CURSO: EMBRIOLOGÍA
TEMA:
ONCOGENÉTICA: GENÉTICA DEL CÁNCER
ALUMNOS: CERVERA VARÍAS CRISTHIAN LA TORRE GALVEZ GALVEZ CRISTHIAN GOMEZ ECHEANDIA SOFIA PANTA QUEZADA, KRISTELL VELÁSQUEZ MONTENEGRO ÁNGELA
I.
Introducción
Las da!s a"#a$%s &'d&"a' (#% a)*!+&ada%'% #'a d% "ada "#a*! #%*%s s% d%-% a$ ".'"%* / (#% .s d% $a &ad d% $a )!-$a"&0' s% $% d&a1'!s&"a*. #' ".'"%* &'2as&2! %' a$13' !%'! d% s#s 2&das4 La &'"&d%'"&a d% #"5!s ".'"%*%s %s. a#%'a'd!, %' 1*a' )a*% d%-&d! a$ &'"*%%'% d% $a %dad %d&a d% $a )!-$a"&0'4 Las "a#sas d%$ ".'"%* s!' #'a %6"$a d% a$%*a"&!'%s a-&%'a$%s / 1%'7&"as (#% &%'%' $#1a* %' '#%*!s!s %8&d!s4 La )*%d&s)!s&"&0' 1%'7&"a d%s%)%9a #' )a)%$ %' a$1#'as a&$&as4 E' $a a"#a$&dad, $!s %s)%"a"#$a*%s a2a'"%s d% $a -&!$!1;a / $a 1%'7&"a !$%"#$a* 5a' "$a*&&"ad! $!s %$%%'!s !$%"#$a*%s -.s&"!s d%$ ".'"%* / !*%"%' #' %s-! %s-!6! 6! %s(# %s(#% %. .&" &"!! d% $!s $!s s#"% s#"%s! s!ss "%$# "%$#$a $a*% *%ss (#% (#% )*!2 )*!2!" !"a' a' %sa %sa %'% %'%*% *%da dad4 d4 C!)*% C!)*%'d% 'd%*$! *$!ss %'d*. %'d*. #'a &)!* &)!*a'" a'"&a &a "*#"&a "*#"&a$$ %' %$ "!' "!'*! *!$$ d%$ d%$ ".'"% ".'"%*, *, /a (#% "&%'a*. #'a -as% d% "!'!"&&%'! (#% d%-%*;a "!'d#"&* a #'a %8!*;a s&1'&&"a&2a d% $!s *aa&%'!s /, )!s&-$%%'%, a $a )*%2%'"&0'4
II. II.1.
Genes y cáncer Deinición
E$ ".'"%* %s #' 1*#)! d% *as!*'!s (#% &%'%' %' "!3' %$ *as1! d% #' "*%"&&%'! "%$#$a* &'"!'*!$ad!4 Es! )*!d#"% #'a asa d% "7$#$as d%'!&'ada '%!)$as&a ! #!*4 E' $a a"#a$&dad s% "!'!"%' #"5as d% $as "a*a"%*;s&"as -&!$01&"as -.s&"as d% $a "a*"&' "a*"&'!17 !17'%s '%s&s4 &s4 A $! $a*1! $a*1! d% '#% '#%s* s*as as 2&das, 2&das, #"5as #"5as d% '#% '#%s* s*as as "7$#$a "7$#$ass s&1#%' s&1#%' "*%"&%'d! / d&%*%'"&.'d!s%4 C7$#$as ad*% *%$a&2a%'% &'d&%*%'"&adas )*!d#"%' 1*a'd%s "a'&dad%s d% "7$#$as d%s"%'d&%'%s )a*a *%)!-$a* / *%'!2a* '#%s*as "a)as d%%'s d%%'s&2a &2ass 1asad 1asadas4 as4 G*a"&a G*a"&ass a $a &'%1 &'%1*a" *a"&0' &0' d% $a &'!* &'!*a"& a"&0' 0' !*%" !*%"&da &da )!* #'a "!)$%8a s%*&% d% s%9a$%s -&!(#;&"as, "!' %$ &%)! $as '#%2as "7$#$as d%8a' d% d&2&d&*s% / s% d&%*%'"&a' %' #' &)! "%$#$a* ad%"#ad! )a*a s# #'"&0' "!*)!*a$4 E' "a-&! s& $a "7$#$a %s a'!*a$ ! %s. da9ada, s#*% a)!)!s&s4 E' !"as&!'%s, #'a d% %sas "7$#$as '! s% d&%*%'"&a / %)&%6a a d&2&d&*s% s&' )a*a*4 L!s d%s"%'d&%'%s d% %sas "7$#$as )#%d%' "!'2%*&*s% %' $!s #'dad!*%s d% '%!)$as&as, "a)a"%s d% *a's!*a*s% )!s%*&!*%'% %' #' ".'"%* &'2as&2! %as.s&"!4 La "a#s "a#saa -.s& -.s&"a "a d%$ d%$ ".'" ".'"%* %* %s %$ da9! da9! d% 1%'% 1%'%ss %s)% %s)%"; ";& &"! "!s4 s4 N! N!* *a$ a$% %' '%, %, $as $as #a"&!'%s d% %s!s 1%'%s s% a"##$a' %' $as "7$#$as s!.&"as d#*a'% a9!s, 5asa (#% #'a "7$#$a *%3'% %$ '3%*! s#&"&%'% d% %**!*%s )a*a &'&"&a* #' #!*4 N! !-sa'%, s& $!s da9!s s% )*!d#"%' %' "7$#$as d% $;'%a 1%*&'a$, #'a !*a a$%*ada d% #'! d% %s!s 1%'%s )#%d% *a's&&*s% a $!s d%s"%'d&%'%s / )*%d&s)!'%*$!s a$ ".'"%*4 E$ a/!* *&%s1! d% ".'"%* d% %sas )%*s!'as s% d%-% a$ 5%"5! d% (#% "ada #'a d% s#s "7$#$as 5a dad! %$ )*&%* )as! d% $!s 2a*&!s (#% "!)!'%' "!)!'%' %$ "a&'! "a&'! d%$ ".'"%*4 ".'"%*4
II.!.
Tu"ores
E$ "*%"&&%'! "%$#$a* &'"!'*!$ad! )*!d#"% #'a asa d% "7$#$as d%'!&'ada '%!)$as&a ! #!*4 La !*a"&0' d% #!*%s s% d%'!&'a #!*!17'%s&s4 Pa*a (#% $as "7$#$as )#%da' %s"a)a* d% $as *%s*&""&!'%s '!*a$%s (#% &)&d%' s# )*!$&%*a"&0' &'"!'*!$ada
d%-%' %'%* $#1a* 2a*&!s s#"%s!s "$a2%4 D%-%' )*!d#"&*s% / )*!"*%a*s% s%9a$%s d% "*%"&&%'! ad&"&!'a$%s / $as "7$#$as d%-%' ad(#&*&* *%s&s%'"&a a $as s%9a$%s (#% &'5&-%' s# "*%"&&%'! %' "!'d&"&!'%s '!*a$%s4 Dad! (#% 5a-&#a$%'% %sas "a*a"%*;s&"as d%s%'"ad%'a*;a' %$ )*!"%s! d% a)!)!s&s, $as "7$#$as d%-%' &'2a$&da* %s% )*!"%s! d% a$13' !d!4 E$ #!* '%"%s&a a$&%'a*s% d% a$13' !d!, )!*(#% $! (#% d%-% !-%'%* '#%2a &**&1a"&0' sa'1#;'%a %d&a'% a'1&!17'%s&s4 Pa*a (#% %$ #!* ad(#&%*a $a "!'d&"&0' d% a$&1'!, %' $a "#a$ $as '%!)$as&as &'2ad%' %8&d!s "%*"a'!s / s% %asa&6a' a $#1a*%s .s $%8a'!s d%$ "#%*)!, d%-% s#)%*a* !*as s%9a$%s &'5&-&d!*as4 La "a)a"&dad d% &'2ad&* / %asa&6a* d&s&'1#% $as '%!)$as&as a$&1'as d% $as -%'&1'as4 L!s #!*%s s% "$as&&"a' %' #'"&0' d%$ &)! d% %8&d! %' %$ (#% s#*1%'4 L!s )*&'"&)a$%s &)!s d% #!*%s s!' $!s d% %8&d! %)&%$&a$ <"a*"&'!as=, %$ %8&d! "!'%"&2!
