A PROJECT REPORT
On
Sand replacement by Glass powder in concrete SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
Bachelor of Technology In Civil Engineering
Session 2014-201
S!"#i$$e% $o& s!"#i$$e% "y& 'r( 'r( 'ohi$ Sa#a$ )A*+AR ,A. /CE10 Ass$( Professor CE /3ear$#en$
3I56A /CE7
PRI6ES SRI5ASTA5 SRI5ASTA5A A /CE71 8!i%e% "y& 's( 8ee$i9a Tri:a%i Ass$( Professor CE /3ear$#en$
3ear$#en$ of Civil Engineering SCOO; O< E.8I.EERI.8 A.3 TEC.O;O86 JAIP+R .ATIO.A; .ATIO.A; +.I5ERSIT6= JAIP+R
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ACKNOWLEGE!ENT
An endea!or o!er a *eriod can )e successfu" successfu" on"y 5ith the ad!ice and su**ort of 5e""6 5ishers. I ta4e this o**ortunity to e7*ress y $ratitude and a**reciation to a"" those 5ho encoura$ed e to co*"ete this *ro+ect. I a dee*"y inde)ted to Asst. -rof. 0eeti4a 5ho has $uided e for y successfu" co*"etion of this *ro+ect. I 5ou"d "i4e to e7*ress s*ecia" than4s of $ratitude to y Head of De*artent -rof. -.N. -.N. Darde 5ho $a!e e this $o"den o**ortunity to do this 5onderfu" *ro+ect on the to*ic ,'AND R#-A#/#NT BY 0A'' -1WD#R IN 1NR#T#2 I e7*ress y *rofound and sincere than4s to y /entor /r./ohit 'aat 5ho acted as a ariner8s co*ass and steered e throu$hout y *ro+ect !oya$e throu$h her e7ce""ent $uidance and constant ins*iration. I sha"" )e fai"in$ in y *ro+ect if I don8t ac4no5"ed$e y de*artent to a"" the 9acu"ties of i!i" De*artent for their !a"ua)"e $uidance and su**ort: 5hich he"*ed e in $i!in$ a sha*e to y study. ast"y: )ut not the "east: I 5ant to than4 to a"" y friends 5ho ha!e he"*ed e and $a!e their !a"ua)"e su**ort for *ro*er $uidance in coin$ throu$h the *ro+ect.
CONTENT
A)stract Introduction Use of 5aste *roduct in concrete rushed roc4 f"our 'heet $"ass *o5der rushed $ranite fine (09% Incinerated se5a$e s"ud$e ash (I''A% 0round 5aste $"ass Introduction of $"ass in concrete oncrete co*osite ateria" Water eent A$$re$ate A$$re$ate Waste 0"ass Use of recyc"ed $"ass )ott"es as fine a$$re$ates in concrete i7ture oncrete /i7 Desi$n Resu"t and discussion onc"usion References • • • • •
• • • •
A"STRACT Dis*os Dis*osa" a" of ore ore than than ;<< ;<< tonnes tonnes 5aste 5aste $"ass $"ass dai"y dai"y deri!e deri!ed d fro fro *ost6 *ost6co cons nsue uer r )e!era$ )e!era$e e )ott"es )ott"es is one of the a+or en!iron en!ironenta enta"" cha""en cha""en$es $es for Indiia: Indiia: and this cha""en$e continues to esca"ate as "iited recyc"in$ channe"s can )e identified and the
ca*acity of !a"ua)"e "andfi"" s*ace is $oin$ to )e saturated at an a"arin$ rate. 9or this reason: in the *ast ten years: a a+or research effort has )een carried out to find *ractica" 5ays to recyc"e 5aste $"ass for the *roduction of different concrete *roducts such as concrete )"oc4s: se"f6co*actin$ concrete and architectura" ortar.
'oe
of
these
s*ecia"ty
$"ass6concrete
*roducts
ha!e
)een
successfu""y
coercia"i=ed and are $ainin$ 5ider acce*tance. This *a*er $i!es an o!er!ie5 of the current ana$eent and recyc"in$ situation of 5aste $"ass and the e7*erience of usin$ recyc"ed 5aste $"ass in concrete *roductsin India.
0"ass is 5ide"y used in our "i!es throu$h anufactured *roducts such as sheet $"ass: )ott"es: $"ass5are: and !acuu tu)in$. 0"ass is an idea" ateria" for recyc"in$. The use of recyc"ed $"ass he"*s in ener$y sa!in$.
