PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
Present Simple Tense (Prosto sadanje sada nje vrijeme) tvori se od infinitiva glavnog glagola u svim licima osim treeg lica jednine, gdje za sve tri roda r oda (he, she, it) na infinitiv glavnog glagola dodajemo nastavak s nastavak s ili es es.. Potvrdni oblik ovog vremena vremena se gradi od infinitiva gl.glagola za sva lica jednine I mnoine izuzev treeg lica jednine za sva tri roda,gdje r oda,gdje na infinitive gl dodajemo dodajemo nastavak nasta vak ss ili es es.. JEDNINA I walk ± ja hodam You walk ± ti hoda He walks ± on hoda She walks ± ona hoda It walks ± ono hoda MNOINA We walk ± mi hodamo You walk ± vi hodate They walk ± oni,one,ona hodaju
UPITNI OBLIK Upitni oblik tvori se od upitnog oblika prezenta pomonog glagola Äto do³ i infinitiva glavnog glagola. Upitni oblik se gradi od upitnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pom.gl. to do I infinitiva gl.glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme. JEDNINA Do I walk ? ± da li ja hodam ? Do you walk ? ± da li ti hoda ? Does he walk ? ± da li on hoda ? Does she walk ? ± da li ona hoda ? Does it walk ? ± da li ono hoda ? MNOINA Do we walk ? ± da li mi hodamo ? Do you walk ? ± da li vi hodate ? Do they walk ? ± da li oni, one, ona hodaju ? UPITNE RJEICE When, Where, What time, How long, What,Why Kada vi putujete u ameriku ? When do you travel to America ? U koje vrijeme ona ima sate engleskog ? At what time does she have English classes ? ta vi radite svako jutro ? What do you do every moning ? ODRINI OBLIK Odrini oblik tvori se od odrinog oblika prezenta pomonog glagola Äto do³ i infinitiva glavnog glagola koji je isti za sva lica. Odricni oblik se gradi od odricnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pom.gl to do I infinitiva gl.glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme I koji je isti za sva lica.
JEDNINA I do not walk ± ja ne hodam You do not walk ± ti ne hoda He does not walk ± on ne hoda She does not walk ± ona ne hoda It does not walk ± ono ne hoda MNOINA We do not walk ± mi ne hodamo You do not walk ± vi ne hodate They do not walk ± oni,one,ona ne hodaju PRILOZI Uz ovo vrijeme koristimo dvije vrste priloga I to: 1. Prilozi neodreenog vremena: Often ± Often ± esto Allways ± Allways ± uvijek Usually ± Usually ± obino Sometimes ± ponekad Ovi priloz stoje na poetku reenice reenic e izmeu subjekta I glagola. 2. Prilozi odreenog vremena su: In the morning ± morning ± ujutro In the afternoon ± afternoon ± popodne In the evening ± evening ± uvee On sunday ± sunday ± nedeljom Ovi prilozi stoje na kraju reenice UPOTREBA Koristi se za radnju koja se desila u sadanjosti u sljedeim sluajevima. 1. Za radnju koja je trajno istinita. I live in Konjic. ivim u Konjicu I go to school. school. Idem u kolu. She lives in Konjic. Konjic. Ona ivi u Konjicu. 2. Za navike. I usually watch TV in the evening. Obino gledam TV uveer. 3. Za radnju koja se ponavlja. I go to cinema every night. Idem u kino svako vee. 4. Za rasporede. The bus leaves at 10 o'clock. Autobus odlazi u 10 sati. 5. Za izraavanje osjeanja. I love you. Volim te
JEDNINA I do not walk ± ja ne hodam You do not walk ± ti ne hoda He does not walk ± on ne hoda She does not walk ± ona ne hoda It does not walk ± ono ne hoda MNOINA We do not walk ± mi ne hodamo You do not walk ± vi ne hodate They do not walk ± oni,one,ona ne hodaju PRILOZI Uz ovo vrijeme koristimo dvije vrste priloga I to: 1. Prilozi neodreenog vremena: Often ± Often ± esto Allways ± Allways ± uvijek Usually ± Usually ± obino Sometimes ± ponekad Ovi priloz stoje na poetku reenice reenic e izmeu subjekta I glagola. 2. Prilozi odreenog vremena su: In the morning ± morning ± ujutro In the afternoon ± afternoon ± popodne In the evening ± evening ± uvee On sunday ± sunday ± nedeljom Ovi prilozi stoje na kraju reenice UPOTREBA Koristi se za radnju koja se desila u sadanjosti u sljedeim sluajevima. 1. Za radnju koja je trajno istinita. I live in Konjic. ivim u Konjicu I go to school. school. Idem u kolu. She lives in Konjic. Konjic. Ona ivi u Konjicu. 2. Za navike. I usually watch TV in the evening. Obino gledam TV uveer. 3. Za radnju koja se ponavlja. I go to cinema every night. Idem u kino svako vee. 4. Za rasporede. The bus leaves at 10 o'clock. Autobus odlazi u 10 sati. 5. Za izraavanje osjeanja. I love you. Volim te
PAST SIMPLE TENSE Potvrdni oblik ovog ovog vremena kod pravilnih tvori se od prolog participa tako to t o na infinitiv glagola dodamo nastavak ed nastavak ed (ako se infinitiv zavrava zavra va na e, onda emo dodati samo d). Potvrdni oblik kod nepravilnih glagola tvorimo tvori mo tako to koristimo II kolonu iz tabele nepravilnih glagola. JEDNINA I asked (go>went) ± ja sam pitao You asked (go>went) ± ti si pitao He asked (go>went) ± on je pitao She asked (go>went) ± ona je pitala It asked (go>went) ± ono je pitalo MNOINA We asked (go>went) ± mi smo pitali You asked(go>went) ± vi ste pitali They asked(go>went) ± oni,one,ona pitaju
UPITNI OBLIK Upitni oblik se gradi i kod pravilnih i nepravilnih glagola od upitnog oblika prolog vremena pomonog glagola to do i infinitiva glavnog glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme. JEDNINA Did I ask ? ± da sam sa m ja pitao ? Did you ask ?± da li si ti pitao ? Did he ask ?± da li je on pitao ? Did she ask ?± da li je ona pitala ? Did it ask ?± da li je ono pitalo ? MNOINA Did we ask ?± da li smo mi pitali ? Did you ask ?± da li ste vi pitali ? Did they ask ?