SERBIAN VERBS WITH PREFIXES IZ-, PRE-, AND RAZ-
AND THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS, KLAJN, I. (2002)
Auth!" A#$%&'!' I#*+
1
-NTENTS
. A/&t!' A/&t!'t111 t111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111. . 2. Th$ &*3*4*'$ &*3*4*'$ 4 5$!/& * S$!/*' #'3u'3$11111. #'3u'3$11111...1.. ..1....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .....6 6 . V$!/ 7!$4*8't*11 7!$4*8't*11111111 111111111111 111111111111 111111111111 111111...6 ...6 6. V$!/'# $!/'# 7!$4*8$& 7!$4*8$& * S$!/*' S$!/*'111111 111111111111 111111111111 1111111111. 1111...9 ..9 9. P!$4*8 P!$4*8 4!$:u$;11 4!$:u$;11111111 1111111111. 1111...1111 ..111111... 11........ .......... .......... .......... .......... .........< ....< <. P!$4*8 P!$4*8 =$'*3&.1111 =$'*3&.111111111 11111111111 111111111111 11111111111. 11111...> ..> ?. @$' @$'* *3& 3& 4 th$ th$ 7!$ 7!$4*8 4*8 iz-11111111111111111111111 iz-11111111111111111111111 >. @$' @$'* *3& 3& 4 th$ th$ 7!$ 7!$4*8 4*8 pre11111111111111111111112 pre-11111111111111111111112 . @$' @$'* *3& 3& 4 th$ th$ 7!$ 7!$4*8 4*8 raz-………………………………………………………… 6 raz-…………………………………………………………6 0. P!$4*8$ P!$4*8$&& iz-, pre-, ' 9 pre-, ' raz- * raz- * th$ t$8t 4 '&7$t ' aktionsart………………. aktionsart……………….9 . . P!$4 P!$4*8 *8 iz ' '&7$t ' aktionsart 11111111111111111......< 11111111111111111......< 2. P!$4 P!$4*8 *8 raz ' '&7$t ' aktionsart 11111111111111111...< 11111111111111111...< . P!$4 P!$4*8 *8 pre 11111111111111111...? pre ' '&7$t ' aktionsart 11111111111111111...? 6. V$!/& $!/& C*th 7!$4*8$& 7!$4*8$& iz-, pre, pre, ' raz ' th$*! E3#*&h $:u*5'#$t&1111....? 9. P!$4 P!$4*8 *8 iz-……………………………………………………………………………... ? iz-……………………………………………………………………………...? <. P!$4 P!$4*8 *8 pre pre-11111111111111111111111111111> 11111111111111111111111111111> ?. P!$4 P!$4*8 *8 raz-11111111111111111111111111111> raz-11111111111111111111111111111> >. #u&*11 #u&*11111111 111111111111 111111111111 11111111111 11111111... 111...> > . R$4$!$$&111 R$4$!$$&111111111 111111111111 111111111111 11111111111 1111111...2 11...20 0
2
A/&t!'t
According to Babić (1986), verbal prefixation is one of the most productive verbal derivation processes !he abundance of meanings and nuances in meaning added through this process ma"es devising a comprehensive classification of prefix meanings a highl# demanding and complex, perhaps even impossible tas" !he present paper $ill loo" at the classification given b# %la&n ('') and remar" on the classifications of both this author and several others t $ill also give a brief overvie$ of the relationship bet$een verbal prefixation and verbal aspect and situation t#pe, in accordance $ith the reports of several authors, but primaril# *ova"ov ('+) inall#, it $ill loo" at the patterns observed in forms of -nglish e.uivalents of /erbian verbs $ith prefixes iz-, pre-, and raz-, as $ell as consider general trends in this matter !hus, the aim of this paper $ill be to offer a concise overvie$ of different aspects of verbal prefixation in /erbian and the $a#s the meanings thus obtained are transferred into -nglish, $ith the addition of occasional comments given b# the author $hich $ill reflect her o$n vie$s of certain problems in this matter K$; C!&" 5$!/&, 7!$4*8't*, =$'*3, '&7$t, '%t*&'!t, E3#*&h $:u*5'#$t&
3
. Th$ &*3*4*'$ 4 5$!/& * S$!/*' #'3u'3$
n languages around the $orld, verbs constitute a highl# significant $ord class, especiall# from the information aspect 0laced in a context, the# provide information about the event in .uestion and appear in different forms, depending on the spea"ers choice of features such as tense, aspect, mood, voice n /erbian, their informative value increases due to the $ealth of affixation possibilities and the elements of meaning attached to the aforementioned affixes or illustration purposes, let us loo" at a sentence in /erbian and discuss all the pieces of information $e can extract b# loo"ing at the verb alone2 (1) 0ri3ala mu &e o svom danu ocusing on the verb onl#, $e can ma"e several conclusions 4e "no$ that the sub&ect is female, singular, that the event in .uestion happened in the past, that it lasted for an indefinite amount of time, $ithout an ending implied, that the sub&ect had an active role in the process !hus, the verb in itself contains an abundance of "e# information, greatl# due to the attached suffix n the given sentence, the lexical verb does not have a prefix attached 5o$ever, this verb, &ust li"e man# other verbs in /erbian, can be combined $ith a number of prefixes ($ith conse.uential changes in meaning), eg pre pričati, na pričati, pro pričati, ras pričati se, and is pričati (se).