The increasin$ a5areness of $"ass recyc"in$ s*eeds u* ins*ections on the use of 5aste $"ass 5ith different fors in !arious fie"ds. 1ne of its si$nificant contri)utions is to the construction fie"d 5here the 5aste $"ass 5as reused for concrete *roduction. The a**"ication of $"ass in architectura" concrete sti"" needs i*ro!eent.
a)oratory e7*erients 5ere conducted to further e7*"ore the use of 5aste $"ass as coarse and fine a$$re$ates for )oth A'R (A"4a"i6'i"ica6Reaction% a""e!iation as 5e"" as the decorati!e *ur*ose in concrete. The study indicated that 5aste $"ass can effecti!e"y )e used as fine a$$re$ate re*"aceent (u* to >
INTRO#CTION a)oratory in!esti$ations 5ere carried out to assess the *otentia" of the crushed recyc"ed $"ass as natura" sand re*"aceent usin$ ratios of ;@? and
re*"aceent and ceentitious ateria"s re*"aceent 5ith *o5der $"ass on fresh and hardened concrete *ro*erties 5ere assessed. It 5as conc"uded that 5ith the incor*oration of >@? of crushed $"ass as a natura" sand re*"aceent: the co*ressi!e and f"e7ura" stren$ths ha!e ar$ina""y increased: 5hi"e the indirect tensi"e stren$th ar$ina""y decreased. The concrete 5ith $"ass as the natura" sand re*"aceent had "o5er shrin4a$e and si$nificant "o5er ch"oride diffusion coefficient. oncretes 5ith *o5der $"ass as ceentitious ateria"s re*"aceent sho5ed "o5er co*ressi!e stren$th and ar$ina""y hi$her dryin$ shrin4a$e than the contro" i7: )ut eetin$ the concrete i7 desi$n reEuireents. 0"ass is a trans*arent ateria" *roduced )y e"tin$ a i7ture of ateria"s such as si"ica: soda ash: and a1; at hi$h te*erature fo""o5ed )y coo"in$ 5here so"idification occurs 5ithout crysta""i=ation. 0"ass is 5ide"y used in our "i!es throu$h anufactured *roducts such as sheet $"ass: )ott"es: $"ass5are: and !acuu tu)in$. 0"ass is an idea" ateria" for recyc"in$. The use of recyc"ed $"ass sa!es "ot of ener$y and the increasin$ a5areness of $"ass recyc"in$ s*eeds u* focus on the use of 5aste $"ass 5ith different fors in !arious fie"ds.
1ne of its si$nificant contri)utions is the construction fie"d 5here the 5aste $"ass 5as reused for concrete *roduction. The a**"ication of $"ass in architectura" concrete sti"" needs i*ro!eent. 'e!era" study ha!e sho5n that 5aste $"ass that is crushed and screened is a stron$: safe and econoica" a"ternati!e to sand used in concrete. Durin$ the "ast decade: it has )een reco$ni=ed that sheet $"ass 5aste is of "ar$e !o"ue and is increasin$ year )y year in the sho*s: construction areas and factories. Usin$ 5aste $"ass in the concrete construction sector is ad!anta$eous: as the *roduction cost of concrete 5i"" $o do5n.
The aount of 5aste $"ass is $radua""y increased o!er the years due to an e!er6 $ro5in$ use of $"ass *roducts. /ost of the 5aste $"asses ha!e )een du*ed into "andfi"" sites. The "and fi""in$ of 5aste $"asses is undesira)"e )ecause they are not )iode$rada)"e: 5hich a4es the en!ironenta""y "ess friend"y. There is hu$e *otentia" for usin$ 5aste $"ass in the concrete construction sector. When 5aste $"asses are
reused in a4in$ concrete *roducts: the *roduction cost of concrete 5i"" $o do5n (To*cu and an)u=: <<>%. rushed $"ass or cu""et: if *ro*er"y si=ed and *rocessed: can e7hi)it characteristics sii"ar to that of $ra!e" or sand. When used in construction a**"ications: 5aste $"ass ust )e crushed and screened to *roduce an a**ro*riate desi$n $radation. 0"ass crushin$ eEui*ent nora""y used to *roduce a cu""et is sii"ar to roc4 crushin$ eEui*ent.
