ću raditi You will (You’ll) work – Ti ćeš raditi He will (He’ll) work – On će raditi She will (She’ll) work – Ona će raditi It will (It’ll) work – Ono će raditi
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Množina (plural) We will (We’ll) work – Mi ćemo raditi You will (You’ll) work – Vi ćete raditi They will (They’ll) work – Oni će raditi Upitni oblik glagola u ovom vremenu se gradi inverzijom (u odnosu na potvrdni oblik) modalnog glagola will i lične zamenice Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Will I work? – Da li ću ja raditi? Will you work? – Da li ćeš ti raditi? Will he work? – Da li će on raditi? Will she work? – Da li će ona raditi? Will it work? – Da li će ono raditi? Množina (plural) Will we work? – Da li ćemo mi raditi? Will you work?– Da li ćete vi raditi? Will they work? – Da li će oni raditi? Na Yes/No pitanja se odgovara kratkim odgovorima (short answers) na sledeći način: Will Will Will Will Will
I work? – Yes, I will / No, I won’t you work? – Yes, you will / No, you won’t. he work? – Yes, he will / No, he won’t she work? – Yes, she will / No, she won’t it work? – Yes, it will / No, it won’t
Will we work? - Yes, we will / No, we won’t Will you work? – Yes, we will / No, we won’t Will they work? –Yes, they will/ No, they won’t Upitni oblik – Wh- questions Jednina (singular) Where will I work? – Gde ću ja raditi? Where will you work? – Gde ćeš ti raditi? Where will he work? – Gde će on raditi? Where will she work? – Gde će ona raditi? Where will it work? – Gde će ono raditi? Množina (plural) Where will we work? – Gde ćemo mi raditi? Where will you work?– Gde ćete vi raditi? Where will they work? – Gde će oni raditi?
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Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I will not (won’t) work – Ja neću raditi You will not (won’t) work – Ti nećeš raditi He will not (won’t) work – On neće raditi She will not (won’t) work – Ona neće raditi It will not (won’t) work – Ono neće raditi Množina (plural) We will not (won’t) work – Mi nećemo raditi You will not (won’t) work – Vi nećete raditi They will not (won’t) work – Oni neće raditi Upotreba: Prosto buduće vreme (future simple tense) koristimo: •
za predviđanja (future predictions)
She will travel to Jamaica next year. (Ona će putovati na Jamajku sledeće godine.) Will it rain tomorrow? (Hoće li padati kiša sutra?) •
za odluke donete u trenutku govora
A: ‘’We ran out of sugar.’’ (Nestalo nam je šećera.)
B: ‘’I will go and buy some.’’ (Otići ću i kupiću ga.)
Za razliku od prostog budućeg vremena o čijoj je upotrebi bilo reči, kada govorimo o svojim planovima i odlukama donetim ranije, koristimo konstrukciju
BE+GOING TO+INFINITIVE A: I’ve got a headache. B: I will get you an aspirin. (Boli me glava.) (Doneću ti aspirin.) (Odluka koja nije mogla biti doneta ranije jer B nije znao da A boli glava.) I bought the tickets for the cinema. I’m going to see a film. (Kupio sam karte za bioskop. Ići ću da gledam film.) (Čim je kupio karte znači da je odluku doneo pre trenutka govora, odnosno da je planirao.) •
Ponekad je razlika između upotrebe ova dva načina izražavanja budućnosti veoma mala. Kada koristimo going to konstrukciju, mi znamo da će se nešto desiti na osnovu nečega što sada možemo jasno videti, dakle iznosimo predviđanje zasnovano na nekom dokazu .
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Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. (Pogledaj te sive oblake. Pašće kiša.) I feel terrible. I think I`m going to be sick. (Osećam se grozno. Mislim da će mi pozliti.) •
U situacijama kada je verovatnoća da će se radnja desiti manja, bolje je koristiti will+inifinitiv.
Marko will probably arrive at about 6 o`clock. (Marko će verovatno stići oko 6 sati.)
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE (BUDUĆE TRAJNO VREME) Buduće trajno vreme (future continuous tense) se gradi od prostog budućeg vremena glagola TO BE (will + be) i sadašnjeg participa. Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I will be working – Ja ću raditi You will be working – Ti ćeš raditi He will be working – On će raditi She will be working – Ona će raditi It will be working – Ono će raditi Množina (plural) We will be working – Mi ćemo raditi You will be working – Vi ćete raditi They will be working – Oni će raditi Upitni oblik – Yes/No questions Jednina (singular) Will I be working? – Da li ću raditi? Will you be working? – Da li ćeš raditi? Will he be working? – Da li će raditi? Will she be working? – Da li će raditi? Will it be working? – Da li će raditi? Množina (plural) Will we be working? – Da li ćemo raditi? Will you be working? – Da li ćete raditi? Will they be working? – Da li će raditi? Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I will not (won`t) be working – Ja neću raditi 48
You will not (won`t) be working – Ti nećeš raditi He will not (won`t) be working – On neće raditi She will not (won`t) be working – Ona neće raditi It will not (won`t) be working – Ono neće raditi Množina (plural) We will not (won`t) be working – Mi nećemo raditi You will not (won`t) be working – Vi nećete raditi They will not (won`t) be working – Oni neće raditi Napomena: U trajnoj formi može da se nađe i going to future
Upotreba: •
Za buduću radnju koja će biti u toku u nekom trenutku u budućnosti.
Tomorrow morning at 9 I will be having breakfast. (Sutra ujutru u 9 sati ja ću doručkovati.) This time next week we will be traveling to London. (U ovo doba sledeće nedelje, putovaćemo za London.) •
Za dužu radnju u budućnosti, koju prekida neka kraća radnja. Kraća radnja je uvek u simple present tense-u.
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. (Gledaću televiziju kada ona stigne večeras.) I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. (Ja ću čekati kada stigne autobus.) I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me. (Ja ću odsedati u hotelu Medison, ako se bilo šta dogodi i treba da me kontaktiraš.) •
Za dve uporedne duže radnje koje će se dešavati u budućnosti.
I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner. (Ja ću učiti, a on će praviti večeru.) Tonight, they will be eating dinner and having a good time. (Večeras, oni će večerati i lepo će se provoditi.) •
Za opisivanje atmosfere na određenom mestu u budućnosti.
When I arrive at the party, everybody will be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others will be talking. A few people will be eating pizza. They always do the same thing. (Kada stginemo na žurku, svi će slaviti. Neki će plesati. Neki će razgovarati. Nekoliko ljudi će jesti picu. Oni uvek rade jedno te isto.)
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THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (BUDUĆE SVRŠENO VREME) Buduće svršeno vreme (future perfect tense) gradi od glagola will i prošlog infinitiva. Potvrdni oblik Jednina (singular) I will have worked – Ja ću raditi You will have worked – Ti ćeš raditi He will have worked – On će raditi She will have worked – Ona će raditi It will have worked – Ono će raditi Množina (plural) We will have worked – Mi ćemo raditi You will have worked – Vi ćete raditi They will have worked – Oni će raditi Upitni oblik Jednina (singular) Will I have worked? – Da li ću raditi? Will you have worked? – Da li ćeš raditi? Will he have worked? – Da li će raditi? Will she have worked? – Da li će raditi? Will it have worked? – Da li će raditi? Množina (plural) Will we have worked? – Da li ćemo raditi? Will you have worked? – Da li ćete raditi? Will they have worked? – Da li će raditi? Odrični oblik Jednina (singular) I will not (won`t) have worked – Ja neću raditi You will not (won`t) have worked – Ti nećeš raditi He will not (won`t) have worked – On neće raditi She will not (won`t) have worked – Ona neće raditi It will not (won`t) have worked – Ono neće raditi Množina (plural) We will not (won`t) have worked – Mi nećemo raditi You will not (won`t) have worked – Vi nećete raditi They will not (won`t) have worked – Oni neće raditi
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Upotreba: •
Buduće svršeno vreme( future continuous tense) se koristi za radnju koja će se završiti do nekog vremenskog perioda u budućnosti. Tako se ono često koristi sa izrazima koji počinju sa by: by then, by that time, by Friday, in two years ili in two years' time...
By the end of this year I will have lived in this town for five years. (Do kraja ove godine, biće pet godina kako živim u ovom gradu.) Susan will have finished her homework by that time. (Suzan će to tog vremena završiti domaći zadatak.) They will have built the new bridge in five years' time. (Oni će sagraditi novi most kroz pet godina.)
