Seminar report on
Effect of varying the Compression ratio and Injection timing on performance in CI engine using MAHUA Biodiesel A technical seminar report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
BACHE!" !# $ECH%!!&' I% MECHA%ICA E%&I%EE"I%& by () SU%*EE+ SU%* EE+ "E**'
,,,A./A0 ,,,A./ A0
*epartment of Mechanical Engineering
B) () () "aju Institute Instit ute of o f $echnolog $echnology y (ishnupur1 %arsapur1 Meda2 *istrict-3.,/ .,3-.,4
*epartment of Mechanical Engineering
B) () () "aju Institute Instit ute of o f $echnolog $echnology y (ishnupur1 %arsapur1 Meda2 *istrict-3.,/
CE"$I#ICA$E
Effe fect ct of This This is to cert certif ify y that that the the proj projec ectt enti entitl tled ed “ Ef varyin varying g th thee Comp Compre ress ssio ion n rati ratio o and and Inje Inject ctio ion n timi timing ng on performance in CI engine using MAHUA Bio-dies Bio-diesel el is the bonafide work done by () SU%*EE+ SU%* EE+ "E**'
&uide
,,,A./A0 ,,,A./ A0
Head of the department
AC5%!6E*&EME%$ It is my privilege and pleasure to express my profound sense of gratitude and Indebtedness to all the #aculty mem7ers of *epartment of Mechanical Engineering I take the opportunity to offer my humble thanks to *r) () Murali 5rishna1 Head of the *epartment1 !echanical "ngineering# $% &aju
Institute of "ngineering ' Technology
I
also thank
*r) Ch) (en2atesh8arulu1
+rincipal#
B)()"A9U
I%S$I$U$E !# E%&I%EE"I%& : $ECH%!!&'1 for his support in this
"ndeavour I finally thank my family members and friends for giving moral strength and support to complete this dissertation
( SU%*EE+ "E**'
ABS$"AC$ As the price of petroleum oil reaches a new high# the need of developing alternate fuels has become acute Alternate fuels should be economically attractive in order to compete with currently used fossil fuels $iodiesel# produce by the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with simple alcohols and catalyst attracts more and more attention recently $iodiesel is a clean burning diesel alternative and has many attractive features including renewability# biodegradability# non toxicity and low emission The aim of the present review is to study the biodiesel production from transesterification process# effect of reaction parameters on conversion of biodiesel yield and its combustion# performance and emission characteristics It observes that the base catalysts are more effective than acid catalysts $iodiesel is a notable alternative to the widely used petroleum( derived diesel fuel since it can be generated by domestic and non domestic sources such as soybeans# coconuts# rapeseeds# )atropha# *aranja# rubber seed# !ahua# waste frying oil# etc The main purpose of the transesterification process is to lower the viscosity of the oil
C!%$E%$S CHA+$E" %o Abstract +ontents ,ist of figures ,ist of tables and graphs ,) Introduction -- $iodiesel -. $iodiesel production -/ $iodiesel properties -0 Scope
-0- Advantages -0. 1isadvantages ) iterature survey .- $ackground .. ,iterates reviews ./ 2bjectives ./) Biodiesel 7lends
/- $lending procedure /. 3uanti4cation of methyl esters /.- 5as chromatographic method 65+7
+A&E
/.. 8igh performance liquid chromatography method 689,+7 /./ 5el permeation chromatography method 659+7 /.0 -8 :!& method 6proton nuclear magnetic resonance7 /.; :I& spectroscopy 6near infra red7 .0) +erformance and Emission of 7iodiesel .3) "esults and discussion .4) Conclusion .;) "eferences ist of figures ist of ta7les A77revations
ist of figures
ist of ta7les Table=-> 9roperties of $.= blend
Table=.> "ngine specification
A77revations +&
+ompression ratio
IT
Injection timing
$T1+ $efore top dead centre $T"
$reak thermal efficiency
$S<+
$reak specific fuel consumption
$S"+
$reak specific energy consumption
?$8
?nburned hydro carbon
+2
+arbon monoxide
<
5+!S 5as chromatography mass spectrometry
AST! American society for testing and material
"5T
"xhaust gas temperature
I1I
Indirect injection
Introduction ,), Biodiesel $iodiesel# an ideal alternative to fossil fuels# is very imperative for the sustainable development of mankind In recent times# the world is confronted with the twin crisis of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradations The situations have led to the search for an alternative fuel which should be not only sustainable but also environment friendly without sacrificing the performance The different sources for alternative fuels are edible and non(