t is perhaps interesting to note that the verb pričati has the same meaning in
both /erbian and roatian (once considered to be one language2 /erbo7roatian), but ispričati se has
completel# different meanings in the t$o languages (/erbian to have a
detailed, relativel# long tal" roatian to apologi:e) 2. V$!/ 7!$4*8't*
As seen in the previous section, prefixes are $idel# used in combination $ith /erbian verbs !his is not the case in /erbian onl# in numerous ndo7-uropean languages, verbs are the $ord class most readil# and diversel# combined $ith prefixes, and that might be the reason $h# in earl# $or"s, verb prefixation is the onl# "ind of prefixation mentioned (%la&n, '')
4
2..
V$!/'# 7!$4*8$& * S$!/*'
/everal authors have strived to create a finite list of verbal prefixes in /erbian !his list is mostl# agreed upon, $ith possible additions, but no significant alterations or the purpose of this paper, the author has chosen to focus on %la&ns ('') overvie$ of lists of /erbian verbal prefixes offered b# several significant authors, and briefl# comment on certain features of the authors approach •
!he list offered b# ;aretić (18992<8') note that the author did not use h#phens, $hich indicates that he vie$s the elements of his list as prepositions, not prefixes2 do, iz, na, nad, o(b), od, po, pod, pre, pri, pro, raz, s(a), u, uz, a nd za. n addition to this list, ;aretić also mentiones the prefix mimo, emphasi:ing the limitation of its use to verbs mimoići and mimoilaziti and the prefix pred , asserting that it is not found in collo.uial language, but onl# used b# literar# authors (eg predvidjeti),
after =erman and >atin forms (voraussehen, praevidere) 5o$ever, the
prefix pred- is no$ada#s commonl# used as a verbal prefix in ever#da# speech 4hat the author of this paper finds interesting about this prefix (as $ell as numerous other prefixes) are the instances of its use in $hich it is hard to separate the prefix from the verbal base, since the base itself is not used independentl#, but the nuance in meaning added b# the prefix is readil# observable or instance, in cases of verbs such as preduprediti and preduhitriti,
one could argue that the variant of prefix in .uestion is
predu7, but that does not solve the problem of the lac" of independence of the base
*either hitriti ( although similar to hitati and having the same root as the ad&ective hitro) nor prediti
are (perhaps, no longer) legitimate /erbian verbs, and the# occur
onl# $ithin verbs preduhitriti and preduprediti respectivel#, and #et, the meanings of the latter verbs indubitabl# contain the nuances in meaning added b# the prefix pred-. •
!his "ind of verbs is commonl# referred to in linguistics as having ?bound bases@ !he list offered b# >es"in (19128) can be vie$ed as a slight extension of ;aretićs list, since it includes all prefixes given b# ;aretić, $ith the addition of forms derived b# adding the vo$el a in cases of a:ero vo$el alteration (eg iza-, oba-, etc) >es"in also distinguishes bet$een the prefix u derived from Cld /lavic vã hinein and the
• •
prefix u derived from Cld /lavic ou ab, n&eg, treating them as t$o separate prefixes !he list offered b# Belić (1992'9+'96) is identical to the one offered b# ;aretić !he list offered b# /tevanović (1962+'68) differs from the t$o aforementioned lists (;aretić (1899) and Belić (199)) in the fact that it does not mention prefixes pred 7 and mimo7
5
•
!he list offered b# *i"olić (19D'2'D6'8<) is identical to the one offered b#
•
/tevanović !he list offered b# Barić et al (19D92'9D7<<) includes the sixteen prefixes agreed upon b# all of the aforementioned authors, as $ell as prefixes pred 7 and mimo7 !he innovation in this list is featured in treating su7 and s7 as t$o separate prefixes, $hile o7 and ob7 are still regarded as variants of one and the
•
same suffix !he list offered b# Babić (1986) is significantl# extended ('D prefixes instead of onl# 16 prefixes generall# agreed upon), but not revolutionaril# different from the previousl# mentioned lists *amel#, apart from including the 19 prefixes found in the list offered b# Barić (19D9), Babić goes one step further and treats o7 and ob7 as t$o separate prefixes, adds prefixes pa7, naj7, protu7, and suprot 7 (ho$ever, the use of each of the four of these prefixes is limited to t$o verbs at most), and foreign prefixes de7, dis7,
and re7 !he remar" made b# the author of this paper, that this list is not
revolutionar# different, is based on the fact that, although aptl# detected, the four /erbian prefixes ad&oined to the common list ( pa7, naj7, protu7, and suprot 7) can be combined $ith an extremel# limited group of verbs (less than ten in total), $hile the three foreign prefixes included in the list are most commonl# combined $ith foreign $ords used in /erbian, $hich ma"es their relevance to the given list arguable t is perhaps interesting to note that %la&n ('') comments on the choice of examples used in Babićs $or" noting that it is rather superficial, and that the authors interpretation of numerous verbs can easil# be contested 2.2.