REPORTED SPEECH (INDIREKTNI GOVOR) Doslovno navođenje nečijih reči se naziva direktni govor (Direct Speech). Mark said: “I have bought a new car.” (Mark je rekao: “Kupio sam novi auto.”) Sandra: “Peter is doing his homework.” (Sandra: “Piter radi domaći.) Međutim, prepričavanje nečijih reči se naziva indirektnim govorom (Reported Speech ili Indirect Speech) Pri prebacivanju direktnog govora u indirektni, dešavaju se izvesne promene. Mark said (that) he had bought a new car. (Marko je rekao da je kupio novi auto.) Sandra said (that) Peter was doing his homework. (Sandra je rekla da Piter radi svoj domaći.) STATEMENTS (IZJAVNE REČENICE) Pri prebacivanju direktnih potvrdnih i odričnih izjavnih u indirektni govor one se obično uvode glagolom say. Mogu se, međutim upotrebiti još neki glagoli sa sličnim značenjem: tell (reći), add (dodati), answer (odgovoriti), declare (izjaviti). Nakon ovih glagola može doći veznik that, ali to nije obavezno. U indirektnom govoru dolazi do obaveznog slaganja vremena. Ako je uvodni glagol (say, tell...) u prošlom vremenu, dolazi do promene vremena iz direktnog govora. He said: “I am a teacher.” (On je rekao: “Ja sam nastavnik.”) He said that he was a teacher. (On je rekao da je on nastavnik.) “Mary is reading a book.” (“Meri čita knjigu.”) She said that Mary was reading a book. (Ona je rekla da Meri čita knjigu.)
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Sarah: “John bought a present for his wife.” (Sara: “Džon je kupio poklon svojoj ženi.” Sarah said that John had bought a present for his wife. (Sara je rekla da je Džon kupio poklon svojoj ženi.) Milan: “They are working in the garden.” (Milan: “Oni rade u bašti.”) Milan said that they were working in the garden. (Milan je rekao da oni rade u bašti.) “We have made a cake.” (Napravili smo tortu) They said that they have made a cake. (Oni su rekli da su napravili tortu.) Mark: “Paul will do it.” (Mark: Pol će to uraditi.”) Mark said that Paul would do it. (Mark je rekao da Će to Pol uraditi.) •
Evo do kojih promena u vremenima dolazi pri slaganju vremena.
Present Simple Tense prelazi u Past Simple Tense Present Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect ContinuousTense Past Simple Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Tense Past Continuous Tense prelazi u Past Perfect Continuous Tense Will prelazi u Would Shall najčešće prelazi u Would Can prelazi u Could Might se ne menja Should i Ought to se ne menjaju
•
Takođe se dešavaju i promene u vremenskim odrednicama:
Today postaje that day Yesterday postaje the day before The day before yesterday postaje two days before Tomorrow postaje the next day ili the following day The day after tomorrow postaje In two days` time Next week postaje the following week A year ago postaje a year before ili the previous year Mary:”I met him the day before yesterday.” (Meri: “Srela sam ga prekjuče.”) Mary said she had met him two days before. (Meri je rekla da ga je srela prekjuče.) John: “I`ll come tomorrow.” (Džon: “Doći ću sutra. ”) John said he would come the next day. (Džon je rekao da će doći sutra.)
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QUESTIONS (UPITNE REČENICE) Pre prebacivanju direktnih pitanja u indirektna vodi se računa o tome da li je pitanje tipa Yes/No (bez upitne reči) ili Wh- pitanje (sa upitnom reči). Rečenice se uglavnom uvode glagolima ask (pitati), inquire (pitati, raspitivati se), want to know (želeti znati), wonder (pitati se) • Ako se radi o Yes/No pitanjima nakon uvodnog glagola dolazi if (ili whether) a zatim prepričano pitanje. Pravilo o slaganju vremena važi i ovde. Ann: ”Are you English?” (An: ”Da li ste vi Englezi?”) Ann asked if they were English (An je pitala da li su oni Englezi.) •
Obratite pažnju da je red reči iza if kao u potvrdnoj rečenici.
Evo još nekoliko primera: Sandra: ”Can John play the piano?” (Sandra: ”Da li Džon zna da svira klavir?”) Sandra wanted to know if John could play the piano. (Sandra je htela da zna da li Džon zna da svira klavir?) Mark : ”Do you work i na bank?” (Mark: ”Da li radiš u banci?”) Mark asked whether I worked in a bank. (Marko je pitao da li radim u banci) Mario: ”Has anyone been to Madrid?” (Mario: ”Da li je iko bio u Madridu?”) Mario wanted to know if anyone had been to Madrid. (Mario je hteo da zna da li je iko bio u Madridu.) • Ako se radi o Wh-pitanjima if nije potrebno. Wh- pitanja počinju upitnim rečima when, which, who, why... Ivana: ”Where does Mary live?” (Ivana: ”Gde živi Meri?”) Ivana asked where Mary lived. (Ivana je pitala gde Meri živi.) Tom: ”Why has Ann gone?” (Tom: ”Zašto je An otišla? ”) Tom wanted to know why Ann had gone. (Tom je želeo da zna zašto je An otišla.)
ORDERS (NAREDBE) Naredbe se najčešće uvode glagolom tell (reći). Još se javljaju order, command (oba u značenju narediti) dok se molbe uvode glagolom ask (zamoliti) •
Glagol tell zahteva iza sebe direktan objekat.
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• Imperativ iz direktnog govora postaje infinitiv u indirektnom, dok negativni imperativ (prohibitiv) postaje negativni infinitiv. Ann: ”Open the window.” (An: ”Otvori prozor.”) Ann told me to open the window. (An mi je rekla da otvorim prozor.) Ann: ”Don’t open the window.” (An: Nemoj da otvoriš prozor.) Ann told me not to open the window. (An mi je rekla da ne otvaram prozor.) Tom: ”Please, pass me the glass, John.” (Tom: ”Molim te, Džone, dodaj mi čašu.”) Tom: ”John, will you pass me the glass, please.” (Džone, da li bi mi dodao čašu, molim te.”) Tom: ”John, could you pass me the glass, please.” (Džone, da li bi mogao da mi dodaš čašu.”) su molbe i kao takve se u indirektnom govoru uvode na isti način, glagolom ask. Tom asked John to pass him a glass. (To je zamolio Džona da mu doda čašu.)
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (USLOVNE/POGODBENE REČENICE) Kondicionali (uslovne rečenice) su zavisne rečenice koje se uvode veznikom if (ako). U zavisnosti od toga kolika je mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje svi kondicionali se dele na prvi, drugi i treći kondicional.
THE FIRST CONDITIONAL (PRVI KONDICIONAL) Prvi kondicional se još naziva i realni. Sam naziv kaže da postoji velika mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje koja se uslovljava. Kao i u svakoj složenoj rečenici, razlikujemo kondicionalnu (uslovnu) rečenicu i glavnu rečenicu. Uslov se u prvom kondicionalu izražava u vremenu present simple, dok se u glavnoj rečenici javlja future simple (will + infinitiv bez to). If you finish your homework on time, you will get a good mark. (Ako završiš domaći zadatak na vreme, dobićeš dobru ocenu.) If she spends all the money, she will not go shopping. (Ako potroši sav novac, ona neće ići u kupovinu). •
Kao varijacije prvog kondicionala javljaju se sledeće izmene.
Umesto oblika will+infinitiv mogu se javiti ostali modalni glagoli sa infinitivom. If you want to lose weight, you should/must eat less bread. (Ako želiš da oslabiš, trebalo bi / moraš da jedeš manje hleba.) If everything is in order, you may/can leave at once. (Ako je sve u redu, možeš odmah otići.)
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U glavnoj rečenici se može desiti da se takođe javi present simple tense. To se dešava kada govorimo o naučnim činjenicama ili drugim izvesnim radnjama. If you heat ice it turns to water. (Ako zagrevaš led pretvoriće se u vodu.) If there is an economy crisis prices go up. (Ako nastane ekonomska kriza cene rastu.)
THE SECOND CONDITIONAL (DRUGI KONDICIONAL) Drugi kondicional nosi sa sobom manju verovatnoću da će se radnja ostvariti iako to nije potpuno nemoguće. Uslov se izražava vremenom past simple, dok se u glavnoj rečenici nalazi modalni glagol would + infinitiv bez to. If I had a map, I would lend it to you. (Kad bih imala mapu, posudila bih ti je.) If someone stole my car, I would call the police. (Kad bi mi neko ukrao auto, pozvala bih policiju.) Prošli oblik glagola TO BE se često u drugom kondicionalu javlja samo kao WERE za sva lica. If I were you, I wouldn`t do that. (Da sam ja na tvom mestu, ne bih to uradila.) • Varijacije se takođe mogu javiti u obliku modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would+infinitiv u glavnoj rečenici. If I knew his number, I could ring him up. (Kad bih znala njegov broj, mogla bih da ga pozovem.) If you tried again, you might succeed. (Kad bi ponovo pokušao, možda bi uspeo.)