edible vegetable oils# animal fats and waste oil 6triglycerides7 %egetable oils# being renewable# are widely available from variety of sources have low sulfur contents close to @ero and hence cause less environmental damage 6lower green house effect7 than diesel In the context of India# non edible vegetable oil can be the most viable alternative for petroleum fuels since there is shortage of edible oils to meet the domestic requirements It has been found that neat vegetable oil can be used as a fuel in conventional diesel engines 8owever# unmodified vegetable oils are glycerol# esters when used in diesel engines the glycerol poses engine wear and performance problems due to higher viscosity and lower volatility To mitigate these problems# a variety of processes have been demonstrated for conversion of oil glycerol to molecular forms similar to petroleum based diesel fuels $iodiesel is chemically defined as mono alkyl esters of
,) Bio-diesel production The governing reaction that converts waste veg etable oil to biodiesel is a trans( esterification reaction in which liquid alcohol 6usually methanol or ethanol7 and a base 6usually sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide7 is added to vegetable oil to produce biodiesel and glycerin 5lycerin is a by product of the reaction that can be converted into soaps# candles and other products 2nce the reaction is complete and the two products separated# the biodiesel has to be purified 2ne way to purify the biodiesel is by using water Since biodiesel is a non(polar molecule# the polarity of the water attracts and removes any biodiesel has the impurities water separates from the biodiesel This wash water is then removed once it phase separates The second method of removing impurities from biodiesel is through the use of magnesol 1(Sol# a synthetic magnesium silicate powder The impurities in the biodiesel attach to the powder as it is suspended in the liquid This filtering powder does not settle out# and as such# an additional filtration step is necessary to remove it The majority of biodiesel is made from vegetable cook ing oil# though others may be used "xamples include> plant oils such as p eanut oil# animal oils such as animal fats# and any cooking oil "ach of these oils contains long fatty acid chains and esters that can be converted into biodiesel Some of these oils have more of these molecules than
vegetable oil# but vegetable oil is much more commonly used due to its abundance and low cost
5lycerol separated from biodiesel
9ure biodiesel after water washing
,)/ Biodiesel properties !echanical properties • hat makes a fuel different from others are its +etane number and heat of
combustion The viscosity of a fuel is important because it influences the atomi@ation of the fuel being inserted into the engine combustion chamber The biodiesel fuel property of having the viscosity much closer to diesel fuel than vegetable oil helps create a much lower drop# which burns cleaner The other main property of biodiesel fuel is its lubricating property Adding $iodiesel also helps in reducing fuel system wear 9hysical properties • 2bserving the physical properties of biodiesel fuel# it is liquid which can be
different in color# from golden and dark brown# all depending on the production feedstock It is immiscible with water# has a high boiling point and low vapor pressure The flash point of biodiesel is considerably higher than that of petroleum diesel $iodiesel fuel has a density of B =CC gDcmE# which is less than that of water •
+hemical properties
Studying the chemical properties of biodiesel fuel# its calorific value is about /F.F !)D,# which is GH lower than regular petro diesel It has practically no sulfur content# and is frequently used as an additive to ?ltra(,ow Sulfur 1iesel 6?,S17 fuel $iodiesel fuel has an effect on copper(based materials and as well as @inc# tin# lead# and cast iron 8owever# the stainless steels and aluminum are not affected by bio fuel
,)0 Scope Advantages of 7iodiesel •
+roduced from "ene8a7le "esources > $iodiesel is a renewable energy source unlike other petroleum products that will vanish in years to co me Since it is made from animal and vegetable fat# it can be produced on demand and also causes less pollution than petroleum diesel
•
