Nlpmrtmglbte nl ]uçgacm Erjæbacm Nascapkabm? ]uçgacm Erjæbacm Lxplraglbtmk AA – 64=>/6 64=>/6 Treilsserm? Kçjam Ymklbtl Nmtm nl rlmkazmêãe nm prítacm? =>/=4/64=> Nmtm nl lbtrljm ne rlkmtórae? 6 Mkube? Mrt`ur Flrbmrne Ikerls Gerlarm
=.^çtuke? =.^çtuke? Sçbtlsl ne Freglte nl b-futakm
6.Abtrenuêãe
E prlpmre ne
-fregefutmbe á ugm nms gmas sagpkls l ceb`lcanms nm sçbtlsl
b
erjæbacm. M rlmêãe á klvmnm m lilate, qulr imzlbne pmssmr ugm cerrlbtl ne `mklte nl `anrejïbae sef m iergm jmsesm mbanrm mtrmvás ne íkceek, mqulclbne ugm gasturm ne íkceek ceg ugm sekuêãe mquesm nl ícane fregçnrace, eu jlrmbne-e be glae rlmcaebmk lg prlslbêm nl íkceek mtrmvás nm rlmêãe ne mcane sukiÿrace ceg e freglte nl petíssae. M ernlg nl rlmtavanmnl nes íkceeas plrmbtl es `mkltes nl `anrejïbae á ^LVC.2SLC2TVAG.;C@3 Es íkceeas slcubníraes l tlrcaíraes rlmjlg vam S B=, asse ecerrl perqul sl tlg ug abtlrglnaírae bm rlmêãe nl iergmêãe ne `mklte, perqul es íkceeas slcubníraes l tlrcaíraes ierblclg lstmfakanmnl pmrm iergmêãe ne íkceek pretebmne, e qul jlrm ug cmrfecmtaeb l íjum, lg sljuanm e cmrfecmtaeb rlmjl ceg e æbaeb `mklte, oí es íkceeas pragíraes bãe mprlslbtmg lssl tape nl rlmêãe. Es íkceeas pragíraes rlmjlg vam S B6, asse
perqul es íkceeas pragíraes sãe glbes cmpmzls nl `ltlrókçsl l pertmbte gmas mflrtes me mtmqul nl buckleiakes.
3.Efoltaves E efoltave nlstl trmfmk`e ierm m sçbtlsl ne b-fregefutmbe mtrmvás nm rlmêãe ne íkceek b-futçkace ceg freglte nl sónae, bm prlslbêm nl ícane sukiÿrace, mbmkasmbne l nascutabne m retm rlmcaebmk utakazmnm.
>.Gltenekejam
Sçbtlsl ne b-fregefutmbe Lg ug fmkãe nl iubne rlnebne nl 6<4 gK, mnacaebeu-sl 6>,4j ne smk nl freglte nl sónae. Mnacaebeu-sl lbtãe, 6<,4 gK nl íjum l =:,4 gK nl íkceek b-futçkace, glnanes lg prevltm. Sufgltlu-sl m gasturm m fmb`e nl jlke mtá qul e glae rlmcaebmk iacmssl mpmrlbtlglbtl jlkmne, l lbtãe klbtmglbtl, mnacaebeu-sl e vekugl nl 64,4 gK nl ícane sukiÿrace cebclbtrmne, ceg cebtçbum mjatmêãe ne fmkãe l rlterbe ne glsge me fmb`e nl jlke. Mnacaebeu-sl mkjugms plqulbms lsilrms nl vanre me fmkãe l prlpmreu-sl m mpmrlk`mjlg nl mqulcaglbte sef rlikuxe, ceg ugm smçnm pmrm e jís @Fr jlrmne be glae rlmcaebmk, narltmglbtl m ug flc`lr ceg íjum l mkjubs plkklts nl `anróxane nl sónae, l epteu-sl per mnacaebmr mkjugms jetms nl ilbekitmklçbm nl iergm m glk`er efslrvmr m vmramêãe nl p@ be glsge (cebiergl abnacmne be nlslb`e mfmaxe)
^lbne-sl gebtmne m mpmrlk`mjlg, rlikuxeu-sl m gasturm per 34 gabutes, efslrvmbne mtlbtmglbtl m iergmêãe nl nums imsls kçquanms be fmkãe, cebiergl sl pressljuam ceg e rlikuxe. ^lrgabmne e rlikuxe nlaxeu-sl m gasturm lsirambne, lbqumbte sl rlgevam e cebnlbsmner nl fek`ms l nmvm-sl abçcae m gebtmjlg ne mpmrmte nl nlstakmêãe sagpkls, abnacmne bm iajurm mfmaxe.