Ho5e!er: the a**"ications are "iited due to the daa$in$ e7*ansion in the concrete caused )y A'R )et5een hi$h6a"4a"i *ore 5ater in ceent *aste and reacti!e si"ica in the 5aste $"asses. The cheica" reaction )et5een the a"4a"i in -ort"and ceent and the si"ica in a$$re$ates fors si"ica $e" that not on"y causes crac4 u*on e7*ansion: )ut a"so 5ea4ens the concrete and shortens its "ife ('5ay: <<;%. 0round 5aste $"ass 5as used as a$$re$ate for ortars and no reaction 5as detected 5ith fine *artic"e si=e: thus indicatin$ the feasi)i"ity of the 5aste $"ass reuse as fine a$$re$ate in ortars and concrete. #stiated cost for housin$ is ore and soe construction ateria"s "i4e natura" sand are a"so )ecoin$ rare. Waste $"asses are used as a$$re$ates for concrete. In this study: an e7tensi!e e7*erienta" 5or4 5as carried out to find the suita)i"ity of use of 5aste $"ass in concrete 5ith the fo""o5in$ o)+ecti!es3
C. To study the 5or4a)i"ity of concrete ode usin$ $"ass 5aste as *artia" re*"aceent of fine a$$re$ate.
. To study the co*ressi!e stren$th of concrete ode usin$ $"ass 5aste as *artia" re*"aceent of finea$$re$ate.
#SE OF WASTE $RO#CT IN CONCRETE Nuerous 5aste ateria"s are $enerated fro anufacturin$ *rocesses: ser!ice industries and unici*a" so"id 5astes. The increasin$ a5areness a)out the en!ironent has treendous"y contri)uted to the concerns re"ated 5ith dis*osa" ofthe $enerated 5astes. 'o"id 5aste ana$eent is one of the a+or en!ironenta" concerns in the
5or"d. With the scarcity of s*ace for "and fi""in$ and due to its e!er increasin$ cost: 5aste uti"i=ation has )ecoe an attracti!e a"ternati!e to dis*osa". Research is )ein$ carried out on the uti"i=ation of 5aste *roducts in concrete as a re*"aceent of natura" sand. 'uch 5aste *roducts inc"ude discarded tires: *"astic: $"ass: )urnt foundry sand: and coa" co)ustion )y *roducts(Bs%. #ach of these 5aste *roducts has *ro!ided a s*ecific effect on the *ro*erties of fresh and hardened concrete. The use of 5aste *roducts in concrete not on"y a4es it econoica": )ut a"so he"*s in reducin$ dis*osa" *ro)"es. Reuse of )u"4y 5astes is considered the )est en!ironenta" a"ternati!e for so"!in$ the *ro)"e of dis*osa".
1ne such 5aste is *"astic: 5hich cou"d )e used in !arious a**"ications. Ho5e!er: efforts ha!e a"so )een ade to e7*"ore its use in concreteFas*ha"t concrete. The de!e"o*ent of ne5 construction ateria"s usin$ recyc"ed *"astics is i*ortant to )oth the construction and the *"astic recyc"in$ industries. This *a*er *resents a detai"ed re!ie5 a)out 5aste and recyc"ed ateria"s that can )e effecti!e"y used in concrete as a sand re*"aceent. Waste ana$eent o*tions: and research *u)"ished on the effect of 5aste ateria"s on the fresh and hardened *ro*erties of concrete.
A% CR#S&E ROCK FLO#R Near"y
"% S&EET GLASS $OWER This *a*er e7aines the *ossi)i"ity of usin$ '0- as a re*"aceent in fine a$$re$ate for a ne5 concrete. Natura" sand 5as *artia""y re*"aced (C
5ith '0-. o*ressi!e stren$th: Tensi"e stren$th (cu)es and cy"inders% and 9"e7ura" stren$th u* to C&< days of a$e 5ere co*ared 5ith those of concrete ade 5ith natura" fine a$$re$ates. 9ineness odu"us: s*ecific $ra!ity: oisture content: 5ater a)sor*tion: )u"4 density: ?!oids: ? *orosity ("oose and co*act% state for sand ('% and 'DA 5ere a"so studied. The test resu"ts indicate that it is *ossi)"e to anufacture concrete containin$ 'heet $"ass *o5der ('0-% 5ith characteristics sii"ar to those of natura" sand a$$re$ate concrete *ro!ided that the *ercenta$e of '0- as fine a$$re$ate is "iited to C<6
Waste sheet $"ass is co""ected fro sho*s. o""ected $"ass sheets are )ro4en into *ieces anua""y )y sa"" 5ei$hts fed into crushin$ achine or co*ression achine and anua""y sie!ed )e"o5 C.C& 'ie!ed G$raded ( as sho5n in fi$.C%
'heet 0"ass
rushed 'heet 0"ass
'heet 0"ass -o5der
E'$ERI!ENTAL (IEW The '0 ('heet 0"ass% 5as co""ected fro sho*s in hida)ara and its *ro*erties 5ere tested. Ana"ysis 5as carried out in oncrete i7tures 5ith "e!e"s of '0- ('heet 0"ass -o5der% re*"aceent ran$in$ fro C
The contro" i7: uti"i=in$ '0-: re*"aced as the fine a$$re$ate: 5as desi$ned for the cu)e: cy"inder and )ea. Based on the "a)oratory tria"s: the i7 *ro*ortion of the contro" i7 (/<% 5as fina"i=ed and in!esti$ated to deterine the effect on co*ressi!e and tensi"e stren$th in cu)es and cy"inder. The i7ture 5ere @:<:<:C&< days. At the end of each curin$ *eriod: three s*eciens for each i7ture 5ere tested for o*ressi!e: Tensi"e and 9"e7ura" stren$th and the a!era$e 5as recorded.