!.#. $or"%s &ered%'(es de( Cáncer Las )*#%-as &'d&"a' (#% %' #' 1*a' '3%*! d% &)!s d% ".'"%*, %'*% %$$!s $!s .s *%"#%'%s, '! s0$! s!' &)!*a'%s $as &'$#%'"&as a-&%'a$%s, s&'! (#% a-&7' %+&s% #'a )*%d&s)!s&"&0' 5%*%d&a*&a4 E' $a a/!*;a d% $!s "as!s, %$ ".'"%* d% )#$0' %s. "$a*a%'% *%$a"&!'ad! "!' %$ a-a"!, )%*! s% 5a d%!s*ad! (#% $a !*a$&dad )!* %sa '%!)$as&a %s s#)%*&!* %' $!s )a*&%'%s '! #ad!*%s <)ad*%s / 5%*a'!s= d% $!s )a"&%'%s "!' ".'"%* d% )#$0' (#% %' $!s )a*&%'%s '! #ad!*%s d% $!s %s&1!s4 Las !*as 5%*%d&a*&as d% ".'"%* )#%d%' d&2&d&*s% %' *%s "a%1!*;as:
S)ndro"es c%ncerosos &eredit%rios. S% &'"$#/%' ".'"%*%s -&%' d%&'&d!s %' $!s (#% $a *a's&s&0' 5%*%d&a*&a d% #' s!$! 1%' #a'% a#%'a #"5! %$ *&%s1! d% d%sa**!$$a* #' #!*4 La )*%d&s)!s&"&0' a s#*&* %s!s ".'"%*%s s&1#% #' )a*0' d% 5%*%'"&a a#!s0&"! d!&'a'%4 E$ %8%)$! .s %s)%"a"#$a* %s %$ d%$ *%&'!-$as!a &'a'&$4 A)*!+&ada%'% %$ >? @ d% $!s *%&'!-$as!as s!' a&$&a*%s4 E$ *&%s1! d% d%sa**!$$a* %s% #!*, 1%'%*a$%'% d% a'%*a -&$a%*a$, %s ? ??? 2%"%s a/!* %' $!s )!*ad!*%s d% %s% 1%' (#% %' $!s '! )!*ad!*%s4 Ad%.s, "!**%' a-&7' #' *&%s1! a/!* d% d%sa**!$$a* #' s%1#'d! ".'"%*, %' %s)%"&a$ %$ sa*"!a !s%!17'&"!4 La )!$&)!s&s ad%'!a!sa a&$&a*
E' "ada s;'d*!%, $!s #!*%s a%"a' a %8&d!s / $!"a$&6a"&!'%s d%%*&'adas4 E' %$ s;'d*!% d% '%!)$as&as %'d!"*&'as 3$&)$%s
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a%"ad!s s!' %$ &*!&d%s, $as )a*a&*!&d%s / $as s#)*a**%'a$%s, )%*! s&' )*%d&s)!s&"&0' a )ad%"%* ".'"%*%s %' 1%'%*a$4 L!s #!*%s d% %s% 1*#)! s#%$%' as!"&a*s% a #' %'!&)! &'d&"ad!* %s)%";&"!4 E' %$ %8&d! a%"ad! )#%d%' a)a*%"%* 3$&)$%s #!*%s -%'&1'!s, "!! !"#**% %' $a )!$&)!s&s a&$&a* d%$ "!$!' ! %' $as MEN4 A 2%"%s, $!s %8&d!s )*%s%'a' a$%*a"&!'%s (#% '! "!'s&#/%' $a d&a'a d% $a *a's!*a"&0' <'0d#$!s d% L&s"5 / $as a'"5as d% "a7 "!' $%"5% %' $a '%#*!&-*!a!s&s d% &)! =4 C!! s#"%d% %' !*!s *as!*'!s a#!s0&"!s d!&'a'%s, $a )%'%*a'"&a %s &'"!)$%a / $a %+)*%s&2&dad 2a*&a-$%4
Cánceres %"i(i%res. L!s &)!s *%"#%'%s d% ".'"%* (#% a)a*%"%' d% a'%*a %s)!*.d&"a s% 5a' d%s"*&! a-&7' %' !*as a&$&a*%s <"a*"&'!as d% "!$!', aa, !2a*&! ! #!*%s "%*%-*a$%s=4 L!s 5%"5!s (#% "a*a"%*&6a' a $!s ".'"%*%s a&$&a*%s s!':
Edad %)*a'a d% a)a*&"&0'4 A%"a"&0' )!* #' #!* s&&$a* %' d!s ! .s )a*&%'%s d% )*&%* 1*ad! d%$ "as! ;'d&"%4 A)a*&"&0' d% a$1#'!s #!*%s -&$a%*a$%s ! 3$&)$%s4
L!s ".'"%*%s a&$&a*%s '! s% as!"&a' a %'!&)!s &'d&"ad!*%s %s)%";&"!s4 A$ "!'*a*&! d% $! (#% s#"%d% "!' %$ s;'d*!% d% )!$&)!s&s ad%'!a!sa a&$&a*, $!s ".'"%*%s a&$&a*%s d% "!$!' '! )*!"%d%' d% )0$&)!s )*%%+&s%'%s4 L!s a'.$&s&s d% s%1*%1a"&0' d% 1*a'd%s a&$&as s#%$%' *%2%$a* (#% $a )*%d&s)!s&"&0' a $!s #!*%s %s d!&'a'%, )%*! %s &)!s&-$% d%s"a*a* "!' s%1#*&dad #'a 5%*%'"&a #$&a"!*&a$4 A$1#'!s ".'"%*%s a&$&a*%s )!d*;a' %sa* *%$a"&!'ad!s "!' $a 5%*%'"&a d% 1%'%s #a'%s
S)ndro"es %utosó"icos recesi*os con deectos de re+%r%ción de( DNA. S% "a*a"%*&6a' )!* &'%sa-&$&dad d% $!s "*!!s!as ! d%$ DNA4 E$ .s "!'!"&d! %s %$ xeroderma pigmentosum, %' %$ (#% %+&s% #' d%%"! d% $a *%)a*a"&0' d%$ DNA4 R%s#$a &)!s&-$% "a$"#$a* $a "!'*&-#"&0' d% $a 5%*%'"&a a $a "a*1a aa$ d%$ ".'"%* 5#a'!4 S&' %-a*1!, %$ %8!* ".$"#$! &'d&"a (#% $as *%s "a%1!*;as %'"&!'adas a)%'as a-a*"a' a$ 0 ? @ d% !d!s $!s ".'"%*%s 5#a'!s4 Es )!s&-$% (#% $as '%!)$as&as a$&1'as d%)%'da' )!* "!)$%! ! %' 1*a' %d&da d% $!s a"!*%s a-&%'a$%s4 S&' %-a*1!, "ada 2%6 %+&s% a/!* "!'2%'"&&%'! d% (#% $a a#s%'"&a d% a'%"%d%'%s a&$&a*%s '! &)$&"a $a &'%+&s%'"&a d% #' "!)!'%'% 5%*%d&a*&! 1%'7&"!4 E$ 1%'!&)! a-&7' )!d*;a &'$#&* d% a'%*a &)!*a'% %' $a )*!-a-&$&dad d% d%sa**!$$a* ".'"%*%s &'d#"&d!s )!* a"!*%s a-&%'a$%s4 Es #/ )*!-a-$% (#% $as 2a*&a"&!'%s 5%*%d&a*&as <)!$&!*&s!s= d% $as %'6&as (#% %a-!$&6a' $!s )*!"a*"&'01%'!s 5a"&a s#s !*as "a*"&'01%'as a"&2as &'$#/a' %' $a s#s"%)&-&$&dad a$