± da li su oni,one,ona pitali ? UPITNE RIJEICE When, Where, What time, How long, What, Why Kada ste vi putovali u Ameriku ? When did you travel to America? Gdje je on iao sino ? Where did he go last night? U koje vrijeme je ona dola na zabavu ? At what time did she arrive to the party? Koliko dugo su oni ostali u Americi ? How long did they stay in America? ta ste vi radili sino ? What did you do last night? Zato ste vi ili na sastank juer ? Why did you go to the meeting yesterday? ODRINI OBLIK Odrini oblik se tvori i kod pravilnih i kod nepravilnih glagola od odrinog oblika prolog vremena pomonog pomonog glagola to do i infinitiva glagola kojeg stavljamo stavlja mo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA I did not ask ± ja nisam pitao You did not ± ti nisi pitao He did not ± on nije pitao She did not ± ona nije pitala It did not ± ono nije pitalo MNOINA We did not ± mi nismo pitali You did not ± vi niste pitali They did not ± one,one,ona nisu pitala UPOTREBA 1. Koristi se za radnju koja je poela i zavrila u prolosti. The war broke out. Izbio je rat. 2. Za radnju koja se desila u prolosti, a vrijeme deavanja je poznato. U ovom sluaju koristimo i priloge prolog vremena koji oznaavaju vrijeme radnje, npr: Last night Yesterday Last week, month, year PRIMJER I went to the cinema last night. Sino sam otiao u kino PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE Potvrdni oblik Present Continous Tense-a (Sadanje trajno vrijeme) se gradi od potvrdnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pomonog glagola to be, i sadanjeg participa (present participle) glavnog glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme i kojim ga prevodimo. Sadanji particip gradimo tako da na infinitive glagola dodamo nastavak ing, a ako glagol u infinitivu zavrava na samoglasnik e onda sadanji particip gradimo tako da prvo odbijemo e od infinitiva i onda dodamo nastavak ing Read ± itati / read + ing = reading Take ± uzeti / take ± e = tak + ing = taking JEDNINA I am reading ± ja itam You are reading ± ti ita He is reading ± on ita She is reading ± ona ita It is reading ± ono ita MNOINA We are reading ± mi itamo You are reading ±vi itate They are reading ± oni, one, ona itaju
UPITNI OBLIK Upitni oblik se gradi od upitnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pomonog glagola to be i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA Am I reading ? ± da li ja itam ? Are you reading ? ± da li ti ita ? Is he reading ? ± da li on ita ? Is she reading ? ± da li ona ita ? Is it reading ? ± da li ono ita ? MNOINA Are we reading ? ±da li mi itamo ? Are you reading ? ± da li vi itate ? Are they reading ? ± da li oni, one, ona itaju ? UPITNE RIJEICE When, Where, What time, How long, What, Why Koje je radno vrijeme u toj fabrici ? What is the working time of the that factory ? Gdje on putuje naredne sedmice ? Where is he traveling to next week ? Koliko dugo vi ostajete u americi ? How long are you staying in America ? ta vi radite veeras ? What are you doing tonight ? Zato oni rade u nedelju ? Why are they working on Sunday ? ODRINI OBLIK Odrini oblik se gradi od odrinog oblika sadanjeg vremena pomonog glagola to be i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme. JEDNINA I am not reading - ja ne itam You are not reading ± ti ne ita He is not reading ± on ne ita She is not reading ± ona ne ita It is not reading ± ono ne ita MNOINA We are not reading ± mi ne itamo You are not reading ± vi ne itate They are not reading ± oni,one,ona ne itaju UPOTREBA Sadanje trajno vrijeme upotrebljavamo da izrazi sadanju radnju i to u sledeim sluajevima 1. Za radnju koja se deava u trenutku govora. I'm writing. Ja piem. 2. Koristi se i za line dogovore i planove za budunost. I'm visting my aunt tomorrow. Sutra posjeujem svoju tetku.
Tada se koriste i vremenski prilozi za budunost kao: - Tonight - Tomorrow - Next Week,Month,Year 3. Takoer se koristi za dogaaje koji su ve zakazani ili dogovoreni. My bus is leaving at 1 o'clock. Moj autobus kree u 1. Imamo dva glagola koji grade sadanje trajno vrijeme pomou glagola Can, a to su: 1. See 2. Hear
GLAGOL SEE POTVRDNI OBLIK JEDNINA I can see ± ja vidim You can see ± ti vidi He can see ± on vidi She can see ± ona vidi It can see ± ono vidi MNOINA We can see ± mi vidimo You can see ± vi vidite They can see ± oni,one,ona vide UPITNI OBLIK Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom ( I can see - Can I see? ) ODRICNI OBLIK Odricni oblik se gradi dodavanjem negacije not na potvrdni oblik iza glagola Can GLAGOL HEAR POTVRDNI OBLIK JEDNINA I can hear ± ja ujem You can hear ± ti uje He can hear ± on uje She can hear ± ona uje It can hear ± ono uje MNOINA We can hear ± mi ujemo You can hear ± vi ujete They can hear ± oni,one,ona uju UPITNI OBLIK Upitni oblik se gradi inverzijom ( I can hear - Can I hear? ) ODRICNI OBLIK Odricni oblik se gradi dodavanjem negacije not na potvrdni oblik iza glagola Can
PAST CONTINOUS Potvrdni oblik Past Continous Tense-a (prolo trajno vrijeme) tvori se od potvrdnog oblika prolog pomonog glagola to be i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme. JEDNINA I was reading ± ja sam itao You were reading ± ti si itao He was reading ± on je itao She was reading ± ona je itala It was reading ± on je italo MNOINA We were reading ± mi smo itali You were reading ± vi ste itali They were reading ± oni,one,ona su itala
UPITNI OBLIK Upitni oblik se tvori od upitnog oblika prolog vremena pomonog glagola to be i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola. JEDNINA Was I reading ? ± da li sam ja itao ? Were you reading ?± da li si ti itao ? Was he reading ?± da li je on itao ? Was she reading ?± da li je ona itala ? Was it reading ?± da li je ono italo ? MNOINA Were we reading ? ± da li smo mi itali ? Were you reading ? ± da li ste vi itali ? Were they reading ? ± da li su oni,one,ona itali ? UPITNE RIJEICE When, Where, What time, How long, What, Why Kada ste vi posjetili prijetelje u Americi? When were you visiting friends in America? Gdje je on putovao? Where was he traveling to? U koje vrijeme je ona ila na koncert? At what time was she going to the concert? Koliko dugo su oni ostali u Americi? How long were they staying in America ta ste vi radili na autobuskoj stanici? What were you doing at the bus station? Zato je on pozvan na intervju iz engleskog? Why was he invited to an English interview ? ODRINI OBLIK Odrini oblik se tvori od odrinog oblika prolog vremena pomonog glagola to be i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme.