Based on their testin$ dra5 se!era" conc"usions re$ardin$ the fresh and hardened concrete *ro*erties as fo""o5s3
C% The '0- is suita)"e for use in concrete a4in$. The fineness odu"us: s*ecific $ra!ity: oisture content: unco*acted )u"4 density and co*acted )u"4 density at C
% 9or a $i!en i7: the 5ater reEuireent decreases as the '0- content increases. The co*ressi!e stren$th of cu)es and cy"inders of the concrete for a"" i7 increases as the ? of '0- increases )ut decreases as the a$e of curin$ increases due to a"4a"i si"ica reaction.
;% The Tensi"e stren$th of cu)es and cy"inders of the concrete for a"" i7 increases than that of con!entiona" concrete a$e of curin$ and decreases as the '0- content increases.
>% The 9"e7ura" stren$th of the )ea of concrete for a"" i7 increases 5ith a$e of curin$ and decreases as the '0- content increases. C<@ days curin$ )ut "ater it started to decrease its stren$th )ecause of its a"4a"i si"ica reactions.
@% The density of '0- concrete is ore that of con!entiona" concrete. '0- is a!ai"a)"e in si$nificant Euantities as a 5aste and can )e uti"i=ed for a4in$ concrete. This 5i"" $o a "on$ 5ay to reduce the Euantity of 5aste in our en!ironent. The o*tiu re*"aceent "e!e" in fine a$$re$ate 5ith '0- is C
C% CR#S&E GRANITE FINE )CGF%* The a7iu si=e of the $ra!e" used as coarse a$$re$ate 5as ;.@<: 5ith a unit 5ei$ht of C@><4$F; and a s*ecific $ra!ity of .@. -artic"e si=e distri)ution of the coarse a$$re$ate used. Natura""y occurrin$ c"ean sand used 5as o)tained fro Ri!er Benue and 09 5as o)tained fro the Euarry site. A$$re$ate I*act and rushin$ !a"ues of the coarse a$$re$ate 5ere a"so carried out.
% INCINERATE SEWAGE SL#GE AS& )ISSA%* I''A is an inor$anic ash deri!ed fro the incineration of the residua" strea of fine or$anic and inor$anic so"ids (se5a$e s"ud$e%. This arises fro unici*a" 5aste5ater treatent 5or4s. The incineration *rocess thera""y destroys the or$anic atter. In functiona" ters: I''A *roduced fro a f"uidised )ed incinerator is a free6f"o5in$ si"tFsand. It *artici*ates cheica""y 5hen incor*orated in the )ric4 firin$ *rocess and a"so has *o==o"anic (reacti!e si"ica% *ro*erties 5hich a4e it *otentia""y usefu" in anufactured concrete *roducts. I''A is 5ide"y a!ai"a)"e: non6ha=ardous. Hea!y eta"s ay )e *resent in soe cases. The $reatest )arrier to the uti"isation of I''A is *ro)a)"y *u)"ic *erce*tion of se5a$e s"ud$e and its deri!ati!es. No standards e7ist for I''A for use in construction. Ho5e!er: standards ha!e )een 5ritten for *u"!erised fue" ash (*fa%. Aerated concrete *roduct *roducers a"so *ro!ide a co*ositiona" ,en!e"o*e2
for acce*ta)"e ra5 ateria"s. A Eua"ity *rotoco" is current"y )ein$ *roduced for *fa. This defines co*ositiona" and Eua"ity reEuireents and sources of *fa that eet its reEuireents are e7*ected to )e re$arded as ,)y6*roducts2 rather than ,5aste2. No such schee is yet de!e"o*ed or is )ein$ considered for I''A.
