Sejarah Soviet Union

SeJaRaH SoVieT UNioN 1922-1991 LAU KEBANSAAN T>e Intenationale 71922@19? H;n of t>e Soviet Union 719@1991?

KESATUAN REPUBLIK SOSIALIS SOVIET

Union of Soviet Socialit Re!"#lic $%&' $%()*+,. $%/0+*)+,. 3)+456,  7E8aan R"i : So;"< Soviet=i=> Sotialitic>e=i=> Re!"#li=? 1922 @ 1991

IBU NEARA ocoQ BAHASA RASI R"ia an #an;a= lai  AAA RASI  At>ei 7Tiaa 7Tiaa Aaa Aaa Rai? OTO KERAJAAN

SISTE KERAJAAN

C%)*0C C%)*0 C (+). +*C0D +%)FDG*) + %)FDG*)+ +

Keat"an Re!"#li= Soiali Soviet

7E8aan R"i : Poletaii ve=> tan

Neaa =o"ni at" !ati

o;ein;a;te ? Ma>ai Pe=e8a "nia  Beat" 

PEIPIN UTAA

1922 @ 192 7!enaa? @ Vlaii Lenin

19 @ 19 @ eo; alen=ov

192 @ 19 @ Joe!> Stalin

19 @ 19 @ Ni=ita K>">c>ev

19 @ 192 @ Leoni Be<>nev

19 @ 19 @ Kontantin X>enen=o

192 @ 19 @ W"i Ano!ov

19 @ 1991 7tea=>i? @ i=>ail o#ac>ev

BAAN LEISLATIY Xone of Soviet an Xental EZec"tive Xoittee 71922-19[? S"!ee Soviet 719[-199\ 1991? Xone of Peo!le] e!"tie an S"!ee Soviet 7199-1991?

SEJARAH RINKAS iaa=an @ ^ ee#e 1922 i#"#a=an @ 2 ee#e 1991 KELUASAN NEARA Paa 1991 @ 22 ^2 2^^ =2

POPULASI Paa 1991 7anaan? @ 29 ^[ [1 !en""= KEPAATAN 1_1 oan !e =2 LATAR BELAKAN KRSS Union of Soviet Socialit Re!"#lic 7USSR ala #a>aa R"ia : $%&  ` ' $%() `*+,. $%/0+* `)+,. 3)+45 `6, e8aan "i So;"< Soviet=i=> Sotialitic>e=i=> Re!"#li= !aa =e#iaaann;a >an;a i=enali e#aai Soviet Union aala> e#"a> neaa oiali i =aQaan E"aia ;an Q"8" antaa ta>"n 1922 >ina 1991_ Soviet Union e!"n;ai at" ite !oliti= ;an >an ;a teii ai at" !ati !oliti= a>a8a iait" Xo"nit Pat; e>ina ta>"n 199^_ enan it" =ee"a 1 e!"#li= #ee="t" enan KRSS

a=an e"at=an !enta#ian i #anaa;a ocoQ_ Ian;a i!"at=an i ocoQ te"taa ala a!e= e=onoi Qila;a> #ee="t"_ Revol"i R"ia !aa ta>"n 191[ tela> e#aQa =e!aa =e8at">an =ea8aan ona=ia"to=ati= #ea>aa8a i R"ia_ Sele!a =eat"an Bol>evi= eenani !ean a"aa R"ia e!"#lic oiali oviet tela> i#ent"= ecaa ain;a !aa 1922 ;an eli!"ti  Qila;a> "taa iait" R"ian Soviet Yeeative Socialit Re!"#lic Tanca"caian Socialit Yeeative Soviet Re!"#lic U=ainian Soviet Socialit Re!"#lic an 8"a B;elo"ian Soviet Socialit Re!"#lic_ Sele!a =eatian !enaa Soviet iait" Vlaii Lenin !aa 192 Joe!> Stalin tela> #e"a>a ecaa aeif an #e8a;a enet"ai Soviet an tela> e#ent"= in"t; #e=ala #ea #ai neaa KRSS ini_ SeQa=t" !ean "nia =e"a J"n 191 !i>a= Na #e"a>a en8a8a> Soviet Union ;an tela> enanatanani !e8an8ian aai enan Na"n !e!eanan ;anen;e=a=an Soviet Union tela> eenani !e!eanan tee#"t an en8ai antaa "a ="aa "taa "nia eQa=t" it" elain ai  Aei=a S;ai=at_ Soviet Union an e="t" i ti" 7c>ina Vietna =oea "taa? tela> teli#at enan !ean inin enan #lo= =a!itali 7Aei=a Bitain #? iait" etela> eleai !ean "nia =e"a_ Pean ieoloi an !ena"> tela> #ela=" i "nia enan !e"atan "a ="aa#lo= "nia iait" =a!itali an oiali=o"ni_ Paa leQat ta>"n 19^-an =et"a =ea8aan Soviet i=>ail o#ac>ev tela> #e"a>a "nt"= e"li>=an neaa oviet ai #e!eca> na"n a=>in;a Soviet Union t"#an  8"a a=>in;a an ecaa ai t"#an !aa ie#e 1991 etela> "a>a #e#ea!a Qila;a> KRSS e#el" ini "nt"= ee=a #e8a;a i=eca!i_ KEAAAN EORAYI IKLI b PERSEKITARAN KRSS enan =el"aan =eel"">an neaa e=ita 22 ^^ ^^^ =iloete !eei Soviet Union tela> en8ai neaa !alin l"a i "nia_ eli!"ti 1 =el"aan #"i =el"aan ini #eaaan enan =el"aan =eel"">an #en"a Aei=a Utaa_ Ben"a Eo!a> >an;a en;aai  ai =el"aan neaa KRSS ini an 8"a e"!a=an !"at #ai !eaanan an e=onoi_ Ba>aian ti" iait" ai tena> aia e>ina =e la"tan !aifi= an ai Af>anitan =e elatan ="an iiai !en""= an !alin ="an =eiatan an"ia_ Kel"aann;a ean="i 1^^^^ =iloete ai aia =e #aat eentai 11 Qa=t" "nia an el"a [2^^ =iloete ai "taa =e elatan_ ean="i  8eni i=li "nia iait" t"na taia te!!e ""n an =aQaan !e"n"nan_

Soviet Union 8"a e!"n;ai e!aan neaa ;an !alin l"a an !an8an i "nia iana=an e=ita ^^^^ =iloete 2 ai aian !eii la"t Ati=_ eentai 8"a Selat Bein ;an #ee!aan enan Aei=a S;ai=at_ Soviet Union #ee!aan enan #e#ea!a neaa e!eti Af>anitan X>ina Xolova=ia Yinlan H"na; Ian onolia Koea Utaa NoQa; Polan Roania an T"=i iait" #e"la ta>"n 19 e>ina 1 991_ S"nai te!an8an i Soviet Union iala> "nai It;>_ P"nca= !e"n"nan tetini i Soviet iala> i Xo"ni Pea= 7=ini i=enali e#aai P"nca= Ban8aan Iail Saani? i neaa Ta8i=itan =ini iait" !aa =etinian a=i" [9 ete_ Tai= te#ea i "nia 8"a teleta= i KRSS iait" La"t Xa!ian_ ana=ala tai= ;an te!an8an an teala i "nia iait" Tai= Bai=al 8"a teleta= i ala Qila;a> Soviet Union_ SEJARAH KRSS Ta 7a8a? R"ia ;an tea=>i lai =e8a Nic>ola II tela> eeinta> e!a;a R"ia e>ina ac 191[ iait" e>ina eleai !e!eanan "nia !etaa_ Kea8aan eentaa R"ia tela> ena#il ali> !eeinta>an e!a;a ai Ta ecaa ain;a Nic>ola II tela> t""n ta=>ta !aa o=to#e 191[ iait" etela> eleai Revol"i O=to#e 191[ ;an i=et"ai ole> !ei!in =eat"an Bol>evi= iait" Vlaii Lenin_ Soviet Union tela> ecaa ain;a i#ent"= !aa #"lan ie#e 1922 enan =eat"an ole> #e#ea!a Qila;a> iait" Qila;a> R"ia U=>ain Bela" an Re!"#li= Tanca"caian Soviet enan etia! at"n;a i!einta> ole> !ati=eat"an Bol>evi=_ Unt"= eati=an e!a;a it" #ena-#ena #etina= e!eti e#"a> e!"#lic tan!a a8a etia! Qila;a> e!"n;ai !enta#ian an !eeinta>an enii tea Soviet R"ia >an;a i=>a=an "nt"= Qila;a> R"ian Yeeative Socialit Re!"#lic ana=ala Qila;a> lain en"na=an tea oviet teenii_ SEJARAH REVOLUSI AN PEBENTUKAN REPUBLIK Keiatan evol"i oen i e!a;a R"ia #e"la !aa Revol"i ie#e 12_ Baaiana!"n evol"i ini #e8a;a i!ata>=an ole> !eeinta>an Ta !aa 11_ Se#"a> !alien #one=a ;an i=enali e#aai d"a] tela> i#ent"= ole> a>aa8a !aa ta>"n 19^ iait" ele!a Revol"i R"ia 19^ "nt"= en"an=an =eteanan evol"i !e#a>a"an_ Mala"!"n ei=ian "a ini >an;ala> #one=a =eana !eeinta>an ona=i ia8a ai> iaal=an ecaa !a=aan_ Penan=a!an oan aQa ecaa #elel"aa an !e#"n">an !oliti= teta! #ela=" e>inala>

!ean "nia =e"a #elan"n ;an ena=i#at=an #e#ea!a Qila;a> e!a;a R"ia 8at"> =e tanan ="aa lain_

Vlaii Lenin e#ei=an Piato Ke!aa a;aa=at Paa 192^_ Revol"i !ontan tela> #ela=" i Saint Pete#" e#aai a=i#at ai !en""nan ecaa enaa= =e="atan e=onoi an oal R"ia ian ;a e"nca= eQa=t" Revol"i Ye#"ai an ena=i#at=an !ena=>ian !eeinta>an #ea8a !aa ac 191[_ Ke!i!inan a"to=ai Ta tela> ianti ole> =e!i!inan eentaa "ia "nt"= !eeiaan #ai !e#ent"=an =ea8aan eo=ati= R"ia an "nt"= e#an"n=an e"la R"ia etela> =e"na>an a=i#at Pean "nia Petaa_ Paa aa ;an aa Keat"an Se=e8a ;an i=enali e#aai Soviet tela> #e=e#an =e el""> e!a;a_ Keat"an Bol>evi= ;an i=et"ai ole> Vlaii Lenin tela> enaa=an Revol"i Soiali i ala Soviet_ Paa Nove#e 191[ eQa=t" #elan"nn;a Revol"i O=to#e ee=a ena#il =ee!atan tee#"t "nt"= e!e#ea=an =e="aaan an !ena"> ee=a_ Paa ie#e =eat"an Bol>evi= tela> enanatanani !e8an8ian enan !i>a= !enta#ian !"at_ ana=ala !aa Ye#"ai 191 !ee#"tan ="aa iantaa =eat"an e=e8a an !enta#ian !"at =e#ali #elan"n_ Paa ac =e"a-"a !i>a= tela> enanatanani Pe8an8ian Bet-Litov=_ Se#"a> !ean a"aa ;an !an8an tela> #ela=" i R"ia ;an eli#at=an =et"#"=an tentea ea> an tentea !"ti> iait" #e"la e=ita 191[ an #ea=>i !aa 192 enan =eenanan i !i>a= tentea ea>_ Nic>ola II an =el"aan;a tela> i>"=" #"n"> !aa 1921 an !e!eanan a"aa tee#"t tela> ena=i#at=an =o#an n;aQa e#an;a=  8"ta n;aQa_ Paa ac 1921 eQa=t" =onfli= #een8ata enan neaa Polan !e8an8ian aai Ria tela> itanatanani ;an en;a=i=an !e#a>aian Qila;a> Bela" an U=>ain iantaa Re!"#li= Polan an Soviet

