1/29/2012
SAP2000 Seminar Session 1 Modelling a 3D Truss Structure By Alden Paul Balili, MSCE DRBENGS, DLSU
SAP2000 Program • Made by Computers and Structures, Inc. (CSI) • General FEM Program for different structures! • Great Program!
Congratulations! You chose the right program
1
1/29/2012
Why SAP2000? • • • •
Quick Modeling of Structures Quick Generation of Loads Easy processing of output Easy to learn!
Modeling is quick and easy with SAP2000!
Why SAP2000? • Structure can be modelled as per actual geometry! • Through right modelling practices, dummy/fictitious members are no longer necessary!
Modeling is quick and easy with SAP2000!
2
1/29/2012
SAP2000 Models Done - Highlights • Arch Bridges
Waiwhakaiho Bridge in New Zealand
SAP2000 Models Done - Highlights • Network Arch Bridges
Makira Arch in Solomon Islands
3
1/29/2012
SAP2000 Models Done - Highlights • Signage
SAP2000 Models Done - Highlights • Stadium
4
1/29/2012
SAP2000 Models Done - Highlights • Multistory Building
SAP2000 Models Done - Highlights • 3D Truss System
5
1/29/2012
SAP2000 Models Done - Highlights • Segmental Bridges
Why Model Entire Structure? • Easy export to BIM software • Errors from transfer of loads from one component to the other minimized (ex: Roof to building frame) • Could capture actual behaviour easily.
6
1/29/2012
Why Model Entire Structure? • Easy to optimize. • In SAP2000, there are enough tools available to model the entire structure
The SAP2000 Interface Menu
Side Buttons
Top Buttons
Main Windows 2 Windows are ok for large monitors For small ones, it is recommended just to close the other window
7
1/29/2012
The Sample Structure Steel Properties Fy = 248 Mpa E = 200000 Mpa Unit Wt = 77 kN/m3 Loads NSCP2010/ASCE7-05 Wind Loads
The Sample Structure: Key Dimensions 2.8m
4.0m 4.0m
4.0m 4.0m
4.0m 4.0m
4.0m
4.0m 2.8m
7.5m
7.5m
7.5m
7.5m
8
1/29/2012
The Sample Structure: Key Dimensions
3m
0.3m 20 panels Equally spaced
SAP2000: Starting • Before anything else, we must change the unit shown on the bottom-right part of the interface. • For our example, our desired unit is kN, m. • This is necessary because SAP2000 (also ETABS) has a bug of reverting to this “default” unit
9
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Creating a New Model • In the menu click File Menu > New Model. • There are many options for the template. For our example click “Grid Only”
SAP2000: Creating Grids • The “Quick Grid lines” window will appear as shown below. • This option only sets uniform spacing for all the grids. This could be edited later.
10
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Creating Grids: Discussion • In SAP2000, utilizing grids properly would make life easier for the user. • Always give a good thought on the gridlines at the start of any model!
SAP2000: Creating Grids • For our example, it would be prudent to use the grids shown below. Wend
Wapex
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Eapex
Xgrids
Eend
Nend
Mid
Send
Ygrids
11
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Creating Grids • For our example, it would be prudent to use the grids shown below. For elevation Top
1 Bot
SAP2000: Creating Grids • Input the number of grids in the window shown below. Input the appropriate spacing. Spacings could be adjusted later
Click ok when done!
Type “6/2” and see SAP2000 compute!
12
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Creating Grids • You will now see the grids on the Main Windows
ETABS: Extra: Axis Convention • Local axis direction determined by connectivity • SAP2000 Local Axis default shown below • Global Axis also shown. Time to adjust if you came from the “Y”-up system program 2 axis = White (Gray for presentation purposes)
3 axis = Blue 1 axis = red Local Axis
For Global, Z is up! Time to adjust if you want to use SAP2000
13
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Adjusting Grids • Now let us adjust the grids to match our structure. • Go to Define Menu > Coordinate Systems/Grids • Choose Modify/Show System
SAP2000: Adjusting Grids • In the window that appears, the coordinates of each gridline is shown. • Since, spacing of grids are usually shown in plans, it is recommended to use “spacing” option
Click this and notice the change of values of the ordinates
14
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Adjusting Grids Defining Grid Data
To be changed Ok!
To be changed
SAP2000: Adjusting Grids
Please note in the spacing methodology, the last grid is always zero Change the spacing for the X-grids as shown
15
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Adjusting Grids
Change the spacing for the Z-grids as shown
SAP2000: Adjusting Grids • Once the grids are set: Click ok to finalize them. • Click ok again in the original window you came from. Warning: clicking cancel would nullify all the previous changes!
Click ok again!
16
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Grids • Now the grids are complete. • Next.. Let us navigate between these gridlines.