THE THIRD CONDITIONAL (TREĆI KONDICIONAL) Treći kondicional označava zamišljenu ili neostvarivu situaciju. On nam daje do znanja da više ne postoji mogućnost za ostvarenje radnje. Uslov se izražava vremenom past perfect, dok se u glavnoj rečenici nalazi modalni glagol would + prošli infinitiv bez to. • Prošli infinitiv (perfect infinitive) je oblik infinitiva koji se gradi od glagola HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE glavnog glagola, npr. have been, have gone, have taken ... If I had seen him, I would have told him the news. (Da sam ga videla, rekla bih mu vesti.) 55
If someone had stolen my car, I would have called the police. (Da mi je neko ukrao auto, pozvala bih policiju.) • Varijacije se takođe mogu javiti u obliku različitih modalnih glagola koji zamenjuju would u glavnoj rečenici. If he had invited me, I might have come to the party. (Da me je pozvao, možda bih i došla na zabavu.) If the police had come on time, they could have caught the burglar. (Da je policija došla na vreme, možda bi uhvatili provalnika.) • U uslovnoj rečenici se takođe mogu javiti neke varijacije. Umesto past perfect tense-a može se javiti past perfect continuous tense. If we had been travelling by car, the accident might not have happened at all. (Da smo putovali autom, možda do nesreće ne bi ni došlo.)
PHRASAL VERBS (FRAZALNI GLAGOLI) Frazalni glagoli su glagoli koji se sastoje od glagola i još jedne ili više reči (priloga ili predloga). Ove kombinacije nekada služe da bi se naglasilo značenje glagola. Drink your milk! (Popij mleko!) Drink up your milk! (Ispij mleko do kraja!) Često se osnovno značenje glagola u potpunosti menja kada se on upotrebi sa predlogom ili prilogom. U zavisnosti od toga da li je reč koja se dodaje glagolu prilog ili pridev, glagol je prelazan ili neprelazan. Ako je ta reč predlog, glagol je prelazan (traži objekat), a ako je ta reč prilog, glagol je neprelazan (dolazi bez objekta.) Look for je kombinacija glagol+predlog, pa je prema tome prelazna (traži objekat): Would you look for my umbrella? (Da li bi potražio moj kišobran?) Look out je kombinacija glagol+prilog i zato je neprelazna: Look out! There`s a car coming. (Pazi! Dolazi automobil.) Moguće je da neke kombinacije imaju više značenja, te mogu biti i prelazni i neprelazni. Take off – skinuti (prelazan): She took off her coat and sat. (Ona je skinula svoj kaput i sela.)
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Take off- poleteti, za avion (neprelazan): The plane took off at 6. (Avion je poleteo u 6.) U većem broju slučajeva objekat dolazi iza čitave fraze, dok kod nekih može doći i odmah iza glagola. I am looking for Jane. (Tražim Džejn.) He took off his shoes. (On je izuo svoje cipele.) He took his shoes off. (On je izuo svoje cipele.) Kada je objekat zamenica, obično dolazi odmah iza glagola. He took them off. (Skinuo ih je.) Evo značenja nekih frazalnih glagola: blow up – dići u vazduh, razoriti eksplozijom, eksplodirati bring about - izazvati bring back – vratiti bring up – vaspitavati/odgajati decu call off - otkazati catch up with – (su)stići (ali ne i prestići) clear up – dovesti u red (zbrku i nered) cut out – iseći, izrezati (iz komada papira, štofa itd.) do away with – ukinuti, poništiti, rešiti se nečega ili nekoga drop off – odbaciti nekoga face up to – suočiti se sa fall behind – zaostajati fall out with – posvađati se sa fall through – ne ostvariti se, propasti fill in – ispuniti, popuniti (formular i sl.), uneti u, staviti ono što nedostaje fill out - popuniti (formular i sl.) get away – pobeći, umaći, izvući se get away with - izvući se nekažnjeno get back – vratiti, vratiti se get on - nastaviti get on with – slagati se, živeti, itd. (biti u dobrim ili lošim odnosima) sa nekim give back – vratiti (neku stvar) vlasniku give up – predati se go down with – razboleti se go in for – baviti se nečim, posvetiti se nečemu go off – eksplodirati, opaliti (o municiji ili oružju) go over – ispitati, proučiti, pregledati pažljivo hold back - zadržati join in – pridružiti se look after – starati se, voditi brigu o look for – tražiti look into - istražiti 57
look up to – diviti se, ugledati se na make up for - nadoknaditi pick up – uzeti (podići) neku osobu ili stvar (naročito prstima) – uzeti (pokupiti) neku osobu ili stvar i povesti sobom (obično kolima) pull down - srušiti put off – odložiti neku radnju ili posetu run out of – ostati bez sit down – sesti stand up to – odole(va)ti, braniti se od (neke osobe ili sile) turn down – odbiti, odbaciti (neku ponudu ili molbu) wear off – postepeno nestati, iznositi
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EXERCISES (VEŽBANJA) Popunite rečenice koristeći odgovarajući upitni izraz. 1. Tom won’t be late, ______________? 2. You are tired, ______________? 3. You’ve got a camera, ______________? 4. Sue doesn’t know Ann, ______________? 5. Jack’s on holiday, ______________? 6. You can speak German, ______________? 7. He won’t mind if I use his phone, ______________? 8. There are a lot of people here, ______________? 9. This isn’t very interesting, ______________? 10. There was a lot of traffic, ______________? 11. You haven’t got a car, ______________? 12. Let’s go for a walk, ______________? 13.Don’t drop the vase, ______________? 14. Let’s go out tonight, ______________? 15.Open the door, ______________? 16. You are not going out today, ______________? 17. This won’t take long, ______________? 18.She was very beautiful, ______________? 19. The children can read French, ______________? 20.Bill came on a bicycle, ______________? 21.Mary paints portraits, ______________? 22.Bill puts the money in the bank, ______________? 23.Bill put the money in the bank, ______________?
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24. I’ve seen you before, ______________? 25. The twins used to play rugby, ______________? 26. The boys prefer a cooked breakfast, ______________? 27. That was Ann on the phone, ______________? 28. The lift isn’t working today, ______________? 29. Lives were lost unnecessarily, ______________? 30. Your central heating doesn’t work very well, ______________? 31.Ann read that book yesterday, ______________? 32.She was dancing, ______________? 33.Children ate two burgers, ______________?
Prevedite rečenice u nastavku. 1. Muzika je bila dirljiva, zar ne? Slažeš li se s tim? Da, bio sam DIRNUT! O, bože, što mi je dosadno a i ovi ljudi su dosadni! 2. Hajde da bijemo slabije od sebe, hoćemo li? 3. Ovi komarci su iritirajući, zar ne? 4. Ne lupaj vratima, hoćeš li? 5. Bila sam šokirana kada sam videla tu sliku! Jesi li ti bio šokiran? Nisam, bilo mi je neprijatno zato što su ljudi bili neprijatni. 6. On ne može da podnese da sluša operu, zar ne? 7. Uspeo je da priča sa njom, zar ne? 8. Ponudili su se da pomognu, zar ne? 9. U pravu sam, zar ne? 10. Hajde da pričamo samo na engleskom, hoćemo li? 11. Bili smo depresivni zato što nismo izašli iz kuće ceo dan! 12. Da li zabavno čitati knjige u gradskom prevozu kada je špic? 13. Bio je zabrinut pre dva dana, zar ne?
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14. Jako je uzbudljivo raditi stvari koje nikada ranije niste radili, zar ne? 15. Reći ću ovo samo jednom!Daj mi tu čokoladu, hoćeš li? 16. Pošto je renovirala kuću bila je vrlo uzbunena, zar ne? 17. To je baš interesantan film, zar ne? 18. Bilo ti je dosadno, zar ne? 19. Hajde da slušamo rok,hoćemo li? 20. Ne čitaj tu dosadnu knjigu,hoćeš li? 21. Zabavljaju me zabavni ljudi. 22. Bila sam opuštena dok sam slušala tu opuštajuću muziku. 23. Iritantno je što danas nema dobrog džeza. 24. Depresivno je slušati depresivne ljude,zar ne? 25. Marko je bio zainteresovan da sluša te interesantne ljude,zar ne? 26. Bili su jako uzbuneni i uplašeni kada su videli saobraćajnu nesreću. 27. Opušteno je biti opušten vikendom. 28. On je zapanjen koliko je ona pametna. 29. Marija je zainteresovana za njegovog brata a on je zainteresovan za nju.To je baš interesantno.