P!$4*8 4!$:u$;
*ova"ov ('+26<), in accordance $ith Babić (198D2DD) notes that verbal prefixation is one of the most productive processes in verbal derivation, $ith verbs $ith prefixes constituting more than a half of the verbs derived from other verbs 5ence, it $ould perhaps be interesting to examine ho$ fre.uentl# verbal prefixes occur in texts in /erbian language A stud# conducted b# Easili&ević ('1') sheds some light on this matter, b# including an anal#sis of the number of occurrences of verbal prefixes in literar# texts Easili&ević ('1') chose to anal#:e a small corpus made up of =oran 0etrovićs short stories ta"en from the collection ?-ver#thing %no$ About !ime@ published in '< !he table that follo$s is ta"en from the aforementioned $or" for the purpose of illustration
6
0refixes in /erbian language 0refix
*umber of occurrences
Fistribution
0re7
'+
8<
0ri7
D
'<
0ro7
'
666G
0o7
166G
H:7
1<
:7
'+
8<
*a7
1D
+66G
/7
'<
D66G
C7
'D
9G
Cd7
16
+<
Cb7
1
<
Ia7
<6
1'G
/u7
1
<
0od7
'
66G
Fo
1D
+66G
Ja:7
19
6<
H7
16
+<
;imo7
1
<
Table 1 Frequency and distribution of verbal prexes in a small corpus of Serbian literary texts !asili"evi# $2%12&
As can be seen in !able 1, the most fre.uent verbal prefixes in this corpus $ere prefixes po- () and za- (<6) 5o$ever, the author of the present paper $ill in further text be focusing on prefixes iz-, pre-, and raz- and is thus more interested in the fre.uenc# of these three prefixes t can be deduced that in terms of the number of occurrences, the three prefixes are found in the upper half, $ith pre- and iz- having identicall# high fre.uencies ('+, that is 8<
2.. P!$4*8 =$'*3&
As noted in %la&n (''), out of sixteen verbal prefixes generall# agreed upon, thirteen belong to the $ord class of prepositions /imilarl# to -nglish and other ndo7-uropean languages, in /erbian, prepositions are highl# pol#semous or example, the preposition na has approximatel# + different meanings, $hich does not ma"e it uni.ue, but rather similar to the other prepositions in /erbian in terms of the $ealth of meanings urthermore, $hen used as prefixes in combination $ith verbs, the# develop numerous other, non7prepositional meanings, $hich further complicates the tas" of placing them all $ithin a satisf#ingl# comprehensive classification !his is the reason $h# different authors offer classifications $hich inevitabl# differ in terms of interpretation of instances of use, naming and forming classes and subclasses, as $ell as defining the meanings 4hat also sets certain papers on the sub&ect apart from the others is the approach applied Cn one hand, there is the inevitabl# concise and some$hat generali:ed approach of the authors of grammar boo"s listing onl# the most fre.uent and the most t#pical meanings, and on the other, one can find a more detailed and specified approach of certain authors An instance of the latter is the $or" of =ric"at (1966), $hich includes a finer differentiation, as $ell as a detailed account of the development and interconnectedness of different meanings Another related, but methodologicall# different paper is the one b# %li"ovac (1998), referred to as the first in7 depth anal#sis of a verbal prefix in /erbian !he aim of the paper $as to ?determine the general meaning mechanisms operating in our language@ through the application of cognitive linguistic, using the example of verbal prefix raz- !he similarit# bet$een the t$o papers lies in the application of the model of the linguistic tree or (semantic) net$or", essentiall# far more delicate than a simple division in the form of a list 5o$ever, this approach has significant do$nsides Although admirabl# detailed, the results of the application of such models are too complex for the purposes of grammatical description As %la&n ('') points out, such extensivel# nuanced and detailed anal#sis of a prefix as found in the $or" of %li"ovac (1998), $hen applied to all prefixes, $ould lead to the conclusion that all prefixes can have all meanings, $hich $ould ma"e the entire process of classif#ing futile !he author of this paper $ill thus focus on %la&ns ('') classification $hich adopts the same taxonomic approach used b# grammarians, but $ith the final results improved due to the increased number of examples, introducing a separate categor# for verbs $hose meaning cannot be regarded as described b# an# of the definitions offered, as $ell as combining the (
results of the research done so far in order to provide a larger and more accurate picture of the actual state in language !he prefixes $hose meanings $ill be further discussed in the follo$ing sections are iz-, pre-, and raz-
. @$'*3& 4 th$ 7!$4*8 iz