E% GRO#N WASTE GLASS
:
This *a*er e7aines the *ossi)i"ity of usin$ fine"y $round 5aste $"ass as *artia" natura" sand re*"aceent in concrete. The reduction of 5aste $"ass *artic"e si=e 5as acco*"ished in the "a)oratory )y crushin$ and $rindin$ the 5aste $"ass in a +ar i"". The co*ressi!e stren$th at : & and < days: 5as deterined for different $round 5aste $"ass sand *ercenta$e re*"aceent in concrete. #*hasi=es on the *ossi)i"ity of usin$ fine"y $round 5aste $"ass as *artia" natura" sand re*"aceent in concrete. Usin$ 5aste $"ass: as coarse a$$re$ate in concrete: did not ha!e a ar4ed effect on the 5or4a)i"ity of concrete: )ut the co*ressi!e stren$th decrease in *ro*ortion to an increase in 5aste $"ass. The increase in the content of 5aste $"ass fine a$$re$ate on concrete sho5ed a s"u* decrease tendency inf"uenced )y the $rain sha*e and the fineness odu"us of the 5aste $"ass a$$re$ates. These authors o)ser!ed a decreasin$ co*ressi!e stren$th a"on$ 5ith an increase in the i7in$ ratio of the 5aste $"ass a$$re$ate. They found the hi$hest co*ressi!e stren$th in concrete containin$ ;
INTRO#CTION OF GLASS IN CONCTRETE 0"ass is one of the o"dest an6ade ateria"s. It is *roduced in any fors such as *ac4a$in$ or container $"ass: f"at $"ass: and )u") $"ass: a"" of 5hich ha!e a "iited "ife in their anufactured fors and therefore need to )e recyc"ed so as to )e reusa)"e in order to a!oid en!ironenta" *ro)"es that 5ou"d )e created if they 5ere to )e
stoc4*i"ed or sent to "andfi""s. The construction industry has sho5n $reat $ains in the recyc"in$ of industria" )y6*roducts and 5aste: inc"udin$ 5aste $"ass ateria"s.
Quantities of 5aste $"ass ha!e )een risin$ ra*id"y durin$ the recent decades due to the hi$h increase in industria"i=ation and the considera)"e i*ro!eent in the standards of "i!in$: )ut unfortunate"y: the a+ority of these 5aste Euantities are not )ein$ recyc"ed )ut rather a)andoned causin$ certain serious *ro)"es such as the 5aste of natura" resources and en!ironenta" *o""ution.
Recyc"in$ of this 5aste )y con!ertin$ it to a$$re$ate co*onents cou"d sa!e "andfi"" s*ace and a"so reduce the deand for e7traction of natura" ra5 ateria" for construction acti!ities. Herein is a Euic4 re!ie5 for soe of the *re!ious research studies concerned 5ith the 5aste $"ass as an a$$re$ate ateria": )ut fro different *oints of !ie5 and *ers*ecti!es.
CONCRETE CO!$OSITE !ATERIALS This section suari=es the *ro*erties of a"" the co*onents used in the !arious concrete i7es. oncrete is a structura" ateria" that contains soe si*"e e"eents )ut 5hen i7ed 5ith 5ater 5ou"d for a roc4 "i4e ateria". oncrete i7 is co*rised of coarse a$$re$ates usua""y $ra!e": fine a$$re$ates usua""y sand: ceent: 5ater: and any necessary additi!es. oncrete *ossesses any fa!ora)"e *ro*erties as a structura"
ateria": aon$ 5hich are its hi$h co*ressi!e stren$th and its *ro*erty as a fire6 resistant e"eent to a considera)"e e7tent.
The unfa!ora)"e *ro*erties inc"ude a re"ati!e"y 5ea4 tensi"e stren$th as co*ared to its co*ressi!e stren$th and the a)i"ity to for crac4s in un*redicta)"e areas. With stee" )ars as interna" reinforceent: the crac4s can )e contro""ed to soe de$ree. Un"i4e other )ui"din$ ateria"s such as stee" and *"astic: concrete is not a unifor ateria" due to the fact that it contains a ratio of $ra!e" and sand: thus fai"ure ode or "ocation of the fai"ure is un*redicta)"e. Due the nature of concrete: concrete has an a)i"ity to ha!e its reci*e chan$ed or a"tered to eet situationa" needs. Thus: if a +o) ca""s for hi$h stren$th: "i$ht5ei$ht or 5eather resistant concrete: its reci*e is a!ai"a)"e or a custo one can )e de!ised. oncrete has three ain co*onents 5hen its fresh"y i7ed and they are 5ater: ceent and a$$re$ates. Water is needed to )e$in the hydration *rocess for the concrete and after four 5ee4s of curin$ unti" fu"" *otentia" stren$th of the concrete can )e achie!ed JC<.