R"ia_ Soviet Union 8"a ena=>ii =onfli= enan #e#ea!a #"a> e!"#lic #a" e!eti Re!"#li= Yinlan Re!"#li= Etonia Re!"#li= Latvia an Re!"#li= Lit>"ania_ PENWATUAN REPUBLIK SOVIET Paa 2 ie#e 1922 tela> #ela=" "ninan iantaa eleai ai Qila;a> R"ian SYSR Tanca"caian SYSR U=ainian SSR an eleai ai Qila;a> B;elo"ian SSR ;an tela> #e8a;a eeteai !e8an8ian !e#ent"=an USSR an e=laai !e#ent"=an USSR ;an #e8a;a e#ent"= Union of Soviet Socialit Re!"#lic_ Ke"a o="en !eeteaian ini tela> ia>=an eQa=t" =one !etaa USSR an tela> itanatanani ole> Qa=il ai =ee!at-e!at Qila;a> ;an teii ai i=>ail Kalinin i=>a T=>a=a;a i=>ail Y"nev;a=ov !aa ^ ie#e 1922_ Paa 1 Ye#"ai 192 USSR tela> ia>=an ole> e!a;a Biti>_ Paa ta>"n ;an aa e#"a> !enta#ian Soviet tela> it"#">=an !aa ie#e 1922 ecaa #e!"at iait" i ocoQ_ Unt"= e"li>=an e"la e=to e=onoi in"ti an !oliti= neaa ;an tela> e"" eaQall 191[ lai !el#aai "a>a tela> ila="=an_ Kee"a "a>a ini tela> ia"==an =e ala !eni;ti>aan Bol>evi= an tela> i8aia=n !ele#aaan neaa an itanatanani ole> Vlaii Lenin_ Antaa "a>a !alin #e=ean iala> ancanan OELRO iait" ent"=t"=an e"la !elan e=onoi Soviet Union #e!an"=an =e!aa tenaa =e8a an #""> ala neaa_ Rancanan ini tela> i#"at !aa 192^ an ean="i ancanan !e#an"nan e=onoi elaa 1^ >ina 1 ta>"n =e >aa!an_ Ian;a tea"= e#ina 8ainan ="aa an tenaa ;an eli!"ti ^ Qila;a> #eainan 1^ e!anan >ioele=ti= eai an !el#aai lai !o8e= in"ti-ele=ti= ala neaa_ Rancanan ini tela> en8ai conto> !en"#alan ancanan lia ta>"n Soviet Unio ;an #e"la !aa ta>"n 191_ ERA PEERINTAHAN STALIN ai !e"laan !en"#">an =ea8aan lai =ea8aan Soviet Union eeann;a >an;a ita#i ole> at" !ati a>a8a iait" Pati Ko"ni 7Bol>evi=?_ Sele!a !e#ent"=an !olii e=onoi ;an le#i> te#"=a ele!a !ean a"aa R"ia =ea8aan tela> e#"=a !aaan e=onoi te!atan =e!aa #e#ea!a ;ai=at !ela#"an l"a neaa iait" ele!a ta>"n 192^-an_ an =e#an;a=an ;ai=at !ela#"an tee#"t le#i> #e#ent"= !ela#"an ala e=to a=anan an in"an_

Baian =e!i!inan oiali oviet #e"a>a ene=al=an =eQ"8"an at" !ati a>a8a enta#i oviet enan #et"8"an enela= e=!loitai ai !i>a= =a!itali ;an tia= e8a8a enan =e>ena= =e#a8i=an_ Pe#a>aan enenai =aea> !en""an e=onoi ;an le#i> #ai= ea=in lantan i#a>a=an te"taa etela> =eatian Lenin !aa ta>"n 192_ Paa  A!il 1922 Stalin tela> ilanti= e#aai Setia"a>a A"n Pati Ko"ni Soviet Union_ Lenin tela> elanti= Stalin e#aai =et"a =eat"an e=e8a oviet ;an e#ei=an ="aa !enta#ian =e!aa Stalin_ Setela> ilanti= an i!e=enan ole> Lenin Stalin tela> en8ai !eQai =e="aaan =ea8aan Soviet Union an !aa a=>i ea 192^-an ia tela> ela=ana=an !eeinta>an #e#ent"= totalitaian_ Paa O=to#e 192[ io; inoviev an Leon Tot=; iait" 8aQatan="aa tetini !ati =o"ni tela> i#"an ai 8aQatan="aa "nt"= en"=">=an l ai =e="aaan Stalin_ Paa 192 Stalin tela> e!e=enal=an !elan !e#an"nan e=onoi oiali lia ta>"n #ai e#an"n=an e=onoi oviet_ SeQa=t" ea it" !e>"#"nan !eaanan antaa#ana tela > i!e=enal=an ole> Stalin #"at =ali !etaa een8a= evol"i a=;at ia=aan ian;a #et"8"an 8"a "nt"= e"!"= eanat oiali ala a=;at oviet_ ala e=to !ein"tian =ea8aan tela> ena#ilali> an enaQal =ee"a ;ai=at-;ai=at !enel"aan an t""t ena#ilali> !elan-!elan !e#an"nan !ein"tian_ ala #ian !etanian !"la ite !etanian ecaa =ole=tif tela> i!e=enal=an =e el""> neaa_ SeQa=t" ea !eeinta>an ca!"tanan =ea8aan #an;a= =e =e#"l"an #ela=" i el""> oviet #e8"ta n;aQa ela;an =e!aa eia!a ;an enentan =ea8aan oiali Stalin a=an i>anta =e !en8aa "la an i=ena=an >"="an =e8a #eat_ Ke#an=itan a;a=at te" #ela=" te"taa eQa=t" ea 19^-an_ PeitiQa Stalin eat P"e tela> en;a=i=an #an;a= a>li Bol>evi= Laa ;an teli#at ala Revol"i O=to#e ;an !o-Lenin tela> itan=a!_ Ko#an !eitiQa tee#"t tia= a!at i!ati=an #ea!a=a> anaann;a_ en""t e=o-e=o Soviet ;an teea> =e!aa aQa !aa ta>"n 19[ an 19 NKV 7!oli a>ia oviet? tela> enan=a! le#i> ai at" etena> 8"ta oan i antaan;a eaai 1 92 tela> i>"=" te#a=_ Secaa !"ata 1^^^ oan ite#a= ati elaa e>ai_ Secaa =eel"">ann;a e!an8an te!o8 19[-19 e#an;a= 1^-11 8"ta tela> i>"=" te#a=_ e=i!"n #anta>an an !e#"n">an ecaa e#a#i#"ta it" ila="=an Keat"an Soviet teta! #e=e#an=an en8ai e#"a> ="aa e=onoi in"ti ;an ="at !aa ta>"n-ta>"n e#el" Pean "nia II_ ERA 19^-AN

Paa aQal 19^-an en;a=i=an Q"8"n;a =e8aaa ;an le#i> eat antaa Baat an Keat"an Soviet_ Be"la ta>"n 192 >ina 19 Keat"an Soviet tela> teli#at ala Peianan Pel"c"tan Sen8ata "nia_ Paa ta>"n 19 >"#"nan i!loati= antaa Aei=a S;ai=at an Keat"an Soviet i!e="=">=an_ ana=ala !aa #"lan Se!te#e 19 Keat"an Soviet #ea#"n enan Lia Bana-Bana Beat"_ Sele!a Pean Sa"aa Se!an;ol an Se!an;ol #e!eca> !aa ta>"n 19 Keat"an Soviet ecaa a=tif en;o=on !a"=an e!"#lic e!an;ol elaQan !"a= naionali e!an;ol ;an io=on ole> =ea8aan Yai Itali an e8i Naat e#aai =eenanan !ei#ai #ai Stalin_ Wan !aa Qa=t" it" ia#a=an ole> Pava #a>aQa Stalin e#aai eni" ai "nia #a" oan !alin #i8a=ana an Soviet tela> eanan !ele#aaan e#aai o="en !o!aana Stalin_  A=>i 19^-an en;a=i=an Q"8"n;a !eeean =e="atan e>ina en8ai=an Soviet a!">_ Paa ta>"n 19 ele!a Inei an Peanci enanatanani Pe8an8ian "nic> enan Jean Keat"an Soviet t""t teli#at enan !e8an8ian e"!aa it" enan Na"!"n e=onoi_ Ke"a-"a neaa e#"at !e8an8ian Nonaeion Jean-Soviet an Pe8an8ian aanan Jean-Soviet_ Pa=atan nonaeion e#"at !en""=an Soviet i Qila;a> Lit>"ania Latvia Etonia Beaa#ia B"=ovina "taa an Polan ti" en8ai ea=in ="=">_ Paa a=>i Nove#e ta>"n ;an aa #ai e!el"a=an e!aan an !en"aaan Soviet =e ata Yinlan Stalin tela> e!e#ea=an e!aan oviet e8a"> 2 =iloete ai Lenina an elan=a"i e!aan Yinlan lal" Joe!> Stalin te" eeinta>=an !enceo#o>an =e ata Yinlan_ i ti" tentea Soviet eenani #e#ea!a !e!eanan a=i#at ai !etelin=a>an =aQaan e!aan enan E!a;a Je!"n !aa ta>"n 1 9 an 199_ Na"n !aa #"lan A!il 191 Keat"an Soviet tela> #eifat #e=ec"ali enan enanatanani !e8an8ian Soviet-Je!"n enan E!a;a Je!"n ena="i a"tonoi Qila;a> anc>"="o i neaa Je!"n_ RUSIA SEMAKTU PERAN UNIA KEUA

Pelanca Ro=et Beana Kat;">a ili= Soviet i"na=an eQa=t" !ean ena=l"= Belin !aa A!il 19_ Mala"!"n !a=a e8aa> enata=an #a>aQa oviet tia= #eeia eQa=t" nae#at_ Jean tela> e"la=an eanan =e ata oviet an tela> elana !e8an8ian "nt"= tia= en;ean Keat"an Soviet_ Seanan na #e8a;a en>enti=an =eaaan tentea Jean eQa=t" Pete!"an ocoQ ta#a>an !"la =eaaan "i inin ;an l"a #iaa ;an t""t e#ant" e#e>enti=an =eaaan tentea na"n 192 >ina aQal 19 e"!a=an !"="lan >e#at =e!aa =et"#"=an tentea Jean i ana !aa !e!eanan e#el"n;a ee=a tia= !ena> =ala>_ Setela> !a"=an tentea ea> eenani !ete!"an i Stalina !a"=an Soviet elintai =aQaan Eo!a> Ti" en"8" Belin e>inala> Jean en;ea> =ala> !aa ta>"n 19_

