In this t his 21st Century.. Century....... .....
the basic process of site selection, planning and design methodology An understanding of
is essential in understanding both the positive and negative effects of
sitting and site development on the utilization of solar radiation and energy conservation. In the process is the key to optimum decisions which may not have to be rectified at a later time, either through site design, architecture or the use of extensive heating, ventilating or air contidioning.
A careful, rational , analytical process in the selection , design and development of a site is extremely important:
Site Analysis It is an inventory completed as a preparatory step to site planning, a form of urban planning which involves research, analysis, and synthesis. It primarily deals with basic data as it relates to a specific site. The topic itself branches into the boundaries of architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, real estate development, economics, and urban planning. Site analysis is an element in site planning and design. Kevin A. Lynch, an urban planner developed an eight cycle step process of site design, in which the second step is site analysis, the focus of this section. From Wikipedia
Site Design Process The site design process is divided up into three sections;
Research phase, Analysis phase, and Synthesis phase. These three phases are divided into the eight chronological steps in the design process.
Site Design Process
Research phase: The first step is defining the problem and its definition. This is part of the research phase. The site design and site planning process begins with the initial problem to be solved. This is started by a client contracting a planner to work with a particular site.
Analysis phase : The next step involves programming the site as well as site and user analysis, which is focused on in-depth below. There are numerous site elements related to the analysis during this phase. This is part of the analysis phase in site planning.
Synthesis phase: From the analysis, a program is
developed, which is part of the synthesis phase. The third step deals with schematic design of a site plan as well as a preliminary cost estimate for the site. Step four involves more developed designs and a detailed cost estimate. Step five is the construction documents for the plan. Bidding and contracting for the project follows as step six. Construction then will take place as step seven. The final step, step eight, in the site design process is occupation and management of the site.
From Wikipedia
Site Elements From Wikipedia
Numerous elements go into a given site analysis. These elements include
Location, neighborhood context, site and zoning, legal elements, natural physical features, man-made features, circulation, utilities, sensory, human and cultural, and climate components.
Site Elements Numerous elements go into a given site analysis. These elements include location, neighborhood context, site and zoning, legal elements, natural physical features, man-made features, circulation, utilities, sensory, human and cultural, and climate components. The following elements typically are considered in most sites:
Location : The site should be related to major streets or landmarks previously existing. Aerial photographs help in this assessment stage. There should be documentation of distances and time from major places. This should be completed by either driving or walking the distance first-hand.
Neighborhood context : Zoning of the neighborhood is important and information of this type
can typically be found at the municipal planning department of the site. Numerous issues at this stage require direct observation. Features of this sort include architectural patterns, street lighting, and condition of existing buildings. This would also include the immediate surroundings of the site.The reaction of the surrounding buildings towards the site and people moving around should be analysed.
Size and zoning : Site boundaries can be located by either verifying the dimensions physically or
contacting the county tax assessor’s office. Zoning classifications, set-backs, height restrictions, allowable site coverage, uses, and parking requirements are obtained by obtaining zoning classifications from a zoning map, which can be located from the city planning department.
Legal : Typical legal information can be obtained from the deed to the property. The deed is held by the owner of the title insurance company. In this deed is information such as the property description, present ownership, and the governmental jurisdiction the site is located in, and the city or county. Natural physical features : Most of this information will be derived from the topographic features on the site. A contour map of this magnitude can be located from the survey engineer . Drainage problems as well as existing natural features of trees, ground cover, ground texture, and soil conditions on the site should be directly observed.
Man made features
: Features located on the site such as buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas, bus stop shelters should be noted. The site and location of such features should be directly measured. Documentation of existing historical districts should be made, some of which may already have reports completed. Locating this information can be done through the municipal planning department for the site.
Site Elements Numerous elements go into a given site analysis. These elements include location, neighborhood context, site and zoning, legal elements, natural physical features, man-made features, circulation, utilities, sensory, human and cultural, and climate components. The following elements typically are considered in most sites:
Circulation : The uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas are important in this inventory step. It is not necessarily an analysis of these elements but more an analysis of what occurs on these circulation gateways. Utilities : Information for utilities concerning the site can be found through the utility departments and companies in the local area. Generally this company has a print of the drawing of this information needed. Information in this print includes the location of all utilities and their locations around or on the site itself.