Napravite jednu od dve date rečenice. Koristite WHO ili WHICH. Primer: Mont Blanc is between France and Italy. It is the highest mountain in the Alps. Mont Blanc, which is between France and Italy, is the highest mountain in the Alps. 1. Alfred Hitchcock was born in Britain. He worked for many years in Hollywood. ______________________________________________________________ 2. The sun is really a star. It is 93 million miles from the earth. ______________________________________________________________ 3. The 1992 Olympics were held in Barcelona. It is in the north-east of Spain. ______________________________________________________________
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4. We went to see the Crown Jewels. They are kept in the Tower of London. ______________________________________________________________ 5. Football first started in Britain. It is now popular in many countries. ______________________________________________________________ 6. Michelangelo lived until he was 90. He’s one of Italy’s greatest artists. ______________________________________________________________
Podvucite reči na koje se WHICH odnosi. 1. They climbed Mont Blanc, which is the highest mountain in the Alps. 2. They climbed Mont Blanc, which made them very tired. 3. Jane sang and played the guitar, which everyone enjoyed a lot. 4. The boat stopped at Sousse, which is in Tunisia. 5. The coach stopped at a petrol station, which allowed everyone to get out. 6. We listened to the news, which was in French.
Popunite rečenice koristeći present perfect simple ili present perfect continuous glagola datih u zagradama. (U nekim slučajevima oba mogu da se upotrebe). 1. We __________________ (walk) ten kilometres. 2. You __________________ (walk) too fast. That’s why you are tired. 3. I __________________ (make) sausage rolls for the party all the morning. 4. A: How many __________________ (you, make)? B: I __________________ (make) 200. 5. That boy __________________ (eat) seven ice-creams. 6. I __________________ (pull) up 100 flowers. 7. I __________________ (pull) up flowers all day. 8. He __________________ (ride); that’s why he is wearing breeches. 9. I __________________ (ride) all the horses in this stable. 10.What a lovely smell. Mary __________________ (make) jam. 62
11. I only __________________ (hear) from him twice since he went away. 12. I __________________ (hear) from her regularly. She is very good correspondent. 13. I __________________ (polish) this table all the morning and she isn’t satisfied with it yet. 14. I __________________ (look) for mushrooms but I (not find) any. 15. __________________ (you, hear) the news? Tom and Ann are engaged! That’s not new; I __________________ (know) it for ages. 16. The driver of that car __________________ (sound) his horn for the last ten minutes. 17. It __________________ (rain) for two hours and the ground is too wet to play on, so the match __________________ (be) postponed. 18. Ellen: Where are you and your family going to live? Ian: Well, we _________________ (talk) about that for weeks, but we _________________ (decide) anything yet. 19. Tina: Excuse me. _________________ (you, stand) in this queue for a long time? Larry: Yes, I _________________ (queue) for almost an hour. 20.Sara: Why are you crying? Joe: Because my brother _________________ (have) an accident. He _________________ (break) both his legs. 21.Susan: Excuse me. Whose is this bag? Who _________________ (leave) it here? Wally: I don’t know. I _________________ (sit) here all afternoon, but I _________________ (notice) it until now.
Popunite rečenice koristeći present perfect simple ili present perfect continuous glagola datih u zagradama. (U nekim slučajevima oba mogu da se upotrebe). 1. Peter: You __________________ (telephone) for ages. __________________ (you, not nearly, finish)? Jack: I __________________ (not get) through yet. I __________________ (try) to get our Paris office but the line __________________ (be) engaged all morning. 2. Ann __________________ (fail) her driving tests three times because she’s so bad at reversing. But she __________________ (practice) reversing for the last week and I think she __________________ (get) a bit better at it. 3. Tom: I __________________ (often, wonder) why Bill left the country so suddenly. Peter: Actually, I __________________ (just, find) out. 4. He __________________ (play) the bagpipes since six o’clock this morning. He 63
__________________ (just stop). 5. Why __________________ (you not bring) me the letters for signature? __________________ (you, not type) them yet? 6. Some robins __________________ (build) a nest in the porch since last week. I __________________ (watch) them from my window since they began. 7. The police __________________ (not find) the murderer yet, but the dead man’s brother __________________ (be) in the station all day. The police say that he __________________ (help) them with their enquiries. 8. They __________________ (pull) down most of the houses in the street, but they __________________ (not touch) the old shop at the corner yet. 9. Tom is convinced that there is gold in these hills but we __________________ (search) for six months and __________________ (not see) any sign of it. 10. I __________________ (wait) for the prices of the houses to come down before buying a house, but I think I __________________ (wait) too long and the prices are beginning to go up again. 11. Peter __________________ (be) a junior clerk for three years. Lately he __________________ (look) for a better post but so far he (not find) anything. 12. I __________________ (do) housework all morning and I __________________ (not finish) yet. I __________________ (do) mine already. I always start at 6 a.m. 13. I __________________ (just, pick) ten pounds of strawberries! I __________________(grow) strawberries for years but I __________________ (never, have) such a good crop before. 14.She __________________ (just, sell) two of her paintings. She’s lucky. I __________________ (paint) for five years and I __________________ (not sell) a single picture yet. 15.He __________________ (work) for Crow Brothers for forty years and __________________ (never, be) late. The firm __________________ (just, present) him with a gold watch as a sign of their appreciation.
Dovršite rečenice sa prilozima. Nekoliko početnih slova svakog priloga je dato. 1. We didn't go out because it was raining heavily. 2. Our team lost the game because we played very ba______________. 3. I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat guite ea______________. 64
4. We had to wait for a long time but we didn't complain. We waited pa__________. 5. Nobody knew George was coming to see us. He arrived unex______________. 6. Mike keeps fit by playing tennis reg ______________.
Upotrebite odgovarajuću reč. 1. The driver of the car was seriously injured (serious/seriously) 2. The driver of the car had serious injuries. (serious/seriously) 3. I think you behaved very ______________________ (selfish/selfishly) 4. Rose is ______________________ upset about losing her job. (terrible/terribly). 5. There was a ______________________ (sudden/suddenly) change in the weather. 6. Everybody at the party was ______________________ dressed (colourful/colourfully) 7. Linda likes wearing ______________________ clothes (colourful/colourfully) 8. She fell and hurt herself quite ______________________ (bad/badly) 9. He says he didn't do well at school because he was ______________________ taught (bad/badly) 10.Don't go up that ladder. It doesn't look ______________________ (safe/safely) 11.He looked at me ______________________ when I interrupted him (angry/angrily)
Popunite rečenice koristeći past simple, present perfect simple ili present perfect continuous glagola datih u zagradama. 1. I __________________ (never, eat) raw fish. 2. My friend __________________ (live) in Ottawa when he was a boy. 3. Bob __________________ (visit) many countries during the past three years. 4. Bob and I __________________ (work) hard all this week, and now we are resting. 5. Tim is badly hurt. He __________________ (fall) downstairs yesterday. 6. I __________________ (just, shake) hands with Don’s father.
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7. Bob __________________ (finish) his studies, so now he can go back to Canada. 8. I can’t open the door. I __________________ (lose) the key to the door. 9. He __________________ (live) in Novi Sad since last October, and he plans to stay. 10. I __________________ (feel) terrible about my bad mark In English for quite some time. 11. __________________ (you, hear) the news yet? __________________ (you, listen) to the radio? 12. __________________ (you, read) the book “Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain? 13. __________________ (you, go) fishing recently? __________________ (you, catch) this fish in the Sava? 14.My father __________________ (give) up smoking. He (try) several times, but never succeeded. 15. I __________________ (go) to the same barber for years. He knows just how I like my hair cut. 16.Sandra __________________ (forget) her sunglasses at the restaurant. She must go back and get them. 17.My younger sister __________________ (spend) one whole day doing nothing. 18. I __________________ (never, hold) a newborn baby. 19.Mark __________________ (just, cut) his hand. That’s why he is crying. 20. I __________________ (think) about the problem for almost half an hour and I still can’t solve it. 21. __________________ (you, be) to New York? – No, but my sister __________________ (go) last year. 22.Goodness, I’m tired. I __________________ (walk) round the shops for nearly three hours. 23. I __________________ (buy) a new cardigan. Where __________________ (you, buy) it? I __________________ (get) it at sale. 24. I __________________ (see) our French teacher in the corridor a couple a minutes ago. Her lesson __________________ (already, begin). We’re late. 25.She is the nicest person I __________________ (ever, meet).
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Dovršite rečenice koristeći odgovarajuću vrstu reči (pridev ili prilog). careful(ly) complete(ly) continuous(ly) financial(ly) fluent(ly) happy/happily nervous (ly) perfect(ly) quick(ly) special(ly) 1. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very quickly. 2. Tom doesn't take risks when he's driving .He's always ________________. 3. Sue works ________________. She never seems to stop. 4. Alice and Stan are very ________________ married. 5. Monica's English is very ________________ although she makes quite a lot mistakes. 6. I cooked the meal ________________ for you, so I hope you like it. 7. I tried on the shoes and they fitted me ________________. 8. Do you usually feel ________________ before examinations? 9. I'd like to buy a car but it's ________________ impossible for me at the moment.