SAP2000: Navigation • In using SAP2000, it is recommended to have two windows, one showing the 3d view and one showing the plan or elevation view.
Plan or Elevation
3d View
Let us use this convention for this training!
17
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Navigation • Now let us see the plan views!. Do the following: 1. Click the upper bar of the plan/elevation window 2. In the top buttons, click
1
SAP2000: Navigation
2
Up one level
Down one level
• To navigate between different levels in the structure. Click these buttons • The current plan view elevation being shown is indicated in the 3D View window.
Highlight indicates where you are
18
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Navigation • For the elevation views. Do the following: 1. Click the upper bar of the plan/elevation window 2. In the top buttons, click
1
2
The XZ plane is highlighted
SAP2000: Navigation • For the elevation views. Do the following: 1. Click the upper bar of the plan/elevation window 2. In the top buttons, click
1
2
The YZ plane is highlighted
19
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Navigation
Up one level
Down one level
• To navigate between different coordinates you could also click these buttons
SAP2000: Defining Materials • To define the material properties go to Define Menu > Materials • Click “Add New Material”
20
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining Materials • In the window appears, change the data as shown below for A36 steel Name and material type
Variables for Analysis Input “36*6895” to ensure it is correct conversion! Variables for Design Click ok when done
SAP2000: Defining Materials • Alternatively, we could use the different materials available in the SAP database. • To do this click “Add New Material Quick”
There are multiple options to choose from!
21
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining Materials • For our example, use the following Material Type: Steel Specification: ASTM A36
• Notice that the name “A36” is added to the materials list
Click ok when finished
Click ok when done!
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Now we have our materials, let us now import the sections • First and foremost, the sections needed for this project are shown below
22
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Let us define these sections using the following methods Import from the SAP2000 database Create a typical section with modified dimensions Use the SAP2000 Section Builder
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • The following are the designated sections for the truss below
Double Angle Section (2L) Single Angle Section (L) Four Angle Section (4L)
23
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Let us import all the double angles (2L) from the SAP2000 database
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Importing Sections Go to Define Menu > Section Properties > Frame Sections Click “Import New Property”
24
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Importing Sections In the window that appears, click the “Double Angle” option. A window will prompt you to choose the source of the sections Default directory is C:\Program Files\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 14
SAP2000: Extra: Notes on the Steel Databases • Old angular sections like the 2L1.5x1.5xthk sections are contained in the AISC.pro file • Newer sections are contained in the AISC3.pro file
25
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Importing Sections For our example, since we have the “old” sections. Let us choose AISC.pro. Click open when done On the window that opens, choose the appropriate material (A36), then choose the sections you will use
SAP2000: Extra: Notes on Selection in lists • Please note the following in selecting in a listbox Hold Shift, then click where arrows are present
Hold Ctrl, then click where arrows are present
Just click where the arrows are present
1st
1st
1st
2nd
2nd
2nd
26
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Importing Sections We have the option of choosing the ones we need Or we can choose to import everything. In our example, select everything using the “press shift” method shown earlier Remember to scroll down to the last option!
Click ok when finished
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Importing Sections A window will appear showing a sample section from the list. Just click ok when this appears. The section list is now populated with all the 2L sections of the AISC.pro database
27
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Defining Sections Now let us define the single angle sections Click “Add new property” in the frame properties window. Click “Single Angle”, in the window that appears
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Defining Sections Change the data in the window that appears as per below
28
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Defining Sections The just defined section is now added to the list
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Defining Sections Do the same process for the following single angle sections You can use the “Add Copy L-38x38x6 L-63x63x6 L-75x75x6
of Property” Button so that only a few parameters need to be changed
29
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Defining Sections using Section Builder Lastly let us define the 4L sections using the section builder. SAP2000 doesn’t have this section. Hence, we need to use the section builder
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • To Defining Sections using Section Builder Click “Add new property” Choose “Other” in “Add frame section property” Click Section Designer
30
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • To Defining Sections using Section Builder In the window that appears, change the data as per below Click section designer when done.
By changing to this option, the steel section can be checked
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • To Defining Sections using Section Builder The section designer has many features. Up to the user to further explore the features. For our example, we will create a 4L-90x90x6 section Since the we have 4 angles, let us first create a 2L 90x90x6.
31
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • To Defining Sections using Section Builder To create a double angle, click the icon shown below The arrow will change indicating you are in draw mode. Click where you want to put the section.
Click at the origin
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • To Defining Sections using Section Builder After clicking, the default angle sections used are shown Right click the shape to change its properties. Edit properties as shown below Note that X and Y center is at the midheight and midwidth of member Click ok when done
32
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • To Defining Sections using Section Builder The new section is now shown. Use the replicate command to mirror the section. Select first the section by clicking on it. (note the selection status on the bottom left) Go to Edit Menu > Replicate
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • To Defining Sections using Section Builder On the window that appears click the Mirror tab Choose the X-axis option and click ok We now have a 4L 90x90x6 section Click done on the lower right when finished Click ok again on the previous window to confirm
33
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • To Defining Sections using Section Builder The section is now added to the list!