Water
Water is one of the ost i*ortant e"eents in concrete *roduction. Water is needed to )e$in the hydration *rocess )y reactin$ 5ith the ceent to *roduce concrete. There has to )e a sufficient aount of 5ater a!ai"a)"e so that the reaction can ta4e its fu"" course )ut if too uch 5ater is added: this 5i"" in fact decrease the stren$th of the concrete. The 5ater6ceent ratio is an i*ortant conce*t )ecause other than the reci*e for the concrete i7: the aount of 5ater used 5ou"d a"so deterine its finia" stren$th . In ore detai"s: if too "itt"e 5ater 5ere added: there 5ou"d not )e enou$h 5ater a!ai"a)"e to finish the reaction: thus soe of the ceent 5ou"d harden and )ond 5ith other dry ceent shortin$ the hydration *rocess. 1n the other hand: if too uch 5ater 5ere added then 5hi"e the ceent is under$oin$ hydration the ceent 5ou"d )e in a s"urry so"ution: and the *ro)a)i"ity of ceent )ondin$ 5ith a$$re$ates 5ou"d decrease. And as a resu"t: 5hen the hydration *rocess is co*"eted: the ceent content 5ou"d sti"" )e in a s"urry so"ution and 5ith no stren$th. The ty*e of 5ater that can )e used to i7 concrete
ust )e *ota)"e 5hich is essentia""y has neither noticea)"e taste nor odor. Basica""y: 5ater containin$ "ess than <<< ** of tota" disso"!ed so"ids can )e used. Thus the ty*e of 5ater that 5as used to i7 concrete throu$hout the testin$ *ro$ra 5as nora" ta* 5ater 5ith attention *aid for not inc"udin$ i*urities.
Cement
There are current"y ore than ei$ht ty*es of ceent that are used under s*ecific conditions. eent is a !ery i*ortant *art of the concrete )ecause it is the ceent: 5hich $i!es the concrete its stren$ths. Because of the i*ortance of ceent: the A'T/ has set $uide "ines to fo""o5 for the a4e6u* of ceent. 9or e7*erienta" *ro$ra of this research study: nora" -ort"and eents Ty*e I 5as used. Water is the e"eent that is used to )e$in the hydration reaction 5here ceent reacts 5ith the 5ater to *roduce a roc4 "i4e su)stance. The reaction is a"so e7otheric: 5here heat is re"eased in the cheica" reactions. This is an i*ortant fact )ecause in !ery "ar$e structure "i4e concrete das: the heat re"eased can *ose a *otentia" *ro)"e. When the cheica" reaction has reached the end: the initia" ceent *ast is transfored into a su)stance: 5hich has treendous stren$th. But usin$ too uch ceent in concrete is e7*ensi!e: and thus a$$re$ates 5ou"d ta4e the *"ace of ceent 5ithout reducin$ its stren$th and reduce the cost. In the en$ineerin$ *ractice in -a"estine: the doinatin$ ran$e of 5ater6ceent ratios in the concrete i7 *rocess is )et5een <.> u* to <.. 9or this research: three different cate$ories for 5ater6ceent ratios 5ere used durin$ testin$ *hase3 <.>: <.@: and <..
A++re+ates
A$$re$ates are )ro4en do5n into t5o ain cate$ories: 5hich are coarse and fine a$$re$ates. oarse a$$re$ates in $enera" are "ar$er than in diaeter and fine a$$re$ates are defined to )e sa""er than . A$$re$ates that are used in concrete ha!e to *ass the standards set in A'T/. The econoics *art of concrete is to use as "itt"e ceent as *ossi)"e and sti"" o)tain the reEuired stren$th. Thus: 5hen concrete is
fored: the coarse a$$re$ates 5ith its "ar$e !o"ue 5ou"d a4e u* a "ar$e *ortion of the concrete. The fine a$$re$ates 5ou"d fi"" in the !oids created for the coarse a$$re$ate and reduce the aount of ceent reEuired.
If on"y coarse a$$re$ates are used then there 5ou"d )e !oids )et5een the *artic"es and the !oids created 5ou"d )e fi""ed 5ith ceent *aste. Thus fine a$$re$ates are used to fi"" those !oids. In essence: the $oa" is to *roduce a concrete i7ture that has the "east aount of !oid s*aces thus usin$ "ess ceent *aste to fi"" the !oids )et5een the *artic"es. When fresh a$$re$ates are used to i7 concrete: the a$$re$ates these"!es a"so contain soe oisture either fro 5ater condensin$ on the *artic"es or the a$$re$ates 5as 5ashed in soe 5ay 5ith 5ater. Accordin$"y: there are four distinct states that the a$$re$ates can )e in .