Odaberite po dve reči iz svakog skupa da biste dovršili rečenice. absolutely reasonably unusually unnecessarily badly seriously completely slightly cheap enormous planned changed ill quiet damaged long 67
1. I thought the restaurant would be expensive but it was reasonably cheap. 2. George's mother is _____________________________________ in hospital. 3. What a big house! It's ___________________________________. 4. It wasn't a serious accident. The car was only_________________________. 5. The children are normally very lively but they are ___________________________ today. 6. When I returned home after 20 years, everything had ________________________. 7. The film was _______________________________. It could have been much shorter. 8. A lot went wrong during our holiday because it was_____________________________.
Dovršite rečenice koristeći odgovarajući oblik glagola. When I was a student I used to____________ in a bar. (work) I will never get used to_________ nights. I much prefer working days. (work) She isn’t used to ___________ on her own. The house feels quite empty. (live) When I worked in a city I used to__________ really early to get to work. (get up) Are you getting used to __________ in your new house yet? (live) We are not used to ________ in a cold climate. We are used to a warm one. (live) I used to be a gardener. I’m not used to ______ in an office all day. I find very hard. (work) Since I retired from my job, I can’t get used to______ nothing to do all day. (have) In my last job I used to __________ a suit and a tie. Now I wear jeans. (wear) I am not used to __________ contact lenses. They hurt my eyes. (wear)
Uradite transformaciju rečenica koristeći izraz '' I wish''. 1. I'd love to meet his brother. _________________________________________ 2. I'm sorry I accused the wrong person. _________________________________________ 68
3. I hate when I don't have enough money. _________________________________________ 4. If I had his telephone I could ring him. _________________________________________ 5. I'm sorry I failed the exam. _________________________________________ 6. I ate too much cake. _________________________________________ 7. I'd like to meet his parents. _________________________________________ 8. I'm sorry I didn't bring the map. _________________________________________ 9. I'm sorry I left my last job. _________________________________________ 10. I'm sorry I called him a liar. _________________________________________ 11. It's a pity we haven't a torch. _________________________________________ 12. I'm sorry I can't swim. _________________________________________
Kreirajte rečenice koristeći reči date u zagradama. Dat je primer. 1. I was very tired when I arrived home. (I/work/hard all day) I had been working hard all day. 2. The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both very tired. (they/ play/ football) ___________________________________________ 3. There was nobody in the room but there was a smell of cigarettes. (somebody/ smoke/ in the room) _____________________________________________________________ 4. Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn’t know where she was. (she/dream) __________________________________________________ 5. When I got home, Mike was sitting in front of the TV. He had just turned it off. (he /watch/ TV) ________________________________________________ 69
Dovršite rečenice koristeći odgovarajuća vremena. 1. We played tennis yesterday. Half an hour after we began playing, it started to rain. We had been playing for half an hour when it started to rain. 2. I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arrived and waited for him. After 20 minutes I suddenly realised that I was in the wrong restaurant. I ________________________________ for 20 minutes when I ___________________________________________________ 3. Sarah got a job in a factory. Five years later the factory closed down. At the time the factory ___________________________, Sarah _______________________________ there for five years. 4. I went to a concert last week. The orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly began shouting. The orchestra _______________________________________________when ______________________________________________________________ 5. This time make your own sentence: I began walking along the road. I ________________________________________________when ______________________________________________________________
Dovršite rečenice koristeći past continuous (I was doing), past perfect (I had done) ili past perfect continuous (I had been doing). 1. It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours _were having_ (have) a party. 2. We were good friends. We _had known_ (know) each other for a long time. 3. John and I went for a walk. I had difficulty keeping up with him because he _________________________________ (walk) so fast. 4. Mary was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She ______________________________ (run). 5. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They _______________________________________ (eat). 6. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty but their stomachs were full. They___________________________________ (eat). 7. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He _______________________________ (look) for his contact lens. 8. When I arrived, Kate ________________________________ (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with me because I was late and she_________________________ (wait) for a very long money. 70
9. I was sad when I sold my car. I ___________________________ (have) it for a very long time. 10.We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We ________________________________ (travel) for more than 24 hours.
Zaokružite odgovarajuću opciju. 1. That can't have been / shouldn't have been Nick that you saw. 2. I suppose Bill should have lost / might have lost his way. 3. I don't know who rang, but it could have been / must have been Jim. 4. It's your own fault, you can't have gone / shouldn't have gone to bed so late. 5. Don't worry that Carol is late, she could have missed / should have missed the train.
Dovršite rečenice koristeći odgovarajući prošli modal. 1. That was a lucky escape! You _____________ (be) killed! 2. It was supposed to be a secret! You _____________ (tell) her! 3. The plane is late. It _____________ (land) by now. 4. You _____________ (meet) my brother. I haven't got one! 5. There is only one solution. The butler _____________ (do) it. 6. It was lovely. We ______________ (have) a better holiday. 7. So it was you who set off the fire alarm for a joke! I _____________ (know)!
Kompletirajte rečenice koristeći reč koja je data i tako da se zadrži isti smisao. 1. It wasn't very nice of you not to invite me to your party! (MIGHT) You ______________________________ 2. Thank you very much for buying me flowers! (SHOULDN'T) You ______________________________ 3. It wouldn't have been right to let you do all the work on your own. (COULDN'T) I _________________________________
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4. I don't believe that you have lost your keys again! (CAN'T) You _______________________________ 5. Perhaps they didn't notice the tyre was flat. (MIGHT) They ______________________________
Dovršite rečenice koristeći odgovarajući prošli modal. 1. I _______ (become) a millionaire, but I decided not to. 2. You ________ (be) here when Helen told the boss not to be so lazy. 3. Peter wasn't here then, so he ________ (brake) your vase. 4. I ________ (buy) that car, but I decided to look at a few others. 5. Don't take a risk like that again! We _________ (lose) because of you. 6. It's been more than a week! You __________ (have) some news by now!
Prevedite sledeće rečenice na engleski jezik. 1. Trebalo je da vidiš Markovo lice! Nije mogao biti srećniji. ______________________________________________________________ 2. Izvinjavam se. Pretpostavljam da sam mogao biti malo grub. ______________________________________________________________ 3. Stvarno nije trebalo da se toliko trudiš. ______________________________________________________________ 4. Neko je morao znati za to. ______________________________________________________________ 5. Nemoguće da je mačka otvorila frižider. ______________________________________________________________ 6. Da li si čuo sinoć da sam ušao? Ne, mora da sam spavao. ______________________________________________________________
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Upotrebite a, an ili the u rečenicama. A: Have Ann and Mark got any pets? B: Yes, they’ve got ___________ dog and ___________ cat. A: Does ___________ dog like ___________ cat? A: I’m reading ___________ interesting book. B: Who’s the author? A: Jane Sinclair – you know, she’s___________ woman who has her own show on TV. A: Have you got ___________ ruler that I can borrow? B: I’ve got ___________ plastic one and ___________ wooden one. But ___________ wooden one is broken. A: Well, lend me ___________ plastic one then, please. a This house is very nice. Has it got ________ garden? b It’s a beautiful day. Let’s sit in ________ garden. c I like living in this house but it’s a pity that ________ garden is so small. a Can you recommend ________ good restaurant? b We had dinner in ________very nice restaurant. c We had dinner in ________ most expensive restaurant in town. a She has ________ French name but in fact she’s English, not French. b What’s ________ name of that man we met yesterday? c We stayed at a very nice hotel – I can’t remember ________ name now. a There isn’t ________ airport near where I live, _______ nearest airport is 70 miles away. b Our plane was delayed. We had to wait at ________ airport for three hours. c Excuse me, please. Can you tell me how to get to ________ airport? a ‘Are you going away next week?’ ‘No, ________ week after next.’ b I’m going away for ________ week in September. c George has a part-time job. He works three mornings________ week. This morning I bought ________ newspaper and ________ magazine. ________ newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where I put ________ magazine. I saw ________ accident this morning. ________ car crashed into ________ tree. ________ driver of ________ car wasn’t hurt but ________car was badly damaged. There are two cars parked outside: ________ blue one and ________ grey one. ________ blue one belongs to my neighbours; I don’t know who ________ owner of ________ grey one is. My friends live in ________ old house in ________ small village. There is ________ beautiful garden behind ________ house. I would like to have ________ garden like that.
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Upotrebite the ili upišite # ako član nije potreban. I’m afraid of ________ dogs. ________ Apples are good for you. Look at ________ apples on that tree! They’re very big. ________ Women live longer than ________ men. I don’t drink ________ tea. I don’t like it. We had a very nice meal. ________ Vegetables were especially good. ________ Life is strange sometimes. Some very strange things happen. Who are ________ people in this photograph? What makes ________ people violent? Ron and Brenda got married but ________ marriage didn’t last very long.