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • Once all the sections have been set. We can now draw the sections!
34
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining/Importing Sections • First let us draw the truss indicated below.
SAP2000: Drawing Frame Members • Before we proceed, let us go to the elevation view (Y-Z) of the grid shown below
35
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing Frame Members • Let us draw the top and bottom chord Go to Draw Menu > Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon A small window will appear with different options. Let us explore them one by one in the next slide For the top and bottom chord, choose the options shown below
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • The cursor changes to indicate you are in draw mode. • The cursor automatically snaps to gridpoint intersections. • Let us draw the main members as shown on the next slide by clicking on the key points
36
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Exiting Drawing Mode • When it is desired to quit the draw frame mode mode, Press the esc button. • If this doesn’t work at first, this means that the main window is “not active”. • Click the top bar of the main window and press esc again. This will go back to “select mode”
Click and press escape
SAP2000: Drawing Frame Members To draw the top chord, click the points in a sequence as indicated by the numbers below
3
2
4
1
5
Note that there will be difficulty in drawing members 1-2. It is recommended to use the zoom window command
Once in zoom mode, you can always use the pan button
37
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Zooming • Before proceeding, let us explore the navigation capabilities of SAP2000. • In the top buttons, notice this portion. • We will explore them one by one in the next slides.
SAP2000: Extra: Zooming • Rubber band zoom. Zooms into one spot. Click the rubber band zoom icon, then click the upper left and drag to the lower right corners of the “zoom spot”
Upper Left Corner
Lower Right Corner
38
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Zooming • Restore Full view. Zooms out so that whole structure is visible. Click this and the whole structure is now visible
SAP2000: Extra: Zooming • Zoom in and Zoom out. Your standard zoom and zoom out buttons.
• Pan Button. Can be used if middle button in mouse not present.
39
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing Frame Members Member complete!
SAP2000: Drawing Frame Members Do the same for the bottom chord
1
2
40
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing Frame Members Top and bottom chord now drawn!
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • Now let us draw the vertical 4L section Change the section, prior to clicking the nodes!
41
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • Now let us draw the web members (verticals and diagonals). For this let us use L75x75x6 For the frame drawing command, let us use the offset function. We know that each vertical is spaced at 7.5m/10 eq spaces = 0.75m
0.75m
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • Using this let us draw the first vertical web member 1. Set section = L75x75x6 2. Set xy Plane Offset Normal = 0.75 3. Click from pt 1 to pt 2 1 2
0.75m 2
1
42
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • Now the first vertical is drawn. • But notice that it still should be trimmed
SAP2000: 3 Drawing/Modifying Frame Members
2
1
• To trim the following must be done. 1. Click the line to be trimmed 2. Click the point at the end where the line is to be trimmed 3. Select the cutting line 4. Go to Edit Menu > Edit Lines > Trim/Extend Frames 5. Choose trim and select ok
4
5
43
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • Now the first vertical has been trimmed! • The same methodology is applied for extending frames
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • For the other verticals, we will do the following. Replicate the first vertical member 8 times with dy = -0.75m. Trim all these verticals simultaneously.
44
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • For the other verticals, we will do the following. Replicate the first vertical member 8 times with dy = -0.75m. 1. Select the first vertical 2. Goto Edit Menu > Replicate 3. Set the data as per below and click ok
2
1
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • For the other verticals, we will do the following. Trim all these verticals simultaneously. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Select all the verticals indicated Click the ends where the verticals will be trimmed Click the cutting line Go to Edit Menu > Edit Lines > Trim/Extend Frames. Choose Trim Frames and click ok 2 4
1 3
45
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • Now the verticals for one side is complete!
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • Now let us draw the diagonal members first for one side before proceeding with doing the other side. • Choose the options below for the frame and draw all diagonal members
46
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • Since the diagonal members are discontinuous, we must “cancel” the continuous line every time we draw one diagonal. Do the following: 1. Draw a diagonal member 2. Click the right click button on the mouse (Here we will notice that the drawing command is still active but now the line is cut) 3. Draw the next member.
1
3
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • Now the diagonals (for one side) are complete!
47
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • To complete the truss, let use “mirror” the members about the (X-Z) plane
X-Z Plane
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • To complete the truss, let use “mirror” the members about the (X-Z) plane 1. Select all the diagonal members 2. Go to Edit Menu > Replicate 3. Go to the mirror tab and input the data shown. Click ok when done
2 1
3
48
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Drawing/Modifying Frame Members • The truss is now complete!