".'"%*4 A %s% *%s)%"!, *%s#$a' &'%*%sa'%s $!s 1%'%s (#% "!d&&"a' $as %'6&as "&!"*!! P>P4
!.,. Etio(o-)% y $%ctores ue inter*ienen en (% etio(o-)% de( cáncer. T&)!s d&%*%'%s d% ".'"%* &%'%' "a#sas d&%*%'%s / )#%d%' d%)%'d%* d% #"5!s a"!*%s4 A$1#'!s ".'"%*%s s!' .s "!#'%s (#% !*!s / $as )!s&-&$&dad%s d% s#)%*2&2%'"&a 2a*;a' %'*% &)!s d&s&'!s4 La a/!*;a d% $!s ".'"%*%s '! &%'%' "a#sas "!'!"&das d% !*&1%' (#;&"!, a-&%'a$, 1%'7&"!, &'#'!$01&"! ! 2&*a$ / a-&7' s#*1%' %s)!'.'%a%'% )!* "a#sas (#% s!' )!* $! a'! &'%+)$&"a-$%s4 Las "a#sas d%$ ".'"%* s!' #/ "!)$%8as % &)$&"a' a'! a "7$#$as "!! a a"!*%s %' %$ %d&! a-&%'%4 S% 5a' *%a$&6ad! #"5!s a2a'"%s %' $a &d%'&&"a"&0' d% "a#sas )!s&-$%s d% ".'"%*, (#% &'"$#/%':
Sust%nci%s u)"ic%s y de otro ti+o. La %+)!s&"&0' a s#sa'"&as "!! %s %$ "as! d% "&%*as s#sa'"&as (#;&"as, %a$%s ! )%s&"&das, )#%d% a#%'a* %$ *&%s1! d% ".'"%*4 T!da s#sa'"&a (#;&"a (#% s% sa-% )*!d#"&* ".'"%* s% "!'!"% "!! "a*"&'01%'!4 As-%s!, ';(#%$, "ad&!, #*a'&!, *ad0', "$!*#*! d% 2&'&$!, -%'"&d%'! / -%'"%'! s!' %8%)$!s d% "a*"&'01%'!s "!'!"&d!s4 Es!s )#%d%' a"#a* d% a'%*a a&s$ada ! "!'8#'a%'% "!' !*!s "a*"&'01%'!s, "!! %$ 5#! d%$ "&1a**&$$!, )a*a &'"*%%'a* %$ *&%s1! d% ".'"%*4 P!* %8%)$!, $a &'5a$a"&0' d% &-*as d% as-%s! a#%'a %$ *&%s1! d% %'%*%dad%s )#$!'a*%s, &'"$#&d! %$ ".'"%* / %$ *&%s1! d% ".'"%* %s %s)%"&a$%'% a$! )a*a $as )%*s!'as (#% *a-a8a' "!' as-%s! / #a'4 T%'%co. L!s "a*"&'01%'!s .s "!#'%s %' '#%s*a s!"&%dad s!' a(#%$$!s )*%s%'%s %' %$ 5#! d%$ "&1a**&$$!4 S% sa-% (#% %$ 5#! d%$ a-a"! "!'&%'% a$ %'!s ? "a*"&'01%'!s / s#sa'"&as 0+&"as )a*a %$ d%sa**!$$!4 Ad%.s d% "a#sa* ?@ a ?@ d% $!s ".'"%*%s d% )#$0', %$ "!'s#! d% a-a"! s% as!"&a a-&7' "!' ".'"%*%s d% $a -!"a, a*&'1%, $a*&'1%, %s0a1!, ).'"*%as, *&90' / 2%8&1a4 E2&a* $!s )*!d#"!s d%$ a-a"! %s #'a a'%*a d% d&s&'#&* %$ *&%s1! d% ".'"%* d% #'a )%*s!'a4
R%di%ción ioni/%nte. C&%*!s &)!s d% *ad&a"&0', "!! *ad&!1*a;as, *a/!s d% s#sa'"&as *ad&!a"&2as / *a/!s #$*a2&!$%as d% $a %+)!s&"&0' a$ s!$, )#%d%' )*!d#"&* da9! a$ ADN d% $as "7$#$as, $! "#a$ )#%d% )*!2!"a* ".'"%*4 0erenci%. C&%*!s &)!s d% ".'"%* !"#**%' .s *%"#%'%%'% %' a$1#'as a&$&as (#% %' !*as, $! "#a$ &'d&"a "&%*a )*%d&s)!s&"&0' 5%*%dada a $a a)a*&"&0' d%$ ".'"%*4 S&' %-a*1!, &'"$#s! %' %s!s "as!s, %$ %d&! a-&%'% d%s%)%9a #'a #'"&0' %' %$ d%sa**!$$! d%$ ".'"%*4 $ACTORES DE RIESGO DE CNCER Dad! (#% %$ ".'"%* '! %s #'a s!$a %'%*%dad, '! &%'% #'a s!$a "a#sa4 M#"5as "a#sas ! a"!*%s d% *&%s1! )#%d%' "!'*&-#&* a $a )!s&-&$&dad d% (#% #'a )%*s!'a "!'*a&1a %$ ".'"%*4 L!s a"!*%s d% *&%s1! s!' d&%*%'%s "!' "ada &)! d% ".'"%*4 Es &)!*a'% *%"!*da* (#% #'a d% "ada *%s )%*s!'as )ad%"%*. ".'"%* d#*a'% s# 2&da4 Los factores de riesgo son elementos que aumentan la posibilidad de contraer cáncer. La mayoría de los cánceres probablemente se relacionan con más de un factor de riesgo. Algunos factores de riesgo pueden controlarse mientras que otros no.