Mnacaebeu-sl bevms plqulbms lsilrms nl vanre me fmkãe nl iubne rlnebne l rlmkazeu-sl m nlstakmêãe ne glae rlmcaebmk. M tlgplrmturm nlvlram gmbtlr-sl lbtrl ==4´C l ==<´C. E preclnaglbte utakazmne (rlilrïbcam P), abiergmvm qul e `mklte iergmne ce-nlstakmvm ceg m íjum l lbtãe sl navanam lg nums imsls be fmkãe rlclpter, nl iergm qul pmrm vlraiacmr sl e `mklte oí `mvam sane nlstakmne lrm blclssírae, rltarmr rmpanmglbtl e fmkãe rlclpter l cek`lr mkjugms jetms ne nlstakmne narltmglbtl lg ug tufe nl lbsmae ceg íjum. M prlslbêm nl plqulbms jetms absekÿvlas be tufe abnacmvm qul e `mklte mabnm bãe `mvam sane tetmkglbtl nlstakmne. Lstl preclnaglbte iea sljuane l nlu-sl cege iabnm m nlstakmêãe qumbne e nlstakmne nlgebstreu slr tetmkglbtl sekÿvlk bm íjum. E nlstakmne eftane lbtãe cebtab`m prabcapmkglbtl freglte nl b-futak l íjum, ceg plqulbms qumbtanmnls nl ícane sukiÿrace l @Fr. ^rmbsilrau-sl e nlstakmne pmrm ug iubak nl slpmrmêãe, l mnacaebeu-sl 6<,4 gK nl íjum me glsge, m mjateu-sl m gasturm plrgatabne lg sljuanm m smçnm ne jís cebtane be iubak. Kaflreu-sl m imsl abilraer, qul cebtab`m e freglte nl b-futakm (n 7 =,6:j/gK) lg ug plqulbe irmsce ceg tmgpm, nlscmrtmbne-sl m imsl mquesm. Vlterbeu-sl e `mklte pmrm e iubak l mnacaebeu-sl lbtãe =< gK nl ícane sukiÿrace cebclbtrmne (n 7 =,0>j/gK) rlsiramne prlvamglbtl. Mjateu-sl m gasturm, mfrabne m facm l nlaxmbne plraenacmglbtl qul e jís jlrmne iessl lkagabmne. Nlaxeu-sl e fmkãe lg rlpeuse per gabutes suiacalbtls pmrm qul ms imsls sl slpmrmsslg flg l rlcek`lu-sl m imsl abilraer qul cebtab`m e ícane sukiÿrace. Nlaxeu-sl qul bevmglbtl ms imsls sl lstmfakazmsslg l rlcek`lu-sl bevmglbtl abilraer. E freglte nl b-futakm cebtane be iubak iea lbtãe kmvmne ceg mnaêãe nl =< gK nl sekuêãe nl `anróxane nl sónae =4%. Slpmreu-sl cuanmnesmglbtl ms imsls l lbtãe rlcek`lu-sl m imsl erjæbacm (abilraer). Slceu-sl e freglte nl b-futakm utakazmbne =,
E kçquane eftane iea lbtãe nlstakmne lg ugm mpmrlk`mjlg nl iaktrmêãe lg plqulbm lscmkm, slglk`mbtl m nlscratm bm iajurm P ceg tlgplrmturm nl nlstakmêãe vmrambne lbtrl 10 l =46´C. Me iabmk e kçquane iea rlcek`ane lg ugm prevltm cuoe plse oí `mvam sane nltlrgabmne l iea plsmne, vasmbne-sl e cíkcuke ne rlbnaglbte rlmcaebmk.
<. Vlsuktmnes l Nascussãe
Vlmjlbtls
Vlsuktmnes Gmssm mnacaebmnm(j) Gmssm gekmr (j/gek)
Bÿglre nl geks
HFr C>@1E@
6>,4 =3,0
=41,446 :>,=64
4,66 4,=1
Trenute
Gmssm eftanm(j)
Gmssm gekmr (j/gek)
Bÿglre nl geks
C>@1Fr
=1,3
=3:,464
4,=>
Cíkcuke ne rlbnaglbte Cebsanlrmbne qul m rlmêãe nl iergmêãe ne freglte nl b-futakm sl preclssm mtrmvás ne glcmbasge nlscrate mfmaxe?
Efslrvmges qul lxastl ugm preperêãe lstlquaegátracm bm qumk, = gek ne rlmjlbtl C>@1E@, jlrm = gek ne prenute freglte nl b-futakm. E rlmjlbtl kagatmbtl nlstm rlmêãe á e b-futmbek, me qumk iermg mnacaebmnes 4,=1 geks be glae rlmcaebmk. Cebsanlrmbne lstm preperêãe lstlquaegátracm, e m gmssm tleracmglbtl eftanm nl freglte nl b-futakm slram? Gmssm tlóracm 7 4,=1 geks x =3:,464 j/gek 7 69,43j nl freglte nl b-futakm. Gmssm rlmk 7 =1,36j nl freglte nl b-futakm.
Vlbnaglbte plrclbtumk 7 (Gmssm rlmk / Gmssm tlóracm) x =44 Vlbnaglbte plrclbtumk 7 (=1,36j / 69,43) x =44 7 :>,66% Tmrm nascutar gmas mclrcm ne glcmbasge nm rlmêãe mfmaxe penlges abacamkglbtl mbmkasmr es rlmjlbtls utakazmnes. E b-futmbek, á ug íkceek nl > qumtre cmrfebes l qul sl mprlslbtm cege nailrlbtls asóglres, tmas cege e 6-futmbek ( ) , e asefutmbek ( ) l e tlrc-futmbek (
).
Lg glae iertlglbtl ícane á fmstmbtl prevívlk qul ecerrm m pretebmêãe nm `anrexakm l qul slom jlrmnm m lspácal +E@6. M íjum nlgebstrm slr ug ótage jrupe nl smçnm l tenes es asþglres sãe íkceeas slcubníraes eu tlrcaíraes (6-futmbek l íkceek t-futçkace), eu sãe cmpmzls nl plrgatr ug rlmrrmboe qul iergl ug cmrfecítaeb tlrcaírae (asefutmbek). E sekvlbtl prlslbtl be glae á m íjum, ug sekvlbtl pekmr prótace cmpmz nl terbmr es cmrfecítaebs abtlrglnaíraes gms lstívlas. Klvmbne lg cebtm tenes lstls imterls penlges cebckuar qul lstm rlmêãe nl sufstatuaêãe buclkeiçkacm sl preclssm prmtacmglbtl per vam ubageklcukmr (SB=). E @Fr qul lg eutres preclnaglbtes á mnacaebmne me glae, blstl cmse á jlrmne nlbtre ne fmkãe rlmcebmk, e qul plrgatl e mtmqul ne çebs freglte me cmrfecítaeb. Jlrmbne e freglte nl b-futakm. E rlbnaglbte penl slr cebsanlrmne feg, klvmbne lg cebtm qul e prenute seirlu 6 nlstakmêüls, ug preclsse nl iaktrmjlg l prabcapmkglbtl, iea sufgltane me iubak nl slpmrmêãe navlrsms vlzls pmrm kmvmjlg.. 9.Cebckusüls E freglte nl b-futakm iea eftane (cege vlraiacmne bm prítacm pestlraer) l mssag, m rlmêãe gestreu-sl liacalbtl. E rlbnaglbte plrclbtumk nm rlmêãe nl sufstatuaêãe buckleiçkacm (:>,66%) penl slr cebsanlrmbne feg, klvmbne lg cebtm es preclsses nl slpmrmêãe l puraiacmêãe qul m mgestrm seirlu, l ms plqulbms plrnms qul clrtmglbtl penlg mcebtlclr lg cmnm ug nlstls preclsses. E preclnaglbte utakazmne, qul jlrm e ícane fregçnrace nlbtre ne fmkãe rlmcaebmk, á vmbtmoese lg rlkmêãe me preclnaglbtes qul blclssatmg qul e glsge slom gmbapukmne, peas á glbes abvmsave l nmbese m smÿnl ne quçgace qul lstí preclnlbne ceg m sçbtlsl.
:.Vlilrïbcams fafkaejríiacms
:.=? SEKEGEBS, ^. Z. Jrm`mg8 IVQ@KL, Jrmaj F. ]uçgacm erjæbacm. 0.ln. Vae nl Omblare? K^C, 644<. v.=.
:.6 ? TMYAM, Nebmkn K. lt mk. ]uçgacm Erjæbacm lxplraglbtmk? tácbacms nl lscmkm plqulbm. 6ªln. Terte Mkljrl? Feehgmb, 6441.
:.3? CVC ‛@mbnfeeh ei C`lgastry mbn T`ysacs‗, :4t` Ln., =101 – =114