JEDNINA I was not reading ± ja nisam itao You were not reading ± ti nisi itao He was not reading ± on nije itao She was not reading ± ona nije itala It was reading ± ono nije italo MNOINA We were not reading ± mi nismo itali You were reading ± vi niste itali They were not reading ± oni,one,ona nisu itala UPOTREBA Ovo vrijeme se upotrebljava da izrazi prolu radnju u to u sledeim sluajevima: 1. Za radnju koja je poela u prolosti, trajala dui vremenski period i zavrila u prolosti. Gledao sam TV cijelu noc. I was watching TV all night long. U ovom sluaju koristimo priloge koji govore da je radnja dugo trajala, oni staje na kraju reenice a najei su: -all (morning, evening, afternoon, day, week, month, year) 2. Za dvije prole radnje povezane veznikom when, od kojih jedna traje due od druge, krae, koja prekida ovu prvu i duu radnju. Kraa radnja je uvijek u Prolom prostom vremenu (past simple tense), a dua u trajnom prolom vremenu (Past Continous Tense) Ona je sjedila u parku kada sam ja doao She was sitting in the park when I came 3. Za dvije istovremene prole radnje povezane veznikom while (dok) koji moe stojati u sredini ili na poetku reenice. u tom sluaju obje prole radnje izraavamo sa Past Continous Tense. Ja sam uio engleski, dok je ona sluala muziku. I was learning English while she was listening music. PRESENT PERFECT Potvrdni oblik ovog vremena tvori se od potvrdnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pomonog glagola to have i prolog participa (past participle) gllavnog glagola kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme. Kod pravilnih glagola proli particip gradimo tako to na infinitiv glagola dodajemo nastavak ed ili d (ukoliko se infinitiv zavrava na sa moglasnik e) Za nepravilne glagole koristimo treu kolonu iz tabele nepravilniih glagola. Invite - invite + ed = invited Go ± go (III kolona) = gone JEDNINA I have invited - ja pozivam , ja sam pozivao You have invited ± ti poziva, ti si pozivao He has invited ± on poziva, on je pozivao She has invited ± ona poziva, ona je pozivala It has invited ± ono poziva, ono je pozivalo MNOINA We have invited ± mi pozivamo, mi smo pozivali You have invited ± vi pozivate, vi ste pozivali They have invited ± oni, one, ona pozivaju
UPITNI OBLIK Upitni oblik se gradi od upitnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pomonog glagola to have i prolog participa glavnog glagola kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme. JEDNINA Have I invited ? ± da li ja pozivam, da li sam ja pozivao ? Have you invited ? ± da li ti poziva, da li si ti pozvao ? Has he invited ?± da li on poziva, da li je on pozvao ? Has she invited ?± da li ona poziva, da li je ona pozvala ? Has it invited ?± da li ono poziva, da li je on pozvalo ? MNOINA Have we invited ?± da li mi pozivamo, da li smo mi pozvali ? Have you invited ?± da li vi pozivate, da li ste vi pozvali ? Have they invited ?± da li oni,one,ona pozivaju ? UPITNE RIJEICE When, Where, What time, How long, What, Why Kada ste vi putovali u Ameriku ? When have you traveled to America ? Gdje je ona bila sino ? Where has she been last night ? Koliko dugo su oni ostali u Americi ? How long have they stayed in America ? ta ste vi radili u toj fabrici ? What have you been doing in that factory ? Zato je on dolazio na intervju ? Why has he come to an interview ? ODRICNI OBLIK Odricni oblik se gradi od odricnog oblika sadanjeg vremena pom.gl to have i prolog participa gl.glagola kojeg stavljamo u ovo vrijeme JEDNINA I have not invited ± ja ne pozivam, ja nisam pozvao You have not invited ± ti ne poziva, ti nisi pozvao He has not invited ± on ne poziva, on nije pozvao She has not invited ± ona ne poziva, ona nije pozvala It has not invited ± ono ne poziva, ono nije povalo MNOINA We have not invited ± mi ne pozivamo, mi nismo pozvali You have not invited ± vi ne pozivate, vi nite pozvali They have not invited ± oni,one,ona ne pzivaju , oni,one,ona nisu pozvala UPOTREBA Sadanji perfekat se upotrebljava za izraavanje sadanje ili prole radnje. 1. Kada se upotrebljava za izraavanje sadanje radnje onda koristimo sljedee rijeice: For ± ve Since ± od Rijeica for nam govori koliko dugo ta sadanja radnja traje. Rijeica since nam govori od kojeg momenta iz prolosti ta radnja traje. Dakle, to je radnja koja je poela u prolosti i traje sve do trenutka govora.
I have lived in Konjic for 20 years. ivim u Konjicu ve 20 godina. I have watched TV since yesterday. Gledam TV od jucer. Ovo vrijeme moete prepoznati po rijeicama for i since.. im se u reenici nalazi jedna od ovih rijeica koristite (ili je koriten) present perfect. 2. Ovo vrijeme moe izraavati i prolu radnju i to u sljedeim sluajevima: a) Radnju koja se dogodila u prolosti, a tano vrijeme radnje je nepoznato. They have moved into a new appartment. Oni su preselili u novi apartman. b) Prola radnja koja se upravo dogodila gdje koristimo prilog just koji stoji na poetku reenice izmeu glagola to have i prolog praticipa glavnog glagola She has just arrived.. Ona je upravo dola. c) Radnju koja je poela u prolosti, ali su njene posljedice vidljive i sad. I have broken the window. Razbio sam prozor. PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE Potvrdni oblik ovog vremena se tvori od prolog (potvrdnog oblika) pomonog glagola to have, oblika been koji je isti za sva lica i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme i kojim ga prevodimo. JEDNINA I had been reading (read + ing) ± ja sam itao You had been reading ± ti si itao He had been reading - on je itao She had been reading ± ona je itala It had been reading ± ono je italo MNOINA We had been reading ± mi smo itali You had been reading ± vi ste itali They had been reading-oni,one,ona su itala
UPITNI OBLIK Upitni oblik se gradi od upitnog oblika prolog vremena pomocnog glagola to have, oblika been za sva lica i sadanjeg participa glavnog glagola koji stavljamo u ovo vrijeme. JEDNINA Had I been reading (read + ing) ? ± da li sam ja itao ? Had you been reading ? ± da li si ti itao ? Had he been reading ? - da li je on itao ? Had she been reading ? ± da li je ona itala ? Had it been reading ? ± da li je ono italo ? MNOINA Had we been reading ? ± da li smo mi itali ? Had you been reading ? ± da li ste vi itali ? Had they been reading ? - da li su oni, one, ona itala ?
ODRICNI OBLIK JEDNINA I had not been reading (read + ing) ± ja nisam itao You had not been reading ± ti nisi itao He had not been reading - on ni je itao She had not been reading ± ona nije itala It had not been reading± ono nije MNOINA We had not been reading ± mi ismo itali You had not been reading ± vi niste itali They have not been reading - oni, one, ona nisu itala UPOTREBA Koristi se za radnju koja je trajala dui vremenski period, a prije neke glavne radnje. ekala sam autobus tri sata prije nego je doao. I had been waiting three hours for the bus before it arrived. FUTURE SIMPLE-BUDUCE VRIJEME We will ---we'll You will ---you'll You will ---you'll He,she, will ---he'll , she'll They will ---they'll Primjer;: glagol to see u simple future tense Potvrdni oblik Odrini oblik Upitni oblik I won't see/ Will I see?/ I'll see I shan't see Shall I see? *I will/shall see You won't see Will you see? You'll see Will she see? He, she, it will see He won't see We won't see/ Will we see?/ We'll see Shall we see? *We will/shall see We shan't see You won't see Will you see? You will see They won't see Will they see? They'll see
FUNKCIJA Prosto budue vrijeme se koristi za izraavanje tanih injenica ija se radnja odvija u budunosti Simple future tense se koristi: 1. Za izraavanje dogaaja / radnje u budunosti: It will rain tomorrow ± Sutra e kia 2. (sa I/ we) za donoenje odluka u budunosti: I 'll pay for the tickets by credit card. ± Platit u karte kreditnom karticom 3. za izraavanje elja: H e'll carry your bag for you ± On e ponjeti torbu za vas.
4. (u odrinom obliku) za izraavanje anti volje ili negiranja radnje u budunosti: I won't leave until I've seen the manager! ± Ja neu otii dok ne vidim menaera ! 5. (u prvom licu jednine upitnog oblika) za izraavanje ponude / pitanja: S hall I open the window? ± Hou li otvoriti prozor ? 6. (u prvom licu mnoine u upitnom obliku) za pravljenje sugestije: S hall we go to the cinema tonight? ± Da li emo ii u kino veeras ? 7. (u prvom licu jednine upitnog oblika) za pravljenje konsultacije koja se odnosi na budunost: What shall I tell the boss about this money? ± ta u rei efu za ove pare ? 8. (u drugom licu) za izraavanje ponude / naredbe: Y ou will do exactly as I say. ± Ti e uraditi tano kako ja kaem. 9. (u drugom licu) za izraavanje poziva: Will you marry me? ± Da li e se udati za mene ? Vano: U modernom engleskom jeziku umjesto will sve se vie koristi shall (will i shall u biti imaju isto znaenje) Shall se vie koristi uz prvo lice jednine i mnoine za izraavanje ponude, sugestije ili konstultacije (kao i primjerima 4, 5, 6). U durgim licima (you, he, she, they) shall se koristi jedino u pjesmama ili poeziji radi boljeg efekta. Primjer: "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes." GLAGOL ÄTO BE³ Glagol BE moe biti i pomoni glagol i glagol punog znaenja.