Can 7e Used in e 2ne of the main advantage of using biodiesel is that can be used in existing diesel engines with little or no modifications at all and can replace fossil fuels to become the most preferred primary transport energy source $iodiesel can be used in -==H 6$-==7 or in blends with petroleum diesel
eg> $.= is called as .=H blend of biodiesel with C=H diesel fuel It improves engine lubrication and increases engine life since it is virtually sulphur free •
ess &reenhouse &as Emissions 6eg# $.= reduces +2. by -;H7>
•
&ro8n1 +roduced and *istri7uted ocally >
•
Cleaner Biofuel "efineries > hen oil is extracted from underground# it has to be refined to run diesel engines ou canJt use it straight away in the crude form hen it is refined# it releases many chemical compounds including ben@ene and butadiene in the environment which are harmful for animals# plants and human life $iofuel refineries# which mainly uses vegetable and animal fat into biofuel releases less toxic chemicals# if spilled or released to the environment
•
Biodegrada7le and %on-$o hen $iofuels are burnt# they produce significantly less carbon output and few pollutants As compared to petroleum diesel# biodiesel produces less soot 6particulate matter7# carbon monoxide# unburned hydrocarbons# and sulfur dioxide
•
Better #uel Economy > %ehicles that run on biodiesel achieve /=H fuel economy than petroleum based diesel engines which means it makes fewer trips to gas stations and run more miles per gallon
•
+ositive Economic Impact > $iofuels are produced locally and thousands of people are employed in biofuel production plant Since biodiesel is produced from crops # an increase in demand for biodiesel leads to increase in demand for suitable biofuel crops !oreover# it creates less emission by reducing the amount of suspended particles in the air This reduces the cost of healthcare products
•
"educed #oreign !il *ependance > ith locally produced biofuels# many countries have reduced their dependance on fossil fuels It may not solve all problems in one blow but a nation can save billions by reducing their usage on foreign oil
•
More Health Benefits > Air pollution cause more deaths and diseases than any other form of pollution 9ollutants from gasoline engines when released in the air# form smog and make thousands of people sick every year $iodiesel produce less toxic pollutants than other petroleum products
*isadvantages of Biodiesel •
(ariation in =uality of Biodiesel > $iodiesel is made from variety of biofuel crops hen the oil is extracted and converted to fuel using chemical process# the result can vary in ability to produce power In short# not all biofuel crops are same as amount of vegetable oil may vary
•
%ot Suita7le for use in o8 $emperatures > $iodiesel gels in cold weather but the temperature that it will gel depends on the oil or fat that was used to make it The best way to use biodiesel during the colder months is to blend it with winteri@ed diesel fuel
•
#ood Shortage > Since biofuels are made from animal and vegetable fat# more demand for these products may raise prices for these products and create food crisis in some countries the production of biodiesel from corn may raise its demand and it might become more expensive which may deprive poor people from having it
•
Increased use of #ertili>ers > As more crops are grown to produce biofuels# more fertili@er is used which can have devastating effect on environment The excess use of fertili@ers can result in soil erosion and can lead to land pollution
•
Clogging in Engine > $iodiesel cleans dirt from the engine This proves to be an advantage of biofuels but the problem is that this dirt gets collected in fuel filter and clogs it
iterature survey ), Bac2ground $iodiesel production is part of a sustainability movement that is occurring throughout the country It is a movement that many colleges and universities are beginning to participate and implement green methodologies to minimi@e contributions to global warming In addition# a biodiesel processor feasibility study was conducted to determine how beneficial the production of biodiesel is Substantial research in the efficiency or cost analysis of using biodiesel as an alternative fuel was not performed The research in biodiesel revolves around mahua oil as the feedstock Initially the difference in quality of different blends of biodiesel was analy@ed Some research was then conducted on fueling heavy duty diesel engines with the mahua oil Then the focus on the use of other biodiesels and amount of emissions exerted by different biodiesels are same almost
) iterate revie8 &esearchers from various parts of the world have carried large number of experime nts with biodiese l as a replacement fuel for internal combustion engines The name biodiesel was introduced in the ?nited States during -GG. by :ational $iodiesel $oard 6:$$7 which pioneered its commerciali@ation $iodiesel is currently defined in the technical regulations ": -0.-0 or AST! LF;-(=.MFN 5oering et al M-.N studied the properties of different v egetab le oils and modified fuels for automotive applications and reported that vegetable oils have acceptable cetane numbers 6/;(0;7# high viscosity 6;= +st7 high flash points 6..=(.C; +7 and high pour points 6( L to -. +7 and appreciable heating values 6about G= H of diesel7 and low sulfur content 6 O ==.H 7
Piejwski et al 6-GC07 fueled engine with sunflower derived biodiesel Shrinivasa ' 5opalkrishnan 6-GC07 used karanja based bio(diesel $io dieselQs ability to reduce emission was recogni@ed by Schumacher et al 6-GG.7 and reported reductions in smoke density when
fueling biodiesel of Soybean oil +hristopher 6-GGF7 conducted two tests in +hicago using biodiesel as fuel The testing proved that the biodiesel could be used as a feasible alternative fuel
!asjuki and 9rasad et al M/N# have respectively used esterifed 9alm oil to conduct experiments on diesel engine Torque# brake power# S<+ ' brake thermal efficiency were found comparable to that of diesel fueled engine ! Senthilkumar M-/N# T 5anapathy M-0N and 9&avi *umar has investigated methyl ester of jatropha oil as fuel and showed that transesterfication reaction improved the properties of the ester
"mulations also find attraction to use as a fuel in diesel engines due to the reduction in smoke and :2x emission using oil water emulsion as fuel 6,in and ang .==/7 M-LN 5 Amba 9rasad ' 9 & !ohan 6.==/7 have studied effect and supercharging on the biodiesel of +otton seed oil on 1I diesel engine &amdhas AS et al 6.==L7 have experimented methyl ester of rubber seed oil on diesel engine &ahman ' 5hadge 6.==F7 M-FN have concluded that mahua based biodiesel can be safely blended up to .=H with mineral diesel and could be a suitable alternative fuel The similar conclusion is reached by ,in 6.==F7 about waste oil based biodiesel
The exhaust emission characteristics of diesel engines operated with biodiesels have been studied by many researchers A review of research papers of 3uick# $arsic and ,humke revealed that with the use of biodiesel the harmful exhaust emission particularly +2 and sulfur compounds are reduced as compared to mineral diesel operation
Several researchers 6&ahman# 9hadtare .==0# Agrawal et al .==-# and !d :orun :ubi .==L 8e $ao# 8amelinck7 M--#-F(..N have observed that the exhaust emissions are affected by the use of biodiesel It is known that biodiesel generally causes on increase in :2x emission and decrease in unburned hydrocarbon 68+7# +2 and particulate matter 69!7 emission relative to diesel fuel 8owever# there are a ver y few reports of study of performance and emissions characteristics of +I1I engine fueled on blends karanja biodiesel and neem biodiesel with dieselfuel optimi@ing the relevant working parameters
India has rich and abundant forest resources with wide range of plants and oil seeds The potential of tree borne oil seeds 6T$27 is not fully explored According to an economic survey of 5overnment of India about -F; million hectors of land is classified as waste or barren land ild crops cultivated in waste land also form a source of biodiesel $esides# some species of plants yielding non edible oils# like karanja also called honge 69ongamia pinnata7 and nee m 6A@adirachta indica7 may play significant role in providing resources +ountry like India in tropical Asia is the primary habitat for neem and karanja crops It is estimated that India alone has theoretical potential to produce /;=#=== tons of neem oil per annum
)/ !7jectives The use of mahua oil biodiesel blended with mineral diesel l as substitute for conventional mineral diesel 6AST! 1.7 in diesel engine is reasonable and prospective in India
$a7le.,? +roperties of 7. 7lend #uel properties
AS$M *4;3, 7iodiesel Straight diesel
B.
1ensity at -;Rc
CL=(G==
C/G
C00
*inematic viscosity at CL=(G== 0=Rc
/-C
/-.
+etane index
((((((((
;-
;L
+alorific value6!)D*g7
-G(L=
00C
0.;
(((((((((
LC
G.
min -/=
-=/
-=.
+arbon residue6H7
min -0;
=-
==/
Acid value# mg *28
O=C
=/;
=0=
Biodiesel 7lends /), Blending procedure Typical blends include a two percent biodieselDninety(eight percent petroleum mix
6$.7# five(percent biodieselDninety(five percent petroleum mix 6$;7# twenty percent biodieselDeighty percent petroleum mix 6$.=7# and pure biodiesel 6$-==7 $.= is the most common of these blends# as it retains the majority of the engine s power 2n average# biodiesel produces /. units of energy per gallon It is a clean burning fuel# which has significantly less carbon emissions when compared to petroleum
/) =uatification of methyl esters
%arious analytical methods were developed for analy@ing mixtures containing fatty acids esters and mono# di# and triglycerides obtained by the transesteri4cation of vegetable oils Analysis were performed by a thin layer chromatographyDameioni@ation detector 6T,+D
/)), &as chromatographic method @&C
5as chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of glycerol# mono(# di(# and triglycerides in vegetable oil methyl esters has been developed In principle# glycerol# mono# di# and triglycerides can be analy@ed on highly inert(columns coated with a polar stationary phases without derivation The inertness of the column# required to obtain good peak shapes and satisfactory recovery# cannot be easily maintained in routine analysis !ost reports on the use of 5+ for bio(diesel analysis employ ame(ioni@ation detectors 6<-17# although the use of mass spectrometric detector 6!S17 would eliminate any ambiguities about the nature of the electing materials Since mass spectra unique to individual compounds would be obtained
/)) High performance liuid chromatography method @H+C
A general advantage of 89,+ compared to 5+ is that time and reagent consuming dramati@ation are not necessary# which reduces analysis time The 4rst literature on 89,+ method describes the determination of overall content of mono# di# and triglycerides in fatty acid methyl esters by isocratic liquid chromatography using a density detector The separation was achieved by coupling a cyano modi4ed silica column with two 59+ columns +hloroform with an ethanol content of =LH issused as an elutent This system allowed for the detection of mono# di# and triglycerides as well as methyl esters as classes of compounds The system was useful for the study of degree of conversion of the transesteri4cation reaction ) 89,+ with pulsed amperometric detection 69A17 was used to determine the amount of free glycerol in vegetable oil esters The 89,+U9A1 method has proved to be simple# rapid and accurate The major advantage of this method is its high sensitivity The simultaneous detection of residual alcohol is also possible with this technique M.GN 89,+ equipped with a refractive index detector was used for the analysis of bio(diesel produced from soya(bean oil M-/N The 89,+ mobile phases was consisted of acetone and acetonitrile !ono# di# and triglycerides were quanti4ed to study the reaction kinetics for transesteri4cation
/))/ &el permeation chromatography method @&+C
A method for simultaneous analysis of transesteri4cation reaction products mono(# di( and triglycerides# glycerol and methyl esters was developed using gel permeation chromato( graphy coupled with refractive index detector The mobile phase was 89,+ grade T8< 6Tetra 8ydro
/))0 ,H %M" method @proton nuclear magnetic resonance
The yield of transesteri4cation reaction utili@ed -8 :!& depicting its progressing spectrum The yield of methyl esters was calculated by comparing the peak area of methoxy and methylene protons)
/))3) %I" spectroscopy @near infra red
:I& spectroscopy has been used to monitor the transesteri4cation reaction The basis for quanti@ation of the turnover from triglycerides feed stock to methyl ester product is differences in the :I& spectra of their classes of compounds The mid range I& spectra of triglycerides and methyl esters of fatty acids are almost identical and offer no possibility for distinguishing engine performance without any dif4culties The parameters#which de4ne the quality of bio(diesel# can be divided into two groups 2ne group contains general parameters# which are also used for mineral oil based fuel and the other group especially describes the chemical composition and purity of fatty acid alk yl esters Among the general parameters for bio(diesel the viscosity of fatty acid methyl esters can go very high levels and hence it is important to control it within an acceptable level to avoid negative impacts on fuel injectors system performance Therefore viscosity speci4cations proposed are nearly same as that of the diesel fuel as shown in bio(diesel standard
:eutrali@ation number is speci4ed to ensure proper ageing properties of the fuel It reects the presence of free fatty acids +arbon residue of the fuel is indicative of carbon depositing tendencies of the fuel +arbon residue for bio(diesel is more important than that in diesel fuel because itshows a high correlation with presence of free fatty acids# glycerides# soaps# polymers# higher unsaturated fatty acids and inorganic impurities The presence of high level of alcohol in bio(diesel cause accelerated deterioration of natural rubber
+erformance and Emission characteristics +erformance
+onventional Internal +ombustion "ngines can be operated with bio(diesel without major modi4cation In comparison to diesel# the higher cetane number of bio(diesel results in shorter ignition delay and longer combustion duration and hence results in low particulate emissions and minimum carbon deposits on injector no@@les It is reported that if an engine is operated on bio(diesel for a long time# the injection timing maybe required to be readjusted for achieving better thermal ef4ciency %arious blends of bio(diesel with diesel have been tried# but $(.= 6.=H bio(diesel V C=H diesel7 has been found to be the most approximate blend
Emission Biodiesel reduces tailpipe particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC),and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from most modern four-stroke C en!ines" #hese bene$ts occur because the fuel (B%&&) contains %%' oxy!en by ei!ht" #he presence of fuel oxy!en allos the fuel to burn more completely, so feer unburned fuel emissions result" #his same phenomenon reduces air toxics, because the air toxics are associated ith the unburned or partially burned HC and PM emissions" #estin! has shon that PM, HC, and CO reductions are independent of the feedstock used to make biodiesel" itro!en !as 6:.7 ( Air is FC(percent nitrogen gas# and most of this passes right through the car engineW
Carbon dioxide 6+2.7 ( This is one product of combustion The carbon in the fuel bonds with the oxygen in the airW
*ater +apor 68.27 ( This is another product of combustion The hydrogen in the fuel
bonds with the oxygen in the air
Carbon monoxide 6+27 ( a poisonous gas that is colorless and odorlessW Hydrocarbons (HC) or +olatile or!anic compounds 6%2+s7 ( produced mostly from unburned fuel that evaporates Sunlight breaks these down to form oxidants# which react with oxides of nitrogen to cause ground level o@one 62/7# a major component of smogW
itro!en oxides 6:2 and :2.# together called :2x7 ( contributes to smog and acid rain# and also causes irritation to human mucus membranes)
$a7le.? Engine specifications
Type
1D,
CF;(--=mm
,oading
"ddy current dynamometer
=(;==mm +
Temperature sensor
9T -==#* type# &T1 thermocouple
9ie@oXsensor range
;===9si
"ngine controlling unit
9"/ Series "+?
,ubrication system
"esults and discussion
•
"ffect of varying compression ratio on blends
•
"ffect of varying injection timing on blends
•
"ffect of varying +I ratio on blends
•
"ffect of varying IT on blends are discussed
Co vDs CI
B$E vDs CI
UBHC @ ppm vDs CI
Conclusion Alternate fuels for diesel engines have become increasingly important due to decreasing petroleum resource and environ(mental consequences of exhaust(gases from petroleum(fuelled engines A number of studies have shown that triglycerides hold promise as alternative fuels for diesel engines 8owever# the high viscosity# low volatility and poor cold ow properties of triglycerides# which result in severe engine deposits# injector choking and piston ring sticking have prevented triglycerides from being used directly in diesel engine %arious blends of bio(diesel with diesel have been tried# but $(.= has been found to be the most appropriate blend The quality of bio(diesel is most important for engine part of view and various standards have been speci4ed to check the quality As per the analytical method reported in literature high performance liquid chromatography method is suitable to analy@e the reaction intermediates and products of transesteri4cation reaction "conomic feasibility study shows that the bio(diesel obtained from non(edible oil is cheaper than that from edible oils
hen biodiesel blend was increased# $S<+ and "5T increased where $T" reduced
$ut when +& was increased and IT was advanced# the above trend got reversed
The study also concluded the safe use of $.= blend for the existing constant speed I1I engine at all ranges of +I and IT
"xperiments were conducted to see performance6$T" and $S<+7 and emissions parameters 6"5T# +2 and 8+7
"eferences M-N Srivastava A# 9rasad & Triglycerides based diesel fuels &enew Sustain "nergy &ev .===0>---U// M.N !inistry of non(conventional energy sources 6!:"S7 and planning commission .==. M/N Shay "5 1iesel fuel from vegetable oil Status and opportunities $iomass $ioenergy -GG/0607>..FU0. M0N *rawe@y T $iodieselYalternative fuel makes in roads but hurdles remain I:<2&! -GGLF6C7>C==U-; M;N $ijalwan A# et al# $io(diesel &evolution Science &eporter )anuary .==L p -0UF MLN 1r I% Subba &ao# 5eneral 9resident Indian Science +ongress Association ZZ9residential addressJJ G/rd Indian science congress annual report .==;U.==L p -. MFN 1r A9) Abdul *alam# 8onJble 9resident of India ZZ1ynamics of &ural 1evelopmentJJ G/rd Indian science congress annual report .==;U.==L p /0 MCN $arnwal $*# et al# Alternate 8ydro "nergy +enter# IIT &oorkee 9rospects of $io 1iesel 9roduction from %egetable 2ils in India# &enewable and Sustainable "nergy &eviews .==;G>/L/UFC MGN Sundarapandian S# 1evaradjane 5 1epartment of Automobile "ngineering !IT( +hrompet# "xperimental Investigation of the 9erformance on %egetable 2il 2perated +I "ngine -Gth :ational +onference on I+ "ngine and +ombustion 1ecember .-U./ Annamalai ?niversity# +hidambaram p CFUG0 M-=N
A!urugesan#
+?marani#
&Subramanian#
::edunche@hian
1epartment
of
!echanical "ngineering# *S&angasamy +ollage of Technology#Tiruchengode(L/F .-; $io( diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines A review# &enewable and Sustainable "nergy M--N 2tera ) Transesteri4cation +hem &ev -GG/G/607>-00GUF= M-.N -/F;UC= M-/N :oureddini 8# Phu 1 *inetics of transesteri4cation of soyabean oil ) Am 2il +hem Soc -GGFF06--7>-0;FUL/
M-0N 1orado !9# $allesteros "# Almeida )A# Schellet +# ,ohrlein 89# *rause & An alkali( catalysed transesteri4cation process for high free fatty acid oils Trans ASA" .==.0;6/7>;.;U G M-;N -L/CU0/ M-LN !a <# 8anna !A $iodiesel production a review $ioresour Technol-GGGF=>-U-; M-FN !a <# +lements ,1# 8anna !A The effect of catalyst# free fatty acids#and water on Transesteri4cation of beef fallow Trans ASA"-GGC0-6;7>-.L-U0 M-CN ;0CU;G M-GN GF M.=N Saka S# 1adan * $io diesel fuel# from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol ..; M.-N *rishangkura *# Simamaharnnop & +ontinuous trans methylation of palm oil in an organic solvent ) Am 2il +hem Soc -GG.LG6.7>-LLUG M..N Tomasevic A%# !arinekovic SS !ethanolysis of used frying oils -UL M./N "ncian )!# 5on@ali@ )<# &odrigue@ ))# Tajedor A $iodiesels fuels from vegetable oils transesteri4cation of +ynara cardunculus , oils with ethanol "nergy 00/U;= M.0N 8wi 8# editor $ailyJs Industrial oils fats> Industrial and consumer nonedible products from oils and fats ;th ed# :ew ork> iley Interscience-GGL p ; M.;N .FU/. M.LN !af <# +lements ,1# 8anna !A The effect of mixing on transesteri4cation of beef tallow $ioresour Technol -GGGLG>.CGUG/