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$ACTORES DEL ESTILO DE 2IDA Las %$%""&!'%s )%*s!'a$%s (#% *%a$&6a!s s!-*% $a a'%*a %' (#% 2&2&!s )#%d%' a#%'a* '#%s*a )*!-a-&$&dad d% "!'*a%* ".'"%*4 Esas %$%""&!'%s s% d%'!&'a' a"!*%s d%$ %s&$! d% 2&da % &'"$#/%' "!'s#! d% a-a"!, "!'s#! %+"%s&2! d% -%-&das a$"!50$&"as % &'1%sa d% a$&%'!s "!' #' %+"%s! d% "a$!*;as, a$! "!'%'&d! 1*as! / -a8! "!'%'&d! d% &-*as4 O*!s a"!*%s (#% a#%'a' %$ *&%s1! s% *%$a"&!'a' "!' %$ "!'a"! s%+#a$ / $a %+)!s&"&0' a$ s!$4
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!.B. ANOMALAS CROMOSMICAS EN EL CÁNCER Las a$%*a"&!'%s "*!!s0&"as %' $as '%!)$as&as 5a s&d! *#";%*a, )a*&"#$a*%'% %' $a 3$&a d7"ada, /a (#% 5a )%*&&d! &)!*a'%s a2a'"%s %' %$ %'%'d&&%'! d%$ %'0%'! d% $a *a's!*a"&0' a$&1'a / 5a "!'d#"&d! a$ d%s"#-*&&%'! d% a$%*a"&!'%s "&!1%'7&"as 3&$%s %' %$ d&a1'0s&"! / %$ %sa-$%"&&%'! d%$ )*!'0s&"! %' $as $%#"%&as, $!s $&'!as / $!s #!*%s s0$&d!s, $! &s! (#% a$ "!'!"&&%'! d% $!s !' "!1%'%s, $!s a'&!'"!1%'%s ! 1%'%s s#)*%s!*%s / s# #'"&!'a&%'!, $! (#% 5a"% )!s&-$% 2&s$#-*a* )%*s)%"&2as a$%'ad!*as )a*a $a )*%2%'"&0' / %$ *aa&%'! d%$ ".'"%*4 L!s 2;'"#$!s d% $as a$%*a"&!'%s "*!!s0&"as "!' %$ ".'"%* s% %sa-$%"&%*!' d%sd% $!s &'&"&!s d% $a "&!1%'7&"a, a$ *%"!'!"%* (#% $as a'!*a$&dad%s "!'s&#"&!'a$%s
)*%s%'a' %$%2ada *%"#%'"&a d% ".'"%*: $!s )a"&%'%s "!' s;'d*!% d% D!' <*&s!;a d%$ "*!!s!a = )*%s%'a' $%#"%&a a1#da "!' #'a *%"#%'"&a ? a 2%"%s a/!* (#% $!s '&9!s '!*a$%s d% $a &sa %dad $!s s#8%!s "!' s;'d*!% d% K$&'%%$%* <>, = &%'%' *%"#%'"&a d% ".'"%* d% aa s&&$a* a $a d% $as #8%*%s '!*a$%s, / $!s )a"&%'%s "!' %$ s;'d*!% d% $a d&s1%'%s&a 1!'ada$ &+a, (#&%'%s )*%s%'a' #' "a*&!&)! >, >, ! >4 , d&"<(=, <"*!!s!a d&"7'*&"!, %s d%"&* "!' d!s "%'*0%*!s=, ! $!s (#% )*%s%'a' d&s1%'%s&a 1!'ada$ , &%'%' '%!)$as&as d%$ &)! d%$ 1!'ad!-$as!a ! d%$ d&s1%**'&'!a4 La !*a $;'%a d% %2&d%'"&a (#% d%s)%*0 '!a-$% &'%*7s #% %$ d%s"#-*&&%'! d% (#% $as "7$#$as a$&1'as #%s*a' &)!*a'%s a'!*a$&dad%s %' %$ '3%*! ! %' $a %s*#"#*a d% $!s "*!!s!as4 Es "a*a"%*;s&"! %'"!'*a* %' $as "7$#$as #!*a$%s a#%'! <5&)%*d&)$!&d;a=, ! d&s&'#"&0' <5&)!d&)$!&d;a= %' %$ '3%*! d% $!s "*!!s!as "7$#$as (#% "!'&%'%' #' '3%*! "*!!s0&"! a)a*%'%%'% '!*a$ )%*! )*%s%'a' a-%**a"&!'%s %s*#"#*a$%s <"7$#$as )s%#d!d&)$!&d%s=: '#%*!s!s *!)&&%'!s "!' *a"#*as, *a1%'!s a"7'*&"!s, "*!!s!as a*"ad!*%s d% a)a*&%'"&a -&6a**a, "*!!s!as d&&'#!s, d&"7'*&"!s, *&"7'*&"!s ! %' a'&$$!4 Ta-&7' )#%d% !-s%*2a*s% %$ %'0%'! d% $a %'d!**%d#)$&"a"&0'4 %' %$ "#a$ $!s "*!!s!as s% d#)$&"a' )%*! '! s% s%)a*a'4 E' %s% "a)!, s&' %-a*1!, %$ a)!*% .s s&1'&&"a&2! d% $a "&!1%'7&"a $! "!'s&#/% $a d%!s*a"&0' d% a$%*a"&!'%s "*!!s0&"as %s)%";&"as %' $as '%!)$as&a, a'! %' $as $%#"%&as / $!s $&'!as "!! %' $!s #!*%s s0$&d!s4 La &d%'&&"a"&0' / $a %2!$#"&0' d% %sas a-%**a"&!'%s &%'%' a)$&"a"&0' "*%"&%'% %' $a "$; '&"a )a*a %$ %sa-$%"&&%'! d%$ d&a1'0s&"! / %$ )*!'0s&"! d% $a '%!)$as&a4 N!%$$ / H#'1%*!*d %'"!'*a*!' $a )*&%*a a-%**&"&0' %s)%";&"a %' $a $%#"%&a &%$!&d% "*0'&"a, "!'!"&da d%sd% %'!'"%s "!! "*!!s!a P5&$ad%$)5&a ! P5,4 D%$ a$ ?@ d% $!s )a"&%'%s "!' %sa %'&dad )*%s%'a' %sa a$%*a"&0' (#% #% &d%'&&"ada )!*%d&! d% $as 7"'&"as d% -a'das4 "!! #'a *a's$!"a"&0' %' $a "#a$ $a a/!* )a*% d%$ -*a6! $a*1! d%$ "*!!s!a s% *a's$!"a a$ -*a6! $a*1! d%$ "*!!s!a '3%*! 4 $! (#% s% d%s"*&-% %' $a '!%'"$a#*a a"#a$ "!! <:=<(>( =4 L!s )a"&%'%s (#% )*%s%'a' %$ "*!!s!a P5&$ad%$)5&a