Upotrebite although, in spite of, because of 1. I couldn't get to sleep _______________ the noise. 2. She accepted the job______________ the salary, which was rather low. 3. ________________the traffic was bad, I arrived on time. 4. I couldn't sleep______________ I was very tired. 5. I went home late _____________I was feeling unwell. 6. She can sleep _____________the noise. 7. He passed the exam____________ he didn't study well. 8. I didn't eat anything _____________being hungry. 9. She accepted the job ______________the salary, which was very high. 10._______________ it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves.
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Upotrebite although, despite, in spite, in order to. 1. _______________ my warnings, he went to Colombia. 2._______________ she didn't want to see The Lord of the Rings, she enjoyed it in the end. 3. _______________ of being bad at pool, she beat him three times in a row. 4. They visited Madrid _______________ they didn't have time to visit El Prado. 5. _______________ it was raining, we decided to go anyway. 6. She decided to go abroad for a year _______________ loving her boyfriend very much. 7. They worked faster _________________meet the deadline. 8. _______________ it was only the first time they met, they made friends immediately. 9. Oliver Reed was often rude to people _______________ he was always kind to animals. 10. Socrates never had much money _______________ being very famous in his own day. 11. I am calling _____________________tell you about the changes.
Transformišite rečenice u bezlični pasiv. Prve dve rečenice su rešene. 1.People believe that English is the most widely spoken language. It is believed that English is the most widely spoken language. English is believed to be the most widely spoken language. 2.Police have reported that it was Peter who caused the accident. It has been reported that it was Peter who caused the accident. Peter has been reported to have caused the accident. 3. Everybody thinks that she sings beautifully. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. People believe that they killed the animals during the night. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5. My friends think that my parents are the best parents in the world. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 6. They believe that the horse was a present. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
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7. People think that drugs are very dangerous. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 8. They know that Mr. Brown stole iron from the factory. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 9. Everybody says that he settled the business. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 10. Citizens think that the government is responsible for the accident. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 11. The shareholders think that the group rejected the offer. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
Dovršite rečenice koristeći odgovarajuća vremena. 1. Last night while I ___________________ (cook) dinner I ___________________ (hear) a sudden noise. I ___________________ (not move) because I ___________________ (be afraid) something ___________________ (can) happen to me. 2. If I see him I __________________ (give) him a lift. 3. I hate this job! I wish I _________________ (have) a better one. 4. My brother used ___________________ (enjoy) ___________________ (read) books when he ___________________ (be) a child. 5. I ___________________ (meet) Sally yesterday and she ___________________ (tell) me that she ___________________ (phone) Bill the day before. I ___________________ (not see) her since then. 6. If I had known that you were in hospital I ___________________ (visit) you. 7. Chocolate ___________________ (make) of cocoa beans which ___________________ (grow) in Africa. 8. If you __________________ (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat. 9. I told him everything about her. I wish I __________________(not say) a word about it. 10.Ann’s sister asked me ___________________ (not open) the window so I didn’t.
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11. I ___________________ (wait) Jim for ages and he still ___________________ (not show up). I must ___________________ (ask) him ___________________ (not do) that any more. 12. If I had a typewriter I __________________(type) it myself. 13. You’re too far from here, I ___________________ (not hear) what you ___________________ (say). 14.Sorry, I’m late. How long ___________________ (you, wait) for me? 15. If he _____________________(eat) all that he will be ill. 16. You would have seen my garden at its best if you _____________________ (be) here last week. 17. I’m so sorry. I wish I _______________ (tell) the truth. 18. If he had asked you, _____________________(you, accept)? 19.How long ___________________ (you stay) at the party last night? 20.Generally, Mike ___________________ (not like) playing basketball, but last Saturday, while he ___________________ (watch) us playing he ___________________ (feel) a need to play with us, so I suppose he ___________________ (play) tomorrow. 21.More tourists would come to this country if it _____________________ (have) a better climate. 22. If I _____________________ (had) a map I would have been all right. 23.Sandra told me she ___________________ (never, be) to London before, so I asked her ___________________ (she, go) with me the following week. 24. I’ll be very angry if he _____________________ (make) any more mistakes. 25. “What ___________________ (this, make) of?” “I _________________ (not know), but I ___________________ (know) that it ___________________ (make) in Italy. It ___________________ (write) on the label. 26.Rome _____________________ (be captured) by her enemies if the geese hadn’t cackled. 27. If you knew you had only six weeks to live how you ___________(spend) those six weeks. 28.What would you do if the lift __________________(get) stuck between two floors? 29. If I find your passport I _______________(telephone) you at once.
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30.What ___________________ (you, do) while the music ___________________ (play) at the party last night? ___________________ (you, dance)? 31.Oh, Michael….I don’t have a red dress. I wish I _____________(have) one. 32. If you _____________________ (not sneeze) he wouldn’t have known that we were there. 33. I bought such a big house! I wish _______________(not do) it! 34. I ___________________ (try) ___________________ (reach) him for days, but I ___________________ (not find) him yet. 35. I decided ___________________ (go) To France on holiday because I enjoy ___________________ (walk) near The Eiffel Tower. 36. If he had known that the river was dangerous he ______________(not try) to swim across it. 37. Look behind you! You ___________________ (follow) by that police car! 38. If he __________________ (be) late we’ll go without him.
Odaberite odgovarajuće vreme. 1. How do you usually start/are you starting your job? 2. What time do you do you go/are you going to bed at weekends? 3. This Girlzone CD is belonging/belongs to Alan. 4. I understand/am understanding English, but not Spanish. 5. A: Did you see who it was? B: Not very clearly. It ________ the man who lives down the road, but I'm not sure. a. should have been b. must be c. could have been d. might 6. John persuaded ____________ spend the weekend at his home. a. that his parents b. to his parents c. his parents d. his parents to 7. If I ____________ so much to do this afternoon I ____________ with you for a walk. a. hadn't, go
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b. wouldn't have, went c. didn't have, would go d. didn't have, went 8. They ____________ an hour when she finally arrived. a. have already been waiting b. had already been waiting c. already waited d. were already waiting 9. ____________ I arrived in Mexico City, I intended to call my friend Juan. a. While b. Until c. As soon as d. As Kompletirajte rečenice koristeći tako da se zadrži isti smisao iz prethodne rečenice. Despite feeling cold we kept walking. Although_______________________________________________________ Although it was sunny I felt quite cold. Despite ________________________________________________________ Despite the fact that it was snowing, I felt warm. Although _______________________________________________________ Despite the large amount of snow, we had our picnic. Although________________________________________________________ Although we had a map we got lost. Despite _________________________________________________________
Dovršite rečenice sa predlozima ukoliko je to potrebno. Turn __________ right ___________ the crossroads. Walk ___________ the road as far as the library. Turn _______ left ___________ Forest Road.
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The shop is ___________ the bus station. My house is ______________ Palmerston Road. Go straight _____________ at the traffic lights. Turn ____________ left and then ___________ left again. It’s the third house ______________ the left. Take the third turning ____________ the left. At the roundabout, turn ____________ right.
Kompletirajte rečenice koristeći reč koja je data i tako da se zadrži isti smisao. Koristiti dve do pet reči za kompletiranje rečenice. These vegetables are too hard, they’re undercooked. HAVE These vegetables____________________________________enough. This salad is too oily. OIL There _________________________________________this salad. This cake is too stale to eat. ENOUGH This cake______________________________________to eat. This hotel is too expensive for a large family. MUCH This hotel____________________________________for a large family. There is too little cheese for four people. ENOUGH There _________________________________for four people. There are too few glasses for everyone to have a drink. ENOUGH We___________________________________for everyone to have a drink. It is not warm enough to eat outside this evening. TOO It is _____________________________________this evening. Joanne doesn’t speak loudly enough on the telephone. TOO Joanne speaks _____________________________________on the telephone.
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There’s too little sugar in this coffee for me. SWEET This coffee_________________________________________for me. This restaurant is too quiet. Let’s try another one. PEOPLE There are ______________________________________restaurant. Let’s try another one.
Upotrebite odgovarajuće vreme. When sixteen-year-old schoolgirl Tina Blake __________________ (come) home from school she was expecting to have her lunch. But she __________________ (find) her 38year-old mother, Louise, on the floor in the hall, having a baby. She could see the baby’s head. With her father out at work, Tina phoned the emergency services and told them what she __________________ (just see). Phil Bastin of Kent Ambulance Service __________________ (tell) Tina that he __________________ (send) and ambulance but Tina would probably have to deliver the baby herself. He __________________ (never tell) anyone how to deliver a baby on the phone before. But he told Tina what to do and she did it. “After I __________________ (get) some towels, Mr Bastin told me to wipe the baby’s mouth and nose,” said Liz. Then, because she __________________ (do) everything she could do and the ambulance __________________ (arrive), she went back to school for the afternoon. “At first, she __________________ (not tell) us what __________________ (happen)” said Tina’s teacher, Chris Hislop. “It seems that until the next day she __________________ (not even tell) her best friend in the class. And after school she __________________ (stay) behind to play basketball. Now, that’s what I call “cool”! Last month a police car in Arizona, USA __________________ (take) fifteen-year-old Nancy Kellerman to the police station. Her crime? Earlier that night, she __________________ (be) out with her friends in the park. She __________________ (not realise) that it was after 10 p.m. and because Nancy __________________ (forget) that, she __________________ (be) at the police station that night. She __________________ (not can) phone her parents until the police __________________ (take) her fingerprints and __________________ (ask) her some questions. Then her dad __________________ (take) her home.