SAP2000: Extra: Shrinking Members • To “shrink” the graphic of the members, go to View Menu > Set Display Options • Check the shrink objects option
Click ok when Done!
49
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Shrinking Members • “Shrunk” members shown below with the connectivity obvious.
SAP2000: Extra: Member Connectivity • Q: Are the members highlighted below connected to each other, since the bottom chord is just one member)? • A: In SAP, yes, it is connected by the frame auto mesh feature. Members will automatically divide at joints by default • To see this, right click any member
50
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Member Connectivity • In Line Information window, you will notice in the Assignments tab the following Automatic Mesh, Mesh Option = At intermediate joints
This option turned on by default
SAP2000: Extra: Member Connectivity • To turn off this feature you have to (FYI only, no need to do this) Select a member Go to Assign Menu > Frame > Automatic Frame Mesh Choose “No Auto Meshing” in the new window
51
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Member Connectivity • However, it is more prudent to turn on this feature (auto mesh) at all times because some members might not be divided properly!
SAP2000: Defining Support Conditions • Now that the frames have been drawn, we can now assign supports. • Let us assign the following supports for this truss
Pinned
Pinned
52
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining Support Conditions • To assign supports do the following Click the desired nodes where supports will be placed Go to Assign Menu > Joint > Restraints. A window will appear
Note the “x” mark indicating joint selection
Also check this to ensure correct selection
SAP2000: Defining Support Conditions • There are preset supports as indicated below • For our example, choose pinned (the 2nd button), then click ok Graphic showing support type shown
Fixed
Pinned
Unrestrained Roller Joint
53
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining Load Patterns • To Define Load Patterns, go to Define Menu > Load Patterns • By Default the Dead load is already defined. You will notice that Self Weight Multiplier = 1, which means self weight will be computed
SAP2000: Defining Load Patterns • Let us define a wind load pattern called “L” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Load Pattern Name = “L” Type = “Live” Self Weight Mutiplier = 0 Click Add new load pattern It’s now in the list It’s now in the list! 4 1
2
3
5
54
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining Load Patterns • If ever you make a mistake 1. Click the pattern to be corrected. 2. Change the Necessary data at the top portion 3. Click “Modify Load Pattern:
2 3 1
SAP2000: Extra: Load Pattern Types • Q: Why specify load pattern types? • A: It helps SAP2000 figure out if the lateral load factor (specially for ASD design) for allowable stresses is to be applied • A: SAP2000 would recognize that a combination has a lateral load and would automatically apply the increase in allowable stress (in AISC ASD = 4/3)
55
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Defining Load Combinations • Now let us define a single combination named “D+L” Go to Define Menu > Load Combination Click “Add new combo”
SAP2000: Defining Load Combinations • In the Load Combination Data Window Load Combination Name = D+L Load Combination Type = Linear Add Add Dead with factor = 1 Add L with factor = 1. Click ok when done
Click ok again Do not cancel!
56
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Different Combination Types • The different options for combination type are as follows Linear Add – adds the loads Envelope – gets the envelope (the max and min values, useful for getting beam moments) Absolute Add – Absolute sum (disregards signs) SRSS – Square root of the sum of the squares ( usually for dynamics!)
SAP2000: Assigning Joint Loads • Now let us assign joint loads for Dead and Live loads for the 2D truss • First compute the value of each joint load using Tributary area concepts. • Let us assume the following area loads D : 0.45 kPa L : 0.6 kPa
57
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Assigning Joint Loads • We are usually familiar with the term load cases, specially for other software • In SAP2000, the equivalent of this term are actually load patterns • Let us create some load patterns Dead (D) and Live load (L)
SAP2000: Assigning Joint Loads • Dead Load joint force Tributary area of one joint = 0.75 x 4 = 3m2. Joint load per middle node = 3 x 0.45 kPa = 1.35 kN
• Live Load Joint Force 3 x 0.6 kPa = 1.8 kN 0.75m
4m
58
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Assigning Joint Loads • To assign the dead load joint forces dot the following 1. Select the nodes 2. Go to Assign Menu > Joint Loads > Forces 3. Input -1.35 kN for “Force Global Z” for Load pattern “DEAD”
1
2
Click ok when done!
SAP2000: Assigning Joint Loads • The dead load is now assigned
59
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Assigning Joint Loads • Do the same steps for live load 1. Select the nodes 2. Go to Assign Menu > Joint Loads > Forces 3. Input -1.8 kN for “Force Global Z” for Load pattern “L”
1
2
Click ok when done!
SAP2000: Assigning Joint Loads • The live load is now assigned
60
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Analysis • Now let us do a check of the model before analysis Member Properties Loads
• Once everything has been checked we are ready to analyze! • Set the view limits to “View All” if you haven’t before analysis
SAP2000: Analysis • To Analyze go to Analyze > Run Analysis • In the window that appears note that the case “Modal” is present. This is usually activated by default • You could set this to “Do Not Run” by clicking the case and clicking the “Run/Do Not Run” button • Click Run Now!