BE kao glagol punog znaenja u vremenu Simple Present (am, are, is) Afirmacija Negacija I: I am from England.
I am not from England.
he, she, it: He is from England.
He is not from England.
we, you, they: We are from England.
We are not from England.
BE kao glagol punog znaenja u vremenu Simple Past (was, were) Afirmacija Negacija I, he, she, it: I was here. we, you, they:
I was not here.
We were here.
We were not here.
BE kao pomoni glagol se upotrebljava za tvorbu Present Countinous tense-a i Pasivnih oblika glagola. BE kao pomoni glagolu vremenu Present Continiuos (am, are, is) Afirmacija Negacija I: I am reading a book. he, she, it:
I am not reading a book.
He is reading a book. we, you, they:
He is not reading a book.
We are not reading a book. BE kao pomoni glagol u pasivnom obliku: Simple Present: A house is built. Simple Past: A house was built. will future: A house will be built. going-to future: A house is going to be built.
We are reading a book.
MODALNI GLAGOLI Modalni glagoli su npr: may, can, must , should , need . Oni iskazuju sposobnost, dozvolu, elje itd. (I may, can, must swim.). Veina modalnih glagola se ne moe koristiti u svim vremenima, zato moramo znati zamjenu (glagol istog znaenja) za modalni glagol. U tabeli su uneseni najei modalni glagoli i njihovi sinonimi: Modalni Zamjena/sinonim Primjer glagol must to have to I must swim. = I have to swim. must not not to be allowed to I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim. can to be able to I can swim. = I am able to swim. may to be allowed to I may swim. = I am allowed to swim. need to have to I need to swim. = I have to swim. need not not to have to I need not swim. = I don't have to swim. shall / to be supposed to / to be I shall / should / ought to swim. = I should/ expected to / to be to am supposed to swim. / I am ought to expected to swim. / I am to swim. PRAVILNI I NEPRAVILNI GLAGOLI Pravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak ±ed. Npr: stay ± stay ± ed ± ostati lood ± look ± ed ± gledati open ± open ± ed ± otvoriti itd. Ako se glagol u infinitivu zavrava na ±e dodaje se samo nastavak ±d. Npr: smile ± smile ± d ± smijati se hope ± hope ± d ± nadati se itd.
Nepravilni glagoli tvore preterit i particip perfekta na razne naine: Preterit i particip perfekta imaju isti oblik: stand (stajati) ± stood ± stood think (misliti) ± thought ± thought Sva su tri oblika razliita: sing (pjevati) ± sang ± sung drive (voziti) ± drove ± driven Sva su tri oblika jednaka: hit (udariti) ± hit ± hit put (staviti) ± put ± put Nepravilni glagoli se ue na pamet. Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle alight alighted, alit alighted, alit arise arose arisen awake awoke, awaked awoken, awaked be was, were been bear bore borne, born beat beat beaten, beat become became become beget begot begotten begin began begun bend bent bent bereave bereaved, bereft bereaved, bereft beseech besought, besought, beseeched beseeched bet bet, betted bet, betted bid bade, bid bidden, bid, bade bide bade, bided bided bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled bless blessed, blest blessed, blest blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast, broadcast, broadcasted broadcasted build built built
burn
burnt, burned burst burst
burnt, burned burst
bust
bust, busted buy bought
bust, busted bought
can
could
(kein Participle)
cast
cast
cast
catch
caught
caught
choose
chose
chosen
cleave
cleft, cleaved, clove
cleft, cleaved, cloven
cling clothe
clung clothed, clad
clung clothed, clad
come cost
came cost
come cost
creep
crept
crept
crow
crowed
crew, crowed
cut
cut
cut
deal
dealt
dealt
dig
dug
dug
do
did
done
draw dream
drew dreamt, dreamed
drawn dreamt, dreamed
drink drive
drank drove
drunk driven
dwell eat
dwelt, dwelled ate
dwelt, dwelled eaten
fall feed
fell fed
fallen fed
feel fight
felt fought
felt fought
find flee
found fled
found fled
fling
flung
flung
fly
flew
flown
forbid
forbad, forbade
forbid, forbidden
forecast forget
forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted forgot forgotten
forsake freeze
forsook froze
forsaken frozen
geld
gelded, gelt
gelded, gelt
get
got
got, gotten
gild
gilded, gilt
gilded, gilt
give
gave
given
gnaw
gnawed
gnawed, gnawn
go
went
gone
grind grip
ground gripped, gript
ground gripped, gript
grow hang
grew hung
grown hung
have hear
had heard
had heard
heave hew
heaved, hove hewed
heaved, hove hewed, hewn
hide hit
hid hit
hidden, hid hit
hold hurt
held hurt
held hurt
keep
kept
kept
kneel
knelt, kneeled
knelt, kneeled
knit
knitted, knit
knitted, knit
know
knew
known
lay lead
laid led
laid led
lean
leant, leaned
leant, leaned
leap
leapt, leaped
leapt, leaped
learn leave
learnt, learned left
learnt, learned left
lend let
lent let
lent let
lie
lay
lain
light lose
lit, lighted lost
lit, lighted lost
make may
made might
made (kein Participle)
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
melt
melted
molten, melted
mow
mowed
mown, mowed
pay
paid
paid
pen
pent, penned
pent, penned
plead prove
pled, pleaded proved
pled, pleaded proven, proved
quit
put put quit, quitted
put quit, quitted
read rid
read rid, ridded
read rid, ridded
ride ring
rode rang
ridden rung
rise run
rose ran
risen run
saw say
sawed said
sawn, sawed said
see
saw
seen
seek
sought
sought
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
set sew
set sewed
set sewn, sewed
shake
shook
shaken
shall
should
(kein Participle)
shear shed
sheared shed
shorn, sheared shed
shine shit
shone shit, shitted, shat
shone shit, shitted, shat
shoe
shod, shoed
shod, shoed
shoot show
shot showed
shot shown, showed
shred shrink
shred, shredded shrank, shrunk
shred, shredded shrunk
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
sit
sat
sat
slay
slew
slain
sleep
slept
slept
slide sling
slid slung
slid slung
slink slit
slunk slit
slunk slit
smell smite
smelt, smelled smote
smelt, smelled smitten
sow speak
sowed spoke
sown, sowed spoken
speed spell
sped, speeded spelt, spelled
sped, speeded spelt, spelled
spend spill
spent spilt, spilled
spent spilt, spilled
spin
spun
spun
spit
spat
spat
split
split
split
spoil
spoilt, spoiled
spoilt, spoiled
spread spring
spread sprang, sprung
spread sprung
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick sting
stuck stung
stuck stung
stink stride
stank, stunk strode
stunk stridden
strike
struck
struck
string strive
strung strove
strung striven
swear sweat
swore sweat, sweated
sworn sweat, sweated
sweep
swept
swept
swell
swelled
swollen, swelled
swim
swam
swum
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tear telecast
tore telecast, telecasted
torn telecast, telecasted
tell think
told thought
told thought
throw thrust
threw thrust
thrown thrust
tread trod understand understood
trodden understood
wake wear
woke, waked wore
woken, waked worn
weave wed
wove wed, wedded
woven wed, wedded
weep
wept
wept
wet
wet, wetted
wet, wetted
win
won
won
wind
wound
wound
wring write
wrung wrote
wrung written
POVRATNI GLAGOLI Povratni su glagoli oni kod kojih se radnja vraa na subjekt. Uz takve glagole stoje povratne zamjenice. Npr: They have always been able to defend themselves . Oni su se uvijek mogli odbraniti. When she saw herself with hew new hat, she smiled. Kada se vidjela sa svojim novim eirom, nasmjeila se.