Kompletirajte rečenice koristeći reč koja je data i tako da se zadrži isti smisao. Koristiti dve do pet reči za kompletiranje rečenice. 1.I’m sorry that you can’t come to the party. wish I __________________________________________ to the party. 2.He keeps interrupting me, which is very annoying. wish I _________________________________________ interrupting me, it’s very annoying.
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3.Ingrid would like to be able to swim, but she can’t. wishes Ingrid _________________________________________ swim. 4.I hope that you are successful in your exams. luck I wish ______________________________________ in your exams. 5.My hair’s short and dark, but I’d prefer long blonde hair. wish I __________________________________________ long blonde hair. 6.Eric doesn’t see his grandchildren very often, which makes him sad. wishes Eric _________________________________________ more often. 7.I’m sorry that he won’t accept the job he’s been offered. wish I ___________________________________________ the job he’s been offered. 8.I have very little patience, which is a shame! were I ________________________________________ patient. 9. This continual rain is making me feel depressed. stop I _________________________________________ raining—it makes me feel depressed. 10. The print in this book is so small that I’m afraid I can’t read it. was I wish the print in this book __________________________________,then I could read it.
Zaokružite rečenicu za koju smatrate da je logičnije da sledi iza date. Don`t throw the picture away, give it to John. He might have liked it. He might like it.
Označite osećanje koje se odnosi na dati izraz. BE IN LOW SPIRITS Sad Nervous Happy
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Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. reinforce endurance celebrity reluctance he ability to keep doing something difficult, unpleasant or painful for a long time someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment business an unwillingness to do something to make something stronger
Označite osećanje koje se odnosi na dati izraz. BE/FEEL DOWN Nervous Sad Happy
Kreirajte imenice od datih reči. persistent __________________ interpret__________________ commit__________________ familiar__________________
Označite osećanje koje se odnosi na dati izraz. FEEL SORRY FOR YOURSELF Happy Sad Nervous
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. spark off lifelong feat to cause the start of something lasting for the whole of a person`s life something difficult needing a lot of skill, strength, bravery, etc. to achieve it
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Kreirajte imenice od datih reči. efficient __________________ propose __________________ intimate __________________ vacant __________________
Zaokružite rečenicu koja ima isto značenje kao data rečenica. It isn`t possible that they are twins. They mightn`t be twins. They can`t be twins.
Označite osećanje koje se odnosi na dati izraz. BE A BUNDLE OF NERVES Nervous Happy Sad Označite osećanje koje se odnosi na dati izraz. BE OVER THE MOON Sad Nervous Happy
Zaokružite rečenicu za koju smatrate da je logičnije da sledi iza date. When she went out this morning she left her briefcase here. She might mean to leave it behind. She might have meant to leave it behind.
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. vehemently restore fortification resilient to return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position strong walls, towers, etc. that are built to protect a place in a strong and emotional way able to quickly return to a previous good condition 84
Dovršite rečenice koristeći odgovarajuće vreme (past simple ili present perfect). Throughout the summer of 1980 Joan ______________(CONTINUE) to divide her time between Paris and London. There`s not much more to do, now that we ___________(SOLVE) the main problem. Quite early in the negotiations, they ______________(AGREE) to lower prices. In 1788 he _______________(FINISH) his last work in Vienna. When he was 12, his parents ___________(MOVE) to Spain.
Kreirajte imenice od datih reči. reduce ______________ satisfy ______________ fail _________________
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. bustling arguably flourish decline to gradually become less, worse, or lower full of busy activity to grow or develop successfully posssibly
Dovršite rečenice koristeći date reči. FORTUNES HEART SCENE PACE CONDITION
ATTITUDES
DIRECTION
LAW
You should go away somewhere for the weekend. A change of ________will do you good. At first my parents refused to let me go off travelling on my own, but then they had a change of_____________. After a very slow start, the car chase gives the film a much needed change of ___________.
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In a complete change of ______________he gave up his job in teaching and became a farmer. Zaokružite tačnu reč. widely closely instantly Prices vary ___________, so do shop around before you buy your barbecue.
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. shapely fame unattainable perky happy and full of energy not achievable used to describe something that has an attractive form, especially a woman`s body or parts of a woman`s body when you are known or recognized by many people because of your achievements, skills, etc.
Dovršite rečenice koristeći date reči. FORTUNES HEART SCENE PACE CONDITION
ATTITUDES
DIRECTION
LAW
The win marked a change in the _______________ of the team, which had lost its previous six games. Despite the operation on his eye, there has been no significant change in the patient`s ________. Anti-smoking campaigners yesterday called for a change in the ____________to make it illegal for people to smoke in bars and cafes. The legalization of divorce reflected a change in __________towards marriage.
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. dismantle dwindle toll guild a small amount of money that you have to pay to use a road, cross a bridge, etc to become smaller in size or amount, or fewer in number an organization of people who do the same job or have the same interests to get rid of a system or organization, usually over a period of time
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Kreirajte imenice od datih reči. disappoint __________________ reject __________________ apply __________________ approve __________________
Kreirajte prideve od datih reči. drama __________________ economy__________________ pleasure __________________ significance __________________
Zaokružite tačnu reč. hardly subtly nearly He`s ________changed at all since I last saw him - just as lively and outgoing as he always was.
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. lacklustre tedious highlight craft joust a job or activity needing skill and experience, especially in relation to making objects lacking energy and effort boring (in the past) to fight with a lance while riding on a horse, especially as a sport the best or most exciting, entertaining or interesting part of something
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. turret fort abandon flank to leave a place, thing or person forever a military building consisting of an area enclosed by a strong wall, in which soldiers live and which is designed to be defended from attack a small circular tower which is part of a castle or a large building to be at the side of someone or something
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Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. safe haven crumble marauding repressive cruel going from one place to another killing or using violence, stealing and destroying a place where you are protected from harm or danger to break, or cause something to break, into small pieces Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. pungent sizzle throwback anticipation a feeling of excitement about something that is going to happen in the near future to make a sound like food cooking in hot fat a person or thing that is similar to an earlier type describes a very strong smell or taste, sometimes one that is unpleasantly strong Kreirajte prideve od datih reči. allergy __________________ introduce__________________ rock __________________ monster __________________ Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. contempt fir tree peruse reproach a tall evergreen tree that grows in cold countries and has needle-like leaves to criticize someone, especially for not being successful or not doing what is expected a strong feeling of combined dislike and lack of respect to read through something, especially in order to find the part you are interested in Povežite svaku imenicu sa jednim glagolom. broadcast rule out pursue meet with give off take up come up against cope with
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a problem change information a challenge a possibility a smell success an ambition
Kreirajte glagole od datih reči. science __________________ approach __________________ apply __________________ argument __________________
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. hoarding drab mainstream the way of life or set of beliefs accepted by most people boring, especially in appearance; lacking colour and excitement a very large board on which advertisements are shown, especially at the side of a road
Kreirajte glagole od datih reči. believe __________________ contradict __________________ administer __________________ manager __________________ provoke __________________ chat __________________ luxury __________________ persist __________________
Kreirajte priloge od datih reči. public __________________ drastic__________________ subtle __________________ political __________________ good ____________________ beautiful _________________
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Kreirajte prideve od datih reči. price __________________ secretary _______________ territory ________________ tragedy _________________
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. ingenious obsolete innovative convenient very clever and skilful or cleverly made or planned using new methods or ideas suitable not in use any more, having been replaced by something newer and better or more fashionable
Kreirajte negativni oblik prideva dodavanjem prefiksa. accurate ________________ biased __________________ relevant _________________ reliable __________________
U prazno polje upište odgovarajući oblik reči datih u zagradama. Her _____________and enthusiasm have helped the group to achieve its international success. (PERSIST) The architects have made _________use of glass and transparent plastic.(IMAGINE) That kind of behaviour is sure to cause _____________. (IRRITATE) I keep getting ______________advice - some people tell me to keep it warm and some tell me to put ice on it. (CONTRADICT) They met at university and fell ______________in love. (HOPE) Although she often disagreed with me, she was always ____________. (COURTESY) Your responsibilities will be mainly ______________. (ADMINISTER) Her scarf was ________________placed to hide a tear in her shirt. (STRATEGY)
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The findings show a_______________difference between the opinions of men and women. (SUBSTANCE) As a child I had an ______________ friend called Polly. (IMAGINE) We hope very much to find a ____________solution to the problem. (SATISFY) He has described the government as corrupt and _____________. (COMPETENCE) He`s very ________________about German literature. (KNOWLEDGE) The school offers courses in every subject _____________. (IMAGINE) If you`re ______________ manager? (SATISFY)
with the service, why don`t you complain to the hotel
Complete the gap with the appropriate form of the word in capitals at the end of the line. ______________, there is pressure on the council to reverse its decision. (INCREASE)