61
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Analysis • After analysis a screen will appear as shown below. Just close it so that it doesn’t block your view
SAP2000: Analysis • By default, the deflection diagram is first shown after analysis • The deflection diagram helps you see if there are errors in the model. Check each gridline to see if there are “funny” deflections
62
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Member Design Actions • Before proceeding to the member design let us view the forces in the truss • To see the Axial force diagram of the members go to Display Menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables • Choose the desired case, action and click ok
SAP2000: Member Design Actions • The axial force diagram is now shown • To check out the details of any particular member you can right click any member • You can choose the design action you desire from any load case!
63
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Deflections • To see the deflections, go to Display > Show Deformed Shape • Choose the appropriate load case and click ok! • Adjust the Scale factor if shape is not “exaggerated enough!
SAP2000: Deflections • To get the actual deflection at a particular point, just right click any node during “deflected shape” mode and the deflections will appear. Click to close Global Z
Global Y
Global X
Load case shown
Always check units at lower right just in case you forgot!
64
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Wind Loads Automated • Now let us define the wind parameters 1. Click the wind load case “WD” 2. Click “Modify Lateral Load Pattern” 3. A window will appear where we can edit the parameters
1 1
SAP2000: Wind Loads Automated • In the window that appears input the constants as shown below Input 200/1.6 to convert kph to mph!
Click ok when done!
65
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • After analysis, we can now design each member. • For our design we have the following parameters Code: AISC ASD 89 Steel Fy: 36 ksi = 248 Mpa
• Go to Design Menu > Steel Frame Design > View Revise Preferences to revise these parameters
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • Let us change the parameters to the following
Deflection limits useful for beams in buildings! Very convenient if you know how to use it Click ok when done
66
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • Now let us choose the load cases to be included in design. Go to Design Menu > Steel Frame Design > Select Design Combos • Click the D+L load case and click add • Uncheck “automatically generate code-based...” then click ok
This is useful, but we already have load combinations
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • To Design go to Design Menu > Steel Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure • Now each member will be checked for the code! • After design, colors will assigned indicating the design results
67
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • To see the design results, you can right click any member. The critical load case is automatically highlighted. Right-Click the bottom chord • It can be seen that the member fails. Click the details button for more information
Click this to see detailed design calculations
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD
Click to close
• Detailed design calculations shown Notice that the Length used is 15m, but in reality the bottom chord might be braced at midspan
Failure notifications. A lot of provisions violated!
68
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • Since the initial truss model is 2D, we can’t incorporate bracing members. • Hence, to take these into account we must apply design overwrites. Say top chord has lateral restraint per node due to purlins
Note that braces are not in the model! For illustration purposes only
Say bottom chord is braced at ½ length by a 2L member
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • To apply design overwrites 1. Select the bottom chord 2. Go to Design Menu > Steel Frame Design > View/Revise Overwrites 3. Since bottom chord is braced at the middle, set Unbraced length Ratio (Minor,LTB) to 0.5 2
1
Click ok when done
69
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • Design again the structure by going to Design Menu > Steel Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure • If we right click the bottom chord again, we could notice that it has now passed (as indicated by a ratio number < 1.0)
Click ok when done!
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • Now click both the top chords and apply an unbraced length ratio (Minor, Ltb) = 1/10 = 0.1
Click ok when done
70
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • Design again the structure by going to Design Menu > Steel Frame Design > Start Design/Check of Structure • Right click the members to see the design results
SAP2000: Steel Design - ASD • Click the details button and we can see that the unbraced length is now modified Click this
Then this when done
71
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Auto-Select • In the previous slides, it could be noticed that the ratios for ASD design where less than 1. • If we want to get the most economical sections, we need to use auto-select feature of SAP2000.
SAP2000: Extra: Unlocking Models • However, before editing the model again, we need to unlock the model. • As a precautionary measure, SAP locks the model before analysis so that no changes can be made that could cause errors. • To unlock the model, do the following. 1. Click the lock icon. Then click ok when prompted.
72
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Auto-Select • Now let us create an auto-select section in SAP. 1. Go to Define Menu > Section Properties > Frame Sections 2. Click “Add New Property” Button 3. Choose “Auto Select list”
Cont’d on next page
2
3
1
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Auto-Select • Now let us create an auto-select section in SAP. 4. In the window that opens, name the section as “AUTO-2L” 5. Select all sections 2L sections (use selection techniques shown earlier) and click the Add button 4 5
Now the section is in the list
Click ok when done Click ok again!
73
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Selection Tools • We will assign the “AUTO-2L” section to all the 2L sections (namely the top and bottom chord). • We can click them one by one or use the selection tools to make our life easier.