PRELAZNI I NEPRELAZNI GLAGOLI Prelazni su glagoli oni uz koje moe stajati objekt u akuzativu. Npr: They built the bridge last year Sagradili su most prole godine Before leaving they sold the car. Prije dolaska prodali su auto. Neprelazni su glagoli oni uz koje ne moe stajati objekat. Npr: He returned home last night. Vratio se sino kui. We were lying in the sun. Leali smo na suncu. KONDICIONALI Postoje etiri razliita tipa pogodbenih reenica (kondicionala). Pogodbene reenice izraavaju stanje, okolnosti i u prolosti, sadanjosti i budunosti. Svi tipovi kondicionala su sloene reenice sastavljene od najmanje dvije proste. Prva reenica naziva se glavnom, dok je druga pogodbena reenica. Ove dvije proste reenice vee veznik IF koji se prevodi, u zavisnosti od situacije, kao AKO, DA ili KAD. Izuzetak je etvrti tip pogodbenih reenica gdje se veznik IF prevodi kao SVAKI DAN. PRVI TIP POGODBENIH REENICA U ovim reenicama izraena je stvarna mogunost da se ispuni neki uslov u budunosti. Tvorba: IF + present simple (Uslovna ili IF reenica); will (shall) + infinitiv (glavna reenica). Primjer: Ako imam novca, kupit u kuu. If I have money, I will buy a house. Veznik IF u ovom tipu uvijek prevodimo kao AKO. Primjeri: Ako je slobodan, poi e s nama. If he is free, he will come with us. Ako ne pourite, zakasnit ete. If you don't hurry, you will be late. Ako mi pomogne zavrit u do 6. If you help me, I will finish by six o'clock. DRUGI TIP POGODBENIH REENICA U drugom tipu pogodbenih reenica mogunost ispunjavanja uslova je mala . Tvorba: IF + past simple tense (Uslovna ili IF reenica); would ili should + infinitiv (glavna reenica) Veznik IF se uvijek prevodi kao DA. U naem jeziku ove reenice prevodimo u prostom sadanjem ili buduem vremenu. Glagol Äto be³ se za sva lica jednine i mnoine u prolom vremenu koristi kao were. Primjeri: Da sam na tvom mjestu ja ne bih tamo iao. If I were in your place, I would not go there. Da nije tako zauzeta pridruila bi nam se. If she weren't so busy, she would join us. Da ga sutra vidim, sve bih mu rekao. If I saw him tomorrow, I would tell him everything.
TREI TIP POGODBENIH REENICA Treim tipom pogodbenih reenica izraava se uslov iz prolosti koji nije ispunjen. Veznik IF prevodimo kao DA, a za prijevod reenica koristi se nae prosto prolo vrijeme. Tvorba: IF + past perfect (Uslovna ili IF reenica); would ili should + have + proli particip glavnog glagola. Primjeri: Da sam pitao oni bi mi rekli. If I had asked, they would have told me. Da ste bili na sastanku vidjeli biste ga. If you had been at the meeting, you would have seen him. Da je kiilo otiao bih kui. If it had been raining, I would have gone home. ETVRTI TIP POGODBENIH REENICA Ovim reenicama izraava se navika ili neka ponavljana radnja. Veznik IF moe se mijenjati sa WHEN, WHENEVER i EVERYTIME. Tvorba: IF + present simple (Uslovna ili IF reenica); present simple (glavna reenica). Primjer: Svaki put kad je lijepo vrijeme ja idem van. Everytime when the weather is nice I go out PASIV Pasiv se koristi pri naglaavanju radnje. Nije vano, ili nije potrebno znati ko ili ta je vrilac radnje. Dakle, naglasak se stavlja na radnju. Primjer: My bike was stolen. U ovom primjeru naglaeno je da je moje biciklo ukradeno. Meutim, nepoznat je vrilac te radnje. Ponekad navod izreen u pasivu zvui pristojnije nego li isti izreen u aktivu. Primjer: A mistake was made. U ovom primjeru, izbjegavajui okriviti nekoga za pogreku, naglaava se sama pogreka. (Ti si pogrijeio.).
TVORBA PASIVA Subjekat + odreeni odgovarajui oblik pomonog glagola to be + proli ili past particip (trea kolona nepravilnih glagola) Primjer: A letter was written Kad reenicu napisanu u aktivu prebacujemo u pasiv tada: - Objekat aktivne postaje subjekat pasivne reenice. - Tad se odreeni oblik glagola mijenja (to be + past particip). - Subjekat aktivne reenice postaje objektom pasivne reenice(ili se izostavlja) Primjeri pasiva : Vrijeme Subjekat Glagol Objekat Simple Present Simple Past
Rita Pasiv: A letter Ak tiv: Rita Ak tiv:
writes is written wrote
a letter. by Rita. a letter.
Pasiv: A letter
was written has written
by Rita. a letter.
Rita Pasiv: A letter Ak tiv: Rita (ModalniPomoni glagoli) Pasiv: A letter
has been written will write will be written can write can be written
by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.
Vrijeme
Subjekat
Glagol
Objekat
Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter
is writing is being written was writing was being written had written had been written will have written will have been written would write would be written would have written would have been written
a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.
Present Perfekt
Ak tiv:
Rita
Pasiv: A letter
Futur I
Present continuous Past continuous
Ak tiv:
Ak tiv:
Pasiv: Ak tiv:
Pasiv:
Past Perfekt
Ak tiv:
Pasiv:
Future II
Ak tiv:
Pasiv:
Kondicional I
Ak tiv:
Pasiv:
Kondicional II
Ak tiv:
Pasiv:
PASIVNE REENICE SA DVA OBJEKTA Prebacivanjem aktivne reenice s dva objekta u pasiv, jedan objekat e postati subjekat, dok e drugi ostati objekat. Koji e objekat postati subjektom zavisi od toga ta u r eenici elimo naglasiti. Subjekat Glagol Objekat 1 Objekat 2 Rita wrote a letter to me. A letter was written to me by Rita. Pasiv: I was written a letter by Rita. Pasiv: Kao to se vidi, dodavanje drugog objekta ( by Rita) ne zvui lijepo, tako da se taj dio obino izostavlja, ali nije pogreno ni napisati. Ak tiv:
IMPERSONAL PASSIVE (BEZLINI PASIV) Personal Passive znai da objekat aktivne reenice postaje subjekat pasivne, tako da svaki glagol kojem je potreban objekat(prelazni glagol) moe formirati a personal passive. Primjer: They build houses. ± Houses are built. Glagoli bez objekta tj. neprelazni glagoli ne mogu postati prelazni osim ako im se ne doda prijedlog. Takav pasiv se naziva bezlinim jer pri tvorbi koristimo bezlinu konstrukciju. Primjer: he says ± it is said
Bezlini pasiv nije uobiajeno koristiti u engleskom jeziku, a mogue ga je koristiti sa mo uz glagole opaanja ( npr. say, think, know INDIREKTNI GOVOR ij ± navodni znaci (quotation marks) Uvodni glagoli (reporting verbs) mogu biti u: Sadanjem vremenu (He says; She asks, He shouts) Prolom vremenu( He said; She asked; He shouted) Doslovno ponavljanje tuih rijei naziva se upravnim govorom, dok tue rijei izreene naim rijeima zovemo neupravnim govorom. Promjena
iz I Tonight Ago this (evening) today/this day these (days) now (a week) ago last weekend here next (week) tomorrow
U she/he that evening Before that (evening) that day those (days) Then (a week) before the weekend before there the following (week) the next/following day
UVODNI GLAGOL U SADANJEM VREMENU POTVRDI OBLIK He says:³This is my book.³ He says that this is his book. U potvrdnim reenicama s uvodnim glagolom u sadanjem vremenu moemo, ali i ne moramo koristiti veznik that, i vano je naglasiti da nema promjene vremena. Dakle, vrijeme se ne smije mijenjati u reenici koju smo prebacili u neupravni govor. UPITNI OBLIK Postoje dva tipa upitnih reenica. U prvom imamo upitnu rije na poetku reenice, pod navodnicima. Upitne rijei su: where, when, who, what , how often, how long, which, why, itd. U neupravnom govoru koristi se ista upitna rije kao i u upravnom. Primjer: He asks: ÄWhat do you want to eat?³ He asks what I want to eat. Kod drugog tipa reenica pod navodnicima ne poinje sa upitnom rijei. Kad nemamo upitne rijei onda je obavezno koristiti veznik IF.
Primjer: He asks: Ä Do you live in Konjic?³ He asks if I live in Konjic. Pri tvorbi neupravnog govora reenica nakon upitne rijei ili IF veznika mora biti potvrdna. Izuzetak je question word WHO. Primjeri oba tipa: My teacher asks: ÄHave you done your homework?³ My teacher asks if I have done my homework. My mother asks: ÄWho goes to the park with you?³ My mother asks who goes to the park with me. He asks: ÄAre you going to the cinema tomorrow?³ He asks if I am going to the cinema the next day. She asks me: ÄAre you wrong?³ She asks me if I am wrong. She asks: ÄCan people here expect wonders?³ She asks me if people can expect wonders there. John asks me: ÄWhy don't you go home?³ John asks me why I don't go home. They ask me: ÄWhen will you come?³ They ask me when I will come. I ask him: ÄWho is going with you?³ I ask him who's going with him. She asks me: ÄWho speaks French here?³ She asks me who speaks French there. He asks: ÄWhere did you sleep last night?³ He asks where I slept last night. UZVICI I IMPERATIVI Kod imperativa je svejedno je li uvodni glagol napisan u sadanjem ili prolom vremenu. Dakle, nema nikakve promjene vremena, bez obzira na to u kojem je vremenu uvodni glagol, ve se pri tvorbi neupravnog govora samo koristi infinitiv glagola. Primjeri: He said:³Go away!³ He said to me to go away. He shouts at his son: ÄDo your homework!³ He shouts at his son to do his homework.³ She said: ÄDon't talk!³ She said to me not to talk. He says: ÄWrite the letter, please!³ He says to me to write the letter. UVODNI GLAGOL U PROLOM VREMENU POTVRDNI OBLIK Kad se uvodni glagol nalazi u prolom vremenu, onda pri tvorbi neupravnog govora moramo promijeniti i vrijeme reenice. Vrijeme u kojem je napisana reenica u upravnom govoru mijenjamo za jedno vrijeme unazad. Simple Present ± Simple past Present countinous tense ± Past countinous tense Simple Past ± Past Perfect
Present Perfect ± Past Perfect Past Perfect ± Past Perfect Will ± Would Can ± Could May ± Might Must ± Must/Had to am / are / is ± was/were was / were ± had been has been ± had been had been ± had been Primjeri iz Peter: "I work in the garden." Peter: "I worked in the garden." Peter: "I have worked in the garden." Peter: "I had worked in the garden." Peter: "I will work in the garden." Peter: "I can work in the garden." Peter: "I may work in the garden." Peter: "I would work in the garden." (could, might, should, ought to ) Peter: "I'm working in the garden."
u Peter said that he worked in the garden. Peter said that he had worked in the garden. Peter said that he would work in the garden. Peter said that he could work in the garden. Peter said that he might work in the garden. Peter said that he would work in the garden. (could, might, should, ought to ) Peter said that he was working in the garden.
Peter: "I was working in the garden." Peter said that he had been working in the Peter: "I have been working in the garden." garden. Peter: "I had been working in the garden." He said: ³She wears glasses.³ He said that she wore glasses. He said: ÄI went to cinema last night.³ He said that he had gone to the cinema the night before. She said: ÄThey have read this book.³ She said that they had read this book. They said: ÄWe have already been in Tuzla.³ They said that they had already been in Tuzla. She said: ÄI will go to Sarajevo because I didn't finish some work there.³ She said that she would go to Sarajevo because she hadn't finished some work there. She said: ³My sister also speaks English very well.³ She said that her sister also spoke English very well. She said: ÄI met her yesterday.³ She sais that she had met her the day before. She said: ÄI will be traveling to the seaside this time tomorrow.³ She said that she would be traveling to the seaside that time the next day.
He said to me: ÄI am very busy today but if you come tomorrow, I will be able to see you again.³ He said to me that he was very busy that day but if I came the next day, he would be able to see me again. He said to me: ÄI'm sorry, it wasn't possible for me to see you last week as I had arranged, and you must really excuse me for not telling you this.³ He said to me that he was sorry, it hadn't been possible for him too see me the previous week as he had arranged, and that I really had to excuse him for not telling me that. UPITNI OBLIK Upitni oblik s uvodnim glagolom u prolom vremenu imamo dva tipa reenica. U prvom reenica pod navodnicima poinje sa upitnom rijei, dok u drugom nema upitne rijei. U prvom tipu pri tvorbi neupravnog govora, nakon to prepiemo uvodni glagol prepisuje se i upitna rije poslije kojeg reenica koja slijedi mora biti u potvrdnom obliku, ali napisana u skladu s pravilom o promjeni vremena (Koristi se jedno vrijeme unazad). Primjer: He asked: Ä Where does he live?³ He asked where he lived. U drugom tipu, onom bez upitne rijei koristi se veznik IF nakon kojeg se pie reenica u potvrdnom obliku, i s promijenjenim vremenom. Primjer: She asked: ÄIs he at home?³ She asked if he was at home ZAMJENICE U engleskom jeziku koriste se sljedee vrste zamjenica: - line - prisvojne - pokazne - povratne - uzajamno-povratne - relativno-upitne - neodreene Veina gramatika engleskog jezika naziva zamjenicama samo zamjenike rijei koje u reenici stoje samostalno (npr. The book is mine: Take this), dok one koje stoje uz imenicu (npr. mv book; this chair) naziva pridjevima ili determinatorima.