"*0'&"a %d&a'% %$ %s#d&! "&!1%'7&"!, /a (#% a'%s d% (#% a)a*%6"a' $!s s;'!as s% %'"#%'*a' a$%*a"&!'%s (#% #%s*a' #' )a*0' d% %2!$#"&0' "$!'a$4 Las a$%*a"&!'%s (#% )#%d%' %'"!'*a*s% %' $a as% -$.s&"a s!': *&s!;a d%$ "*!!s!a , )*%s%'"&a d% #' d!-$% "*!!s!a4 Esa 2a*&a-&$&dad )#%d% d%-%*s% a d&%*%'"&as %' $a s#s"%)&-&$&dad ! %' $a %+)!s&"&0' a a1%'%s 1%'!0+&"!s ALTERACIONES CROMOSMICAS EN EL CÁNCER HUMANO ! (#&7*&"! (#% s% !*a %s %$ *%s#$ad! d% $a #s&0' d%$ %+*%! d% -"* / %$ %+*%! d% "a-$ / )*!d#"% #' RNA d% 4 &$! -as%4 E$ )*!d#"! d%$ 1%' 5;-*&d! -"*a-$ %s %$ )!$&)7)&d! ? (#% %s. )*%s%'% %' $as "7$#$as d% $a $%#"%&a &%$!&d% "*0'&"a, %' 2%6 d%$ )*!d#"! '!*a$ d% "a-$ (#% %s %$ )!$&)7)&d! >4 L!s a&'!."&d!s d%$ %+*%! N%*&'a$ d% %sa )*!%;'a s!' *%%)$a6ad!s )!* ?? a&'!."&d!s "!d&&"ad!s )!* -"* %s! a)a*%'%%'% $% "!'&%*% a $a )*!%;'a "a)a"&dad !'"!17'&"a, /a (#% s% *aa d% #'a &*!s&'a"&'asa (#% )*%s%'a 5!!$!1;a "!' #' *%"%)!* *a's%-*a'a$ *%$a"&!'ad! "!' %$ "!'*!$ d% $a )*!$&%*a"&0' "%$#$a* '!*a$4 La $%#"%&a a1#da '! $&'!";&"a , / $a d%$%"&0' ! $a *a's$!"a"&0' < (= %' %$ M4 P!* !*a )a*%, $a #a's$!"a"&0' %s .s *%"#%'% %' )a"&%'%s 802%'%s / %s #/ *a*a d%s)#7s d% $!s ? a9!s4 E' *%a$&dad %sa *a's$!"a"&0' %s $a a-%**a"&0' "&!1%'7&"a .s "!3' %' '&9!s "!' LANL4 E' $a &%#"%&a a1#da )*!*'&%$!";&"a / ( / s% as!"&a "!' a'%&a a"*!"&&"a *%*a"a*&a *%s&s%'% a $a
%*a)&a4 C%*"a d%$ ?@ d% $!s )a"&%'%s "!' )!$&"&%&a 2%*a )*%s%'a' a$%*a"&!'%s "*!!s0&"as, a$%s "!! $a d%$%"&0' ?(, $a d%$%"&0' (, $as *&s!;as / / $a *&s!;a )a*"&a$ d%$ -*a6! $a*1! d%$ "*!!s!a 4 La $%#"%&a a1#da $&'!-$.s&"a (W, %$ "#a$ s% d%-%, %' $a a/!*;a d% $!s "as!s, a $a <>= <((=, )*%s%'% a-&7' %' %$ &%$!a 3$&)$% / %' $a $%#"%&a d% "7$#$as )$as.&"as4 C!' *%$a"&0' a$ )*!'0s&"!, s% 5a %sa-$%"&d! (#% $!s )a"&%'%s "!' "a*&!&)! '!*a$ &%'%' %8!* )*!'0s&"! / (#% $!s CUADRO ' L&'!as "#.'%!s &d%$<= ? S;'d*!% d% S%6a*/ &d%$<)= ? )a"&%'%s "!' *&s!;a &%'%' )*!'0s&"! %'!s a2!*a-$% (#% $!s (#% )*%s%'a' !*as a$%*a"&!'%s4 As&&s! s% 5a' %'"!'*ad! &)!*a'%s a$%*a"&!'%s "*!!s0&"as %' $!s $&'!as <"#ad*! = #'a d% $as %8!* %s#d&adas %s $a *a's$!"a"&0' < >= <(>(=, *%a**%1$! %s)%";&"! %' %$ $&'!a d% B#*&, %' %$ "#a$ %$ !'"!1%' "*'/" '!*a$%'% $!"a$&6ad! %' %$ "*!!s!a <(>=, %s *%#-&"ad! %' $as 2%"&'dad%s d% $!s 1%'%s (#% "!d&&"a' )a*a $as "ad%'as )%sadas d% $as &'#'!1$!-#$&'as <>(=4 La *a's$!"a"&0' a-&7' )#%d% 5a"%*s% %'*% %$ "*!!s!a / %$ <) =, d!'d% s% %'"#%'*a' $!s 1%'%s d% $as "ad%'as $&1%*as a))a d% $as &'#'!1$!-#$&'as, ! %'*% %$ / %$ <( =,
d!'d% s% $!"a$&6a' $!s 1%'%s d% $as "ad%'as $&1%*as $a-da4 E' %s!s d!s 3$&!s "as!s $!s 1%'%s d% $as "ad%'as $&1%*as )asa' a $a 2%"&'dad d% "/" %' %$ "*!!s!a E$ !'"!1%' "/" &%'% *%s %+!'%s: %$ )*&%*! %' %$ %+*%! "!'&%'% "!d!'%s d% %*&'a"&0' / '! %s *ad#"&d! a )*!%;'a $!s !*!s d!s %+!'%s )*!d#"%' #'a )*!%;'a (#% &%'% $a )*!)&%dad d% #'&*s% a$ ADN4 E' $a *a's$!"a"&0' > %$ s&&! d% *!)&&%'! %' (> %s s&%)*% )*!+&a$ a$ %+0' TI, )!* $! (#% !da $a &'!*a"&0' (#% "!d&&"a )a*a $a )*!%;'a <%+!'%s / = %s *a's$!"ada a$ "*!!s!a > %' $a -a'da (4 E' %sa *%1&0' $!s *!)&&%'!s !"#**%' .s *%"#%'%%'% %' $!s s&&!s d% "!'*!$ ! #'&0', *%1&!'%s S / J, d% $as "ad%'as )%sadas d% $as &'*'#'!1$!-#$&'as, )!* $! (#% "/" s% *%#-&"a %' $as )*!+&&dad%s d% $a *%1&0' "!'sa'% d% $as "ad%'as )%sadas4 C!' %s% "a-&! s% d%**%)*&% %' !'"!1%' / %'!'"%s s% )*!d#"%' "a'&dad%s %+"%s&2as d% s# )*!%;'a = <(( $=, s% a$"a'6a #'a s!-*%2&da d% ? a a9!s, &%'*as (#% s& '! %s. )*%s%'% %sa *a's$!"a"&0' $a s!-*%2&da %s #/ "!*a, s&%'d! )%!* %$ )*!'0s&"! s& 5a/ *&s!;a d%$ "*!!s!a ! d#)$&"a"&0' )4 La !*a $;'%a d% %2&d%'"&a (#% #'% $!s a"!*%s 1%'7 &"!s / $as a-%**a"&!'%s "*!!s0&"as "!' %$ ".'"%*, $a "!'s&#/%' $!s s;'d*!%s (#% s% "!'!"%' "!! d% &'%sa-&$&dad "*!!s0&"a4 Esas s!' %'&dad%s %'d%$&a'as "!' #' )a*0' d% 5%*%'"&a a#!s0&"! *%"%s&2!, "#/!s s#8%!s a%"ad!s #%s*a' a$%*a"&!'%s "*!!s0&"as %s*#"#*a$%s / )*%s%'a' %' $a '&9%6 ! %' $a ad!$%s"%'"&a d&%*%'%s &)!s d% '%!)$as&as4 L!s )*&'"&)a$%s s;'d*!%s d% &'%sa-&$&dad "*!!s0&"a s!': $a a'%&a d% Fa'"!'&, $a aa+&a %$a'1&%".s&"a, %$ s;'d*!% d% B$!! / %$ +%*!d%*a )&1%'!s#4 La a'%&a d% Fa'"!'& )*%s%'a %$%2ada *%"#%'"&a d% a-%**a"&!'%s %s)!'.'%as, "!' $a )*%s%'"&a d% "*!!s!as d&"7'*&"!s, *a1%'!s / &1#*as *&**ad&adas / %*a**ad&adas as&7*&"as )!*(#% &'2!$#"*a' "*!!s!as '! 5!0$!1!s4 La *%"#%'"&a d% %sas a$%*a"&!'%s s% &'"*%%'a %' !*a '!a-$% "#a'd! $as "7$#$as s% %+)!'%' a $a a""&0' d% $a &!&"&'a" ! d%$ %5'%a'!s#$!'a!