SAP2000: Extra: Selection Tools • To select all top and bottom chords using the selection tools, do the following: 1. Go to Select Menu > Select > Properties > Frame Section 2. Choose 2L4x4x1/4 then click ok
74
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Selection Tools • Now all top and bottom chords are selected, we can now assign the frame section. • While the members are selected do the following 1. Go to Assign Menu > Frame > Frame Section 2. Choose “AUTO-2L” then click ok
2 1
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Auto-Select • Now, the auto select section has been assigned. • Notice that the member assignments are shown. • If we zoom in to the member, we could notice initial section. • This section is the median section as seen in the definition window of the auto-select section
75
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Auto-Select • This section is the one that will be used initially for analysis. • Once SAP has designed the truss, it would assign a new optimal section. • The structure should be analyzed again because the design section is different from the analysis section
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Auto-Select • Now let us analyze and design the structure.
76
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Auto-Select • After this, we can see that SAP has “selected” the optimal section for the given forces for the top and bottom chord. • If we right click the member, we could see that on the upper left corner, the analysis and design section are indicated
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Auto-Select • It is recommended that analysis and design be repeated until analysis and design section match. • Shown below are the results after the 2nd iteration of the analysis and design cycle.
77
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Auto-Select • Final result after 5 iterations They now match!
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Auto-Select • We can also apply an auto-select L section for the web members. • Results of using auto-select for the web members are shown below.
78
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Design Groups • It could be noticed that in designing the web members, multiple types of members were acquired. • In construction, it is often desired to use similar sections to save on costs. • For the auto-select sections, we can make a certain number of members to have similar sections by using design groups. • Unlock the model first before proceeding!
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Design Groups • Let us apply design groups to the design of the top and bottom chord. 1. Select all top and bottom chord members. 2. Go to Assign Menu > Assign to group
2
79
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Design Groups • Let us apply design groups to the design of the top and bottom chord. 3. Click “Add New Group” 4. Name the group “TopAndBotChord” in the window that opens. 3
4
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Design Groups • Let us apply design groups to the design of the top and bottom chord. 5. Going back to the previous window, click “Replace Group” then click ok when done.
5
Group has been assigned!
80
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Design Groups • Let us apply design groups to the design of the top and bottom chord. 6. To include the group in the design, go to Design Menu > Steel Frame Design > Select Design Groups 7. Select the group “TopAndBotChord” and click “Add” Button
7 Click ok when done 6
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Design Groups • Now let us redesign the structure. • Notice that all Top and Bottom chords have the same sections. • For design groups, SAP adopts the biggest section in the design results in a group.
81
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Steel Design – Using Design Groups • Let us also assign a design group for the web members called “VerticalsAndDiagonals” • Results shown below when including the said group in the design groups
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now we know most of the basic commands, let us implement this in completing the 3D Structure!
82
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Since the truss structure is symmetric in one axis, the best strategy is to do ½ of the structure and use replicate to complete the other half. Use drawing and replicate tools
Replicate this half
The first truss is currently here
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Complete the 3D Model 1. Replicate the trusses shown below Existing Truss
83
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Complete the 3D Model 1. Replicate the trusses shown below a. Select all members of the first truss b. Go to Edit Menu > Replicate c. In the window that opens, set dx = 4, number = 2. Click ok when done
a c
b
Check if selection is correct!
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Complete the 3D Model 1. Replicate the trusses shown below d. The replicated members can now be seen when using 3D
84
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Advanced Replicate Options • Before proceeding let us right click the members from the original truss. • It could be noticed, that the group we assigned is present as seen below.
SAP2000: Extra: Advanced Replicate Options • If we right click, the replicated members notice that the group assignments were not copied.
What the?!?
85
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Advanced Replicate Options • For the replicate command to copy group assignments, we need to use advanced replicate options. • Before proceeding, let us delete the replicated trusses.
SAP2000: Extra: Advanced Replicate Options 1. Replicate again the trusses shown below a. b. c. d.
Select all members of the first truss Go to Edit Menu > Replicate In the window that opens, set dx = 4, number = 2. Click “Modify/Show Replicate Options”
a
c
d
b
Check if selection is correct!
86
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Advanced Replicate Options 1. Replicate again the trusses shown below e. In the window that opens, we can see multiple options. For our example, check first “Group Assigns”. f. Click the select groups button g. Choose both groups and click ok all the way to the parent window e f
SAP2000: Extra: Advanced Replicate Options • If we right click, the replicated members again, the group assignments have now been copied! • Other features of the advanced replicate options can be explored on your own time.
Click ok when done!
