A report prepared for Minera Yanacocha S. R. L.
COMMENTS ON GEOLOGY AND EXPLORATION OF PORPHYRY COPPERGOLD MINERALIZATION IN THE YANACOCHA DISTRICT, PERU
Richard H. Sillitoe
September 2000
CONTENTS SUMMARY
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INTRODUCTION
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KUPFERTAL PROSPECT
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Porphyry intrusions Quartz rextures Alterationmineralization features
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LA SORPRESA PROSPECT
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MAQUI MAQUI PROSPECT
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CERRO NEGRO PROSPECT
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EXPLORATION PROGRAM
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Porphyry targets Exploration methodology Exploration recommendations Training
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FIGURES Fig. 1 Preliminary interpretation of quartz textures, Kupfertal Fig. 2 Schematic section of telescoped porphyry coppergold system applicable to Kupfertal sector
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Following 4 Following 4
SUMMARY • The predicted presence of porphyrytype coppergold mineralization beneath the highsulfidation gold horizon in the Yanacocha district has been confirmed by recent mapping and drilling. • The highsulfidation and porphyry systems are extensively telescoped, a process that caused total reconstitution of the upper parts of the chalcopyritebearing K silicate alteration zone at Kupfertal by covelliterich highsulfidation mineralization. The process enhanced copper contents, but conserved the gold tenor. • The unusual patchy quartztextured rock at the top of the Kupfertal system is transitional downward through buckled (wormy) to stockwork Atype quartz veinlets emplaced during Ksilicate alteration. Therefore patchy quartz may be a latemagmatic product rather than an advanced argillic alteration texture. Nevertheless, it may still be used to indicate the top of porphyry centers at Yanacocha. • Porphyry exploration would be best focused on the Kupfertal sector in order to determine if one or more discrete porphyry centers is present, if economic coppergold mineralization exists in early porphyry phases, and if the volume of barren latemineral porphyry is appreciable. • Additional geologic, geochemical, and petrographic studies at Kupfertal are recommended along with drilling of a fence of inclined core holes across the 2 km wide target area. • Other porphyry centers at Maqui Maqui and La Sorpresa merit reconnaissance drilling as an aid to geologic understanding, despite the fact that the latter appears likely to be a subeconomic system. • Geologic and geochemical parameters are preferred to geophysical anomalies as a means of siting initial drill holes on porphyry targets at Yanacocha because of the complex telescoped environment.
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INTRODUCTION At the request of Carl Schnell, the writer spent 3.5 field days (1115 September 2000) in the Yanacocha gold district on behalf of Minera Yanacocha. The aim of the visit was to comment on the newly discovered porphyry prospects and their ongoing exploration. Field inspections were made of porphyry prospects at Kupfertal, Maqui Maqui, La Sorpresa, and Cerro Negro, and were supplemented by observation of drill core from Kupfertal, Yanacocha Sur, Maqui Maqui, and Cerro Negro. This report briefly summarizes salient geologic observations and interpretations, and comments on the exploration methodology and program. The work was carried out with most of the Yanacocha exploration team and several mine geologists, all of whom are thanked for instruction and discussions. KUPFERTAL PROSPECT Porphyry intrusions Observation of core from the upper parts of DDH CLL5 at Kupfertal reveals the presence of highly altered porphyry of uncertain composition that was subjected to several different alterationmineralization events (see below). At a depth of 557 m, however, this early, wellmineralized porphyry is in fault contact with a late intermineral porphyry, apparently of quartz dioritic composition, that displays remnant, weakly developed Ksilicate alteration and only very sparse Atype quartz veinlets; it contains only 0.14 % Cu and 0.1 g/t Au. This late porphyry phase was cored to the bottom of the hole, but its dimensions remain completely unknown. Quartz textures The upper parts of the Kupfertal prospect, in and beneath the Encajón valley, are characterized by unusual quartz textures that have been attributed to the effects of advanced argillic alteration immediately above the porphyry environment. Similar textures are observed in the vicinities of other porphyry prospects in the Yanacocha district. In contrast to the current interpretation, evidence is presented here that preliminarily suggests that the quartz textures may be of latemagmatic origin and may have formed prior to development of widespread hydrothermal alteration. Three quartz textures are widely recognized at Kupfertal: stockwork veinlets at depth, wormy quartz veinlets, and patchy quartz at the shallowest levels (Fig. 1). These three quartz textures are demonstrably transitional. The quartz is gray in color, translucent, and granular and is enveloped by pervasive advanced argillic alteration, typically dominated by pyrophyllite.