2.9. TUMORES SÓLIDOS
E' $a aa+&a %$a'1&%".s&"a %$ 5a$$a61! .s &'%*%sa'%, d%sd% %$ )#'! d% 2&sa "&!1%'7&"!, $! "!'s&#/% %$ "!)*!&s! )a*&"#$a* d% a$1#'!s "*!!s!as, %s)%"&a$%'%, $!s / >4 R%a**%1$!s s&&$a*%s !"#**%' %'4 E$ %s#d&! d% $!s *a1%'!s )!$&0*&"!s d% $!'1&#d 2a*&a-$% #&$&6a'd! %'6&as d% *%s*&""&0', 5a )%**'&&d! $$%1a* a $as &sas "!'"$#s&!'%s: )a*a (#% a)a*%6"a %$ *%&'!-$as!a s% '%"%s&a $a )7*d&da d%$ a$%$! (#% $$%2a %$ 1%' s#)*%s!* '!*a$4 Esa 5!!"&1!"&dad4 Ta-&7' s% *%(#&%*% )a*a (#% a)a*%6"a %$ !s%!sa*"!a, #!* s%"#'da*&! (#% s% %'"#%'*a %' %$ ?@ d% $!s )a"&%'%s "!' *%&'-$as!a4 E$ 1%' )a*a $a s#s"%)&-&$&dad a$ *%&'!-$as!a 5a s&d! a&s$ad!, "$!'ad! / s%"#%'"&ad4 E' %$ "as! d%$ '%*!-$as!a ! #!* d% &$s $a s&#a"&0' %s #/ s&&$a* a $a d%$ *%&'!-$as!a: "#a'd! $a '%!)$as&a s% a"!)a9a d% a'&*&d&a, a'!a$;as 1%'&a$%s / *%a*d! %'a$
$)4 La )7*d&da d% 5%%*!"&1!"&dad )a*a %$ "!**%s)!'d&%'% 1%' s#)*%s!* a-&7' 5a s&d! d%!s*ada %' %s% #!*4 E$ )a)%$ d% %sa d%$%"&0' 5a s&d! &'2%s&1ad! %d&a'% 7"'&"a d% 5&-*&d&6a"&0' )!* &"*!*a's%*%'"&a "%$#$a*, a$ &'*!d#"&* #' "*!!s!a $ '!*a$ %' $as "7$#$as #!*a$%s4 Esas "7$#$as, a )%sa* d% %'%* %$ "*!!s!a '!*a$, %+)*%sa' s#s "a*a"%*;s&"as 5a-&#a$%s d% "#$&2! / d% #'"&!'a&%'! d% s#s !'"!1%'%s4 S&' %-a*1!, )&%*d%' )!* "!)$%! $a "a)a"&dad d% !*a* #!*%s "#a'd! s!' *a's)$a'adas a *a!'%s d%s'#d!s La "!**%$a"&0' d% $as a$%*a"&!'%s "*!!s0&"as "!' $!s "a-&!s d% #'"&!'a&%'! d% $!s !'"!1%'%s / $a )7*d&da d% 5%%*!"&1!"&dad %' %$ "as! d% $!s 1%'%s s#)*%s!*%s 5a )%*&&d! %sa-$%"%*, a"#a$%'%, $!s "a-&!s s#"%s&2!s d% $a !'"!17'%s&s %' %$ ".'"%* "!$!*%"a$4I E$ %)&%$&! '!*a$ s#*% )*!$&%*a"&0' "#a'd! 5-/ #'a a$%*a"&0' d%$ 1%' s#)*%s!* d%$ "*!!s!a a/!*%s "a-&!s &)$&"a' $a *a's!*a"&0' a ad%'!a "$as% s& 5a/ a"&2a"&0' d%$ !'"!1%' *as 5a-*. *a's!*a"&0' a ad%'!a "$as% "#a'd! 5a/ )7*d&da ! a$%*a"&0' d%$ 1%' s#)*%s!* d%$ "*!!s!a s% )*%s%'a %$ ad%'!a "$as% $a )7*d&da ! !d&&"a"&0' d%$ 1%' s#)*%s!* d%$ "*!!s!a %+)$&"a $a *a's!*a"&0' a "a*"&'!a / $a s#-s%"#%'% )7*d&da d% !*!s "*!!s!as s% *%$a"&!'a "!' $a a)a*&"&0' d% $as %.sas&s4 E' %"5as
*%"&%'%s s% 5a &d%'&&"ad! #' 1%' $!"a$&6ad! %' ) 5!0$!1! a $a )*!%;'a HMS, (#% %s. &'2!$#"*ad! %' $a a)a*&"&0' d%$ ".'"%* 5%*%d&a*&! d% "!$!' s&' )!$&)!s&s / (#%, "#a'd! %s. #ad!, '! )%*&% #'a ad%"#ada *%)a*a"&0' d%$ da9! "*!!s0&"!4 La *as"%'d%'"&a d% %s!s 5a$$a61!s "&!1%'7&"!s / !$%"#$a*%s %' %$ %s#d&! d% $as '%!)$as&as )#%d% %s&a*s% %8!* a$ "!'s&d%*a* (#% $a *%2&sa S"&%'"%, %' s# 3$&! '3%*! d%$ a9!, 5a s%9a$ad! a $a )*!%;'a ) "!! $a M!$7"#$a d%$ )!* $as )!s&-&$&dad%s (#% !*%"% )a*a $a &d%'&&"a"&0' %)*a'a d% $!s &'d&2&d#!s s#s"%)&-$%s / )!* $as a$%'ad!*as )%*s)%"&2as (#% )%*&% 2&s$#-*a* )a*a %$ *aa&%'! d%$ ".'"%*4
#. E( cáncer y e( "edio %"'iente: Cont%"in%ntes de( %-u% de consu"o: Arsénico:
E$ a*s7'&"! %s #' "a*"&'01%'! d%!s*ad! %' 5#a'!s <1*#)! d% $a IARC=4 Ha/ s#&"&%'% %2&d%'"&a d% (#% $a %+)!s&"&0' a *a27s d%$ a1#a )*!d#"% ".'"%* d% 2%8&1a, )#$0' / )&%$4 E' Es)a9a, %2a$#a"&!'%s %' 6!'as $!"a$&6adas #%s*a #'a 1*a' 2a*&a-&$&dad, a$"a'6a'd! '&2%$%s d% 5asa ? X1$4 S&' %-a*1!, $a a$a d% &'!*%s s&s%.&"!s )3-$&"!s / $a d&&"#$ad a$ a""%s! d% da!s d&s)!'&-$%s s!-*% $!s '&2%$%s %+&s%'%s d&&"#$a $as 2a$!*a"&!'%s "#a'&a&2as d% $a a1'&#d d%$ *&%s1! %' Es)a9a4 Nitrato y nitrito:
La IARC 5a %2a$#ad! %$ '&*a! "!! )*!-a-$%%'% "a'"%*;1%'! %' 5#a'!s <1*#)! A=, "#a'd! %s &'1%*&d! %' "!'d&"&!'%s (#% *%s#$a' %' '&*!sa"&0' %' %$ !*1a'&s!4 E$ %"a'&s! d% "a*"&'!17'%s&s "!'s&s% %' $a *%d#""&0' a '&*&!, (#% a$ *%a""&!'a* "!' a&'as / a&das s%"#'da*&as d%$ !*1a'&s! 1%'%*a '&*!sa&'as / '&*!sa&das, "!'!"&da%'% "a'"%*;1%'!s4 E$ '&*&! &'1%*&d! a *a27s d% $a d&%a s% 5a as!"&ad! a #' &'"*%%'! d% ".'"%* d% %s0a1!4 D&2%*s!s %s#d&!s 5a' %2a$#ad! $a as!"&a"&0' %'*% %+)!s&"&0' a '&*a! a *a27s d%$ a1#a / d&2%*s!s &)!s d% ".'"%*: %s0a1!, 2%8&1a, *&90', )*0saa, $&'!a '!H!d1&' / "!$!*%"a$4 S&' %-a*1!, $a %2&d%'"&a d% "a*"&'!1%'&"&dad )!* %+)!s&"&0' a *a27s d%$ a1#a %s &'ad%"#ada4 Subproductos de la desinfección:
E$ d%s&'%"a'% a)$&"ad! %' $a )!a-&$&6a"&0' *%a""&!'a "!' $a a%*&a !*1.'&"a d%$ a1#a 1%'%*a'd! "&%'!s d% s#-)*!d#"!s4 E' Es)a9a %$ "$!*! %s %$ d%s&'%"a'%
*ad&"&!'a$%'% .s a)$&"ad! / $!s s#-)*!d#"!s .s )*%2a$%'%s s!' $!s *&5a$!%a'!s
Cont%"in%ción %t"os9ric%: B#%'a )a*% d% $!s "!'a&'a'%s a!s7*&"!s d% &'%*7s )*!2&%'%' d% $a "!-#s&0' d% d%*&2ad!s d%$ )%*0$%! / "a*-0' )a*a #s!s &'d#s*&a$%s, *%s&d%'"&a$%s ! %' %$ *a's)!*%4 L!s "!'a&'a'%s s!-*% $!s (#% s% s#%$% d&s)!'%* d% &'!*a"&0' s!': $as )a*;"#$as %' s#s)%'s&0' d% d&.%*! &'%*&!* a ? Y
Cont%"in%ción interior: Radón:
E$ *ad0'
$as )a*%s -a8as d% $!s %d&&"&!s, "!! )!* %8%)$! s0a'!s a$ a&*%ad!s4 La )*&'"&)a$ 2;a d% %+)!s&"&0' a %s% 1as %s )!* 2;a *%s)&*a!*&a4 La #%'% )*%d!&'a'% d%$ *ad0' %' %$ a&*% &'%*&!* d% $!s %d&&"&!s / 2&2&%'das %s %$ s#%$! s!-*% %$ (#% s% #-&"a' ! (#% *!d%a d&"5as "!'s*#""&!'%s4 L!s %s#d&!s %)&d%&!$01&"!s #%s*a' (#% $a %+)!s&"&0' a$ *ad0' "a#sa ".'"%* d% )#$0' %' )!-$a"&0' ad#$a /, a$ 2%6, !*!s &)!s d% ".'"%*, a#'(#% $a %2&d%'"&a d% s# %%"! %' %s!s 3$&!s '! %s "!'"$#/%'%4 A"#a$%'%, '! %+&s% %2&d%'"&a "&%';&"a s!-*% $a *%$a"&0' %'*% %$ *ad0' %' $#1a*%s "%**ad!s / %$ *&%s1! d% ".'"%* %' )!-$a"&0' &'a'&$4 E' E#*!)a s% 5a %s&ad! (#% %'*% #' >@ d% $!s ".'"%*%s d% )#$0' )!d*;a d%-%*s% a $a %+)!s&"&0' a *ad0' %' a-&%'%s &'%*&!*%s4 Amianto:
E$ 7*&'! a&a'! d%s&1'a d&2%*s!s &)!s d% as-%s!s, &'%*a$%s "!' !*a &$a%'!s $%+&-$%s / )!"! *%s&s%'%s, (#% (#;&"a%'% s% "!**%s)!'d%' "!' s&$&"a!s 5&d*aad!s d% a1'%s&!, 5&%**! / !*!s %a$%s4 E$ a&a'! s% 5a #&$&6ad! )a*a $a "!'%""&0' d% *a8%s *%s&s%'%s a$ "a$!*, %$ *%"#-*&&%'! d% "a$d%*as / %(#&)!s %$7"*&"!s, / $a a-*&"a"&0' a%*&a$ )a*a $a "!'s*#""&0' "!! %$ &-*!"%%'!
E3+osición +%si*% %( t%'%co: El tabaquismo involuntario (o pasivo:
Es $a %+)!s&"&0' a$ 5#! s%"#'da*&! d%$ a-a"!, (#% %s #'a %6"$a d%$ 5#! %+5a$ad! / %$ 5#! d%$ "&1a**&$$! <# !*! %$%%'! d% a-a"! "!! )#*! ! )&)as= (#% s% %s. (#%a'd! / d&$#/%'d! "!' %$ a&*%4 E$ a-a(#&s! &'2!$#'a*&! <%+)!s&"&0' )as&2a a 5#! d% a-a"! ! a-a"! a-&%'a$[= 5a s&d! %sa-$%"&d! )!* $a IARC "!! "a'"%*;1%'! %' 5#a'!s
Co"+uestos or-ánicos +ersistentes dio3in%s y disru+tores endocrinos !ompuestos org"nicos persistentes
L!s "!)#%s!s (#;&"!s !*1.'&"!s )%*s&s%'%s a-a*"a' #'a a)$&a 1aa d% s#sa'"&as "!' %s*#"#*as / "a*a"%*;s&"as (#;&"as, ;s&"as / %"a'&s!s d% &'%*a""&!'%s "!' $a
a%*&a 2&2a #/ d&2%*s!s4 S% )#%d%' %'"!'*a* %' %$ a1#a, a&*%, a$&%'!s, )*!d#"!s d% 5&1&%'% )%*s!'a$, "!s7&"a, $&)&%6a, a-*&"a"&0' d% %(#&)!s, #%'s&$&!s % &'s*#%'!s, #%-$%s / a%*&a$%s d% !d! &)!4 E$ &'%*7s "&%';&"! s% "%'*a %' %$ )!s&-$% *&%s1! )a*a $a sa$#d d%-&d! a $a %+)!s&"&0' "*0'&"a /! %)*a'a a "!'"%'*a"&!'%s )%(#%9as4 #esticidas:
La %+)!s&"&0' $a-!*a$ a d%%*&'ad!s )$a1#&"&das a*s%'&"a$%s / !*1a'!"$!*ad!s s% 5a as!"&ad! "!' #' )%(#%9! &'"*%%'! d% ".'"%* d% )#$0'4 Ta-&7' s% 5a !-s%*2ad! #' &'"*%%'! %' $as asas d% !*a$&dad )a*a !*!s &)!s d% ".'"%* "!! $!s $&'!as / $%#"%&as %' %s#d&!s "!' a1*&"#$!*%s ! %' 6!'as d% #s! &'%'s&2! d% )$a1#&"&das, (#% %' -#%'a %d&da /a '! s% #&$&6a' %' $!s )a;s%s !""&d%'a$%s4 $ifenilos policlorados (#!$s:
L!s PCBs s% 5a' "$as&&"ad! "!! )*!-a-$%%'% "a'"%*;1%'!s4 M#%s*a' #'a as!"&a"&0' "!'s&s%'% "!' $&'!as '! H!d1&'4 S% 5a !-s%*2ad! #'a &'%*a""&0' %'*% $a %+)!s&"&0' a d%%*&'ad!s PCBs / #a"&!'%s %' *%$a"&0' a$ ".'"%* %+!"*&'! d% ).'"*%as4 S&' %-a*1!, $!s *%s#$ad!s %' *%$a"&0' a$ ".'"%* d% aa '! s!' "!'s&s%'%s4 La as!"&a"&0' "!' !*!s &)!s d% ".'"%* "!! %$ ".'"%* "!$!*%"a$ %sa &'s#&"&%'%%'% %s#d&ada4 E' )!-$a"&0' &'a'&$ %+&s% "&%*a %2&d%'"&a (#% as!"&a $a !"#)a"&0' d% $!s )ad*%s (#% &)$&(#% %+)!s&"&0' a d&s!$2%'%s / )&'#*as / %$ *&%s1! d% $%#"%&as / ".'"%*%s d%$ s&s%a '%*2&!s!4 Ta-&7' s% 5a' d%s"*&! ".'"%*%s %' )!-$a"&0' &'a'&$ %' $!s (#% s% s!s)%"5a $a *%$a"&0' "!' !*1a'!"$!*ad!s / !*1a'!!s!*ad!s, as; "!! "!' $a %+)!s&"&0' $a-!*a$ d% $!s )ad*%s a d&"5as s#sa'"&as ! "!' $a #&$&6a"&0' d% d&"5as s#sa'"&as )a*a #s! d!7s&"! ! &'"$#s! )a*a *aa&%'!s a'&)a*as&a*&!s4 S&' %-a*1!, %$ 1*ad! d% %2&d%'"&a '! )%*&% "!'s&d%*a* "!! "a#sa$ $a *%$a"&0' %'*% %+)!s&"&0' a )$a1#&"&das / ".'"%* &'a'&$4