Pei!in "taa Soviet Joe!> Stalin Peien U_S Yan=lin _ Rooevelt an Peana entei Bitain Minton X>"c>ill eQa=t" !e#icanan !e!eanan en>aa!i Naan !aa ta>"n 19_ Paa ta>"n ;an aa Keat"an Soviet "nt"= een">i teeteain;a !e8an8ian enan Pi>a= Bei=at !aa Peianan Walta ee=a tela> enin=ai !e8an8ian Soviet-Je!"n ;an tela> iaa=an e#el" ini iait" !aa A!il 19 an oviet "nion tela> en;ean Qila;a> E!a;a Je!"n iait" anc>"="o an Qila;a> Je!"n ;an lain !aa 9 Oo 19_ Konfli= ini #ea=>i enan =eenanan Soviet ;an tela> en;e#a#=an Je!"n a=>in;a en;ea> tan!a ;aat an #ea=>in;a Pean "nia II_ Keat"an Soviet #an;a= =e"ian a=i#at ai !e!eanan ;an #e!an8anan Soviet =e>ilanan e=ita 2[ 8"ta !en""=_ Mala"!"n #eit" KRSS tela> "nc"l e#aai ="aa =etenteaan "nia #a" ;an eni#an ="aa Aei=a S;ai=at_ Setela> e"t"=an >"#"nan i!loati= enan "nia Baat Keat"an Soviet en8alin=an >"#"nan i!loati= enan >a!i etia! #ana i "nia ini !aa leQat 19^-an_ Soviet en8ai a>li teta! Pet"#">an Bana-Bana Beat" an en8ai antaa ="aa veto ala PBB e=ita ta>"n 19_ Selain it" Keat"an Soviet t""t en8ai ala> at" ai!aa lia anota teta! a8li Keelaatan PBB ;an e#ei=ann;a >a= ="aa veto =e!aan;a ala etia! eol"i ;an icaan=an neaa anota PBB_ Keat"an Soviet #e8a;a e!eta>an=an tat"n;a e#aai ala> at" ai "a neaa ="aa "nia elaa e!at e=a elal"i >eeonin;a i Eo!a> Ti" =e="atan tentea =e="atan e=onoi #ant"an "nt"= neaa-neaa e#an"n an =a8ian i lia> te"taa i #ian te=noloi "an an=aa an !een8ataan_ ERA PERAN ININ Setela> taat Pean "nia II Keat"an Soviet tela> i#an"n=an e"la ai =ean !e!eanan an a=tiviti e=onoi i!eat=an na"n =aQalan =etat teta! i#ei=an an e=onoi teta! i=aQal =ea8aan !"at_ Ini e#ant" ala e#ina e"la neaa !aca-!ean te"taa i neaaneaa Eo!a> Ti" an en8ai=an neaa eo!a> ti" e#aai neaa atelit oviet_ ala> ee=a t""t ii=at enan e#"a> !e8an8ian =etenteaan 7Pa=atan MaaQ? !aa ta>"n 19 an  8"a !e8an8ian !enoaniaian e=onoi 7T>e Xo"ncil fo "t"al Econoic Aitance ata" !e8an8ian Xoecon? ai ta>"n 199 e>ina 1991_ Ke"ian Xoecon tela> en;eia=an #ant"an =e!aa Pati Ko"ni X>ina "nt"= eenani !ean ena!at=an neaa c>ina_ ala> !ena"> Soviet t""t en"la =e neaa-neaa lain te"taa neaa "nia =etia_ Ta="t enan

!el"aan ="aa an !ena"> Soviet !i>a= Inei an Aei=a S;ai=at tela> en8ai ete" =e!aa #lo= oiali=o"ni oviet ini_ Pean inin tela> #ela=" a=i#at ai !etelin=a>an iantaa #lo= =a!itali ;an i!i!in ole> US an 8"a #lo= =o"nioiali i!i!in ole> Soviet_ ERA KRUSHXHEV e"!a=an ta>a! !ena"> !alin a=i" Soviet i "nia ta#a>an !"la etela> #ela="n;a Revol"i X"#a !aa ta>"n 199 ole> Yiel Xato_ Stalin eninal "nia !aa tai=>  ac 19_ enan tia= inaa=an !enanti ole>n;a_ P"c"= !i!inan Pati Ko"ni tela> eili> "nt"= eeinta> Keat"an Soviet ecaa #eaa-aa_ Ni=ita K>">c>ev ;an tela> eenani !e8"anan ee#"t ="aa !aa !etena>an 19^-an tela> en"t"= caa Stalin ;an en"na=an caa !eninaan !aa ta>"n 19 ;an en;e#a#=an Q"8"n;a 8"an !eeean iantaa !ati an a;aa=at_ Iea ="t"=an Ni=ita ini i=enali e#aai e-Staliniai_ ocoQ enana! neaa Eo!a> Ti" e#aia =aQaan !en;ana "nt"= e!eta>an=an e!aan #aat e!"#li= oiali Soviet_ an #ai eati=an atlaat tee#"t teca!ai Soviet tela> en"=a neaa-neaa Eo!a> Ti" ;an en8ai e="t" Soviet e#aai neaa atelit Soviet_ Sel""> =e="atan tentea Soviet i"na=an "nt"= ene=an =eiatan !e#eonta=an anti=o"ni i H"na; an Polan !aa ta>"n 19_ Paa a=>i 19^-an tela> #ela=" ei=it =onfontai enan X>ina a=i#at ai tina=an Soviet e"li>=an >"#"nan Keat"an Soviet enan Baat_ an en""t ao eon #elia" #eana! #a>aQa evol"i i!loati= ole> K>">c>ev tela> enaa> =e!aa !e!eca>an =e#an;a=an neaa e="t" Soviet_ Hal ini ena=i#at=an ea=an =o"ni lo#al en8ai !ela>an ;an ena=i#at=an e8i Ko"ni i Al#ania Ke#o8a an Soalia eili> "nt"= #ee="t" enan X>ina ai #ee="t" enan Keat"an Soviet_ Selaa te!o> it" 8"a Keat"an Soviet te" ene=!loitai #ian ain an te=noloi_ Ini a!at i#"=ti=an enan !elancaan atelit #"atan !etaa an"ia S!"tni= 1_ e#aQa >i"!an =e l"a an=aa iait" ee=o an8in #enaa Lai=a an =e"ian en>anta an"ia !etaa =el"a =e an=aa iait" W"i aain "nt"= eno#it B"i_ Paa ta>"n 19 Valentina Tee>=ova en8ai Qanita !etaa i an=aa an ta>"n 19 AleZe; Leonov en8ai oan !etaa ;an #e8alan i "an an=aa_ K>">c>ev i#ei elaan T>e T>aQg en8ai K>">c>ev T>aQ "at" !eeean =o!le= ala =e>i"!an !oliti= #"a;a an e=onoi i Keat"an Soviet_ It" tea"= #e#ea!a lan=a>

le#i> #eifat =ete#"=aan an =enalan enan #ana lain an aa oial an e=onoi #a" enan le#i> ene=an=an !aa #aan =ooiti e>ina tana >i"! a!at itin=at=an lai ecaa aati= teta!i teta! en8aa =aa !et"#">an e=onoi ;an tini_ K>">c>ev elanca=an tanfoai ala #ian !etanian an !enta#ian Qala"!"n tia= telal" !o"=tif_ Paa ta>"n 192 Soviet en>aa!i =ii enan Aei=a S;ai=at etela> Soviet ene=!ot !el"" #e!an" n"=lea =e X"#a_ Keat"an Soviet #e"n" ai X"#a etela>  Aei=a S;ai=at en8alan=an e=atan a=tiviti la"t =e ata X"#a_ K>">c>ev tela> it""n=an ai =e="aaan !aa ta>"n 19_ ERA BREHNEV Setela> !en""nan ="aa K>">c>ev =e!i!inan =ole=tif te" #elan"n =e!i!inan =ole=tif ini i=et"i ole> Leoni Be<>nev e#aai Setia"a>a U" AleZei Ko;in e#aai Peie an Ni=olai Poon; e#aai Ket"a Peii"_ A=>in;a etela> e=ian laa !eeinta>an ecaa =ole=tif ini i8alan=an !ati =o"ni #ee!a=at elanti= Leoni Be<>nev e#aai !ei!in "taa Soviet_ Antaa "a>a #elia" iala> !aa ta>"n 19 Keat"an Soviet an Pa=atan MaaQ ;an #ee="t" tela> #ee!a=at enceo#o> Xolova=ia "nt"= en>enti=an efoai Pa>a S!in ;an eninin=an #e#a ai =eat"an Soviet_

Leoni Be<>nev an Ji; Xate enanatanani !e8an8ian SALT II !aa 1 J"n 19[9 i Vienna_ Be<>nev ei!in eQa=t" te!o> !e8an8ian =etenteaan enan ="aa Baat 7e!eti ! e8an8ian SALT I SALT II Anti-Baliti= iile Teat;? na"n e!an8an te!o> !eeinta>an #elia" !eoenan an !el"aan ="aa =etenteaan Soviet teta! ite"=an_

Paa #"lan O=to#e 19[[ Pele#aaan Ketia Soviet enan e#"lat "aa tela> iteia_ S"aana ;an #ela=" ai =e!i!inan Soviet !aa Qa=t" =eatian Be<>nev !aa ta>"n 192 aala> "aana ;an en;e#a#=an =eaaan !oliti= ala Soviet tia= #e"#a> an ai> i ta="= laa_ REYORASI ORBAXHEV b PEBUBARAN KESATUAN SOVIET

o#ac>ev eQa=t" enaa=an !e#incanan enan Peien Aei=a S;ai=at Ronal Reaan_ Tea!at "a !e=e#anan oviet eQa=t" ea =e!i!inan o#ac>ev iait" !etaa ea=in  8ela a=an "nt">n;a t"=t" Keat"an Soviet ai ""t e=onoi an !oliti= =e"a "a>a ;an le#a! ala e#ai=!"li> =eat"an oviet_ Kennet> S_ effe;e ala #"="n;a #eta8"= Be;on Oil #e!ena!at #a>aQa =ea8aan Reaan e#ei o=onan =e!aa Aa# Sa"i "nt"= en""n=an >aa in;a= =e titi= i ana Soviet tia= #ole> ena!at =e"nt"nan ai 8"alan in;a= enta> ai neaa ee=a_ Sele!a Be<>nev tea!at "a lai !ei!in oviet iait" W"i Ano!ov ;an #e"ia  ta>"n an Kontantin X>enen=o ;an #e"ia [2 =eti=a ee=a en8ai !ei!in_ ee=a ei!in oviet tia= le#i> ai eta>"n an eninal "nia etela> en8ai !ei!in_ Bai enela==an !ei!in oviet ete"n;a eeinta> ala te!o> tela!a" in=at a=a !aa 19 Soviet tela> eili> calon !ei!in ai =alanan eneai "a an i=>ail o#ac>ev tela> te!ili> "nt"= en8ai !ei!in Soviet_ o#ac>ev #an;a= e#"at !e"#a>an inifi=an ala =e!i!inan e=onoi an !ati iait" aa ;an ie#"t e#aai Petoi=a_ Selain !olii tee#"t tea!at at" la i !olii =elolaann;a iait" inaa=an !olii lanot ;an e#ei=an a=e a=l"at ;an le#i> #e#a =e!aa a=;at_