Sensory : Much of the sensory information collected will be done through first
hand experience. This type of information is obtained from sketching and photographs (sometimes aerial photographs). Direct observation of other sensory elements of noise, odors, smoke, and pollutant areas must also be completed.
Human and cultural : This information can be obtained through census
statistics on the neighborhood. Information regarding these statistics is available from the local municipal planning agency. This information includes activities among people on the site and their relationships to these activities.
Climate : This information can be obtained through the local weather service.
Conditions such as rainfall, snowfall, humidity, and temperature over months must be considered and analyzed. The sun-path and vertical sun angles throughout an entire year are important to note.
Location : The site should be related to major streets or landmarks previously existing. Aerial photographs help in this assessment stage. There should be documentation of distances and time from major places. This should be completed by either driving or walking the distance first-hand.
Neighborhood context : Zoning of the neighborhood is important and information of this type can typically be found at the municipal planning department of the site. Numerous issues at this stage require direct observation. Features of this sort include architectural patterns, street lighting, and condition of existing buildings. This would also include the immediate surroundings of the site.The reaction of the surrounding buildings towards the site and people moving around should be analysed.
Size and zoning : Site boundaries can be located by either verifying the dimensions physically or contacting the city tax assessor’s office. Zoning classifications, set-backs, height restrictions, allowable site coverage, uses, and parking requirements are obtained by obtaining zoning classifications from a zoning map, which can be located from the city planning department.
Legal : Typical legal information can be obtained from the deed to the property. The deed is held by the owner of the title insurance company. In this deed is information such as the property description, present ownership, and the governmental jurisdiction the site is located in, and the city or town.
Natural physical features : Most of this information will be derived from the topographic features on the site. A contour map of this magnitude can be located from the Geodetic engineer. Drainage problems as well as existing natural features of trees, ground cover, ground texture, and soil conditions on the site should be directly observed.
Man made features : Features located on the site such as buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas, bus stop shelters should be noted. The site and location of such features should be directly measured. Documentation of existing historical districts should be made, some of which may already have reports completed. Locating this information can be done through the municipal planning department for the site.
Circulation : The uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas are important in this inventory step. It is not necessarily an analysis of these elements but more an analysis of what occurs on these circulation gateways.
Utilities : Information for utilities concerning the site can be found through the utility departments and companies in the local area. Generally this company has a print of the drawing of this information needed. Information in this print includes the location of all utilities and their locations around or on the site itself.
Sensory : Much of the sensory information collected will be done through first hand experience. This type of information is obtained from sketching and photographs (sometimes aerial photographs). Direct observation of other sensory elements of noise, odors, smoke, and pollutant areas must also be completed.
Human and cultural : This information can be obtained through census statistics on the neighborhood. Information regarding these statistics is available from the local municipal planning agency. This information includes activities among people on the site and their relationships to these activities.
Climate : This information can be obtained through the local weather service. Conditions such as rainfall, humidity and temperature over months must be considered and analyzed. The
sun-path and vertical sun angles throughout an entire year are important to note.
Tecnology Economics Materials, Social factors, Political factors, Aesthetics And Regional considerations
Climate Geology Soils, vegetation, or A special ecological system, Aesthetics And Regional considerations
Proper site and problem analysis will insure the right specific location on a particular site. How much environmental control is needed? Framework be determined ?
Life cycle costing studies Front end Planning Costs Cost of planning and study as measured against the savings in energy, lower costs of cooling Ability to use solar energy
Primary, Secondary In site planning ,
knowing, feeling and understanding the site
Air Photo Interpretation Radar Imagery Infrared Photography Multi Spectral Screening Satellite Technology
Manual Mapping Overlay Mapping Computer modeling Three Dimensional Modeling
Establishment of Program Research Program Analysis
Site Analysis Slope, Geology,Ecology, Soil Vegetation, Climate, Aquifiers, Infrastructure Elements, Site Survey Synthesis Solution Communication Policy Development Evaluation
Philippine Climate The Climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime. It is characterized by relatively high temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall. It is similar in many respects to the climate of the countries of Central America. Temperature, humidity, and rainfall, which are discussed hereunder, are the most important elements of the country's weather and climate.
Climate Types There are four recognized climate types in the Philippines, and they are based on the distribution of rainfall (See the Philippine Climate Map above). They are described as follows:
Type I.
•
(Blue)Two pronounced season: dry from November to April and
wet during the rest of the year.
Type II. (Green) No dry season with a pronounced rainfall from
•
November to January.