1!en dry a$$re$ates 5ou"d a)sor) 5ater to fi"" its o5n interna" !oids and in doin$ so 5ou"d reduce the 5ater ceent ratio. If this occurs: then the hydration *rocess is not *eritted to continue and the stren$th of the concrete i7 5ou"d )e reduced )y a considera)"e aount. Air dry a$$re$ates 5ou"d a)sor) soe 5ater )ut not to an e7traneous de$ree "i4e the o!en dry a$$re$ates. The surface 5ou"d a**ear dry and thus soe 5ater is a)sor)ed and reduces the 5ater ceent ratio. Thus the stren$th of the concrete is reduced )y a sa"" aount. 'aturated dry surface a$$re$ates ha!e their interna" !oids fi"" 5ith 5ater and thus cannot a)sor) any ore 5ater. These a$$re$ates 5ou"d 4ee* the 5ater ceent ratio constant and the concrete 5ou"d retain its fu"" stren$th.
A$$re$ates ha!e their interna" !oids and surface area saturated 5ith 5ater. Instead of a)sor)in$ 5ater: the a$$re$ates 5ou"d add 5ater to the i7ture and in doin$ soL the 5ater ceent ratio is increased: decreasin$ the stren$th of the concrete. 9or this research the 5ater content for the a$$re$ates 5as *re*ared under the saturated surface dried (''D% condition in order to a!oid any *ossi)"e o!er or under estiation of 5ater content due to oisture a)sor*tion )y the i7ed a$$re$ates: and a"so to
$uarantee the true efficiency of the different 5ater6ceent ratios used for *re*arin$ the concrete i7.
Waste Glass
Theoretica""y: $"ass is a fu""y recyc"a)"e ateria"L it can )e recyc"ed 5ithout any "oss of Eua"ity. There are any e7a*"es of successfu" recyc"in$ of 5aste $"ass3 as a cu""et in $"ass *roduction: as ra5 ateria" for the *roduction of a)rasi!es: in sand6)"astin$: as a *o==o"anic additi!e: in road )eds: *a!eent and *ar4in$ "ots: as ra5 ateria"s to *roduce $"ass *e""ets or )eads used in ref"ecti!e *aint for hi$h5ays: to *roduce fi)er$"ass: and as fractionators for "i$htin$ atches and firin$ aunition. Waste $"ass can a"so )e *roduced fro e*ty $"ass )ott"es and *ots: and coe in se!era" distinct co"ors containin$ coon "iEuids and other su)stances. This 5aste $"ass is usua""y crushed into sa"" *ieces that rese)"e the si=es of $ra!e"s and sands. Therefore 6 as an a"ternati!e 6 there is a *otentia" to *artia""y re*"ace the concrete i7 a$$re$ate 5ith 5aste $"ass due to the "ac4 of natura" recourses in 0a=a 'tri*.
In its ori$ina" for: $"ass coes as a )a"anced co)ination fro three ain ra5 natura" ateria"s3 sand: si"ica: and "iestone: in addition to a certain *ercenta$e of recyc"ed 5aste $"ass uti"i=ed in the anufacturin$ *rocess. The $"ass recyc"in$ *rocess *roduces a crushed $"ass *roduct ca""ed Mcu""etM: 5hich is often i7ed 5ith !ir$in $"ass ateria"s to *roduce ne5 end *roducts. Ta)"e .C "ists soe of a**ro7iate co*ositions and the corres*ondin$ uses of !arious coon fors of $"ass.
Appro,imate compositions and t-e correspondin+ .ses o/ 0ario.s common /orms o/ +lass
Ty*e of 0"ass
o*osition ()y 5ei$ht%
Usa$es
'oda6ie6'i"ica
;? 'i"ica C>? 'oda ? ie ;.? /a$nesia <.;? A"uina
0"ass Wido5s Bott"es Oars
Boro6'i"icate
&C? 'i"ica C? Boron 17ide >? 'oda ;? A"uina
-yre7 oo45are a)oratory 0"ass5are
ead (rysta"%
@? 'i"ica ;C? ead 17ide C? -otassiu 17ide
ead rysta" Ta)"e5are
A"uino6'i"icate
>.@? 'i"ica >.@? A"uina C<.@? /a$nesia <.@? 'oda
9i)er$"ass Insu"ation Ha"o$en Bu")s
Des*ite the fact that $"ass ateria"s can )e recyc"ed fore!er and the sae $"ass can )e recyc"ed so any ties o!er to *roduce !arious *roducts: )ut: in order to 4ee* *roducin$ the )est end *roduct the recyc"ed ateria"s ust )e of a hi$h Eua"ity. Therefore: continuous residua" aounts of 5aste $"ass resu"tin$ fro construction deteriorations: doestic and edica" dis*osa"s: and industria" out*ut +un4 ateria"s are sti"" cuu"atin$ and hence need to )e "and fi""ed or reused in concrete i7es as a *artia" su)stitute for coarse a$$re$ates andFor fine a$$re$ates.