Ket"#"=an Tentea Soviet Be"n" ai Af>anitan !aa 19 o#ac>ev tela> #etina= "nt"= enaat=an Pean inin_ Paa ta>"n 1 9 Keat"an Soviet eninal=an !ean e#ilan ta>"n i Af>anitan an "la enai= =el"a !a"=ann;a_ Paa a=>i 19^-an ia enant"n o=onan =etenteaan #ai neaa-neaa #e=a Keat"an Soviet ;an ena=i#at=an 8at">n;a #e#ea!a e8i =o"ni_ enan "nt">n;a Te#o= Belin iantaa Jean Ti" an Jean Baat ;an en"8" =e aa> !e!a"an 8ean =ea8aan Soviet 8"a "la e""_ Paa a=>i 19^-an e!"#li= Keat"an Soviet "la #eea= ean=a "nan-"nan =e#e#aan =ea"latan te>aa! Qila;a>-Qila;a> e="t" oviet ;an lain_ Antaa !e"#a>an ;an ila="=an iala> !aa Pe=aa [2 Pele#aaan Keat"an Soviet ;an en;ata=an #a>aQa etia! e!"#li= e="t" #e#a "nt"= eia>=an ii 8i=a #e=e>ena=_ Paa tai=> [ A!il 199^ "nan-"nan ;an tela> ia>=an ini e#ole>=an e!"#li=-e!"#li= ala oviet "nt"= eia>=an ii 8i=a le#i> ai "a-!etia !en""=n;a eili> "nt"= #e#"at ei=ian_ a=a #an;a= e!"#li= e="t" oviet enaa=an !ili>an a;a #e#a !etaa ee=a !aa ta>"n 199^_ Ban;a= ai !e"nanan #a" ini en>ail=an "nan-"nan ;an #etentanan enan "nan-"nan Keat"an oviet ;an il"l"=an eQa=t" aQal !en"#">an USSRKRSS_ Paa ta>"n 199 Qila;a> R"ia SYSR ;an e"!a=an e!"#li= =eat"an oviet ;an te#ea 7etena> ai !o!"lai Soviet? tela> enaa=an !eili>an #ai Xone of Peo!le] e!"tie_ Boi Weltin te!ili> e#aai =et"a =one_ Paa tai=> 12 J"n 199^ =one en;ata=an =ea"latan =e ata Qila;a> R"ia an ete"n;a #e"a>a e!e=enal=an "nan-"nan #a" #ai enanti=an "nan-"nan laa =eat"anoviet_ Te!o> !e#i=ina "na-"nan #a" it" #elan8"tan e>ina eleai !aa ta>"n 1991_

Se#"a> efeen" #et"8"an "nt"= !e"li>aaan Keat"an Soviet tela> i aa=an !aa tai=> 1[ ac 1991_ Refeen" ini ena!ati a8oiti !en""= ai >an;a e#ilan e!"#li= ;an inin =e=al #eaa Soviet #a" ai!aa 1 e!"#li= eQa=t" ea KRSSUSSR a>"l"_ Paa "i !ana ta>"n 1991 Keat"an Pe8an8ian Ba" ;an a=an tela> en"=a Keat"an Soviet en8ai e#"a> !ee="t"an ;an le#i> lona tela> il"l"=an ole> la!an e!"#li= ai!aa e#ilan e!"#li= Soviet ;an tinal_

Weltin Beii i Ata Keeta Ke#al SeQa=t" Pi=et Oo 1991_ Penanatananan !e8an8ian tee#"t #aaiana!"n tean" =eana a!aan ="aa Oo ;an c"#a ila="=an ole> a>li-a>li =ea8aan an !i>a= KB ;an #e"a>a "nt"= ela=ana=an =e#ali efoai ;an !ena> ila="=an ole> o#ac>ev an c"#a ene#ali=an =e#ali =aQalan =ea8aan !"at =e ata e!"#lic e="t" oviet tea>"l"_ Setela> a!aan ="aa aal Weltin ili>at e#aai !a>laQan oviet ata tina=ann;a "nt"= ene#ali=an ="aa oviet Qala"!"n =e="aaan o#ac>ev e#enan;a "a> ea=in lea>_ Keei#anan ="aa etia! e!"#lic iana! en8ai nai "taa ala en"=">=an =e="aaan =eat"an Soviet e!etiana a>"l"_ Paa #"lan Oo 1991 Latvia an Etonia "la ena#il lan=a> "nt"= ee=a ai =eat"an oviet ean=an "a #ela e!"#li= #e=a oviet ;an lain "la ea=in #e8a">an ai !en"aaan an !ena"> =eat"an oviet !"at_ Paa tai=>  ie#e 1991 Peien R"ia U=aine an Bela" tela> enanatanani Pe8an8ian Belave<>a ;an en;ata=an Keat"an Soviet i#"#a=an an en"#">=an XoonQealt> of Ine!enent State 7XIS? enanti=an Keat"an Soviet_ Mala"!"n aa =ea"an ala !enanatananan !e8an8ian tee#"t ia teta! ite"=an_ Paa tai=> 21 ie#e 1991 Qa=il-Qa=il ai e"a e!"#li= Soviet =ec"ali Qila;a> eoia enanatanani Poto=ol  Ala-Ata ;an 8"a e"!a=an e#"a> !e8an8ian !e!ia>an ai =eat"an Soviet_ Paa tai=> 2 ie#e 1991 o#ac>ev #e>ail "nt"= ele!a=an ii ai =eel"t !e!eca>an Qila;a>

=eat"an Soviet an #elia" tela> en"n"=an ii ai 8aQatan Peien Keat"an Soviet an en;e#a#=an ecaa ain;a !e8a#at !eien Soviet it"t"!_ ia tela> en""n=an =e="aaan =e!aa Weltin ;an e"!a=an Peien R"ia ele!a >anc"n;a =eat"an Soviet_ Setela> it" a8li Tetini Soviet iait" #aan tetini =ea8aan Keat"an Soviet ecaa ain;a te>a!"_ enan it" a=a #ela="la> !e#"#aan ai Keat"an Soviet e#aai e#"a> neaa ;an #ea"lat_ ana=ala oaniai ;an lain e!eti tentea Soviet an !a"=an !oli Soviet teta! te" #ef"ni e>ina aQal ta>"n 1992 an ecaa #e!ein=at te" iea! =e ala neaaneaa ;an #a" ee=a ai =eat"an Soviet_ Setela> #"#an;a Keat"an Soviet !aa 2 ie#e 1 991 R"ia tela> it"#">=an an ii=tiaf e#aai e#"a> neaa #ea"lat an ai_ ala !aa it" R"ia ecaa "=aelan;a eneia e"a #e#anan >"tan l"a neea Soviet an en;ata=an !eniiann;a e!etiana eQa=t" ea =eat"an Soviet a>"l"_ Se8a= it" Pee="t"an R"ia tela> ena#il >a= Keat"an Soviet an eala tan"n8aQa# e!eti ;an tea>"l"n;a_ POLITIK Tea!at tia >iea=i #ian =e="aaan i ala Keat"an Soviet iait" ca#an !e"nanan iQa=ili ole> a8li Tetini Keat"an Soviet =ea8aan ini iQa=ili ole> a8li entei an Pati Ko"ni Keat"an Soviet_ Pati Ko"ni e"!a=an at"-at"n;a !ati ;an en8ai !e#"at aa i neaa =eat"an tee#"t_ PARTI KOUNIS

Peaa=an =etenteaan !aa ta>"n 19 i ocoQ e!ena e!einati "lan ta>"n =e- Revol"i O=to#e_

Banne i ata #e#"n;i Ke"liaan =e!aa Pati Ko"ni Keat"an Sovietg i #a>aian ata =e!i!inan JaQatan="aa P"at Pati Ko"ni tea!at Kone Pati_ JaQatan="aa !"at #etan"n8aQa# "nt"= eili> "nt"= =et"a 7Polit#io? 7ie#"t e#aai Peii" antaa 192-19? Se=etaiat ata" Setia"a>a U" 7Setia"a>a Petaa !aa 1919? an 8"a !e8a#at tetini i Keat"an Soviet_ Beant"n =e!aa !e#a>aia ="aa Polit#io 7=et"a? an Setia"a>a A"n e"!a=an "at" #aan !eeinta> ;an =ole=tif ;an ecaa efe=tif ei!in !ati an neaa 7=ec"ali eQa=t" te!o> =e="aaan ="=" #ei Stalin iait" ele!a ta>"n 191?_ ee=a tia= i=aQal e!en">n;a ole> a>li-a>li ala !ati =o"ni_ Pati Ko"ni e!eta>an=an oinain;a =eata !eeinta>an neaa elal"i =aQalan =e ata ite !e"nanan an !eeinta>an_ Se"a !eaQai "taa an ti#alan !eaQai "taa ala =ea8aan =eat"an Soviet e"!a=an anota Pati Ko"ni Keat"an Soviet tee#"t_ ai !i>a= ataan e!eti Stalin !aa 191-19 an e>ina te!o> 19-19 iait" ea !eeinta>an K>">c>ev e#aai Peie 7!ei!in "taa? =ee"an;a i=aQal ole> a>li-a>li !ati =o"ni_ Setela> K>">c>ev #e"n" ecaa !a=aan !ei!in !ati ilaan "nt"= e!ena">i a>lia>li =eat"an ;an lain "nt"= ena!at=an ="aa_ Secaa ealitin;a !ena"> an =aQalan =e ata =ea8aan teta! i #aQa> !ena"> !ati =o"ni iait" elan=a"i ite #io=ai ala neaa te"taa ele!a =eatian Stalin_ SISTE KERAJAAN

Itana an Kelin =eiaan an !e8a#at ai S"!ee 7!eeinta>? Soviet !aa ta>"n 192_

Sian S"!ee Soviet 7iait" !enanti =e!aa ian Xone of Soviet an Xental EZec"tive Xoittee? e"!a=an #aan !eeinta>an an !enta#ian tetini ala =ea8aan =eat"an Soviet_ Baaiana!"n #aan ini >an;ala> #aan #one= =eana eala =e!"t"an an aa !eeinta>an =ea8aan =eat"an Soviet e"!a=an aa an aa>an ai !ati =o"ni Soviet it" enii_ Na"n !aa a=>i ea 19^-an #aan ini ea=in i#ei=an ="aa "nt"= eeinta> an e!"n;ai ="aa "nt"= e#ei=an aa>an ai =ea8aan !"at =e!aa e!"#lic Soviet #ee="t" ;an lain_ Paa ea 19^-an an 19[^-an a=i#at ai !el"aan ="aa ian "!ee Soviet ini ia ena!at ="aa !eeinta>an ;an le#i> !en"> a!a#ila !elan ancanan e=onoi lia ta>"n Soviet "la ilanca=an_ ala> !elan it" t""t ean="i =aea> an !e#elan8aan =ea8aan =eat"an Soviet ;an "a> eetin;a e#ei=an ="aa =eQanan =e!aa ean eQan ini_ Sian S"!ee Soviet ini #iaan;a #eian elaa 2 ta>"n e=ali #ai eili> eoan !eeinta> "l"n enan =ee!a=atan =ee"a a>li tetini !ati =o"ni ian ini t""t e!"n;ai ="aa eili> Poc"ato eneal an a8li entei Soviet 7;an e#el" 19 i=enali e#aai Xo"ncil of Peo!le] Xoia?_ Sian ini i=et"ai ole> eoan !ene"i ian 7Peie? an #an;a= #etan"n8aQa# e#ent"= aa oial an e=onoi =ea8aan =eat"an Soviet_ ana=ala #ai !ein=at Qila;a> e!"#lic #ee="t" =eat"an Soviet eala !eili>an an aa >ena=la> iaa=an =e!aa aa an ite !eili>an e!eti i !ein=at !"at_ Paa aan;a =ee"a aa !eeinta>an en8"" =e!aa =e>ena= at" !ati a>a8a iait" Pati Ko"ni Soviet e>ina 199^_ Poli a>ia =eat"an Soviet 7KB an #e#ea!a lai #aan a>ia oviet? eain=an !eanan !entin ala eati=an "vival !oliti= oviet #ete"an_ KB en8ai ala> at" alat =eanaan ole> Stalin ala e!e=aa=an =e="aaann;a na"n etela> =eatian Stalin KB tela> ileta==an i #aQa> =aQalan e!en">n;a ole> Pati Ko"ni enan !en;i!anan a>ia ;an #ea #e#anin XIA an YBI_ i #aQa> !ene"i KB !aa ta>"n 19[ >ina 192 iait" W"i Ano!ov an Setia"a>a A"n ai 192 >ina 19 KB tela> #an;a= teli#at ala eati=an "vival !oliti= =o"ni oviet te" ="="> an eain=an !eanan !entin ala =eiatan !eninti!an enala>=an XIA an YBI KB t""t eain=an !eanan !entin ala eati=an tiaa e#aan !e#elotan ala Pati Ko"ni enii te"taa eQa=t" ea Pean inin_ KB t""t eain=an !eanan e#ai =eiatan a"a> an ! en;el""!an a=l"at a>ia ai Soviet =e l"a neaa_ PEBAHAIAN KUASA AN REYORASI Pele#aaan Soviet ;an iQ"8"=an !aa 191 192 19 an 19[[ tia= !ena> en>a=an ="aa !eeinta>an =ea8aan !"at Soviet_ Tiaa !e#a>aian ="aa foal ;an Q"8" iantaa

=e="aaan !ati =o"ni oviet eQan S"!ee Soviet an a8li entei Soviet_ Ini =eana !ati =o"ni Soviet e#el" it" iait" Pati Bol>evi= !eca;a #a>aQa !e#a>aian ="aa a=an en;e#a#=an olonan ;an =a;a a=an enina olonan i=in#aQa>an_ Pe#a>aian ="aa #ian leilatif an e=e="tif tia= !ena> Q"8"_ Site ini tia= !ena> i"#a> ole> !eeinta> ele!an;a_ Ke#an;a=an !eeinta> !ati =o"ni e#el" ea !eeinta>an o#ac>ev eninal "nia eQa=t" i ta!"= !eeinta>an =ec"ali eo; alen=ov an K>">c>ev ;an it""n=an ai =e="aaan ole> !ati =o"ni oviet e#el" =eatian ee=a_

Se="!"lan !i>a= #een8ata =ea8aan Soviet ean i=elilin i ole> !aa !e""> i Bana ocoQ eQa=t" R"">aneontai Oo 1991_ Paa te!o> 19@199^ eQa=t" #e>aa!an enan !i>a= !e#an=an ;an tia= ita"lia> ;an #a" "nc"l i=>ail o#ac>ev tela> ela="=an !e"#a>an ;an #ea ala ite !eeinta>an =ea8aan =eat"an oviet iait" enan e#e#a=an ian S"!ee Soviet ai #elen" an !ena"> Pati Ko"ni Soviet_ Sian Xone of Peo!le] e!"tie tela> it"#">=an ecaa ain;a enan a>lin;a =e#an;a=an i!ili> elal"i !ili>ana;a !aa ac 199_ Kone inila> ;an a=>in;a #etan"n8aQa# eili> a>li "nt"= ian S"!ee Soviet ;an a=>in;a en8ai e#"a> !alien e!en">n;a ;an #e#a ai !ena"> !ati =o"ni an e!"n;ai ="aa e!en">n;a_ Sian S"!ee Soviet ini e"!a=an # aan ;an #ea an #etan"n8aQa# e#"at an en8alan=an aa Soviet een8a= ta>"n 192^-an lai #aaiana!"n e#el" ini ian ini >an;ala> #one=a !eeinta> =eana eala aa an =e!"t"an Soviet #eant"n =e!aa aa ai Pati Ko"ni Soviet an 8"a a8li entei Soviet_ Paa 199^ o#ac>ev tela> e!e=enal=an 8aQatan !eien #ai neaa Keat"an Soviet iait" en"!"=an t"aan #ian e=e="tif #ai !eien e#e#a=an !ati ai e!ena">i !eeinta>an an #elia" t""t en;""n e"la oaniai !eeinta>an neaa_ Petelin=a>an !oliti= iantaa o#ac>ev an !"a= efoai ;an i!i!in ole> Boi Weltin en8ai le#i> tean_ Paa 19 >ina 21 Oo 1991 e="!"lan !"a= efoai !eeinta>an tela> enaa=an "">an an !e>i!"an en"nt"t o#ac>ev t""n ai =e="aaann;a_

Baaiana!"n efoai ini aal an a8li !eeinta>an Soviet i #aQa> o#ac>ev teta! iQ"8"=an an #ef"ni tan!a =e=anan_ Baaiana!"n a=i#at tentanan ;an te" ene=an an #ete"an o#ac>ev te!a=a eleta= 8aQatan e#aai Setia"a>a A"n Soviet an >an;a  8aQatan Peien #ai Keat"an Soviet a>a8a ;an tinal #ai eeinta> Keat"an Soviet ;an ea=in te>a=i ="aan;a_ SISTE KEHAKIAN SOVIET Bian =e>a=ian e"!a=an ="aa ;an tia= #ef"ni e!en">n;a Qala"!"n eeann;a iQ"8"=an ole> !eeinta>_ Sian S"!ee Xo"t #etina= el a=" !ee>ati an !eeinta> #ai eala =e!"t"an ;an i!"t"=an ole> a>=aa> =ecil 7Peo!le] Xo"t? an eala "nan"nan i e"a Qila;a> >a"la> eni="t aa Pele#aaan Keat"an Soviet an 8"a =e!"t"an ai !eianan Sian S"!ee Soviet_ Bian =e>a=ian i Soviet >a!e aa enan #ian =e>a=ian eQa=t" e!a;a Ro i ana ite =e>a=ian >a" iana=an =e!aa =e#enaan ai !i>a= ;an teania;a_ BIAN KUASA POLITIK Secaa !ele#aaann;a =eat"an oviet teii ai!aa #e#ea!a e!"#li= oiali oviet 7SSR? an 8"a Qila;a> "taa oviet iait" R"ian Soviet Yeeative Socialit Re!"#lic 7RSYSR? Qala"#aaiana!"n =eat"an ini teta=l"= i#aQa> !ele#aaan an "nan-"nan i #aQa> =elolaan Pati Ko"ni Soviet_ Pe8an8ian !en"#">an Soviet Unio tela> i!eet"8"i !aa ie#e 1922 ole>  Qila;a> aa =eat"an oviet iait" teii ai!aa Qila ;a R"ia SYSR Tanca"caian SYSR U=>ain SSR an Bela" SSR_ Paa 192 eQa=t" !ee!aanan e"la #e#ea!a #"a> neaa i aia tena> Qila;a> "<#e= an t"=en SSR tela> #eat" en8ai ala> at" Qila;a> i ala Qila;a> oviet T"=etan ASSR an #e#ea!a Qila;a> lain e!eti K>oe< an B"=>aan SSR t""t teli#at aa_ ala ta>"n 1929 Qila;a> Ta8i= SSR tela> i!ia>=an ai Qila;a> "taan;a iait" U<#e= SSR_ a=a enan !eQ"8"an e"la !ele#aaan Soviet 19 Qila;a> Tanca"caian SYSR tela> inaa=an e"la e#aai Qila;a> eoian Aenian an  A Ka an Ki>i< SSR !"la i!ia>=an ai Qila;a> R"ian SYSR_ ala #"lan Oo 19^ Keat"an Soviet tela> e#ent"= Qila;a> #a" ;an inaa=an Qila;a> olavian SSR iait" e#a>aian #ea ai Qila;a> U=>ain SSR_ Pee!aanan e"la Qila;a> Keat"an Soviet it" 8"a eli#at=an #e#ea!a lai Qila;a> e!eti Etonian Latvian an Lit>"anian SSR_ Mila;a> Kaelo-Yinni> SSR tela> ie!aan =el"a ai Qila;a> R"ian SYSR !aa ac 19^ na"n ia"==an =e#ali =e ala Qila;a> R"ian

SYSR !aa 19_ Antaa J"lai 19 an Se!te#e 1991 tea!at 1 e!"#li= =eat"an Soviet_ 7ila li>at 8a"al an !eta i #aQa>?

Paa 1 Nove#e 19 ian S"!ee Soviet i Qila;a> Etonian SSR tela> enel"a=an e=laai Etonian Soveeint; ;an tela> eni;ti>a=an #a>aQa "nan-"nan Etonian a>

"nt"= i="at="aa=an ele!ai "nan-"nan oviet ;an eia aa_ Paa ac 199^ !ili>ana;a #a" "nt"= eili> a>li ian S"!ee Soviet #ai Qila;a> Lit>"anian SSR tela> iaa=an an en8ai !enana aa "nt"= =eee=aan Qila;a> it" ai Keat"an Soviet_ Lan=a> ini =e"iann;a ii="ti ole> Qila;a> eoian elal"i ian S"!ee Sovietn;a !aa A!il 1991_ Sele!a "">an an t"n8"= !eaaan efoai !aa Oo 1991 =e#an;a=an e!"#li= #e=a Soviet tela> eni="t 8e8a= lan=a> #e#ea!a Qia;a> ;an tela> ee=a_ Keat"an Soviet a=>in;a enea> an eni=tiaf =ea"latan an =eee=aan Qila;a> Etonia Latvia an Lit>"ania ai =eat"an Soviet !aa  Se!te#e 1991_ ana=ala e!"#li= ;an ai> tinal enca!ai =eee=aan ee=a etela> Keat"an Soviet ecaa ain;a i#"#a=an !aa #"lan ie#e 1991_ EKONOI

E!anan ne!oES ala> at" ai e!anan >ioele=ti= ala Qila;a> Keat"an Soviet_ Keat"an oviet en8ai neaa !etaa ;an elanca=an !elan ancanan e=onoi lia ta>"n iana eala !enel"aan !o"= an !eaaan eta !eaanan i=aQal e!en">n;a ole> =ea8aan !"at oviet i R"ian SRSY_ Penalaan !ati Bol>evi= eQa=t" ea !eeinta>an Ta  ;an enina a;aa=at i=in en8ai !olii "taa !i>a= Ko"ni ala eeani !i>a= =a!itali iait" lan=a> enaional=an !ein"tian e"at=an !enel"aan !o"= neaa ena#a>#ai= #ian tanaan an !etanian en>a!"=an !"inan "it ;an tia= ail tea"= eili=neaa=an eala in"ti ;an #eifat Qata an >an;a #eaa=an =e"nt"nan eata_ Setela> =e8at">an e=onoi eQa=t" !ean "nia ! etaa !aa 1921 Lenin tela> enanti=an !elan e=onoi Ma Xo"ni enan NeQ Econoic Polic; 7NEP? iait" en"#">=an !eaanan #e#a an !e"#a>an ! olii !eaanan enan neaa l"a_  A=i#atn;a e=onoi Soviet Union =e#ali en8ai ="=">_

Keat"an oviet tela> en"na=an !elan !e#an"nan e=onoi lia ta>"n etela> eleai !ean "nia =e"a #ai e#an"n=an e"la e=onoin;a etela> =e"na>an a=i#at !ean 7ian;a #e#e"n 19 ^-an !i>a= !a=a e=onoi AS tela> elanca=an !o8e= Socate "nt"= en=a8i enenai !eainan ;an Q"8" ala #ian e=onoi an =etenteaan enan Soviet !aa aa it" an a a=an atan_ Po8e= Socate tela> a!at enenal!ati #a>aQa =eat"an Soviet tela> ela=ana=an !elan e=onoi #eaa=an te=noloi ecaa aeif #e#anin AS ala> te=noloi ;an i#an"n=an ole> Soviet t""t eli#at=an te=noloi ai AS enii_ Rancanan e=onoi Soviet it" 8"a e#"at=an Soviet a!at en;aini =e>e#atan #ian =etenteaan AS Qala"!"n =ala e=onoi Soviet aala> le#i> =ecil #e#anin =ala e=onoi ;an i="aai AS_ Keana !e#a>aan an !etelin=a>an enenai !olii e=onoi ;an tean iantaa  8aQatan="aa tetini !ati =o"ni e!an8an ta>"n 192 @ 1929 e>ina en;e#a#=an =aQalan te>aa! neaa ea=in #e="an a=a Joe!> Stalin tela> ena#ai=an e=eti=a !elan e=onoi NEP an ia ene=an=an !e"atan =eiatan e=onoi i =ea8aan !"at oviet_ enan !olii e=onoi #a" ini #an;a= "#e-"#e #a>an enta> tela> i>anta te" =e!aa =ea8aan oviet !"at ai =ee"a Qila;a> e!"#li= #ee="t" oviet_ Polii ini tela> en;e#a#=an #e=e#ann;a in"ti #eat i Soviet an !enin =atan !enel"aan #aanan te!atan e=ita ea 19^-an_ Peeiaan =e aa> en>aa!i !ean "nia =e"a e"!a=an ala> at" ai fa=to  !enala= =e!aa Soviet "nt"= e!e#ea=an =eiatan !ein"tiann;a elain it" fa=to =etia=!eca;aan te>aa! neaa =a!itali l"a 8"a e#"at=an Soviet e!e=e#an=an =eiatan e=onoin;a enii_ A=i#atn;a Soviet tela> #et"=a ai =ea8aan #etea=an !etanian =e!aa e#"a> ="aa e=onoi #etea=an !ein"tian_ Ini ecaa tia= lan"n tela> ean" Soviet =e aa> en8ai ala> at" ="aa "nia ele!a !ean "nia =e"a_ SeQa=t" !ean "nia =e"a e=onoi an infat"=t" Soviet tela> enalai =e"n"an ;an  a;>at e>ina eel"=an #eit" #an;a= !e#a>a"an etela> !ean eleai_ Paa aQal ea 19^-an e=onoi Soviet en8ai ea=in te"> a!a#ila Q"8"n;a !enenalan !o"= =el"aan Soviet iait" !o"= Xoecon na"n # eit" >an;a eelinti =ecil a>a8a ie=!ot =eana !eintaan ala neaa enii "a> eaai_ Setela> Q"8"n;a !ee!a=atan #lo= #aat=a!itali !eaanan iantaa oviet an neaa #aat en8ai ea=in #ai=_ Mala"!"n ei=ian Soviet ai> en8alan=an !olii e=onoi ;an tet"t"! enan en>a=an ono!oli =eiatan e=onoi ole> fia l"a oviet an ea=a !enel"a "nt"= en""n=an >aa "nt"= e#ei=an !el"an =e!aa a=;at i=in a!" e#elin;a_ Se!an8an =e!en !ean inin

etela> taatn;a !ean "nia =e"a e=onoi Soviet "la en8ai te#e#an =eana te!a=a e#elan8a=an =eQanan "nt"= !e#an"nan =etenteaan_ Paa aa ;an aaKeat"an Soviet teta! en8ai !ene=!ot te#ea =e neaa-neaa "nia =etia_ Ke#an;a=an "#e !enel"aan oviet ia!ati ai Qila;a>-Qila;a> e!"#li= oviet ;an lain_ Be"la eaQall ea 19^-an e>inala> Keat"an Soviet t"#an !aa a=>i 19^-an caa e=to e=onoi Soviet i""=an tia= !ena> #e"#a>_ Polii e=onoi ini i8alan=an ecaa #e!"at i8alan=an ole> "at" #aan ;an inaa=an e#aai o!lan an ian;a ioaniai=an enan !lan e=onoi  ta>"n tee#"t_ Baaiana!"n el""> aa an !olii e=onoi Soviet #an;a= i!ena">i ole> !"c"= !i!inan !ati =o"ni Soviet_ Na"n ei=ian !enai>an #a>an an "#e eta !ena!atan neaa teta! e=ata =e!aa etia! a;aa=at_ ie#a#=an it"la> >aa #aanan ala Soviet tela> i!"t"=an ole> !i>a= ataan Soviet elain ai !e#icanan enenai >aa tee#"t t""t iaa=an ole> !i >a= ataan_ Be#ea!a !e=>iatan aQa #iaan;a i #aQa> =en alian =ea8aan e!en">n;a e!eti e=to !enii=an an 8"a =ei>atan aQa_ ala #ian !enel"aan #ian in"ti #eat an in"tti =etenteaan aat en8ai =e"taaan ala =ea8aan Soviet #e#anin #aanan aQa an !o"= a=anan_ Baanan aQa an !o"= a=anan te"taa i l"a Bana entiaa =e>a#ian to= i ala =eaaan ="aliti ;an tia= #ai= an tia= e!"n;ai #an;a= !ili>an_ i #aQa> e=onoi =aQalan =etat e!eti ini !e#eli eeann;a tiaa e#aan !ena"> =e!aa e"at" !o"=_ Ini =eana #aanan ;an i>ail=an tia= e!"n;ai !ili>an an !en"na tia= #ole> #etina= e#oi=ot #aanan tee#"t =eana =etiaaan #a>an !enanti ;an lain_ Se!an8an ea 19^-an an 19^-an e=onoi Soviet "la en"n8"==an tana =e#an=itan an ea=in a!" en;aini e=onoi #lo= =a!itali #aat_ Baaiana!"n ele!a ta>"n 19[^ !et"#">an en8ai ea=in ="="> an "la e"nca= an =aa !et"#">an tee#"t le#i> ce!at ai #e#ea!a neaa eo!a> ;an lain_ Secaa =ei!"lann;a iantaa te!o> 19^ >ina 199 =aa !ena!atan !e =a!ita a=;at Soviet Soviet #eaa !aa ta>a! ;an tini #e#anin neaa lain i "nia 7#e!an"=an 1^2 #"a> neaa "nia ;an lain?_ enan !enin=atan ;an tini ala !ela#"an e=to fi e!at"tn;a e=onoi Soviet #e=e#an le#i> #ai= ai eaa_ en""t Stanle; Yic>e an Millia Eatel; !enin=atan e=onoi Soviet e"!a=an antaa ;an te#""= ala "nia_ Beaa=an =iaan ee=a !ena!atan !e =a!ita a=;at Soviet e!at"tn;a "a =ali ana le#i> tini eQa=t" 199 ini =eana =aa !ela#"an ;an tini !enii=an an !o!"lai

!en""= #eaa !aa ta>a! ;an o!ti"_ Pen"li en;ata=an #a>aQa ena>n;a ta>a! !enel"aan !o"= "taa Soviet tela> en;"#an =eaa> ena>n;a !ena!atan !e =a!ita a=;at oviet_ Paa 19[ i=>ail o#ac>ev tela> c"#a "nt"= e"li>=an =e#ali e=onoi Soviet e!etiana ea 19^an an 19^-an enan elanca=an !oa !olii e=onoi inaa=an !eetoi=a_ Polii ini e#ei=an le#i> =e#e#aan fia ala neaa ai ca!"tanan =ea8aan teta!i fia tee#"t teta! i ala !ee>atian =ea8aan "nt"= enela==an ! en;eleQenan_ E=onoi Soviet ecaa ""n;a tela> enalai !en"anan =eana #e="ann;a >ail ai e=!ot in;a= enta>n;a an ini en8ai at" tana =e aa> =e"nt">an e!a;a ="aa #ea Soviet_ Haa in;a= ;an tia= #an;a= #e"#a> en;e#a#=an #e#anan =eQanan Soviet ea=in !aa> e>inala> =e"nt">ann;a !aa ta>"n 1991_ Be"la te!o> taatn;a !ean "nia =e"a e>inala> =e"nt">an Soviet e=onoi Soviet en""=i te!at =e"a tetini a la "nia elal"i KNK 7PPP?_ SEKTOR TENAA

Se#"a> ete ;an i=el"a=an Soviet eQa=t" "lanta>"n =e-^ !en"#">an Intenational Atoic Ene; Aenc; 7IAEA? Kaa !en"naan in;a= enta> ole> Soviet eninal #e"la ta>"n 19[^-an e>ina leQat 19^-an ian;a tea"= !eintaan in;a= enta> #ai =e!el"an =oeial an 8"a aQa_ Paa "lan;a =aa !eintaan in;a= enta> enin=at enaa= na"n =e#ali #e="anan eQa=t" ta>"n 19[^ >ina 19[_ ai 19[ >ina 19^ !eintaan in;a= en8ai ea=in #e="anan iait" =eita 2_ !eat" !en"naan a>a8a_ avi Milon eoan e8aaQan !eca;a #a>aQa !enel"aan in;a= enta> ai Soviet e>a"n;a enca="!i ^h !enel"aan in;a= enta> "nia an a=an enca!ai ta>a! eei=ian i aa a=an atan_

Baaiana!"n teoi #elia" tia= a!at i#"=ti=an =eana "nt">n;a Soviet !aa 1991_ Keat"an Soviet ecaa teoin;a tela> enalai =aa !et"#">an e=onoi antaa 2 @ 2_ h eQa=t" ea 199^-an_ Ini =eana #an;a=n;a "#e tenaa i ala Qila;a> Soviet_ Baaiana!"n =ea!"an !enel"aan tenaa Soviet teta! e!"n;ai aala> #ea =eana neaa Soviet #an;a= en"na=ann;a "nt"= !oa !een8ataan !ean an te!a=a # eain enit enan #e#ea!a neaa #lo= =a!itali 7eQa=t" ea o#ac>ev?_ ala ta>"n 1991 ecaa =eel"">ann;a Keat"an Soviet eili=i 8ainan !ai! tenaa eli!"ti 2 ^^^ =iloete ;an en;al"=an in;a= enta> =e el""> Soviet an 2^^^ =iloete lai !ai! ;an en;al"=an a ali =e el""> Soviet_ Petole" eta #a>an #eaa=an !etole" a ali #i8i> #ei an =el"li =a;"-=a;an !o"= !etanian alat-alat ein an e=ani=al en8ata an =elen=a!an =etenteaan tela> en8ai "#e e=!ot "taa Soviet_ Paa ea 19[^-an an 19^-an Keat"an Soviet #e8a;a ene=!ot #an;a= in;a= enta> an a!at eai> =e"nt"nan ;an tini ai =eiatan e=!ot in ;a= enta> tee#"t_ Ke"nca=n;a iala> !aa ta>"n 19 Soviet e"!a=an !enel"a "taa in;a= "nia an !ene=!ot =e"a te#an;a= in;a= enta> i #ela=an Aa# Sa"i_

Sala> e#"a> ea=to n"=lea Soviet 7X>eno#;l? ;an elet"! >ina en;e#a#=an !en;e#aan aiai ;an tini e>ina =e #en"a Eo!a> ;an en8ai =ii n"=lea te#ea i "nia_ SAINS b TEKNOLOI