Type III.
•
(Red) Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry from
November to April, and wet during the rest of the year.
Type IV. (yellow) Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout
•
the year.
Weather in the Philippines is monitored and managed by the government agency known locally by its acronym,
PAG-ASA [Filipino: hope] or the
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration.
Temperature The average year-round temperature measured from all the weather stations in the Philippines, excepting Baguio City, is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). Cooler days are usually felt in the month of January with temperature averaging at 25.5 °C (77.9 °F) and the warmest days, in the month of May with a mean of 28.3 °C (82.9 °F).[1] Elevation factors significantly in the variation of temperature in the Philippines. In Baguio City, with an elevation of 1,500 m (5,000 ft) above sea level, the mean average is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) or cooler by about 4.3 °C (15 °F). In 1915, a one-year study was conducted by William H. Brown of the Philippine Journal of Science on top of Mount Banahaw at 2,100 m. (6,900 ft) elevation. The mean temperature measured was 14.6 °C (58.3 °F), a difference of 12 °C (21.6 °F) from the lowland mean temperature.[3] In Manila and most of the lowland areas, temperatures rarely rise above 37 °C (98.6 °F). The highest temperature recorded in the country was 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) in Tuguegarao Cagayan Valley on April 29,1912 and again on May 11, 1969. The absolute minimum temperature of 3 °C (37.4 °F) was recorded in January of 1903 in Baguio.
Rainfall The summer monsoon brings heavy rains to most of the archipelago from May to October. Annual average rainfall ranges from as much as 5,000 millimetres (196.9 in) in the mountainous east coast section of the country, to less than 1,000 millimetres (39.4 in) in some of the sheltered valleys. Monsoon rains, although hard and drenching, are not normally associated with high winds and waves. At least 30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines can be traced to tropical cyclones, while the southern islands receiving less than 10 percent of their annual rainfall from tropical cyclones. The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact the archipelago was the July 1911 cyclone, which dropped over 1,168 millimetres (46.0 in) of rainfall within a 24-hour period in Baguio City.[4]
Rainfall is the most important climatic element in the Philippines. Rainfall distribution throughout the country varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of the moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain systems. The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines varies from 965 to 4,064 millimeters annually. Baguio City, eastern Samar, and eastern Surigao receive the greatest amount of rainfall while the southern portion of Cotabato receives the least amount of rain. At General Santos City in Cotabato, the average annual rainfall is only 978 millimeters.
Humidity Relative humidity is high in the Philippines. A high amount of moisture or vapor in the air makes hot temperatures feel hotter. This quantity of moisture is due to different factors - the extraordinary evaporation from the seas that surrounds the country on all sides, to the different prevailing winds in the different seasons of the year, and finally, to the abundant rains so common in a tropical country. The first may be considered as general causes of the great humidity, which is generally observed in all our islands throughout the year. The last two may influence the different degree of humidity for the different months of the year and for the different regions of the Archipelago.[5] In the cooler months, even though the rains are more abundant in the eastern part of the Philippines, owing to the prevailing northeasterly winds, the humidity is lesser than in the western part where a dry season prevails. From June to October, although the rains are quite general throughout the Archipelago, the rains are more abundant in the western part of the Philippines, which is more exposed to the prevailing westerly and southwesterly winds; hence the humidity of the air is greater there than in the eastern part of the Archipelago. The most uncomfortable months are from March to May where temperature and humidity attain their maximum levels.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In the Philippines, Amihan refers to the season dominated by the trade winds, which are experienced in the Philippines as a cool northeast wind.[1] It is characterized by moderate temperatures, little or no rainfall, and a prevailing wind from the east. As a general rule of thumb, the Philippines' Amihan weather pattern begins sometime in September or October and ends sometime in May or June. There may, however, be wide variations from year to year. Throughout the rest of the year, the Philippines experiences the west or southwest wind; south-west monsoon which in turn is referred to as the Habagat. The Habagat season is characterized by hot and humid weather, frequent heavy rainfall, and a prevailing wind from the west. The main indicator of the switch between the Amihan and Habagat seasonal patterns is the switch in wind direction. In most years this transition is abrupt and occurs overnight. In some years there is a period of perhaps a week or two where the wind will switch between Amihan and Habagat patterns several times before settling into the pattern for the new season.