0refix iz- is one of the most fre.uentl# found prefixes in dictionaries of /erbian, as $ell as being al$a#s productive, especiall# as means for perfectivi:ation Apart from its basic form, this prefix has five alomorphs, $hich are as follo$s2 K
is-
$hen the prefix is follo$ed b# verbs beginning $ith voiceless consonants
(ispevati) K
iš- $hen the prefix is follo$ed b# verbs beginning $ith 3 (iL3e"ićati) or ć (iLćerati)
K
iž- onl# in rare verbs such as iMdMi"l&ati or
K
i- $hen
iMNi"(l&)ati
the prefix is follo$ed b# verbs beginning $ith s, :, L, M (isuLiti, i:ra3iti,
iLibati, iMiveti) K
iza- $hen
follo$ed b# a verb beginning $ith a consonant cluster in infinitive
(i:at"ati) or present tense (i:aspem) 1) !he basic spatial meaning of the preposition iz is preserved in numerous transitive verbs, such as2 izbaciti, izn(ij)eti, izgurati, ist(j)erati, isturiti, istisnuti, izvaliti, izvući, istresti, ispustiti, and more
!he same is the case in transitive verbs $ith more specific meanings2 istovariti, isopati, izleći, isc(ij)editi, izlučiti, isašljati, ispregnuti, iščačati, izmamiti and others
!his spatial meaning is also preserved in some intransitive verbs, such as2 izići!izaći, isočiti, istrčati, ispasti, izjahati, isplivati, isploviti, izroniti, izmileti!-ljeti, isteći, iscuriti, ispariti, isrvariti, etc
!hese verbs are commonl# follo$ed b# the same preposition (i:aći i:, i:baciti i:, i:mileti i:) 1a) Cne of the subgroups of these verbs is constituted b# those verbs $hich are characteri:ed b# the metaforical notion of movement "rom (iz ) the mouth or chest2 i zdahnuti, izreći, isazati, izustiti, izgovoriti, izbrbljati (se), izjaviti, and others !he subgroup also includes verbs denoting actions originating "rom (iz) the head2 izmisliti, iznaći, izmozgati, isp(j)evati, etc
)
1b) Another subgroup comprises verbs denoting movement or spreading "rom (iz) one point in vertical or hori:onal direction2 izdići (se), ispraviti (se), ispružiti (se), istegnuti (se), etc
') /imilar to verbs of movement are verbs such as2 izostaviti, izuzeti, izdvojiti, isljučiti, izopštiti, $hich
are also commonl# follo$ed b# iz O genitive 0ossibl# the onl# intransitive
verb belonging to this categor# is the verb izostati. /ince these verbs denote exlusion from a larger group of beings or ob&ects, %la&n ('') argues that the categor# can also include the verbs izabrati, izglasati, izjasniti se 5o$ever, the author of this paper finds the verb izjasniti se
to be a less t#pical representative of the categor#, $ith the notion of exclusion from the
group not as transparentl# present as in the other verbs <) As noted b# /tevanović (1962+6), numerous transitive verbs $ith prefix iz- are derived from ad&ectives and their meaning is characteri:ed b# attributing features denoted b# the ad&ective from $hich the# are derived /uch is the case of2 izoštriti, istupiti, izdužiti, istanjiti, ispuniti, isprazniti, isriviti, ispraviti, izravnati, izgladiti, izjednačiti, istr(ij)ezniti, etc
!he number of such intransitive and reflexive verbs is significantl# smaller, and these are verbs such as2 izbl(ij)ed(j)eti, izjaloviti se, izbezobraziti se. ) !he meaning of attaining a goal b# virtue of persistent performing of the activit# denoted b# the base verb is present in verbs such as2 izmoliti, isamčiti, isuati, isplaati, isprositi, isprosjačiti, izboriti, izvojevati, isposlovatiP
/imilar meaning has the verb iznuditi ho$ever, there is a clear semantic distinction bet$een the original verb and the verb $ith the given prefix (cf prinuditi /"o", 0 (19D17D) nuditi originall# siliti) +) Another group of verbs $ith prefix iz- is constituted b# sative verbs verbs denoting actions done to a @sufficient? extent n accordance $ith the features of the sative meaning, these verbs can be divided into at least t$o groups2 a) activit# lasts until needs or causing emotions are satisfied2 reflexive verbs such as2 ispavati se, isplaati se, izviati se, izbesneti!izbjesnjeti se, izduvati se, iživ(j)eti se
(more fre.uent form of the verb iživ(j)eti se is the imperfective form iživljavati se, but $ith a rather significant change in meaning b) activit# lasts until the end, as long as possible2 2 ispisati, išarati, isititi, izgraditi, izre#ati, izbrojati, ispričati, izljubiti, izučiti, istražiti, isuvati, ispucati
(polisemous),
istrajati (difference in meaning in comparison to trajati), ispresavijati, izurštati, etc
;an# verbs from this group denote hostile, aggressive activities, such as ispsovati, izgrditi, izudarati, izmlatiti, istući, isprebijati, ispresaati, izgaziti
1%
etc
!hese verbs are not solel# perfective, $hich is easil# observable in comparison of eg izljubiti and poljubiti, izudarati