Keat"an Soviet e!"n;ai ta>a! =etinian te=noloi an ain ele#i>i =ea8"an e=onoi ee=a enii_ Antaa =ea8"an te=noloi ;an en8ai i#ol =e!aa oviet iala> #e8a;a e#ina atelit !etaa i "nia ;an #an ;a= i"na=an "nt"= =eiatan =etenteaan_ Lenin !eca;a #a>aQa Keat"an Soviet tia= "n=in a!at enaQal "nia e=ian;a ai> =etinalan ai ""t te=noloi_ Pi>a= #e="aa an #aian =e!i!inan Soviet t""t e!eca;ai =ata-=ata ai Lenin it" an ee=a "la e#ina 8ainan te=noloi ;an l"a an en8alan=an aena !e#an"nan an !en;elii=an te=noloi_ Paa 199 ainti Soviet en8ai antaa ainti te#ai= an !a=a ala !el#aai #ian !en;elii=an ee=a eli!"ti #ian tenaa fi #io=ai ala !enta#ian an ca!"tanan !i>a= !ati =o"ni Soviet le#i> =etinalan i ala #ian =iia #ioloi an =o!"te #e#anin neaa #lo= =a!itali_ Po8e= Socate eQa=t" ea !eeinta>an Reaan i AS tela> #e8a;a i=enal!ati ole> !i> a= AS =eana ite te=noloi ;an ielii= an i#an"n=an ole> Soviet le#i> #elainan enan te=noloi i AS_ Ji=alai i AS e=onoi #an;a= i"na=an "nt"= en8alan=an !en;elii=an an !e#an"nan ain an te=noloi eli!"ti e=to Qata an aQa_ Teta!i #e#e=an !ena"> ee=a i ala !eainan ! e#an"nan te=nolo"_ Ini tea"= #ai eati=an AS tia= a!at eono!oli =eiatan !e#an"nan te=noloi_ Baaiana!"n =eiatan !en;elii=an an !e#an"nan te=noloi i Soviet le#i> #eifat tet"t"! an i=aQal =ea8aan_ JARINAN PENANKUTAN

Benea S;ai=at Pene#anan AQa Aeoflot eQa=t" ea Soviet Keiatan !enan="tan e"!a=an ai a!e= !entin ala eanca==an =eiatan e=onoi_ Polii !e"atan =eiatan e=onoi #e"la eaQall ta>"n 192^-an e>ina 19^-an tela> enala==an =e!aa !e#inaan 8ainan !e>"#"nan an !enan="tan ala =ala ;an

#ea_ Ian;a en8ai ea=in anca= etela> Q"8"n;a 8ainan !enan="tan "aa i #aQa> =enalian Aeoflot e#"a> ;ai=at !ene#anan aQa i Soviet_ Soviet e!"n;ai 8ainan !enan="tan ;an aat l"a eli!"ti aat "aa an la"t_ Baaiana!"n a=i#at ai ="ann;a ="aliti !en;elenaaan =e#an;a=an 8alan a;a !enan="tan ai an !enan="tan "aa Soviet en8ai aa= =etinalan an e!"n;ai te=noloi ;an te=e#ela=an #e#anin neaa #lo= =a!itali_ Jainan 8alan el =eeta!i i Soviet e"!a=an 8ainan =eeta!i ;an te!an8an an !alin #e=ean i "nia_ Ke#an;a=an 8alan =eeta!i i#ina i Qila;a>-Qila;a> i e#ela> #aat Soviet_ Paa a=>i 19[^-an an aQal 19^-an e=onoi Soviet te!a=a en"!"=an =e!aa =eiatan en;elenaa an e#ina 8ainan 8alana;a ;an #a" an te!a=a el"!a=an e#enta #e#ea!a a!e= e=onoi ;an lain_ Jainan 8alana;a an in"ti a"tootif ai> i #aQa> !aa e#eanan=an ai> =eli>atan 8alan a;a ;an tia= i #ei>=an an ielenea enan #et"l i ala =ota Soviet_ Po8e= !en;elenaaan ;an ila=ana=an =ea8aanSoviet e#"=ti=an #a>aQa ian;a tia= a!" "nt"= enca="!i =ee"a 8alan a;a ;an tela> i#ina_ Paa aQal !etena>an ta>"n 19^-an !i>a= #e="aa Soviet c"#a "nt"= en;eleai=an aala> ini enan en8alan=an #e#ea!a lai !o8e= e#ina 8alan #a" enanti=an 8alan laa ;an tia= a!" _ Na"n #eit" in"ti !enel"aan =eeta le#i> ce!at #e=e#an #e#anin !e#inaan  8alana;a "nt"= =eeta tee#"t #eea=_ Ini en;e#a#=an #ela="n;a =e="anan =e"a>an aQa 8alan a;a i el""> Soviet_ Selain ai !ee=itaan 8alan a;a ;an tia= elo= a=i#at tia= ielenaa ite tafi= ;an "a> tia= efiien t""t en8ai aala> ="ann;a !e la#"an ala #ian =e"a>an aQa #ela="n;a #an;a= a"a> ala !o8e= =e"a>an aQa an !el#aai lai aala> tela> en;ea==an a;aa=at ;an inin=an =e"a>an ;an le#i> #ai=_ Bai !enan="tan ai !"la Soviet e"!a=an neaa ;an !alin #an;a= en"na=an !enan="tan ai an ian;a en8ai !ili>an "taa =eana le#i> #e=ean an =o !en;elenaaan ;an le#i> "a> an tia= "lit_ EORAYI

J"la> !o!"lai i Keat"an Soviet 7ea>? an ele!a =e8at">an Soviet 7#i"? #e"la 191 >ina 2^^9_ ^ ta>"n !etaa ala =""n =e-2^ eli!"ti =e!i!inan Ta an 8"a Soviet en"n8"==an aai a=;atn;a =e>ilanan n;aQa a=i#at ai !el#aai e#a# an ala =ala ;an #ea_ Keatian eQa=t" Pean "nia Ke"a an 8"a eQa=t" Pean Sa"aa R"ia tela> en"n8"==an 8"la> =eatian eli#at=an 1 8"ta n;aQa ana=ala !aa ea 19^-an e#an;a= 1^ 8"ta n;aQa te=o#an an le#i> 2 8"ta n;aQa te=o#an eQa=t" !ean "nia =e"a antaa ta>"n 191 @ 19_ Keel"">an eoafi !o!"lai an"ia Soviet ele!a !ean "nia =e"a aala> e#an;a=  >ina ^ 8"ta le#i> =ecil #e#anin 8"la> !o!"lai e#el" !ean "nia =e"a_ Sele!a !e#ent"=an Soviet =aa =ela>ian tela> #e="an ai _^ =ela>ian !e 1^^^ !en""= !aa 192 =e!aa >an;a 1_^ =ela>ian !e 1^^^ !en""= !aa ta>"n 19[ ie#a#=an ole> #ela="n;a "a#aniai ala !ene!atan an nai=n;a ta>a! "" !"ata !e=a>Qinan_ Mala"#aaiana!"n =aa =eatian t""t aa enalai !en""nan iait" ai =aa 2_[ !e 1^^^ !en""= !aa ta>"n 192 =e!aa _[ !e 1^^^ !en""= !aa ta>"n 19[_ Secaa =eel"">ann;a =aa =ela>ian #a;i i Qil a;a> elatan Soviet e!eti i Tanca"caia an  Aia Tena> le#i> tini #e#anin Qila;a> Keat"an Soviet i #a>aian "taa_ Soviet eo!a> "la enalai !en""nan =aa =e"#"an a=;atn;a ana=al Qila;a> Soviet Aia Tena> teta! enalai !enin=atan =aa =e"#"an a=;atn;a ;an e=ata_ Paa leQat ea 19^-an an ea 19[^-an en"n8"==an #ela="n;a !en""nan =aa otaliti a=;at Soviet te"taa ala =alanan =a" lela=i ;an #e=e8a teta!i ian;a ai> ="an e#ei =ean =e!aa #e#ea!a Qila;a> lain e!eti Qila;a> Slavi_ Se#"a> analii ai ;an i=el"a=an !aa a=>i ea 19^-an en"n8"==an ele!a =aa otaliti ;an ena> e=ita 19[^-an an aQal 19^-an =aa otaliti =a" eQaa enin=at e"la_ Kaa otaliti !en""= Soviet "la enin=at ai 2_[h !aa 19[^ =e!aa 2[_9h !aa 19[_ Seetena> =a8ian ena!ati #a>aQa =aa otaliti tee#"t #ena =eana i=a8i ecaa ealiti= a=i#at ai !enin=atan =e"a>an =ei>atan an ="ann;a 8an=itan !en;a=it_ Baaiana!"n etela> !enea>an tentan otaliti

tee#"t ite#it=an !i>a= Soviet tela> "la en>enti=an e#aan =a8ian enenain;a ala aa 1^ ta>"n ele!a it"_ eoafi i Soviet an =e"a>an !e"#atan i Soviet ia>ia=an #"at eentaa e>ina i>e#a>=an #a>aQa otaliti Soviet enin=at !aa leQat ea 19^-an_ PENIIKAN

Pela8a-!ela8a ai Qila;a> Soviet ;an ean #e="n8"n =e Qila;a> ilovice Xolova=ia !aa 19_ Se#el" 191[ eQa=t" !eeinta>an e!a;a Ta R"ia !enii=an tia= i8alan=an ecaa !ec"a ini #ai en>a=an =e>aian ana=-ana= olonan !etani an #aQa>an ai ena!at=an !enii=an foal_ iana=an #a>aQa !aa ta>"n 191[ e=ita [h >ina h a=;at R"ia tia= !anai e#aca an en"li 7#"ta >""f?_  Anatol; L"nac>a=; tela> en8ai entei !etaa ;an #etan"n8aQa# en8aa >al e>Qal !ela8aan i Keat"an Soviet R"ia_ Paa !e"laann;a !i>a= #e="aa Soviet #e"a>a "nt"= en>a!"=an e8ala #"ta >""f ala =alanan a=;at R"ia_ Seia!a a>a8a ;an tia= #"ta >""f #ole> ilanti= e#aai "" "nt"= ena8a_ ala 8an=a aa ;an !ene= a>a8a #ilanan "" ;an iea! Qala"!"n tia= #e="aliti #eta#a> an !aa 19^ Joe!> Stalin tela> en"a-"a=an #a>aQa e8ala #"ta >""f a!at i#antea enan 8a;an;a_ Sele!a !ean "nia =e"a #ian !enii=an Soviet i!e=e#an=an enan !eatn;a e8a8a enan >aat "nt"= ela>i=an aai cei= !anai "ia_ Kean !en e#anan !enii=an e#ei=an i!a= ;an c"="! >e#at_ Paa 19^-an #ole> i=ata=an =e#an;a=an =ana=-=ana= i Soviet i#ei=an !el"an "nt"= ena!at=an !ela8aan_ Han;a =elo!o= ;an #eaa telal" 8a"> =e ala !ealaan a>a8a tia= e!"n;ai !ela8aan =eana =etiaaan a=e =e!aa !enii=an_ Ni=ita K>">c>ev tela> #e"a>a en8ai=an a!e= !enii=an le#i> "a> "nt"= ia=e eia!a a>a8a Qala" i