%ioxinas:
Las d&!+&'as s!' #' "!'8#'! d% s#sa'"&as !*1a'!"$!*adas, $&)!;$&"as, -&!a"##$a-$%s / )%*s&s%'%s4 E' 5#a'!s, $as d&!+&'as s% %a-!$&6a' / s% %$&&'a' $%'a%'%4 La ,,, %*a"$!*!d&-%'6!)a*ad&!+&'a
*%a$&6ad!s %' "!5!*%s &'d&"a' (#% $as d&!+&'as "a#sa' #' %+"%s! d% *&%s1! d% !*a$&dad )!* ".'"%*4 E' 2a*&as "!5!*%s s% 5a !-s%*2ad! #' a#%'! d%$ *&%s1! d% sa*"!as %' %8&d!s -$a'd!s, d% $&'!as '!'H!d1&' / d% ".'"%* d% )#$0' A"#a$%'% %$ d&$%a *%a$ '! %s s& $as d&!+&'as s!' ! '! "a*"&'01%'as, s&'! $a "#a'&&"a"&0' d%$ *&%s1! as!"&ad! a $as %+)!s&"&!'%s a #/ -a8! '&2%$ d% $a )!-$a"&0' 1%'%*a$4 La %2&d%'"&a %' 5#a'!s %s a-&7' "!'"$#/%'% )a*a %%"!s d%*a!$01&"!s <"$!*a"'7= &%'*as (#% %+&s% #'a %2&d%'"&a "*%"&%'% )a*a $a as!"&a"&0' "!' $as %'%*%dad%s "a*d&!2as"#$a*%s / s!-*% %%"!s 5!*!'a$%s4 E+&s% #'a "*%"&%'% )*%!"#)a"&0' )!* $!s %%"!s %' %$ d%sa**!$$! d% $!s '&9!s d%-&d!s a s# %+)!s&"&0' %' $a 2&da &'*a#%*&'a / d#*a'% $a $a"a'"&a4 %isruptores endocrinos:
L!s d&s*#)!*%s %'d!"*&'!s
C%"'io c(i"ático c%+% de o/ono y r%di%ción so(%r: E$ "a-&! "$&.&"! &'$#/% %' $a sa$#d d&*%"a % &'d&*%"a%'%4 E$ &)a"! d&*%"! s% d%-% a$ %%"! d% $as %)%*a#*as / $!s %2%'!s %%!*!$01&"!s %+*%!s
%'*% *ad&a"&0' s!$a* UV / *&%s1! d% %$a'!a, ".'"%* d% )&%$ '! %$a'!a!s!, ".'"%* $a-&a$ / "aa*aas4 S&' %-a*1! $a a/!*;a d% %s#d&!s s% 5a' *%a$&6ad! %' )!-$a"&!'%s a'1$!sa8!'as / %+&s% )!"a %2&d%'"&a %' )!-$a"&0' Es)a9!$a ! d%$ s#* d% E#*!)a4
C%"+os e(ectro"%-n9ticos de '%4% recuenci%: Las #%'%s d% $!s "a)!s %$%"*!a1'7&"!s &"*!T%s$a '! %s.' a a/!* *&%s1! d% $%#"%&a4[ H!/ d;a '! %+&s%' da!s %)&d%&!$01&"!s "!'s&s%'%s (#% )*!)!*"&!'%' &'d&"&!s d% (#% $a %+)!s&"&0' a CEM d% #' a)$&! *a'1! d% *ad&!*%"#%'"&as
>4 Conc(usiones: La %d&da .s %&"a6 %' $a )*%2%'"&0' d%$ ".'"%* %s $a %$&&'a"&0' d%$ "!'s#! d% a-a"!, /a (#% %$ ?@ d% $as #%*%s )!* ".'"%* s!' )*!d#"&das )!* s# "!'s#!4 E$ "!'*!$ d% $a d&%a a-&7' *%d#"% $a !*a$&dad: d&s&'#&* $a &'1%sa "a$0*&"a )a*a %2&a* $a !-%s&dad, *%d#""&0' d% $as "a$!* ;as )*!"%d%'%s d% $a 1*asa a #' ?@ d% $a d&%a, *%d#""&0' d%$ "!'s#! d% "a*'%s *!8as, a#%'! d% $a &'1%sa d% &-*a <"%*%a$%s, *#as / 2%*d#*as= / a$&%'!s )*!%"!*%s <"!' "!'%'&d! %' 2&a&'as C / A, 2%*d#*as "!! %$ *%)!$$!, $a "!$&$!*, %$ -*0"!$& ! $as "!$%s d% B*#s%$as=4 D%-% $&&a*s% %$ "!'s#! d% a$&%'!s a5#ad!s, %' sa$a60' ! *&"!s %' '&*&!s, as; "!! %$ "!'s#! d% a$"!5!$4 E$ "!'*!$ s!-*% $!s a"!*%s a-&%'a$%s &'"$#/% $a %$&&'a"&0' d% )*!d#"!s "a'"%*;1%'!s %' %$ $#1a* d% *a-a8! / %' %$ 5!1a*, "!! )!* %8%)$! $a %$&&'a"&0' d% $a
%+)!s&"&0' a $as &-*as d% as-%s! ! $a *%d#""&0' d%$ 1as *ad0' %' %$ 5!1a*4 Las 7"'&"as d% d%%""&0' )*%"!6 )#%d%' *%a$&6a*s% )a*a %$ ".'"%* d% "7*2&+ <"#%$$! #%*&'!=, aa, "!$!', *%"! / )*0saa4 Es *%"!%'da-$% $a *%a$&6a"&0' d% #' "5%(#%! a'#a$ a )a*&* d% $!s >? a9!s &'"$#s! %' $a a#s%'"&a d% s;'!as $!s )a;s%s "!' s&s%a )3-$&"! d% sa$#d '! s&%)*% !*%"%' %s% s%*2&"&! / %$ )a"&%'% d%-% s#*a1a* %$ 1as!4 E$ ".'"%* d% aa s% "!'s&d%*a #'! d% $!s )*&'"&)a$%s )*!-$%as d% sa$#d %' $!s )a;s%s d%sa**!$$ad!s / #"5as #8%*%s #%*%' "ada a9! )!* %sa "a#sa4 Las #8%*%s a/!*%s d% ? a9!s s!' $as (#% &%'%' a/!* *&%s1! d% d%sa**!$$a* ".'"%* d% aa / %$ *&%s1! .+&! $! )*%s%'a' $as )a"&%'%s "!' #'a %dad s#)%*&!* a a9!s4 La "&!$!1;a 5a d%!s*ad! s%* #' 7!d! %&"a6 )a*a $a d%%""&0' )*%"!6 d% ".'"%* d% "7*2&+4 S% *%"!&%'da $a *%a$&6a"&0' d% #'a "&!$!1;a "ada a9!s s&%)*% (#% s% 5a/a' d%%"ad! "&!$!1;as '%1a&2as %' &'%*2a$!s a'#a$%s4 E' #"5!s )a;s%s d%sa**!$$ad!s %$ a#%'! %' %$ '3%*! d% )%*s!'as (#% d&s*#a' s#s 2a"a"&!'%s %' )a;s%s d% "$&a ".$&d! 5a )*!d#"&d! #' a#%'! %' %$ ".'"%* d% )&%$4 S% *%"!&%'da' $as %d&das )*%2%'&2as, "!! %$ #s! d% "*%as ! )a'a$$as )*!%"!*as *%'% a $a a""&0' )!%'"&a$%'% $%s&2a d% $!s *a/!s #$*a2&!$%as s!$a*%s4 La ad!)"&0' 1%'%*a$&6ada d% $as %d&das d% d%%""&0' )*%"!6 )!d*;a *%d#"&* $a &'"&d%'"&a d% ".'"%* d% aa / "!$!', % &'"*%%'a* $a asa d% "#*a"&0' d%$ ".'"%* d% aa, "!$!', *%"!, "#%$$! #%*&'! / )*0saa4