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. volatile sniff rancid persuasive tasting or smelling unpleasant because not fresh(of butter, oil, etc.) to smell something by taking air in through your nose making you want to do or believe a particular thing likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. confidential comprehensive biased up-to-date modern, recent, or containing the latest information secret, often in a formal, business or military situation complete and including everything that is necessary showing an unreasonable like or dislike for a person based on personal opinions
Kreirajte prideve od datih reči. mud _________________ mystery ______________ sleep ________________ 91
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. endeavour unwitting awesome toss causing feelings of great admiration, respect or fear without knowing or planning an attempt to do something to throw something carelessly
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. guru redundant gratify trustworthy to please someone, or to satisfy a wish or need a person who is respected for their knowledge of a particular subject and who gives advice able to be trusted unnecessary
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. likeable industrious pompous self-assured having the characteristic of regularly working hard too serious and full of importance having confidence in your own abilities pleasant and easy to like
Povežite date prideve sa odgovarajućim opisom. The staff are always so polite and helpful. Her only aim is to become managing director. He tries to control others without any consideration for their feelings or opinions. Your secret is safe with me. attentive trustworthy single-minded domineering
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Povežite reči da biste dobili kolokacije. a cautious a stubborn secretarial skills nature approach
Kreirajte imenice od datih reči. dedicate ______________ able _________________ patient _______________ develop _______________ mature ________________ loyal __________________ stubborn _______________ reliable ________________
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. paramount deadline alleviate moody a time or day by which something must be done to make something bad such as pain or problems less severe more important than anything else often unfriendly because they feel angry or unhappy
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. self-centred enhance prerequisite innermost to improve the quality, amount or strength of something only interested in yourself and your own activities something which must exist or happen before something else can exist or happen most secret and hidden, or nearest to the centre
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Povežite date prideve sa odgovarajućim opisom. She always works very hard. He thinks he`s so intelligent - it`s extremely irritating. She`s so friendly and easy to talk to. He doesn`t take much care over his work. conceited industrious approachable slapdash
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. clumsy easy-going conceited considerate too proud of yourself and your actions and abilities awkward in movement or manner relaxed and not easily upset or worried kind and helpful
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. sensible slapdash stubborn single-minded having an awareness or understanding of a situation very determined to achieve something done or made in a hurried and careless way someone who is determined to do what they want and refuses to do anything else Povežite reči da biste dobili kolokacije. a slapdash an easy-going computer skills nature approach Označite rečenice kod kojih se može izostaviti odnosna zamenica. The people who work in the office are very friendly. The people who we met at the party were very friendly. 94
The woman who lives next door is a doctor. Have you found the keys that you lost.
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. well-being controversial constitute row to form or make something the state of feeling healthy and happy causing disagreement or discussion a noisy argument or fight
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. frailty cuddle reticent unwilling to speak about your thoughts or feelings to put your arms around someone and hold them in a loving way, or (of two people) to hold each other close for affection or comfort weakness
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. contemporary wreck redundant having lost your job because your employer no longer needs you someone living during the same period as someone else someone who is in bad physical or mental condition
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. invincible siege ambush to suddenly attack a person or a group of people after hiding and waiting for them impossible to defeat or prevent from doing what is intended the surrounding of a place by an armed force in order to defeat those defending it
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Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. deem pinpoint transient cramp chronic to consider or judge something in a particular way a sudden painful tightening in a muscle lasting for only a short time; temporary continuing for a long time to discover or describe the exact facts about something
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. fatigue doze off forlorn snooze squeal start to sleep, especially during the day to sleep lightly for a short while extreme tiredness a long very high sound or cry alone and unhappy; left alone and not cared for
Povežite date prideve sa odgovarajućim opisom. It contains some very new and original animation techniques. Both the plot and the characters were difficult to believe We`ve seen this type of thing so many times before. It had me on the edge of my seat. innovative unconvincing clichéd gripping
Povežite početni deo rečenice sa odgovarajućim završetkom. Realizing he did not have a good ear This highly talented artist has an eye The young reporter clearly had a nose for a good story and he wrote several exclusives for the popular tabloid. for music, he gave up trying to learn the piano and took up acting instead. 96
for detail and many of his works are mistaken for photographs.
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. stunning vivacious plausible mundane withdrawal seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed very ordinary and therefore not interesting when someone prefers to be alone and does not want to talk to other people extremely beautiful or attractive attractively energetic and enthusiastic
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. gauge reside confer adept having a natural ability to do something that needs skill to live, have your home or stay in a place to give an advantage, or an official title, honour to someone to make a judgement about something, usually people`s feelings
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. agile reconcile pedestal vigorous very forceful or energetic able to think quickly and clearly to believe that someone is perfect to find a way in which two situations or beliefs that are opposed to each other can agree and exist together
Povežite početni deo rečenice sa odgovarajućim završetkom. Being bilingual he has a natural flair Dave did it himself; he is a dab hand He admits that he doesn`t have a head 97
for languages, and has taught himself Russian, Greek and Polish. for figures, and he leaves all the accounting work to his wife, Jane. at DIY and wouldn`t dream of getting a builder in to do anything.
Povežite dati pridev sa odgovarajućim opisom. Take a big box of tissues to this one- you`ll need them. Painful to watch; the most boring film of the year. She gave an amazing performance- her most impressive yet. It didn`t live up to the expectations created by all the publicity. excruciating moving over-hyped stunning Kreirajte glagole od datih reči. summary_______________ simple _________________ strong _________________ wide __________________
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. practitioner laid back riveting apprehension relaxed in manner and character someone involved in a skilled job or activity extremely interesting anxiety about the future or a fear that something unpleasant is going to happen
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. anticipate wax abrupt treadmill an exercise machine which consists of a moving strip or two step-like parts on which you walk without moving forward a solid fatty substance that softens and melts when warm to imagine or expect that something will happen using too few words when talking, in a way that seems rude and unfriendly 98
Kreirajte glagole od datih reči. identity ________________ assassin ________________ dominant ________________ rich ____________________ danger__________________
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. knead natter apprehensive unwind to relax and allow your mind to be free from anxiety feeling anxious about something that you are going to do to talk continuously for a long time without any particular purpose to press something, especially a mixture for making bread, firmly and repeatedly with the hands and fingers
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. reckon remark deride to think or believe to laugh at someone or something in a way which shows you think they are ridiculous or of no value to give a spoken statement of an opinion or thought
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. dough limb reassuring convincing an arm or leg of a person or animal flour mixed with water and often yeast, fat or sugar so that it is ready for baking making you feel less worried able to make you believe that something is true or right
Kreirajte glagole od datih reči. special ___________________ 99
example __________________ familiar ___________________ sad ______________________ deaf _____________________
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. utterly fundamental crucial forming the base, from which everything else originates extremely important or necessary completely or extremely
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. plonk caboodle pile outcast a person who has no place in their society or in a particular group the whole of something to put something down without taking care objects positioned one on top of another
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. esoteric snail mail undercut quaint a mail that is sent through the post office to weaken, damage, or cause the failure of (something) intended for or understandable to only a few people who have special knowledge attractive because of being unusual and esp. old-fashioned
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. oddity astray congenital devotee existing at or from birth 100
someone or something that is strange and unusual a person who strongly admires a particular person or is extremely interested in a subject away from the correct path or way of doing something
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. tapestry homely runaway anguish extreme unhappiness caused by physical or mental suffering plain or ordinary, but pleasant a piece of cloth whose pattern or picture is created by sewing or weaving out of control or escaped from somewhere
Povežite reči sa odgovarajućim definicijama. obsolete shun upgrade to ignore or avoid not in use any more, having been replaced by something newer or more fashionable to improve the quality or usefulness of something
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LITERATURA New English File Upper -Intrermediate, Clive Oxenden, Christina Latham-Koenig, Oxford University Press, 2007 New Headway Upper-Intermediate, J. Soars, Oxford University Press, 2007 M. Terzić, Materijal sa predavanja u PDF formi na predmetu Engleski jezik 2, Visoka škola strukovnih studija za informacijone tehnologije
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