ana ee=a tinal_ Ini =eana !enii=an e"!a=an e"at" ;an aat !entin an en8ai at" =e>ena= a;aa=at_  A=e =e!aa !enii=an tini Qala"#aaiana!"n ai> lai te>a_ Han;a 2^h !eat" !eo>onan =ea"=an =e intit"t !enii=an tini il"l"=an etia! ta>"n_ Sele#i>n;a a=an "la ea"=i ala !e=e8aan an aa ;an elan8"t=an !ela8aan ala #ian =ea>ian i e=ola> vo=aional an te=ni=_ St"ent fo failie of "#io" !olitical elia#ilit; Qee #ae fo >i>e e"cation_1^9j SeQa=t" ea !eeinta>an Be<>nev "at" aa !enii=an tini #a" i!e=enal=an enan etia! !eo>onan >a"la> ena!at =el" l"an ai a;aa=at ata" !ei!in a;aa=at ete!at_ eni="t tatitic !aa ta>"n 19 ai 8"la> 1^ ^^^ !enii= >an;a 11 inivi" a>a8a ;an #e8a;a elan8"t=an !ela8aan =e intit"t !enii=an tini i Soviet #e#anin 1[ ai 1^ ^^^ a=;at AS ;an #e8a;a ea"=i !enii=an tini eQa=t" it"_ KUPULAN ETNIK b KAU Keat"an Soviet e"!a=an neaa ;an !alin #an ;a= e!"n;ai etni= an =a" enan le#i> 1^^ etni= ;an #eaa i !el#aai !el""= Soviet_ Keel"">an 8"la> !o!"lai Soviet iala> e=ita 29 8"ta !aa ta>"n 1991_ Be!an"=an =e!aa 8an=aan !aa ta>"n 199^ a8oiti !en""=n;a aala> #e#ana R"ia 7^_[h? ii="ti #ana U=>ain 71_h? an #ana U<#e= 7_h?_ Ke#an;a=an Qaaneaa Soviet e!"n;ai !el#aai =e"ni=an teenii_ Jeni etni= #ai etia! ana=-ana= a=an i!ili> enii ole> =e"a i#"#a!a ee=a etela> ee=a enca!ai "" 1 ta>"n_ Se=ian;a tiaa =ata !"t" ai i#"#a!a ee=a a=a =ana=-=ana= tee#"t i=ia eili=i etni= ata" =ea=;atan =a" ;an aa e!eti i#"n;a_ Teta!i !aa =e#iaaann;a #ai =elo!o= inoiti ;an tella" =ecil ee=a a=an ia#"n=an enan inoiti ;an lain an en8ai =elo!o= a8oiti le#i> #ea_ Se#aai conto>n;a etni= inoiti inelian ;an tinal #e>a!ian Qila;a> eoian SSR ;an i=laifi=ai=an e#aai ala> at" etni= eoia_ Tea!at eetena> etni= ;an ecaa "=aela #ea#"n enan etni= lain an aa =alan;a te!a=a i!a=a ole> !i>a= !enta#ian Soviet #ai enela==an !e!eca>an an !e#eonta=an_ Bana R"ia Bela" an U=>ain #an;a= #e=oni aa =e#"a;aan ;an aa eentea eetena> etni= lain tia=_ KESIHATAN Paa 191[ e#el" enin=atn;a !ena"> !ati Bol>evi= ta>a! =ei>atan aala> !aa ta>a! ;an "n"> tia= e#eanan=an_ Se!eti ;an i"taa=an ole> Lenin Saa aa fa>aan !aaite a=an enanini fa>aan oiali ata"!"n oiali a=an enanini fa>aan !aaitg_

Baaiana!"n !olii =ei>atan Soviet #an;a= i!ena">i ole> !e#incanan ole> Peo!le] Xoiaiat fo Healt> ata"!"n =eenteian =ei>atan !aa 191_ Hal e>Qa= =ei>atan a=an i=aQal ole> neaa an eala aala> !ec"a "nt"= a=;at_ Ati=el 2 ala "nan-"nan Soviet ta>"n 19[[ tela> e!e"nt"==an #a>aQa a=;at Soviet #e#a "nt"= ena!at=an aQatan i ana-ana a>a8a >o!ital ala Soviet_ Baaiana!"n ite =ei>atan Soviet ai> tia= a!" "nt"= een">i =e>ena= a;aa=at ;an aai_ Se#el" Leoni Be<>nev #e="aa Soviet e!"n;ai ta>a! =e!a=aan =ei>atan ;an tini #e#anin neaa l"a_ Mala"#aaiana!"n eQa=t" ea Be<>nev an 8"a i=>ail o#ac>ev e#aai !eeinta> ta>a! =ei>atan Soviet en8ai ea=in ="an #e="aliti an ena!at =iti=an =eana #an;a=n;a =eila!an ala !e"#atan e#aai conto> ena>n;a ="aliti evi =ei>atan_ entei Kei>atan Soviet Weveni; X>a enata=an #a>aQa ite =ei>atan i Soviet #eaa !aa ta>a! ;an #ai= ini =eana !ela#"an #e#ilion R"#le tela> en8ai=ann;a #eaa !aa ta>a! ;an aat #ai=_ Setela> !ena#ilali>an !eeinta>an ai Ta =e!aa ite Ko"ni ta>a! =ei>atan en8ai ea=in #ai=_ Statiti= ini tela> i"na=an !i>a= Ko"ni "nt"= i8ai=an #"=ti #a>aQa ite !eeinta>an oiali=o"ni le#i> #ai= #e#anin ite =a!itali_ Penin=atan ini enin=at e>ina aQal ta>"n 19^-an a!a#ila ta>a! =ei>atan i Soviet le#i> tini ai ta>a! =ei>atan i  Aei=a S;ai=at_ Ta>a! =ei>atan Soviet =e=al tini e>inala> e=ita 19[^-an ian;a "la en""n_ en""t =a8ian ian;a en""n a=i#at ai ta>a! !enai>an al=o>ol ;an ea=in te"=_ Ke#an;a=an "#e #aat enata=an #a>aQa !en""nan =aa =ei>atan in i aala> #e=ait enan !enai>an al=o>ol ;an ea=in te"=_ Pi>a= Soviet t""t en;ata=an !ena!at ;an aa e!eti !i>a= #aat_ Sele!a ta>"n 19[ !i>a= Soviet "la e#e>enti=an !enel"aan la!oan enenai ta>a! =ei>atan an otaliti !en""=_ BAHASA Kea8aan =eat"an Soviet i #aQa> !i!inan Vlaii Lenin >an;a e#ena=an ei=it a>a8a #a>aa i"na=an ala !en"lian i =eat"an Soviet_ Baaiana!"n ite t"lian ;an at" ini #e8a;a i!"!"= =e ala #"a;a #ana oviet Qala"!"n tea!at #e#ea!a =eila!an ;an Q"8" ala !en"lian_ SeQa=t" ea =ea8aan Soviet etia! Qila ;a> ala oviet en"na=an #a>aa ;an #elainan teta!i !oliin;a teta! aa_ Ini en;e#a#=an Q"8"n;a aala> ala !e>"#"nan =eana Q"8"n;a !el#aai #a>aa an iale= e#"tan #a>aa ala e!a;a Soviet ;an l"a_ A!a#ila e"at" #a>aa it" i"na=an ecaa el"a ala ""an e>aian an i"na=an ala !en"lian #a>an-#a>an =ea8aan ;an !entin a=a #a>aa it" i8ai=an e#aai #a>aa foal_ ia!in it" tea!at !el#aai 8eni #a>aa inoiti ala =eat"an Soviet ;an

"=a "nt"= iaa!tai=an =e ala #ent"= !en"lian 8ai !en"t" #a>aa inoiti tee#"t >a" e!"n;ai #a>aa =e"a ;an fai> an #ole> i"na=an_ SeQa=t" ea !eeinta>an e8i Stalin #an;a= #a>aa inoiti lain tia= i#ena "nt"= i"na=an =eana =e"a>an =e aa> !en;at"!a"an a;aa=at Soviet ala> !en"t" #a>aa ;an #elainan iana! ""> #ai =ea8aan Soviet_ Secaa ""n;a #a>aa R"ia i"na=an ecaa el"a ala eala ""an =ea8aan an ie#a#=an ole> it"la> #a>aa R"ia i8ai=an #a>aa ai ata"!"n lan"ae of inteet>nic co"nicationg 7R"ian: G'k, )mD0/%D0D%% %6)DG?_  AAA I SOVIET  Aaa Ila an Kitian e"!a=an aaa ;an !alin #an;a= ian"ti ole> =e#an;a=an a;aa=at ala Qila;a> Soviet_ Kelo!o= aaa Otoo= i #aQa> =enalian R"ian Ot>ooZ X>"c> e"!a=an aaa =itian ;an !alin oinan_ ana=ala =e#an;a=an "at ila i Soviet aala> ai!aa =elo!o= S"nni ana=ala =elo!o= !"a= S;ia> #an;a= tea!at i Qila;a> A"i B">a an !el#aai aaa =itian !otetan_

Se#"a> ee8a Xat>eal of X>it Savio" i ocoQ ;an i"na>=an !aa ta>"n 191 ole> =ea8aan At>ei Soviet_ SeQa=t" ea !eeinta>an e!a;a Ta R"ia aaa e!"n;ai !ena"> ;an "n"> ="at i R"ia_ P"a= R"ian Ot>ooZ X>"c> e!"n;ai te!at ;an itieQa i #aQa> !eeinta>an Ta inaa ee=a #an;a= teli#at enan a=tiviti ia8a an en8alan=an aa =ea8aan Ta_

Na"n etela> =e8at">an Ta R"ia !i>a= ee8a otoo= R"ia tela> en8ai tentanan "taa #ai !i>a= oviet an ee8a en8ai ""> =e!aa oviet ;an le#i> #eifat at>ei_ i ala "nan-"nan Soviet =ol" "nan-"nan ;an #e#"n;i feeo to >ol eliio" eviceg tela> i="at="aa=an enan e#ai=n;a_ Baaiana!"n enan ca!"tanan ai !i>a= Pati Ko"ni ;an "la #efa>aan aZi 7at>ei? "la tia= ena#il #eat tentan aaa an e"">i eia!a a>a8a ;an #eaaa_ Paa 191 ian Xo"ncil of Peo!le] Xoia tela> eni;ti>a=an #a>aQa R"ian Soviet Yeeative Socialit Re!"#lic 7RSYSR? aala> e#"a> e!"#li= ;an e="la an tiaa aaa an "nan-"nan ini tela> ii;ti>at=an iait" ena8a aaa i ana-ana a>a8a ;an en8"" =e!aa =eaaaan an =eo>anian aala> i>aa=an an tia= i#ena=an_ Maaneaa Soviet #ole> enan"t aaa an #ela8a tentann;a teta!i >ena=la> ecaa !ei#ai an tia= foal_g Unan-"nan ini i!e="=">=an lai eQa=t" ta>"n 1929 iait" etela> Stalin ea=in #e="aa_ Unan-"nan ini t""t en>aa=an e#aan a=tiviti =eaaaan i ee8a ata"!"n a8i ata"!"n ="il tea"= 8"a a8li e!ela8ai il " aaa i ana_ Seala =eiatan =eaaaan tela> i#e>enti=an ecaa e!en">n;a !aa ea 192^-an an 19^-an_ en8elan 19^ e#an;a= 9^h a8i ="il ee8a a inao ;a>"i tela> it"t"! ata"!"n i"na>=an_ Na"n etela> aaa en8ai ""> =e!aa Soviet #e#ea!a =eti=a e8i Stalin "la le#i> #ei=a! te#"=a enenai aaa te"taa eQa=t" a=>i ea 19^-an_ Tina=an ini iaa=an "nt"= enela==an !e#eonta=an a;aa=at ;an i#i#ani ena!at o=onan ai ! i>a= Naa! =eo>anian enin=at a8i ee8a an ="il-="il "la i#"=a =e#ali aio ocoQ "la e"ta=an Qa=t" iaan aaa an #ela="n;a "at" !ete"an ;an aat #ee8aa> iantaa Stalin an 8"a !ei!in ee8a Otoo= iait" Patiac> Sei" I ;an iaa=an !aa 19_ Na"n #eit" eQa=t" Soviet i #aQa> !eeinta>an Setia"a>a A"nn;a iait" Ni=ita K>">c>ev !aa 19 >ina 19 fa>aan e="lat an at>ei =e#ali i!"!"= ala !eeinta>an oviet an iea!=an =e ala ="i="l" !enii=an e=ola> an !ooi caa >i"! at>ei =e#ali i="anan=an ole> !i>a= !eeinta> Soviet_ Se!an8an te!o> ini 8"la> #ilanan ee8a i Soviet #e="anan ai 2^ ^^^ #"a> =e!aa 1^ ^^^ ala te!o> 199 >ina 19_ ala> #ilanan a8i ;an #eo!eai 8"a #e="anan ai 8"la> aaln;a e#an;a= 1^^ #"a> en8ai >an;a ^^_