- LINE ZAMJENICE Line zamjenice imaju posebne oblike za lice, broj, rod (u treem licu jed nine) i dva padea (Nominativ, ili subjekatski, i objekatski pade, koji se koristi u svim drugim sluajevima): Jednina Mnoina Subjekat Objekat Subjekat Objekat Prvo I me we us lice Drugo you you you you lice Tree he, she, it him, her, it they them lice
P rimjeri upotrebe:
I was born in England. He gave me a book. They have never invited us for dinner. - PRISVOJNE ZAMJENICE I PRISVOJNI PRIDJEVI U engleskom jeziku, prisvojne zamjenike rijei imaju razliite oblike kada se nala ze ispred imenice (prisvojni pridjevi), i kada se koriste bez imenice (prisvojne zamjenice). Jednina Mnoina Pridjev Zamjenica Pridjev Zamjenica Prvo lice my mine our ours Drugo lice your yours your yours Tree lice his, her, its his, hers, its their theirs P rimjeri upotrebe:
My house is big. This house is mine It is her turn, not yours. - POKAZNE ZAMJENICE U engleskom jeziku postoje dvije pokazne zamjenice: Jedn. Mno. this these that those Zamjenica this/these koristi se da oznai blizinu u odnosu na govornika, prostornu, vremensku ili figurativnu, npr.: I want these shoes, and no others. I will graduate this year. 'This' se moe odnositi i na prethodni dio diskursa, npr.: The boss told us that we vvould get a raise. This made us happy. Zamjenicom that/those upuuje se na pojmove udaljene od govornika: I often think of that girl. Funkciju pokazne zamjenice mogu vriti i rijei such i so: l want such shoes as well. - POVRATNE ZAMJENICE Povratne zamjenice izvedene su od prisvojnih ili linih dodavanjem sufiksa -self u jednini i selves u oblicima za mnoinu: Jednina Mnoina Prvo lice myself ourselves Drugo lice yourself yourselves Tree lice himself, herself, itself themselves Povratne zamjenice ne mijenjaju se po padeima. UPOTREBA: 1. Kada je objekat reenice jednak subjektu: I hurt myself. 2. Za isticanje, tj. pojaavanje znaenja: The teacher himself does not knovv the ansvver. 3. Da oznae da je subjekat vrio radnju sam, bez iije pomoi. U ovoj upotrebi, zamjenice se esto koriste sa prijedlogom by.
John carried the furniture by himself . Izvjestan broj glagola koji se u jeziku esto javljaju (npr. shave, wash, dress) koriste se bez povratnih zamjenica, iako bi ih logiki trebalo upotrijebiti.
- UZAJAMNO-POVRATNE ZAMJENICE U engleskom jeziku postoje dvije uzajamno-povratne zamjenice: each other one another - RELATIVNO-UPITNE ZAMJENICE Relativno-upitne zamjenice u engleskom su: who vvhose what which Jedina zamjenica iz ove grupe koja ima padene oblike je who, iji je objekatski pade whom: Npr. The boy whom. I saw is his brother. Meutim, u modernom engleskom ovaj oblik je sve rjei jer ga potiskuje upotreba Nominativa who za sve funkcije u reenici. U relativnim reenicama, who-whom se koristi za lica, a which za neive pojmove. U restriktivnim relativnim reenicama umjesto obje zamjenice moe se upotrijebiti that, ili se zamjenica moe izostaviti. Npr.: The man whom I met teaches chemistrv. The man that I met teaches chemistrv. The man I met teaches chemistrv. - NEODREENE ZAMJENICEOva grupa zamjenica dalje se dijeli na one koje oznaavaju: a) lica ili stvari Ove zamjenice tvore se pomou neodreenih zamjenica some, any, no, every i sufiksa -body, -one, -thing: -body -one -thing some somebody someone something any anybody anvone anvthing no nobody no one nothing every everybody evervone evervthing Ove zamjenice imaju oblik jednine, te se zato koriste sa glagolom u jednini, i ne odnose se ni na kakvu prethodnu rije ili sintagmu u reenici ili diskursu. b) koliinu: ali, another, any, both, each, either, few, least, less, little, a lot (of), lots (of), many, more, most, much, neither, none, one, other(s), plenty (of), several, some Sve ove zamjenice mogu se koristiti i samostalno i ispred imenice, tj. kao pridjevi. Jedini izuzetak je zamjenica none, koja se koristi iskljuivo samostalno. Njen pridjevski ekvivalent je no
BROJEVI Decimalni brojevi : Slovima half a quarter three quarters
Procenti : U procentima 25% 50% 75% 100% Vrijednosti : Brojevima $1,200 £16,486 545kms $25.35
Decimalno 0.5 0.25 0.75
itanje decimalnih point five point two five point seven five
Slovima twenty five percent fifty percent seventy five percent a/one hundred percent
Slovima one thousand two hundred dollars sixteen thousand four hundred and eighty-six pounds five hundred and forty-five kilometres twenty-five dollars thirty-five
Godine : Brojevima Slovima 1988 Nineteen eighty-eight 1864 Eighteen sixty-four 1999 Nineteen ninety-nine Kako sve moemo rei '0' nought koristimo u matematici 0.3 = 'nought point three' (ili 'point three') 0.03 = 'point nought three' zero
koristimo za izraavanje temperature 20oC = minus twenty degrees ili twenty degrees below z ero takoer za vidljivost: 'The heavy rain reduced visibility to z ero'
'o' (the letter)
koristimo u biranju brojeva na tel. ili internetu: 0171 390 0062 = ' o one seven one three nine o double o six two'
nil/nothing
koristimo u prikazivanju rezultata (u sportu) 2 - 0 = 'two nil ' or 'two nothing '
CLANOVI-ARTICLES NEODREENI LANOVI - A/AN Ispred rijei koje poinju suglasnikom ili konsonantom koristi se lan Äa³, dok se ispred rijei na samoglasnik ili vokal koristi neodreeni lan Äan³. Primjeri: A boy An apple A car An orange A house An opera NAPOMENA: An se takoer koristi prije bezvunog suglasnika h ± an hour, an honour. A prije u i eu, kada zvue kao Äyou³ : a european, a university, a unit. UPOTREBA: - Za neto to navodimo, spominjemo po prvi put. : An elephant and a mouse fell in love. Would you like a drink? I've finally got a good job. - Prilikom navoenja odreenih, konkretnih pripadnika neke skupine, zajednice. Primjeri: o Ispred naziva zanimanja : John is a doctor . Mary is training to be an engineer . He wants to be a dancer . o Ispred narodnosti i religija: John is an Englishman. Kate is a Catholic. o Ispred muzikih instrumenata: Sherlock Holmes was playing a violin when the visitor arrived. (ALI za opisivanje same aktivnosti sviranja kaemo: ÄHe plays violin.³) o Ispred dana u sedmici: I was born on a Thursday. - Prilikom navoenja vrste ili primjera neega: the mouse had a tiny nose the elephant had a long trunk it was a very strange car - S imenicama u jednini iza rijei what i such: What a shame! She's such a beautiful girl . - Umjesto rijei jedan, oznaavajui osobu ili objekat: I'd like an orange and two lemons please. The burglar took a diamond necklace and a valuable painting . Takoer, uobiajeno je rei a hundred , a thousand , a million.
NAPOMENA: Kad elimo naglasiti da je neega ili neto jedno, ili je potrebno naglasiti kontrast u brojkama koristit e se Ä one³. I don't know one person who likes eating elephant meat. We've got six computers but only one printer . ODREENI LAN - THE lanovi u engleskom jeziku su nepromjenjivi, tj. ne mijenjaju se prema broju ni rodu. the boy, the woman, the children. The se koristi: - Prilikom navoenja onog to je ve spomenuto. An elephant and a mouse fell in love. The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk, and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose. - U sluaju kad i sluatelj i pripovjeda znaju o emu se razgovara, ak i ako to prije nije spomenuto. 'Where's the bathroom?' 'It's on the first floor.' - U reenicama kojima definiramo ili identificiramo neku osobu ili objekat. The man who wrote this book is famous. 'W hich car did you scratch? ' ' The red one. My house is the one with a blue door. '
- Prilikom navoenja objekata koje smatramo jedinstvenim. the sun , the moon , the world
- Ispred superlativa i rednih brojeva. the highest building, the first page, the last chapter
- Ispred pridjeva koji se odnose na cijelu skupinu ljudi. the Japanese, the old
- Ispred geografskih pojmova. the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Atlantic -
Pri navoenju decenija, ili odreenih vremenskih razdoblja.
she grew up in the seventies
IMENICE Imenice su rijei kojima neto imenujemo U engleskom jeziku imamo vie vrsta imenica. U nastavku su nabrojane vrste imenica: Ope imenice (Common nouns) koje slue kao naziv za sva bia ili stvari neke vrste. npr: cat, bowl, hand, tree clock ... Zbirne imenice (Collective nouns) koje u jednini oznauju skup ili mnotvo, npr: family, police, worker's union ... Vlastite imenice (Proper nouns) tj. imenice koje slue kao nazivi za pojedina bia, mjesta itd., npr: Sarajevo, Zagreb, Microsoft, Mr. David Green, Dr. Mary Jones. Gradivne imenice (Material nouns) koje oznaavaju tvar ili materiju, npr: wine, cooper, milk, food, air, lead. Apstraktne imenice (Abstract nouns) koje oznaavaju neto nestvarno, neko svojstvo ili stanje, npr: intelligence, love, hate, bravery ... Takoer imenice djelimo i na: Brojive imenice (Countable nouns) koje imaju mnoinu, npr: car-cars, child-children Nebrojive imenice (Uncountable nouns) koje nemaju mnoinu, npr: water, fire, air
PRIDJEVI Engleski pridjevi nemaju posebne oblike za lice, broj, rod i pade. Poreenje Komparativ jednoslonih i manjeg broja dvoslonih pridjeva tvori se doda sufiksa -er. small - smaller - Ako se pozitiv pridjeva zavrava slovom 'e', u komparativu se dodaje samo -r. large - larger - Ako je samoglasnik u pozitivu kratak, zavrni suglasnik se udvostruava: big - bigger - Ako se pozitiv zavrava na -y, u komparativu se y mijenja u 'i': happy - happier Komparativ vieslonih pridjeva tvori se pomou priloga more: beautiful - more beautiful Superlativ jednoslonih i manjeg broja dvoslonih pridjeva tvori se dodavanjem sufiksa -est. small - the smallest large - the largest big - the biggest happy - the happiest Viesloni pridjevi tvore superlativ pomou priloga the most: beautiful - the most beautiful Izvjestan broj pridjeva ima nepravilno poreenje: good - better - the best bad/ill - worse - the worst little - less - the least PRIJEDLOZI Prijedlozi ili prepozicije su male rijei koje naje e stoje ispred imenice (nekada takoer ispred ±ing oblika ± gurand). Svaka od propozicija moe se prevesti na vie naina zavisno od konteksta reenice. U tabeli se nalaze oblici od najee koritenig prepozicija: Prepozicije za vrijeme:
Prijedlog: Kontekst u kojem se koristi:
Primjer:
on
o danima u sedmici
on Monday
o mjesecima / godinjim dobima o dijelu dana (jutro, vecer) o odreenom periodu vremena ( ka da?) o noi o vik endu o tanom vremens k om periodu (u
in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour
in
at
koliko?) since for ago
desilo se od odreenog perioda vremena (od...) desilo se u prolosti i dalje traje (ve ...) desilo se prije tano odreenog vremena
at night at the weekend at half past nine since 1980 for 2 years 2 years ago
before to past to / till / until till / until by
prije nek og odreenog vremena
before 2004
k ada
govorimo o vremenu
ten to six (5:50)
k ada
govorimo o vremenu
ten past six (6:10)
k ada
oznaavamo poeta k i k raj radnje k ada oznaavamo k ada se neto zavrilo k ada
oznaavamo k raj neeg
from Monday to/till Friday He is on holiday until Friday. I will be back by 6 o¶clock.
Prepozicije za mjesto: Kontekst u kojem se Prijedlog: koristi: in
soba, zgrada, ulica, grad, drava, k njiga, notes itd.. auta, taxi slik a, svijet k ao
Primjer: in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world
at
Ädo neeg³, na ne k om mjestu za stol za dogaaje mjesto gdje radi ili ide ( ki no, ko la, posao itd..)
at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work
on
mjesto dogaaja za mjesto na rijeci sinonimno Äna neemu³, mjesto za strane (desno, lijevo) za spratove u k ui / zgradi za javni prevoz za TV, radio
the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside
desno ili lijevo od necega ili Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. nek oga
under
na zemlji (podlozi) ispod (pok riveno) nek e stvari.
the bag is under the table
below
ispod nek e stvari (al ne na zemlji / tlu)
over
iznad nek e stvari
the fish are below the surface put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall
above
iznad nek e stvari (ne direk tno)
a path above the lake
Prijedlog: across through to into towards onto from
Kontekst u kojem se koristi:
Primjer:
walk across the bridge swim across the lake drive through the tunnel k roz ne k u stvar go to the cinema k retanje prema osobi, go to London / Ireland predmetu, gradu, dravi itd. go to bed go into the kitchen / the ui u nesto (sobu, zgradu) house go 5 steps towards the house k retati se pored ne k e stvari jump onto the table k retati se iznad ne k e stvari a flower from the garden sinonimno Äoda k le³.. ok o nek e stvari (pre k o)
Ostale esto koritene prepozicije: Prijedlog:
Kontekst u kojem se koristi:
from
od k oga, odak le
of
dio nek e stvari, ne k a stvar od nek e
by
k o
je autor, k o je k reirao
Primjer: a present from Jane a page of the book the picture of a palace a book by Mark Twain
on
za hodanje ili jahanje ulazak u vozilo za javni prevoz
on foot, on horseback get on the bus
in
ulazak u auto / taxi
get in the car
off
izlazak iz vozila za javni prevoz
get off the train
out of
izlazak iz auta / taxi
get out of the taxi
by
poveanje ili smanjenje za prevoz (autom, bici k lom, autobusom.. sve osim hodanja ili jahanja)
prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus
za godine
she learned Russian at 45 we were talking about you
at about
sinonimno Äo ne k oj stvari³
PRILOZI-ADVERBS Prilozi su rijei koje nam poblie objanjavaju, i vie govore o glagolu. Prilozi dakle odreuju i pribliavaju znaenje glagola. (The man ran quickly). Prilozi takoer imaju istu funkciju uz pridjeve (Tara is really beautiful ), ili ak neke druge priloge (It works very well ). Uloga priloga je da odreuju i pribliavaju znaenje (daju vie informacija) glagola, pridjeva i drugih priloga. U sljedeim primjerima prilozi su podebljani , a rije koju prilozi odreuju uk oeni. S glagolima: - Oliver eats slowly. (How does Oliver eat?) - Angelina lives locally. (Where does Angelina live?) - She never smok es. (When does she smoke?) S pridjevima: - She is really pretty. S drugim prilozima: - She walks incredibly rapidly. Prilozi takoer mogu: Odreivati cijelu reenicu - Obviously , I can' t k now everything . Odreivati tzv. prijedlone fraze. - It's immediately inside the door . MJESTO U REENICI Prilozi se u reenici mogu nalaziti na poetku, u sredini, ili na kraju. Na poetku (ispred subjekta): - Now we will study adverbs. U sredini (izmeu subjekta i glavnog glagola): - We often study adverbs. Na kraju (iza glagola ili objekta): - We study adverbs carefully. TVORBA Veliki broj priloga nastaje dodavanjem nastavka ±ly na odreeni pridjev. To su tzv. izvedeni prilozi. . Pridjev Prilog . Dangerous (opasan) Dangerously (opasniji) . . careful carefully . nice nicely . . easy easily . horrible horrib ly . . electronic electronically . Nepravilni oblici . . good well . fast fast . . hard har .