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The quartz veinlets at depth constitute a classic Atype stockwork characteristic of zones of Ksilicate alteration in porphyry copper±gold deposits. The overlying wormy veinlets are also of Atype, but must have been emplaced under more ductile conditions while the host porphyry remained plastic. Such wormy veinlets are observed in porphyry systems elsewhere. The unusual patchy quartz texture above the wormy quartz zone is tentatively interpreted as a feature confined to the uppermost parts of the porphyry stock and to be broadly comparable to quartz rinds and unidirectional solidification textures (USTs; "brain rock") at the tops of some felsic porphyry stocks. Intergrowth of rounded pieces of advanced argillicaltered rock with gray, translucent quartz may even suggest immiscibility between a residual silicate melt and an endstage, silicasaturated magmatic fluid phase. Interpretation of the patchy quartz as a magmatic rather than an alteration product gains support from two observations made at its upper limit in the Encajón valley. First, dikelike bodies of patchy quartz intrude overlying volcanic rocks and, second, angular blocks of volcanic rock are enclosed in patchy quartz and appear to be xenoliths. If this interpretation proves to be correct, two corollaries are apparent. First, the wormy and patchy quartz textures should be confined to the roof zone of the porphyry stock(s), although the quartz veinlets may pass outward into its host rocks (Fig. 1). Second, the rock displaying the three quartz textures was originally subjected to Ksilicate alteration, which was destroyed by subsequent overprinting of sericitic and, finally, advanced argillic alteration. Alterationmineralization features The alteration and mineralization cut by DDH CLL5 is zoned vertically: advanced argillic (mainly pyrophyllite) at the top, then sericitic, and finally Ksilicate with a partial intermediate argillic (especially chlorite) overprint (Fig. 2). The sericitic alteration clearly overprinted the Ksilicate zone, although the contact is exceptionally sharp. In contrast, the contact between the pyrophyllite and sericite dominated zones could be either overprinted or transitional, although the former is favored. The sulphide mineralogy in the Ksilicate zone comprises pyrite and chalcopyrite, which were reconstituted to a higher sulfidation state pyritecovellite (enargite) assemblage in the overlying sericitic and pyrophyllitic zones (Fig. 2). This process also caused complete sulfidation of hydrothermal magnetite present in the Ksilicate zone and a doubling of the copper content. In contrast, the gold tenor remained essentially the same. The pattern of alterationmineralization zones revealed by DDH CLL5 is typical of telescoped porphyry systems in which the lithocap is superimposed on the upper parts of the underlying porphyry stock. As a consequence, the acidic, high sulfidation conditions of the lithocap environment supplant the more nearly neutral, lowsulfidation porphyry environment, giving rise to total reconstitution of pre existing Ksilicate alteration and its contained opaque minerals. Similar vertical alterationmineralization sequences to those displayed by core from DDH CLL5 5
characterize the Wafi (Papua New Guinea), Guinaoang (Philippines), and several other telescoped porphyry systems. The main Yanacocha lithocap, quartzalunite alteration passing upward to massive and vuggy quartz (Fig. 2), is believed to have been eroded at Kupfertal during glacial incision of the Encajón valley. Preserved lateral extensions of the lithocap constitute the Yanacocha and San José highsulfidation gold deposits. Therefore, the annular array of gold zones around the Kupfertal system may be more a consequence of erosion rather than of hypogene metal zonation. DDH YS569, drilled through the base of the Yanacocha Sur silicified horizon, peripheral to the gold orebody, intersected several hundred meters of alunite and pyrophyllitealtered dacite porphyry, probably part of a dome. Covellite and enargite are the principal hypogene copper minerals observed, and occur along with gold in veinlet, disseminated, and brecciafilling forms. This mineralization is not considered to be of porphyry type, but to be an integral part of the highsulfidation environment. Furthermore, the absence of a porphyry stock and associated Atype quartz veinlets may be taken to suggest that the hole is collared peripherally with respect to a porphyry system. LA SORPRESA PROSPECT Several concentrations of thin, translucent quartz veinlets were inspected in the La Sorpresa Norte sector, most of them hosted by a dacitic/quartz dioritic unit of possible intrusive origin. Alteration of the veined unit is dominated by supergene kaolinite, although local illite and, possibly, sericite were also noted, in conformity with the results of PIMA analysis. The La Sorpresa quartz veinlets are reminiscent of those present in the porphyry gold deposits of the Maricunga belt of northern Chile, although the characteristic veinlet banding is developed only locally. The dacitic unit appears to be intruded by medium and coarsegrained hornblende diorite porphyries that contain few, if any, quartz veinlets. The mediumgrained phase displays weakly developed biotitization and contains veinlets and disseminated grains of magnetite, some of it associated with minor amounts of chalcopyrite. A partial illite overprint of plagioclase phenocrysts in the medium grained porphyry is readily visible. The relatively weakly developed quartz veining at La Sorpresa Norte may be interpreted in terms of either a lowgrade porphyry gold(copper) system or the top of a system that becomes better mineralized at depth. In view of the evidence for relatively deep exposure of La Sorpresa Norte, especially the absence of a lithocap and the outcropping Ksilicate alteration, the former alternative is preferred. MAQUI MAQUI PROSPECT Core from DDHs CSU5 and MM314 (beneath the Maqui Maqui pit) reveals similarities with that from CLL5 at Kupfertal. Both holes cut patchytextured quartz 6