87
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Complete the 3D Model 1. Now let us complete the other trusses using replicate commands. Don’t forget the advanced replicate options for every replicate command! Already present Replicate half of the adjacent truss
Use 2 separate replicate commands 2.8m 4m
4m
SAP2000: Extra: Reshape Command • It could be noticed that the bottom chord for the half truss at the middle must be shortened. • An alternative to the trim command is the reshape command
88
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Reshape Command • To implement reshape, do the following 1. Go to the gridline where the half truss is present. 2. Go to Draw Menu > Set Reshape Element Mode 3. Click anywhere on the member except the end nodes. 2
1
3
SAP2000: Extra: Reshape Command • To implement reshape, do the following 4. The member would now look like as per below 5. Drag the end of the member that needs to be moved to the desired spot. 6. The member has been edited!
6 4
5
Desired Spot
89
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Extra: Reshape Command • Why reshape (rather than delete then redraw)? Important member assignments might be lost if we delete then redraw!
6 4
5
Desired Spot
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Complete the 3D Model 1. Don’t forget to put a pin support on the currently unsupported end of the half-truss!
90
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Complete the 3D Model 1. Complete this truss using the XZ view in the plane shown on next slide.
7.5m
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Complete the 3D Model 1. Use Auto-2L for the top and bottom chord and auto-L for the web members. 2. Also use 10 divisions for the panels for 8.5m long truss (replicate 9 times the nearest vertical member by dx = -0.75m. Assign sections then trim!) 3. Use commands learned earlier!
Nearest Vertical
91
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Half Truss now drawn!
7.5m
Don’t forget the pin support!
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • To draw the 45degree half-truss, we must draw in 3d mode!
92
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss 1. Go to 3d view 2. Zoom window on the desired spot. 3. Draw an “Auto-2L” member on the joints indicated.
3
2
Note that these are grid point intersections
Desired spot
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss 4. When drawing in 3d mode, the user must always be cautious because the ends of any member may snap to an erroneous node. 5. The top and bottom chord members are now drawn!
93
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss 1. To do the web members without dividing the top and bottom chord, we must use the extrude points to line command.
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss. For drawing web member: 1. Go the the yz view of the truss shown below. 2. Select the nodes on the top chord on the side of the 45 degree truss
2 Yz view of this truss
94
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss. For drawing web member: 3. Go to Edit Menu > Extrude > Extrude Points to Frames. 4. Choose any property and input dx = - 10, dy and dz = 0 and number = 1.
3
We could now see the extruded lines!
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss. For drawing web member: 5. Since the new lines intersect with the top chord of the 45 degree truss, they could now be trimmed! 6. Select all generated lines and the end to be trimmed and select the top chord of the 45 degree truss 7. Execute the trim command 7 6
95
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss. For drawing web member: 8. Now we have key points at the bottom chord. Use the same extrude to frame command to draw the verticals! 9. Choose the top chord nodes of the 45 degree truss and Use dy = -4, dx and dz = 0 and number = 1
9
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss. For drawing web member: 10. Now trim the verticals using the bottom chord! Use the arrow keys to rotate the 3d view and get a good view. Don’t forget to assign section property Auto-L!
96
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss. For drawing web member: 12. Remove the guide members previously drawn to remove the clutter 13. Now we can draw diagonals using standard drawing tools. Use Auto-L for the section. Always be careful when drawing in 3d mode!
12
13
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss. For drawing web member: 12. Remove the guide members previously drawn to remove the clutter 13. Now we can draw diagonals using standard drawing tools. Use Auto-L for the section. Always be careful when drawing in 3d mode!
12
13
97
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Do the following for the 45 degree truss. For drawing web member: 14. The same procedures can be used to draw to smaller half-trusses
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • The trusses below can now be replicated using the mirror command with respect to the x-z plane. Please note of the constants used below. • Note that the selection of the 45 degree truss and the smaller half-trusses will be a challenge.
Click ok when done!
98
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • And of course, don’t forget the pinned supports!
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 1. The 2L-2x2x1/4 member bracing the bottom chord. 2. Purlins 3. Roof area elements
99
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 1. The 2L-2x2x1/4 member bracing the bottom chord. 1. Go to the x-z view of the middle grid 2. Draw frames using 2L2x2x1/4 member
2 1
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 2. Purlins 1. Define a 150x50x20x1.6 cold formed section as per below
Click ok all the way when done
100
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 2. Purlins 2. Go to the y-z view of the middle bay and use extrude points to frames by using the top chord points and using section = C150x50x20x1.6
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 2. Purlins 3. Trim the purlins using the top chord of the 45 degree truss
3
101
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 2. Purlins 4. Do the same method for the other purlins. (You can also use mirror command for the upper purlins)
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 1. The roof area elements are convenient for easy application of area loads from dead, live and wind. 2. The roof element may represent the stiffness contribution of the roof but it is preferred that roof stiffness is neglected. 3. Hence we will create a roof area element which will be for loading purposes only without any stiffness contribution Roof element
102
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define an area roof element a) Go to Define Menu > Section Properties > Area Sections b) Click Add New Section
a
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define and draw an area roof element c) Enter the options shown on the figure on the right d) Click “set modifiers” and set the values as shown on the left. These values ensure that the element does not contribute stiffness and its own selfweight. Click ok all the way when done!