Typhoons Tropical Storm Thelma (1991) The Philippines sit astride the typhoon belt, and the country suffers an annual onslaught of dangerous storms from July through October . These are especially hazardous for northern and eastern Luzon and the Bicol and Eastern Visayas regions, but Manila gets devastated periodically as well. Bagyo is the local term to any tropical cyclone in the Philippine Islands. [4] From the statistics gathered by PAGASA from 1948 to 2004, around an average of 20 typhoons per year enter the PAR (Philippine Area of Responsibility) - the designated area assigned to PAG-ASA to monitor during weather disturbances. Those that made landfall or crossed the Philippines, the average was nine per year. In 1993, a record 19 typhoons made landfall in the country making it the most in one year. The least amount per year were 4 during the years 1955, 1958, 1992 and 1997. [6] Typhoons are categorized into four types according to its wind speed by the PAGASA. All tropical cyclones, regardless of strength, are named by PAGASA. [7] Tropical Depressions have maximum sustained winds of between 55 kilometres per hour (30 kn) and 64 kilometres per hour (35 kn) near its center. Tropical Storms have maximum sustained winds of 65 kilometres per hour (35 kn) and 119 kilometres per hour (64 kn). Typhoons achieve maximum sustained winds of 120 kilometres per hour (65 kn) to 185 kilometres per hour (100 kn), [8] Super typhoons having maximum winds exceeding 185 kilometres per hour (100 kn).[9]
Deadliest storm The deadliest typhoon to impact the Philippines was Typhoon Uring (Thelma) in November, 1991, in which 5,080 lives were lost from its resultant flooding and over 1,200 went missing. [10][6] [edit] Strongest Typhoons The highest wind velocity recorded for a typhoon that crossed the Philippines was recorded in Virac on November 30, 2006 when Typhoon Reming (Durian) had a peak gust of 320 km/h (198 mph).[6]
] Seasons PAGASA divides the climate of the country into two seasons, using rainfall and temperature as basis:[11]
Furthermore, the months where the dry and hot seasons are experienced are popularly known as the "summer " season.
Built Form Planting and terraces Orientation Glazing and shading
Climatic Zones Cool, temperate, arid and tropical Solar Paths requiring Shade Sunshade Analysis (Vertical and Horizontal Insolation Sun Requirement Traditional Regional Dwelling Types Typical Occurence of Indigenous Roof Types Mean Annual Temperature Requirements for Cross Ventilation Wind Direction Cross Ventilation Analysis
Climatic Characteristics Zones Annual Average level of relative humidity..... Influences on Built Form Zoning for transitional spaces Zoning for solar gain Use of atrium space Potential of Roof/ground plane as useable exterior space Form Orientation Vertical cores and structure Meana Annual Precipitation
One of the more unfortunate aspects of modern global development has been the introduction and widespread acceptance of the use of mechanical means for providing desired comfort levels for human habitation....................neglecting the context of climate, culture and land variations
Vernacular Architecture is a subject that provides a window on the lives and traditions of the indigenous people of our world and in so doing creates a mirror that reflects our own experieces. This in turn helps us understand more clearly where the buildings of our contemporary world springs from or more importantly why such buildings so often fail to meet our fundamental human needs. John May,Handmade Houses and other Buildings. The World of Vernacular Architectur, Thames and Hudson,2010 NA 208 M451, 2010 /Arch 5121
Introduction:
The main characteristics of a building:
It must perform the function for which it is designed, i.e. provide adequate shelter for its intended occupiers; Provide adequate comfort for the occupants, both to the immediate environment as well as for services such as lighting, cooking, hot water, etc.
Inuit Igloo Plains Indian Tipi Log Cabin New Mexican Adobe House
Japanese Minka Mongolian Ger Indian Stepped Ponds
Brazilian Squatter Settlements Indian Squatter Settlements Filipino Squatter Settlements Earthships Bottle Buildings Natural Buildaings Vernacular Revivals
Ifugao Huts Bahay Kubo Bahay na bato Samal Houses Badjao House
Introduction:
“Climate
Responsive Architecture”
Introduction:
Introduction:
Tropic of Cancer
The Tropics Tropic of Capricorn
Introduction:
Tropical climates are those
where heat is the dominant problem, where for the greater part of the year buildings serve to keep the occupants cool, rather than warm where the annual mean temperature is not less than 20C.
Introduction:
Designers and planners working in tropical locations have to respond to heat, which is a dominant problem
Introduction:
