F6 3.2 5 For&- of @,<'-*
P'r'/*& D&-&,* ', L',,6 Thi6 7ha6e of the e?e.tion 6e;uen.e i6 .riti.al to the out.ome of the entire 7ro.e66 of e6.a7e and :et D$ 7er .ent of all nonfatal in?urie6 a66o.iated with e6.a7e o..ur durinlandin-3 Althou-h the te.hni;ue6 of landin- b: 7ara.hute are ea6il: tau-ht and 6imulated b: ?um76 from trainin- tower61 the in.iden.e of 67rained or fra.tured an=le6 i6 e6timated to be +$ 7er thou6and de6.ent63 The .orre.t 7ro.edure6 for 7ara.hute landin- are tau-ht air.rew durin- 6e>eral 7ha6e6 of their trainin-3 Fli-ht 6ur-eon6 6hould be.ome familiar with the 7ro7er 7ro.edure6 and u6e of e;ui7ment3 Para.hute o7enin- 6ho.= .an be 6e>ere if the dro-ue .hute fail6 or the main 7ara.hute de7lo:6 7rematurel:3 Hi-h altitude e6.a7e i6 relati>el: rare1 but if it o..ur6 additional ri6= fa.tor6 are 7re6ent3 O7enin- 6ho.= i6 in.rea6ed due to in.rea6ed >elo.itie6 that in.rea6e terminal >elo.it: to the 7oint that dama-e to the 7ara.hute and in?ur: to the .rewmember u6uall: re6ult63 Additional haard6 in.lude h:7oia and low tem7erature63 If the emer-en.: o:-en 6u77l: in the emer-en.: 6:6tem malfun.tion6 or the o:-en ma6= i6 lo6t durin- e6.a7e then h:7oia be.ome6 a 6i-nifi.ant haard3 Prote.ti>e fli-ht .lothin- i6 u6uall: ade;uate to 7re>ent fro6tbite but the lo66 of -lo>e6 .an im7air u6a-e of fin-er6 re;uired for 6ub6e;uent 6ur>i>al a.ti>itie63Hi-h67eed e6.a7e .lo6e to the -round 7re6ent6 the mo6t diffi.ult of e?e.tion 6e;uen.e63 The initial thru6t mu6t be ade;uate to .lear the ra7idl: mo>in- tail 6e.tion3 The windbla6t will be hi-h and time dela:6 will be ne.e66aril: 6hort to minimie lo66 of altitude before the main 7ara.hute de7lo:63 The ro.=et 6eat1 at hi-h67eed low altitude e?e.tion1 ha6 a len-thened initial im7ul6e1 allowin- more time for the 6ub6:6tem6 to o7erate1 and 6lowinthe 6eat to a 6afer >elo.it:3
F6 3.3 P'r'/*&
Page - 16
EGRESS S#STEM The @6tandard@ e?e.tion 6:6tem o7erate6 in two 6ta-e63 Fir6t1 the entire .ano7: or hat.h abo>e the a>iator i6 o7ened or ?etti6oned1 and the 6eat and o..u7ant are laun.hed throu-h the o7enin-3 In mo6t earlier air.raft thi6 re;uired two 6e7arate a.tion6 b: the a>iator1 while later e-re66 6:6tem de6i-n61 6u.h a6 the Ad>an.ed Con.e7t E?e.tion Seat model # "ACES II'1 7erform both fun.tion6 a6 a 6in-le a.tion3 The ACES II e?e.tion 6eat i6 u6ed in mo6t Ameri.anbuilt fi-hter63 The A%$ u6e6 .onne.ted firin- handle6 that a.ti>ate both the .ano7: ?etti6on 6:6tem61 followed b: the 6eat e?e.tion3 The F%+ ha6 the 6ame .onne.ted 6:6tem a6 the A%$ 6eat3 Both handle6 a..om7li6h the 6ame ta6=1 6o 7ullin- either one 6uffi.e63 The F% ha6 onl: one handle lo.ated between the 7ilotK6 =nee61 6in.e the .o.=7it i6 too narrow for 6ide mounted handle63 Non6tandard e-re66 6:6tem6 in.lude /ownward Tra.= "u6ed for 6ome .rew 7o6ition6 in bomber air.raft1 in.ludin- the B+# Stratofortre66'1 Cano7: /e6tru.t "C/' and Throu-hCano7: Penetration "TCP'1 /ra- Etra.tion1 En.a76ulated Seat1 and e>en Crew Ca76ule3 Earl: model6 of the F%$* Starfi-hter were e;ui77ed with a /ownward Tra.= e?e.tion 6eat due to the haard of the Ttail3 In order to ma=e thi6 wor=1 the 7ilot wa6 e;ui77ed with @67ur6@ whi.h were atta.hed to .able6 that would 7ull the le-6 inward 6o the 7ilot .ould be e?e.ted3 Followin- thi6 de>elo7ment1 6ome other e-re66 6:6tem6 be-an u6inle- retra.tor6 a6 a wa: to 7re>ent in?urie6 to flailin- le-61 and to 7ro>ide a more 6table .enter of -ra>it:3 Some model6 of the F%$* were e;ui77ed with u7ward e?e.tin- 6eat63 Similarl:1 two of the 6i e?e.tion 6eat6 on the B+# Stratofortre66 fire downward1 throu-h hat.h o7enin-6 on the bottom of the air.raft the downward hat.he6 are relea6ed from the air.raft b: a thru6ter that unlo.=6 the hat.h1 while -ra>it: and wind remo>e the hat.h and arm the 6eat3 The four 6eat6 on the forward u77er de.= "two of them1 E0O and unner1 fa.in- the rear of the air7lane' fire u7ward6 a6 u6ual3 An: 6u.h downwardfirin- 6:6tem i6 of no u6e on or near the -round if air.raft i6 in le>el fli-ht at the time of the e?e.tion3 Air.raft de6i-ned for lowle>el u6e 6ometime6 ha>e e?e.tion 6eat6 whi.h fire throu-h the .ano7:1 a6 waitin- for the .ano7: to be e?e.ted i6 too 6low3 Man: air.raft t:7e6 "e3-31 the BAE Haw= and the Harrier line of air.raft' u6e Cano7: /e6tru.t 6:6tem61 whi.h ha>e an e7lo6i>e .ord "M/C Miniature /etonation Cord or FLSC Fleible Linear Sha7ed Char-e' embedded within the a.r:li. 7la6ti. of the .ano7:3 The M/C i6 initiated when the e?e.t handle i6 7ulled1 and 6hatter6 the .ano7: o>er the 6eat a few milli6e.ond6 before the 6eat i6 laun.hed3 Thi6 6:6tem wa6 de>elo7ed for the Haw=er Siddele: Harrier famil: of 5TOL air.raft a6 e?e.tion ma: be ne.e66ar: while the air.raft wa6 in the ho>er1 and ?etti6onin- the .ano7: mi-ht re6ult in the 7ilot and 6eat 6tri=in- it3 Thi6 6:6tem i6 al6o u6ed in the T Tean II3
Page - 17
F6 3.4 5 E6r&-- S=-*&+
Throu-hCano7: Penetration i6 6imilar to Cano7: /e6tru.t1 but a 6har7 67i=e on the to7 of the 6eat1 =nown a6 the @6hell tooth1@ 6tri=e6 the under6ide of the .ano7: and 6hatter6 it3 The A%$ Thunderbolt II i6 e;ui77ed with .ano7: brea=er6 on either 6ide of it6 headre6t in the e>ent that the .ano7: fail6 to ?etti6on3 The T i6 al6o e;ui77ed with 6u.h brea=er6 if the M/C fail6 to detonate3 In -round emer-en.ie61 a -round .rewman or 7ilot .an u6e a brea=er =nife atta.hed to the in6ide of the .ano7: to 6hatter the tran67aren.:3 The A Intruder and EAB Prowler 6eat6 are .a7able of e?e.tinthrou-h the .ano7:1 with .ano7: ?etti6on a 6e7arate o7tion if there i6 enou-h time3C/ and TCP 6:6tem6 .annot be u6ed with .ano7ie6 made of fleible material61 6u.h a6 the Lean 7ol:.arbonate .ano7: u6ed on the F%3 So>iet 5TOL na>al fi-hter 7lane6 6u.h a6 the !a=o>le> !a=) were e;ui77ed with e?e.tion 6eat6 whi.h were automati.all: a.ti>ated durin- at lea6t 6ome 7art of the fli-ht en>elo7e3 /ra- Etra.tion i6 the li-hte6t and 6im7le6t e-re66 6:6tem a>ailable1 and ha6 been u6ed on man: e7erimental air.raft3 Halfwa: between 6im7l: @bailinout@ and u6in- e7lo6i>ee?e.t 6:6tem61 /ra- Etra.tion u6e6 the airflow 7a6t the air.raft "or 67a.e.raft' to mo>e the a>iator out of the .o.=7it and awa: from the 6tri.=en .raft on a -uide rail3 Some o7erate li=e a 6tandard e?e.tor 6eat1 b: ?etti6oninthe .ano7:1 then de7lo:in- a dra- .hute into the airflow3 That .hute 7ull6 the o..u7ant out of the air.raft1 either with the 6eat or followin- relea6e of the 6eat 6tra761 who then ride6 off the end of a rail etendin- far enou-h out to hel7 .lear the 6tru.ture3 In the .a6e of the S7a.e Shuttle1 the a6tronaut6 would ha>e ridden a lon-1 .ur>ed rail1 blown b: the wind a-ain6t their bodie61 then de7lo:ed their .hute6 after freefallin- to a 6afe altitude3 En.a76ulated Seat e-re66 6:6tem6 were de>elo7ed for u6e in the B+ Hu6tler and B &$ 5al=:rie 6u7er6oni. bomber63 The6e 6eat6 were en.lo6ed in an airo7erated .lam6hell1 whi.h 7ermitted the air.rew to e6.a7e at air67eed6 and altitude6 hi-h enou-h to otherwi6e .au6e bodil: harm3 The6e 6eat6 were de6i-ned to allow the 7ilot to .ontrol the 7lane e>en with the .lam6hell .lo6ed1 and the .a76ule would float in .a6e of water landin-63 Some air.raft de6i-n61 6u.h a6 the eneral /:nami.6 F%%%1 do not ha>e indi>idual e?e.tion 6eat61 but in6tead1 the entire 6e.tion of the airframe .ontainin- the .rew .an be e?e.ted a6 a 6in-le .a76ule3 In thi6 6:6tem1 >er: 7owerful ro.=et6 are u6ed1 and multi7le lar-e 7ara.hute6 are u6ed to brin- the .a76ule down1 in a manner 6imilar to the Laun.h E6.a7e S:6tem of the A7ollo 67a.e.raft3 On landin-1 an airba- 6:6tem i6 u6ed to .u6hion the landin-1 and thi6 al6o a.t6 a6 a flotation de>i.e if the Crew Ca76ule land6 in water3
Page - 18
CHAPTER 5 4 EJECTION SEATS TERMS "/?&* 5 Thi6 i6 the lower 7art of the e?e.tion 6eat that .ontain6 the 6ur>i>al e;ui7ment3
C',o)= 5 Thi6 i6 the .lear .o>er that en.a76ulate6 the .o.=7it of 6ome 7lane6 it i6 often 6een on militar: fi-hter ?et63
C'*')/<* 5 Mo6t e?e.tion6 are initiated with thi6 balli6ti. .artrid-e3
Dro6/& )'r'/*& 5 Thi6 6mall 7ara.hute i6 de7lo:ed 7rior to the main 7ara.hute it de6i-ned to 6low the e?e.tion 6eat after eitin- the air.raft3 A dro-ue 7ara.hute in an ACES II e?e.tion 6eat ha6 a +foot "%3+m' diameter3 Other6 ma: be le66 than # feet "$3 m' in diameter3
E6r&-- -=-*&+ 5 Thi6 refer6 to the entire e?e.tion 6:6tem1 in.ludin- 6eat e?e.tion1 .ano7: ?etti6onin- and emer-en.: life6u77ort e;ui7ment3
E,;ro,+&,*'< -&,-or 5 Thi6 i6 an ele.troni. de>i.e that tra.=6 the air67eed and altitude of the 6eat3
F'& /r*', 5 Atta.hed to the to7 of 6ome 6eat61 7ilot6 7ull thi6 .urtain down to .o>er hi6 or her fa.e from debri63 Thi6 .urtain al6o hold6 the 7ilotK6 head 6till durin- e?e.tion3
R&o;&r= -&B/&,&r 5 Thi6 i6 the ele.troni. de>i.e that .ontrol6 the 6e;uen.e of e>ent6 durin- e?e.tion3
Ro?&* '*')/<* 5 Thi6 i6 a .ombination of a balli6ti. .ata7ult and an under6eat ro.=et unit3
Page - 19
U,&r-&'* ro?&* 5 Some 6eat6 ha>e a ro.=et atta.hed underneath to 7ro>ide additional lift after the .ata7ult lift6 the .rewmember out of the .o.=7it3
V&r,&r ro?&* 5 Atta.hed to a -:ro6.o7e1 thi6 ro.=et i6 mounted to the bottom of the 6eat and .ontrol6 the 6eatK6 7it.h3
&ro&ro &>&*o, 5 Thi6 i6 an e?e.tion on the -round when the air.raft i6 at ero altitude and ero air67eed3
F6 4.0 5 Ro?&*- /-& , &>&*o, -&'*-
Page - 20
MODES OF EJECTION In the ACES II e?e.tion 6eat 7rodu.ed b: oodri.h Cor7oration1 there are three 7o66ible e?e.tion mode63 The one u6ed i6 determined b: the air.raftK6 altitude and air67eed at the time of e?e.tion3 The6e two 7arameter6 are mea6ured b: the &,;ro,+&,*'< -&,-or and r&o;&r= -&B/&,&r in the ba.= of the e?e.tion 6eat3 The en>ironmental 6en6or 6en6e6 the air67eed and altitude of the 6eat and 6end6 data to the re.o>er: 6e;uen.er3 0hen the e?e.tion 6e;uen.e be-in61 the 6eat tra>el6 u7 the -uide rail6 and e7o6e6 )*o* */&-3 Pitot tube61 named for 7h:6i.i6t Henri Pitot1 are de6i-ned to mea6ure air7re66ure differen.e6 to determine the >elo.it: of the air3 /ata about the air flow i6 6ent to the 6e;uen.er1 whi.h then 6ele.t6 from the three mode6 of e?e.tion6
Mo& 1
Mode % i6 for e?e.tion6 at 67eed6 of le66 than #+$ =not6 "# m7h *) =7h' and altitude6 of le66 than %+1$$$ feet "*1+&# meter6'3 The dro-ue 7ara.hute doe6nKt de7lo: in mode %3 Mo& 2
Mode # i6 for e?e.tion6 at 67eed6 of more than #+$ =not6 and altitude6 of le66 than %+1$$$ feet3 Mo& 3 6 '<**/&$ ',= -)&&
Mode ) i6 6ele.ted for an: e?e.tion at an altitude -reater than %+1$$$ feet3
F6 4.1 5 Mo&- of &>&*o,
Page - 21
CHAPTER 5 PH#SICS OF EJECTING E?e.tin- from an air7lane i6 a >iolent 6e;uen.e of e>ent6 that 7la.e6 the human bod: under an etreme amount of for.e3 The 7rimar: fa.tor6 in>ol>ed in an air.raft e?e.tion are the for.e and a..eleration of the .rewmember1 a..ordin- to Martin Her=er1 a former 7h:6i.6 tea.her3 To determine the for.e eerted on the 7er6on bein- e?e.ted1 we ha>e to loo= at NewtonK6 6e.ond law of motion1 whi.h 6tate6 that the a..eleration of an ob?e.t de7end6 on the for.e a.tin- u7on it and the ma66 of the ob?e.t3 NewtonK6 6e.ond law i6 re7re6ented a6
For& M'-- A&<&r'*o, (FMA! Re-ardin- a .rewmember e?e.tin- from a 7lane1 M e;ual6 hi6 or her bod: ma66 7lu6 the ma66 of the 6eat3 A i6 e;ual to the a..eleration .reated b: the .ata7ult and the under6eat ro.=et3 A..eleration i6 mea6ured in term6 of 1 or -ra>it: for.e63 E?e.tin- from an air.raft i6 in the + to #$ ran-e1 de7endin- on the t:7e of e?e.tion 6eat3 A6 mentioned in the introdu.tion1 % i6 e;ual to the for.e of EarthK6 -ra>it: and determine6 how mu.h we wei-h3 One of a..eleration i6 e;ual to )# feet6e.ond # "D3 m6 #'3 Thi6 mean6 that if :ou dro7 6omethin- off of a .liff1 it will fall at a rate of )# feet6e.ond #3 ItK6 6im7le to determine the ma66 of the 6eat and the e;ui7ment atta.hed to the 6eat3 The 7ilotK6 ma66 i6 the lar-e6t >ariable3 A %$7ound 7er6on normall: feel6 %$ 7ound6 of for.e bein- a77lied to him when 6tandin- 6till3 In a #$ im7a.t1 that 6ame %$7ound 7er6on will feel )1$$ 7ound6 of for.e bein- eerted3 To learn more about for.e1 .li.= here3 @To determine the 67eed of the e?e.tion 6eat at an: 7oint in time1 one 6ol>e6 the Newton e;uation =nowin- the for.e a77lied and the ma66 of the 6eato..u7ant 6:6tem3 The onl: other fa.tor6 that are needed are the time of the for.e to be a77lied and the initial >elo.it: 7re6ent "if an:'1@ write6 Her=er on hi6 0eb 6ite de6.ribin- the 7h:6i.6 for under6tandin- e?e.tion63 Her=er 7ro>ide6 thi6 e;uation for determinin- the 67eed of the 6eat
S)&& A&<&r'*o, T+& I,*'< -)&& V(f! AT V(! Initial 67eed refer6 to either the .limb or the 6in= rate of the air.raft3 It ma: al6o be determined b: the initial 6te7 of the e?e.tion 7ro.e66 in a 6eat that .ombine6 an
Page - 22
e7lo6i>e .ata7ult and an under6eat ro.=et3 The 6eat 67eed mu6t be hi-h enou-h to allow 6e7aration of the 6eat and 7er6on from the air.raft a6 ;ui.=l: a6 7o66ible in order to .lear the entire air.raft3 The u6e of an e?e.tion 6eat i6 alwa:6 a la6t re6ort when an air.raft i6 dama-ed and the 7ilot ha6 lo6t .ontrol3 Howe>er1 6a>in- the li>e6 of 7ilot6 i6 a hi-her 7riorit: than 6a>in- 7lane61 and 6ometime6 an e?e.tion i6 re;uired in order to 6a>e a life3
F6 .0 5 E>&*o, +o&-
TIMING OF EJECTING 0 -&o,- ( Pilot 7ull6 .ord .ano7: i6 ?etti6oned or 6hattered .ata7ult initiate61 6endin- 6eat u7 rail63
0.1 -&o,- ( Seat .lear6 e?e.tion rail6 at +$ feet "%+ m' 7er 6e.ond and i6 .lear of 6urroundin- .o.=7it ro.=et .ata7ult i-nite6 >ernier motor fire6 to .ountera.t an: 7it.h .han-e6 :aw motor fire61 indu.in- 6li-ht :aw to a66ure man6eat 6e7aration3 "Burn time of all motor6 e;ual6 $3%$ 6e.ond63'
0.0 -&o,- ( Seat ha6 lifted to about %$$ to #$$ feet ")$3+ to % m' from e?e.tion altitude3
0.2 -&o,- (
Page - 23
Seatman6e7arator motor fire6 .artrid-e fire6 to relea6e .rewmember and hi6 e;ui7ment from 6eat dro-ue -un fire6 7ara.hute3
2. *o 4 -&o,- ( Main 7ara.hute i6 full: de7lo:ed3
CHAPTER 5 9 EROERO SEAT EJECTION A eroero e?e.tion 6eat i6 de6i-ned to 6afel: etra.t u7ward and land it6 o..u7ant from a -rounded 6tationar: 7o6ition "i3e31 ero altitude and ero air67eed'1 67e.ifi.all: from air.raft .o.=7it63 The eroero .a7abilit: wa6 de>elo7ed to hel7 air.rew6 e6.a7e u7ward from unre.o>erable emer-en.ie6 durin- lowaltitude andor low67eed fli-ht1 a6 well a6 -round mi6ha763 Before thi6 .a7abilit:1 e?e.tion6 .ould onl: be 7erformed abo>e minimum altitude6 and air67eed63 Geroero te.hnolo-: u6e6 6mall ro.=et6 to 7ro7el the 6eat u7ward to an ade;uate altitude and a 6mall e7lo6i>e .har-e to o7en the 7ara.hute .ano7: ;ui.=l: for a 6u..e66ful 7ara.hute de6.ent1 6o that 7ro7er de7lo:ment of the 7ara.hute no lon-er relie6 on air67eed and altitude3
Page - 24
F6 9.0 5 &ro&ro &>&*o, -&'*
AIRCRAFTS USING EJECTION SEATS The 2amo> 2a+$1 whi.h entered limited 6er>i.e with Ru66ian for.e6 in %DD+1 wa6 the fir6t 7rodu.tion heli.o7ter with an e?e.tion 6eat3 The 6:6tem i6 6imilar to that of a .on>entional fiedwin- air.raft howe>er the main rotor6 are e;ui77ed with e7lo6i>e bolt6 to ?etti6on the blade6 moment6 before the 6eat i6 fired3 The Lunar Lander Re6ear.h 5ehi.le "LLR5'Trainin- 5ehi.le "LLT5' u6ed e?e.tion 6eat63 Neil Arm6tron- e?e.ted on Ma: %D 4oe Al-ranti Stuart M3 Pre6ent1 later3 Earl: fli-ht6 of NASAK6 S7a.e Shuttle1 whi.h u6ed Columbia1 were with a .rew of two1 both 7ro>ided with e?e.tor 6eat61 "STS% to STS*'1 but the 6eat6 were di6abled and then remo>ed a6 the .rew 6ie wa6 in.rea6ed3 Columbia and Enter7ri6e were the onl: two 6huttle orbiter6 fitted with e?e.tion 6eat63 The So>iet 6huttle @Buran@ wa6 7lanned to be fitted with 2)RB "2)M%%F)+' 6eat61 but it wa6 unmanned on it6 6in-le fli-ht the 6eat6 were ne>er in6talled3 The onl: 67a.e.raft e>er flown with in6talled e?e.tion 6eat6 were the S7a.e Shuttle1 the So>iet 5o6to= and Ameri.an emini 6erie63
Page - 25
F6 9.1 5 F6*&r >&*- /-,6 &>&*o, -&'*-
FUTURE SCOPE OF EJECTION SEATS The e?e.tion 6eat ha6 e>ol>ed into a .om7li.ated 6:6tem with 6ub6:6tem63 Seat im7ro>ement ha6 im7ro>ed the odd6 of 6ur>i>al1 and e7anded boundar: limit6 for 6u..e66ful e?e.tion3 The abilit: of the 6eat to monitor en>ironmental fa.tor6 ha6 allowed better .ontrol in7ut61 im7ro>in- 6eat 6tabilit:3 The in.iden.e of e?e.tion in?urie6 i6 redu.ed b: em7lo:in- a .om7le a..eleration 7rofile3 The 7rofile i6 im7ul6i>e and of hi-h am7litude at the be-innin- and end of the a..eleration 7eriod1 while relati>el: 6mooth and of low am7litude durin- the inter7o6ed ma?or time 6e-ment3 The net -eneration of e6.a7e 6:6tem6 will u6e .ontrollable 7ro7ul6ion 6:6tem6 to 7ro>ide 6afe e?e.tion o>er the e7anded air.raft fli-ht 7erforman.e en>elo7e6 of ad>an.ed air.raft3 Continued re6ear.h will onl: enhan.e the .a7abilit: of future e?e.tion 6:6tem63 Current re6ear.h effort6 are bein- dire.ted toward 6ol>in- the 7roblem6 a66o.iated with hi-h 67eed and hi-h altitude e?e.tion63 Al6o the6e e?e.tion 6eat6 are now u6ed in 67ort6 .ar6 and that will hel7 in 6a>in- the life of the dri>er3 Their fir6t a77li.ation on .ar6 will be in Formula% ra.in- .ar61 hel7in- the dri>er to 6afel: e?e.t out from .ar whene>er the .ar -et6 out of .ontrol3
Page - 26
F6 9.2 5 E>&*o, -&'*- , 'r-
CONCLUSION Human life i6 mo6t im7ortant in our 7lanet Earth3 Ea.h and e>er: .ountr: under6tand the im7ortan.e of it6 7eo7le and all the 6olider who are 7rote.tin- the .ountr: from it6 enemie63 Thu6 in war ea.h and e>er: life i6 im7ortant to win it3 And in .a6e of air 7lane6 or fi-htin- ?et6 their i6 alwa:6 a .han.e that it .an .ra6h and .au6e death to the 7ilot3 Thu6 for 6a>in- the life of 7ilot in 6u.h .ir.um6tan.e6 E4ECTION SEATS 7la:6 an im7ortant role3 E?e.tion 6eat6 are life 6a>in- ma.hine6 whi.h hel76 the 7ilot to e6.a7e from a .ra6hin- 7lane or a ?et or a heli.o7ter3 Thu6 e?e.tion 6eat6 7la:6 a >er: im7ortant role in 6a>in- life whi.h i6 -ood for that 7er6on1 hi6 .ountr:1 the en>iournment and al6o for the Humanit:3 The .on.e7t of e?e.tion 6eat6 in automobile will al6o 6a>e man: li>e6 in .a6e of a..ident6 or .ar .ra6he6 in 67ort6 -ame61 et.3
Page - 27
REFERENCES %3
@%D%$6@3 E?e.tionhi6tor:3or-3u=3 Retrie>ed #$%#%$)$3
#3
@Mo>ed@3 Canit36e3 Retrie>ed #$%#%$)$3
)3
Po7ular Me.hani.6 oo-le Boo=63 Boo=63-oo-le3.o3u=3 Retrie>ed #$%#%$ )$3
*3
@Militar: A>iation@3 Sir>i7er3.om3 Retrie>ed #$%#%$)$3
+3
@R/PE G>eda 4SC Emer-en.: E6.a7e S:6tem6@3 G>edan773ru3 Retrie>ed #$%#%$)$3
Page - 28
3 @Air.raft ,nderwater@3 Bharatra=6ha=3.om3 %D&$)$*3 Retrie>ed #$%#%$ )$3
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