which, in MM314, displays local transitions to Atype quartz veinlets. Alteration in both holes is advanced argillic with pyrophyllite, alunite, and/or kaolinite being present interstitial to the patchy quartz. Pyritecovelliteenargite is the dominant sulfide assemblage which, in core from CSU5, reported substantial copper (0.25 %) and gold (0.93 g/t) grades. It is agreed that the evidence from these two holes suggests that a porphyry copper center may be located beneath the northeastern side of the Maqui Maqui gold orebody, with its advanced argillicoverprinted top being exposed in the vicinity of the DDH CSU5 drill site. In contrast, DDH MM346 appears to be located on the margin of this inferred porphyry center, judging by the substantially lower copper (0.1 %) and gold (0.2 g/t) values, scarcity of quartz veinlets, high (510 vol. %) pyrite contents, and dominance of kaolinite alteration. CERRO NEGRO PROSPECT The zone with perceived porphyry potential at Cerro Negro is characterized by a series of siliceous ledges separated by supergene kaolinized andesitic rocks, including tuffs and flows and/or plugs. Rock displaying patchy quartz texture appears to occur as halos to the siliceous ledges and, at least locally, to be transitional to them. The patchytextured rock is characterized by pyrophyllite and/or kaolinite alteration. Both surface and drillcore (DDS CN10 and 18) inspection suggests that at least some of the patchytextured rock at Cerro Negro is an alteration feature different from that observed at Kupfertal and Maqui Maqui. Nevertheless, some examples of the patchy texture are difficult to distinguish from that interpreted to be of possible latemagmatic origin at Kupfertal, except perhaps for the finergrained nature of the quartz. This difficulty emphasizes that further work is required to clarify the origin(s) and significance(s) of the patchy texture. The position(s) of any porphyrytype mineralization at Cerro Negro is not easy to determine until the origin of the patchy texture is better defined or early Atype (including banded) quartz veinlets are recognized. EXPLORATION PROGRAM Porphyry targets Work to date in the Yanacocha district has demonstrated definitively that porphyry type centers exist, as predicted, beneath the goldrich advanced argillic lithocap. Furthermore, it is evident that the lithocap and porphyry environments are extensively telescoped, thereby raising the possibility that porphyrytype mineralization may exist close enough to the surface to be economically mineable. The clearest example of a porphyry coppergold center is that drilled by DDH CLL5 at Kupfertal. Nevertheless, the presence of Atype quartz veinlets in core from DDH 7
KUP1 shows that potentially similar porphyrytype mineralization is also present 2 km farther west. Therefore, a fundamental unanswered question at Kupfertal is: how many porphyry centers are there? The magnetic high partially encircled by a zone of enhanced (>50 ppm) molybdenum values at Kupfertal could be taken to indicate the existence of a single porphyry system, perhaps as much as 2 km across. Alternatively, two or more discrete porphyry centers, besides late and postmineral intrusions, could be present. The potential of the Kupfertal porphyry deposit(s) is currently unknown, but depends critically on the significance of the early porphyry phase intersected in DDH CLL5. If this porphyry is the earliest intrusive phase of a single system, then Kupfertal is likely to be subeconomic; its grade in CLL5 approximates 0.32 % Cu and 0.37 g/t Au. However, if a single system contains one or more even earlier and, therefore, probably bettermineralized porphyry phases or if several systems exist, one better mineralized than the others, then appreciable untested potential remains. Additional porphyry systems occur beyond the Kupfertal sector, but none has been properly tested to date. The veining at Maqui Maqui suggests similarities to Kupfertal, whereas that at La Sorpresa Norte appears to be more typical of the Maricungatype goldonly systems. If this is shown to be the case, the proximity of the two types of system demands an explanation. One possibility worthy of consideration is that the Maricungatype systems are generated at somewhat shallower paleodepths, where less saline magmatic fluid would be predicted to have been liberated. The lower salinities might be anticipated to have favored gold over copper transport and, hence, generated goldrich, copperpoor deposits. Indeed, the Maricungalike La Sorpresa quartz veinlets crop out >200 m higher in elevation than the top of the Atype veinlet stockwork at Kupfertal. Exploration methodology One of the principal means currently employed at Yanacocha to determine proximity to porphyry centers is the presence of patchy quartz texture. This criterion remains valid even if the reinterpretation of the texture's significance proposed herein proves to be correct. Nevertheless, this will not necessarily be true if two types of patchy texture do indeed exist. Observation of wormy or stockwork Atype veinlets provides even safer evidence and indicates that the porphyrytype mineralization is directly exposed, albeit possibly overprinted by advanced argillic alteration. Given that the hottest and lowest parts of a lithocap are likely to be characterized by the presence of abundant pyrophyllite (Fig. 2), outcropping pyrophyllitedominated alteration may also be taken as an indicator of the possible existence of a nearby porphyry center. Alteration patterns clearly provide potential vectors to porphyry centers, as may be appreciated from the cartoon presented as Figure 2. Alteration mapping should be carried out by geologists in the field, with only character samples from the zones that are mapped being checked by PIMA analysis. This approach leads to progressive "calibration" of the geologists' visual skills. The current practice of doing 8