and udariti, izučiti and naučiti n man# verbs, this
distinction is not as straightfor$ard, especiall# in those cases $here the original verb alread# carries the meaning of completeness2 ispuniti, iscrpsti, istr(ij)ebiti c) /imilar to sative meaning is $hat some authors label as distributive meaning, reflected in2 7 activities done b# multiple sub&ects, usuall# in succesion2 izginuti, izumreti$ 7 activities done on multiple ob&ects2 izroditi, iženiti. !hese verbs usuall# include t$o or three prefixes2 izopijati se, isposva#ati se, ispreturati, izujedati, ispodvlačiti, ispolagati, isporazbol(ij)evati se, etc
6) !he prefix iz- has a purel# perfective function in combination $ith various transitive verbs $ith different semantic meanings2 izraditi, izvršiti, isoristiti, izgubiti, izračunati, isc(ij)epati, isidati, isvariti, isprljati, izm(j)eriti, izm(ij)eniti, ispričati, izl(ij)ečiti, izdubiti, izgristi, ispeći, and more
!here are fe$er instances of solel# perfective function of this prefix in intransitive and reflexive verbs2 izrasti, izgor(j)eti, istrunuti, izlud(j)eti, as $ell as reflexive izrugati se. !he author of this paper $ould li"e to briefl# note that the verb izlud(j)eti is often used as a transitive verb, so it should perhaps rather be classified as being both transitive and intransitive t should be noted that it is often hard to differentiate bet$een verbs in 6) and those in +b) (sative), especiall# in the cases of activities rarel# left undone and thus not needing a sative form (izračunati, izgoreti) %z- is
the prefix most commonl# used in prefixation of foreign origin verbs ending in
-irati, -isati, and -ovati2 izditirati, izdresirati, isplanirati, isprovocirati, isonstruisatiP
Base verbs $ith these prefixes can usuall# be considered both as perfective and imperfective, $hich is $h# a perfective prefix $as often considered redundant b# the conservative grammarians (/tevanović 19+') 5o$ever, no$ its addition is common practice in creation of various neologisms2 iziritirati, izdizajnirati, istestirati, isprogramirati, is"inansirati, izmanipulisati , izmisti"iovati, izrotirati se, isparodirati, izmaltretirati, isalulisati, isristalisati!-zirati!-zovati, as $ell as in
domestic neologism ispoštovati, $hose use is becoming increasingl# popular Eerbs $hich do not fall into an# of the aforementioned categories and lac" clear semantic relation bet$een the base verb and the verb $ith the given prefix are as follo$s2 izgledati, 11
izvi#ati, izorenuti, izvrnuti, iščeivati, ismejati, izigrati, izvisiti, izgutati, izviati, izgustirati,
and more. 6. @$'*3& 4 th$ 7!$4*8 pre-
1) ;ost of the verbs $ith this prefix preserve, either directl# or indirectl#, the spatial meaning denoted b# the preposition preo ;ovement from one point to the other, across or above a surface is denoted b# verbs such as2 pren(ij)eti, prevući, prevesti (-ezem), prevesti (-edem), prebaciti, prem(j)estiti, preseliti, presaditi, presočiti, preoračiti, pregaziti, preplivati, preploviti, prebroditi, premostiti, preliti, pretočiti, presuti!-sipati.
!here are onl# fe$ fe$ verbs in this categor# $hich could be both transitive and intransitive2 preći, preleteti, pretrčati. ;ost of the aforementioned verbs, but not all, can be follo$ed b# preo čega. 1a) Another subgroup is constituted b# verbs denoting circular movement in one direction2 prevrnuti, preturiti, preorenuti, prevaliti (se). 5o$ever, the author of this paper $ould argue that the verb prevaliti ($ithout reflexive se) does not necessaril# denote circular movement, li"e in the case of one of its most fre.uent uses2 prevaliti dug put 5ere, the meaning, although spacial and involving movement, does not include the circular component 5ence, classif#ing this verb into the given categor# might not be completel# &ustified ') !he meaning of an obstacle, $hich $as derived from the meaning of transverse movement is found in verbs such as2 preprečiti, pregraditi, presresti. !he more fre.uentl# found meaning of interruption, again derived from the meaning of transverse movement is present in verbs such as2 preinuti, prelomiti, prepoloviti, pres(j)eći, prerezati, prestrugati, pretesteri(sa)ti, pregristi, preratiti, prepuce&
<) Cne group of verbs $ith this prefix includes verbs denoting activities done from one to the other end of the ob&ect, or spreading across the entire ob&ect /uch verbs are2 preorati, preopati, prebrati, prem(j)eriti, premazati, preriti, preplaviti, premlatiti, preznojiti se,
etc,
as $ell as, in some$hat broader sense2 prebrojati, preslušati, prečistiti... !here are onl# fe$ intransitive verbs in this group2 prebledeti, presušiti, pregladneti...