103
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define and draw an area roof element e) Draw the first area element. Go to Draw Menu > Draw Poly Area f) Click the 4 joints indicated below in a counterclockwise manner for our first poly area. f3 f2 f4
f1
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define and draw an area roof element e) Draw the first area element. Go to Draw Menu > Draw Poly Area f) Click the 4 joints indicated below in a counterclockwise manner for our first poly area. f3 f2 f4
f1
104
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define and draw an area roof element g) The area has now been drawn. We need to divide this area so that it is “connected” to the purlins. But before this let us rotate the local axis. h) Select the area: To select it, click anywhere on its middle part without clicking any frame members.
h
A dashed line indicates area selection
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define and draw an area roof element i)
Turn on the local axis of the area by doing the following. a) b)
a
Go to View Menu > Set Display Options Check the “local Axes” option under “Areas” and click ok
b
105
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define an area roof element i)
Turn on the local axis of the area by doing the following. c)
Now we will see the local axis of the area we just drawn. Note that when we apply a one-way load, the load will go in the direction of the red arrow. Since the direction of the load must be towards the purlins, we need to rotate the axis of this area by 90 degrees!
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define an area roof element i)
Turn on the local axis of the area by doing the following. c) d)
To rotate the local axis, select the area then go to Assign Menu > Area > Local Axes The area is now Input 90 and click ok!
oriented in the right direction!
106
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define an area roof element j)
Now we are ready to divide the area element. Select the element and the purlins that will divide it. k) Go to Edit Menu > Edit Areas> Divide Areas
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define an area roof element l)
Choose the option shown below and click ok.
The area is now divided!
107
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Completing the 3D Model • Now let us draw these remaining items. 3. Roof area elements 4. Let us define an area roof element l)
Doing the same for all and the roof elements are complete
SAP2000: Assigning Area Loads • Now let us assign area loads for dead and live for all areas. Select all areas by using the selection tools.
108
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Assigning Area Loads • Now let us assign area loads for dead and live for all areas. Assign the area dead load one way by doing the following. Input 0.45 for Dead then click ok Select the areas again and assign 0.6 kPa for the areas
SAP2000: Assigning Area Loads • Now let us assign area loads for dead and live for all areas. Area loads have been assigned!
109
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Final Things to do • Replicate the half-structure to the other side Check the Uniform to frame option in the “Loads and Design” tab in the replicate options.
SAP2000: Final Things to do • Remove all design overwrites so that SAP could automatically generate it. Select all members. Go to Design Menu > Steel Frame Design > Reset All Steel Overwrites
110
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Final Things to do • Remove all joint loads 1. Select all members 2. Go to Assign Menu > Joint Loads > Forces 3. Choose “Delete Existing Loads” For dead load case and click ok. 4. Do the same steps for Live load, L.
1 3
2
SAP2000: Final Things to do • Now we are ready to analyze and design the structure! • Analyze the structure and check the results.
111
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Final Things to do
2
• First let us check if the one-way distribution worked for the purlins. • Activate the M33 diagram
3
1. Go to Display Menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables 2. Choose L Load Case and choose Moment 3-3 3. Click ok afterwards
1
The moment diagrams are now shown
0.75m
SAP2000: Final Things to do • While the M33 diagram is active, right click one of the middle purlins • It can be observed that there is a uniform load of 0.48 kN/m on the beam. This is near the correct answer because 0.6 kPa x 0.8 spa = 0.48 kN/m • The slanted length was used for the computation.
112
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Final Things to do • Designing the structure, we can check if SAP will implement the automatic detection of unbraced length. Note that we have removed all steel design overwrites.
SAP2000: Final Things to do • Right clicking on the bottom chord it is apparent that the brace has been considered in the design
Bracing due to connectivity considered in L factor
113
1/29/2012
SAP2000: Final Things to do • It can be seen that analysis and design section still don’t match. • Multiple cycles of analysis and design is needed for analysis and design section to match.
SAP2000: The End? • Doing a structural model can be broken down into the following steps:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Create a New Model Define/Edit Grids and Floors Define Materials Define Sections Draw Members Assign Member Properties Generate Load Cases Assign Loads Define Combinations Pre-analysis Check Process the Output Design the Members
114
1/29/2012
SAP2000 Seminar Session 1 Modelling a Truss Structure The End. See you again for Session 2! Not everything can be learned in a day (or 4 hours) in a classroom, you have to experience it to truly learn it!
115