PIMA grids, in the same way as geophysical surveys, leads to alteration maps that bear little resemblance to reality. For example, if samples for PIMA determination are taken from siliceous ledges and different parts of their zoned alteration halos, as occurs during grid sampling, the contoured results reveal a completely erroneous alteration pattern. Molybdenum geochemistry holds out the possibility of providing valuable assistance in the location of porphyry centers in the telescoped porphyry environment. Molybdenum anomalies have been shown to constitute an annulus to the Kupfertal sector and to coincide with gold and copper anomalism at La Sorpresa Norte. Moreover, molybdenite was observed abundantly as smears on fractures in the patchy quartz rock at Maqui Maqui. In contrast, gold and copper are considered to be less useful indicators because of their common presence in both the high sulfidation and porphyry environments. Particular care must be taken when assigning significance to elevated copper values determined from roadcut sampling because of the widespread exposure of the supergene redox front (e. g., Cerro Negro). Even incipiently developed chalcocite enrichment immediately beneath the redox front may lead to definition of copper anomalies that possess no significance whatsoever from the standpoint of porphyrytype mineralization. The geophysical response of telescoped highsulfidation and porphyry systems is complex and poorly understood. Elevated pyrite contents, and hence enhanced chargeability, tend to be widespread, but not necessarily indicative of porphyry centers. Indeed, at Maqui Maqui, the most pronounced chargeability high may define the pyritic periphery of a porphyry center. Depth of sulfide oxidation, in addition to sulfide volume and connectivity, also profoundly influences the chargeability response in districts like Yanacocha, where sulfides are within 1 or 2 m of the surface beneath valley bottoms and other topographic lows. The magnetic response of a porphyrytype mineralization in the telescoped environment is likely to depend on the depth of advanced argillic and sericitic overprinting, processes that cause total magnetite destruction, as well as the hydrothermal magnetite content of the underlying Ksilicate alteration. Furthermore, barren latemineral intrusions, in which magnetite is commonly better preserved (e. g., DDH CLL5), also tend to be responsible for prominent magnetic highs in the porphyry environment. In view of these considerations, it is recommended that initial drill testing of porphyry targets is not based on geophysical parameters, although it is anticipated that both magnetic and electrical methods may prove useful once the geologic features of the Yanacocha porphyry centers are better understood. Exploration recommendations It is recommended that further work designed to better understand the porphyry environment in the Yanacocha district is focused on the Kupfertal sector. This might commence with remapping of the Encajón valley with a view to determining the extent and detailed contact relations of the patchy quartztextured rock. This exercise might be combined with rockchip geochemistry for a suite of elements (including Zn, Pb, Ag, Bi, and Te) to see if any of them, besides molybdenum, acts as a useful 9
vector to the porphyry center(s). A petrographic and fluidinclusion reconnaissance of wormy and patchy quartz would also be valuable, to see if similar textures and hightemperature, highsalinity fluid inclusions to those in quartz from the underlying Atype veinlets are present. Future drilling at Kupfertal should be designed to throw further light on the extent of the porphyrytype mineralization intersected in DDHs CLL5 and KUP1, especially the number of systems and volume of latemineral intrusions that are present. This is probably best accomplished by drilling a fence of inclined core holes across the Kupfertal sector, internal to the molybdenum geochemical halo. Drilling to a depth of at least 700 m would be required. Other porphyry centers in the Yanacocha district, especially Maqui Maqui and La Sorpresa, merit preliminary drill testing in order to assemble additional geologic information that can be used in the search for porphyry deposits elsewhere in the district. Inclined core holes, to at least 600 m in the case of Maqui Maqui, are recommended. Training The exploration team at Yanacocha is in the midst of a difficult transition from high sulfidation to porphyry geology. The transition would be accelerated by the opportunity to inspect hypogene porphyry systems elsewhere in the circumPacific region, especially those where lithocaps are partially preserved. Funds devoted to a fieldbased shortcourse designed to upgrade geologic knowledge and skills in the porphyry environment would be wisely spent.
Yanacocha, Peru 16th September 2000
Richard H. Sillitoe
http://es.scribd.com/doc/67632065/17/AlunitaKAl3SO42OH6
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