/imilar are the verbs denoting endurance in a passive condition2 prećutati, prespavati as $ell as, to a certain extent, prehraniti (feed for as long as its needed) 12
0refixation $ith pre- has recentl# become a ver# productive semantic model, $hich is reflected in verbs such as2 prevrednovati, preoc(ij)eniti (possibl# cal.ues of revalorizovati), prerasporediti, preregistrovati, preparirati, premontirati, prestruturirati, and more
+) /imilarl# to ad&ectives, verbs $ith the prefix pre- often denote excessiveness2 prepuniti, pretrpati, pretovariti, presoliti&
!here are fe$ intransitive verbs in this group2 preterati, prepiti, prestariti& Jeflexive verbs are slightl# more fre.uent than intransitive2 premoriti se, prehladiti se (slight shi"t in meaning), prezadužiti se.
+a) Eerbs that denote crossing certain limit constitute one subgroup of verbs $ith this meaning2 prestupiti, premašiti, preteći& 6) !here is a rather limited set of verbs in $hich the prefix pre7 serves onl# as means of perfectivisation2 prevariti, prestrašiti, presuditi, and a fe$ more Eerbs $hich do not fall into an# of the given categories are2 prevideti, prečuti, preuzeti, preoteti, predati, prepustiti, prepoznati, presaviti, prepasti, preporučiti, prestati, preostati, pregovarati, premišljati (se)
9. @$'*3& 4 th$ 7!$4*8 raz-
Qudging b# the number of verbs $ith $hich it is combined, as $ell as the number of allomorphs and the abundance of meanings, the prefix raz- can be considered to be one of the most productive prefixes in /erbian language 13
/imilarl# to the prefix iz-, the prefix raz-, apart from its basic form, has five allomorphs, $hich are as follo$s2 K
ras7 $hen the prefix is follo$ed b# a
verb beginning $ith a voiceless consonant
K
raš- is found in verbs such as raščešljati, raščupati, rašćeretati se.
K
raž 7
is found onl# in several rare verbs, such as raž#ipati se, raždžarati, raždžilitati
se.
K
ra7 is a fre.uentl# found allomorph, such as in the case of raseliti, raseći, raširiti.
K
raza7
is found $hen the prefix is follo$ed b# a verb beginning $ith a consonant
cluster2 razaznati, razaslati, razabrati. !he meaning of the prefix raz- has a rather centrali:ed meaning, that is, it is in close relation to the ?protot#pical meaning? defined b# %li"ovac (1998) as ?moving from center to the peripher#@ 5o$ever, the semantics in .uestion are rather complex, $ith numerous variations and alterations of the basic meaning, $ith a significant influence of metaphorical meanings 1) !he first group of verbs $ith this prefix denotes dividing or brea"ing apart an ob&ect or a group, and it includes transitive verbs such as2 razbiti, razlomiti, rasinuti, rasomadati, razmaći, razneti, razderati, raščlaniti, razliti, rasuti, razbacati, raseliti, razjuriti, razvesti& 'a) A subgroup of these verbs denotes movement in various directions, often $ithout
violent brea"ing apart of a $hole2 rasprodati, raspustiti, raspremiti& !his meaning can also be reali:ed figurativel#2 razglasiti, rastrubiti, razmnožavati& Jeflexive verbs $ith this meaning are2 raspasti se, razleteti se, razmileti se& A more abstract variation of the meaning is found in the verb raščuti se. 1b) Another subgroup includes verbs $ith metaphorical application of the prefix2 razabrati, razaznati, raspoznati, razliovati, razumeti, razmišljati, rasu#ivati, raspraviti, razvrstati& )
Eerbs $ith prefix raz- can also denote an increase in circumference or area, as a result of
movement in t$o or three dimensions2 razviti, razmotati, razapeti& <) Another meaning is that of a change in firmness or ph#sical state, as in verbs2 raslimati, razvezati, razrešiti, raščešljati, rastopiti, rasraviti, rastvoriti, rasvasiti, razmutiti, rasuvati, razrediti, razblažiti&
) Eerbs $ith this prefix can often denote the diminshment or the opposite of building, binding, compactness, as $ell as other activities2 razgraditi, rasovati, razlepiti, rasplesti, razmrsiti, raspetljati, razviti, razmotati, razočarati, razdužiti, razuzdati,
14
and more
+) An interesting group of these verbs possesses ingressive and factitive meaning, ie denote causing a mood in someone2 razveseliti, rastužiti, ražalostiti, razljutiti, raznežiti, razbesneti, razdražiti& a)
!hese verbs can express not onl# the beginning, but also the further phases of a
condition (intensive meaning)2 rashladiti, razvedriti, razmaziti, as $ell as reflexive2 razbutati se, rasplamteti se, razmahati se,
and can further denote imposing
behaviour2 raspričati se, razviati se, rasoodaati se& 6) !here are no definite examples of exclusive perfectivisation $ith this prefix Eerbs $hich do not fall into an# of the aforementioned categories are2 razoriti, razbucati, raštrati, razgaliti, razdrljiti...
<. P!$4*8$& iz-, pre-, ' raz- * th$ t$8t 4 '&7$t ' aktionsart
Building on the results of the stud# b# *ova"ov ('+), conducted on a sample of /erbian verbs and using Eendlers tests in order to determine the relationship bet$een prefixation and the features of verbal aspect and situation t#pe, several conclusions can be made As noted b# *ova"ov ('+) after Babić (1986), as $ell as b# ;ilivo&ević ('+), verbs $ith prefixes are normall# perfective b# nature f a verb $ith a prefix is imperfective, the cause of this divergence from the rule can be found in the reverse course of events Babić asserts that the verb in .uestion $as not derived b# prefixation, but rather b# imperfectivi:ation of a perfective verb !his is primaril# achieved b# the use of an infix !hus, one can expect, unless in the cases of imperfectivi:ation, that verbs $ith prefixes $ill in general be perfective, regardless of the aspect of the base verb, and this assumption $as confirmed in *ova"ovs stud#, as $e $ill later see on the examples of the three selected prefixes Before $e proceed to the brief anal#sis of the results regarding the three prefixes, it is necessar# to note that, as pointed out b# ;ilivo&ević ('+), no definitive conclusions can be dra$n b# observing verbs in isolation, since the situation significantl# changes once the verb is observed in full linguistic context 5o$ever, a more detailed anal#sis of verbs in full context $ould re.uire a more extensive sample and a broader discussion, $hich $ould
15
surpass the scope of this paper !hus, $e $ill focus on the more generali:ed results offered in *ova"ov ('+), a$are of the limitations imposed b# such approach
<..
P!$4*8 iz ' '&7$t ' aktionsart
According to the sample used in the stud# b# *ova"ov ('+), verbs combined $ith this prefix are most commonl# activities (around 9G), and rarel# achievements and states Cnce verbs denoting activities are combined $ith this prefix, the situation t#pe changes from activit# to either accomplishment or achievement /imilarl# to activities, combination of a state $ith the prefix *iz causes the situation t#pe to change from state to achievement n the cases of prefixation of achievements, the situation t#pe remains unchanged !he primar# conclusion to be dra$n from these results is that the shift of the feature goal from to O, or the preservation of the latter, indicate perfectiveness of the verb As all verbs $ith the given prefix are either accomplishments or achievements, possessing the feature Ogoal, this conclusion can be generali:ed to virtuall# all non7imperfectivi:ed verbs $ith this prefix
<.2.
P!$4*8 raz- ' '&7$t ' aktionsart
/imilarl# to verbs $ith prefix iz 7, verbs combined $ith the prefix raz- are most commonl# activities, and less often states and achievements !he shift of the situation t#pes after the perfectivi:ation follo$s the pattern observed in the case of the prefix iz-. Cnce again, the verbs $ith the given prefix are either accomplishments or achievements, regardless of the situation t#pe of the original verb, $ith the distinction being that in the case of achievements, there is no change in situation t#pe, in the case of states, the shift is primaril# to$ards achievements, $hile activities can become either accomplishments of achievements Fisregarding the possibilit# of imperfectivi:ation, the verbs $ith prefix ra:7 are normall# perfective
<..
P!$4*8 pre- ' '&7$t ' aktionsart
16
As noted b# *ova"ov ('+), verbs combined $ith this prefix are most commonl# activities (8DG), $ith a limited number of achievements (11G), and onl# several states Activities and states in combination $ith this prefixes become either accomplishments or achievements, $hile achievements suffer no change in situation t#pe Again, verbs derived b# combination $ith this prefix are perfective t is difficult to oversee the recurring pattern in the situation t#pe shifts and aspect of the verbs combined $ith prefixes !his pattern spea"s in favor of the aforementioned premise that prefixation e.uals perfectivi:ation, $hile in terms of situation t#pe, verbs $ith prefixes tend to be accomplishments or achievements, that is, tend to possess the feature Ogoal Apart from the stated change in the feature of goal, $hich is the most prominent, it should also be noted that the features affected in the process of prefixation are also stativit# and duration 5o$ever, it should once again be noted that different patterns could be observed in broader contexts, and that these contexts can steer the meaning and grammatical behavior of verbs is different and often unpredictable directions
?. V$!/& C*th 7!$4*8$& iz-, pre-, ' raz ' th$*! E3#*&h $:u*5'#$t&
n this section, the author $ill offer a short list of -nglish e.uivalents of verbs combined $ith prefixes iz-, pre-, and raz- and briefl# comment on the observable patterns a) P!$4*8 iz-
K
i:vući pull out
K
i:gledati loo" (a certain $a#)
K
isprl&ati sull#, ma"e dirt#, less direct e.uivalent2 stain
K
i:mlatiti beat up
K
i:duvati se let (blo$) off steam, deflate /) P!$4*8 pre-
K
prepisati cop# 1'
K
precrtati trace, cross out
K
pres"o3iti &ump over, s"ip
K
pre&esti se overeat
K
preLtampati reprint ) P!$4*8 raz
K
ra:gledati loo" around, bro$se
K
raspa"ovati unpac"
K
ra:&asniti ma"e clear
K
ra:vedriti brighten up, clear up
K
ra:vesti 7 divorce !he given examples confirm the premise stated in *ova"ov ('+), that -nglish
e.uivalents of verbs $ith prefixes rarel# include prefixes, $ith the most common prefixes re7 and over7 usuall# occurring as the e.uivalents of verbs $ith prefix pre7 Another relativel# fre.uent prefix is un7, $hich most commonl# occurs in e.uivalents of verbs $ith prefix od7, but appears in our list as $ell as $ithin the e.uivalent of the verb raspaovati !here are also instances of lexical verbs $hich, in themselves, contain the meaning denoted b# the /erbian verb $ith a prefix (divorce, trace, bro$se, cop#) Another option is the use of catenative constructions as -nglish e.uivalents n general, some of the most fre.uent -nglish e.uivalents of these verbs are phrasal verbs, $hile the detailed argumentation of this h#pothesis is offered in the stud# b# ;ilivo&ević ('+) >. #u&*
As noted in the section '', verbal prefixation is one of the most productive processes of verbal derivation !he nuances in meaning arising from this process are numerous and ma"e the process of creating a comprehensive classification of prefix meanings exceedingl# difficult Fespite the differences in approaches of various authors arising from this problem, the list of prefixes in /erbian is generall# agreed upon, and the classifications of meanings offered b# grammarians overlap significantl# !his paper has not focused on more detailed
1(
classifications of certain prefix meanings $hich $ere the result of the application of tree or net$or" models, due to their complexit#, primaril# in terms of interpretation Jegarding the relationship bet$een prefixation and aspect and a"tionsart, the readil# observable patterns spea" in favor of the conclusion that prefixation e.uals perfectivi:ation and presence of the Ogoal feature, ho$ever, these conclusions are not generali:able due to the lac" of in7depth anal#sis in full linguistic context !he sample of the -nglish e.uivalents offered in this paper $as too small for generali:ations, $hich is $h# the author has resorted to the anal#sis of the results of more detailed studies
1)
REFERENES
1 Babić, / (1986) !vorba ri&e3i u hrvats"om "n&iMevnom &e:i"u2 *acrt :a gramati"u Iagreb2 QAIH7=lobus . Barić et al (19D9) +riručna gramatia hrvatsog njiževnog jezia Iagreb2 R"ols"a "n&iga . Belić, A (199) avremeni srpsohrvatsi njiževni jezi. %% deo /aua o gra#enju reči Beograd2 *au3na "n&iga =ric"at, (1966) ?0refi"saci&a "ao sredstvo gramati3"e (3iste) perfe"ti:aci&e@ 0užnoslovensi "ilolog SSE2 18+''< + %la&n, ('') 1vorba reči u savremenom srpsom jeziu. % deo laganje, +re"isacija. *ovi /ad2 Iavod :a udMbeni"e i nastavna sredstva 6 %li"ovac, F (1998) ?C :na3en&u srps"og glagols"og prefi"sa ra:7 ("ognitivnolingvisti3"i pristup)@ /aš jezi SSS2 1+<16D 2. >es"ien, A (191) 3ramati der serbo-roatischen prache. 5eidelberg2 arl 4inters Hniversitaatsbuchhandlung 8 ;aretić, ! (1899) 3ramatia i stilistia hrvatsoga ili srpsoga njiževnog jezia Iagreb2 %ugli 9 ;ilivo&ević, * ('+) T0articles and 0refixes in -nglish and /erbian@ 456+4 2 6+7 D+ '7. *i"olić, B (19D') ?Csnovni principi tvorbe re3i u savremenom srps"ohrvats"om "n&iMevnom &e:i"u@, /aš jezi SS2 D', 1'1+, 'D<'86 11 *ova"ov, 0 ('+) 3lagolsi vid i tip glagolse situacije u englesom i srpsom jeziu *ovi /ad2 utura 1' /"o", 0 (19D1719D) 4timologijsi rječni hrvatsoga ili srpsoga jezia %*%8 , Iagreb2 QAIH '. /tevanović, ; (196) avremeni srpsohrvatsi jezi. Beograd2 *au3na "n&iga 1 Easili&ević, F ('1') ?0refi"salna tvorba glagola u srps"om i u"ra&ins"om &e:i"u@ 9borni naučnih radova SE %i&ev2 Hniver:itet u %i&evu2 1<7'8
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