Technica""y: $"asses are usua""y anufactured in the for of tu)es: rods: ho""o5 !esse"s and a !ariety of s*ecia" sha*es: as 5e"" as f"at $"ass and $ranu"ate for use ain"y in cheistry: "a)oratory techno"o$y: *haraceutica"s: o*toe"ectronics: !arious doestic uses: and househo"d a**"iance techno"o$y. 9or the *ur*oses of c"assification: the u"titude of technica" $"asses can )e rou$h"y arran$ed in four ain $rou*s: accordin$ to their o7ide co*osition (in 5ei$ht *ercent%. Borosi"icate $"asses is the first ain cate$ory 5ith the *resence of su)stantia" aounts of si"ica ('i1% and )oric o7ide (B1; P &?% as $"ass net5or4 forers. The aount of )oric o7ide affects the $"ass *ro*erties in a *articu"ar 5ay. A*art fro the hi$h"y
resistant !arieties (B1; C;?% there are others that due to the different 5ay in 5hich the )oric o7ide is incor*orated into the structura" net5or4 ha!e on"y "o5 cheica" resistance (B1; P C@?%.
'econd"y: the A"4a"ine6earth a"uinosi"icate $"asses are free of a"4a"i o7ides and contain C@ @? A"1;: @ @&? 'i1 and a)out C>? a"4a"is are hi$h"y insu"atin$ and therefore of $reat i*ortance in e"ectrica" en$ineerin$. They are used in "a* stes and "ead o7ide is a"so of $reat i*ortance as an 6ray *rotecti!e co*onent (radiation shie"din$ $"ass and cathode ray tu)e co*onents%.
#SE OF REC1CLE GLASS "OTTLES AS FINE AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE !I'T#RE
As tie $oes )y: huan ci!i"i=ation is continuous"y )ecoin$ ore industria"i=ed. /ore factories are )ui"t: !ehic"es are continuous"y $ro5in$ in nu)er: and )ui"din$s 5ere )ui"t a"" around. As a resu"t of these: our natura" en!ironent 5as *eranent"y chan$ed fro 5hat it has )een t5enty years or ore.
1!er: the "ast se!era" decades: socio"o$ists ha!e in!esti$ated the *u)"ics increasin$ concern a)out the en!ironent: )ut they ha!e had "itt"e success e7*"ainin$ attitudes. to5ard the en!ironent or the ado*tion of *ro6en!ironent )eha!iors "i4e recyc"in$ The researcher e7aine the ro"e of socia" conte7t in the "in4 )et5een indi!idua" attitudes a)out the en!ironent and recyc"in$ )eha!ior )y co*arin$ counities that !ary in their access to recyc"in$ *ro$ras. Resu"ts sho5 that *eo*"e 5ith access to a structured recyc"in$ *ro$ra ha!e uch hi$her "e!e"s of recyc"in$ than do *eo*"e "ac4in$ such access. 9urtherore: indi!idua" attitudes to5ard the en!ironent affect recyc"in$ )eha!ior on"y in the counity 5ith easy access to a structured recyc"in$ *ro$ra. Indi!idua" concern a)out the en!ironent enhances the effect of the recyc"in$ *ro$ra: )ut does not o!ercoe the )arriers *resented )y "ac4 of access.
The huan *o*u"ation is continuous"y $ro5in$ in nu)er: )ecause of thisL there is a $reat deand of constructin$ ore structures to faci"itate the needs of the counity. Quarry o*erations )ecoe ra*ant to satisfy the need for $ra!e" and sand for construction. As a conseEuence there are assi!e destruction of ountains 5hich has )een one of the a+or costs of "ands"ides: and f"ashf"oods durin$ earthEua4es and ty*hoons resu"tin$ to "oss of thousands or e!en i""ions of "i!es.
Recyc"in$ of the dis*osed ateria" is one ethod of treatin$ the a$ricu"tura" 5aste. The used of coconut fi)er and coconut she"" cou"d )e a !a"ua)"e su)stitute in the foration of co*osite ateria" that can )e used as a housin$ construction: such as concrete ho""o5 )"oc4 .
oconut is faous as u"ti6function *"ant that a"" *arts of its *"ant can )e used for !arious acti!ities. The use of this a$ricu"tura" 5aste due to an assu*tion is that it can
re*"ace the e7istin$ ateria" used in coercia" *roduct in order to reduce cost or i*ro!e echanica" *ro*erties of the co*osite ateria". Industria"ists in ost of the coconut *roducin$ countries hai" the econoic: en!ironenta" and techno"o$ica" )enefits of uti"i=in$ coconut far 5astes J. 1n the farers side: a$ricu"tura" residues can )e a source of e7tra incoe. Traditiona""y: coconut farers dis*ose the hus4s: s*ate: *etio"e and "ea!es )y )urnin$ or a""o5in$ these far 5astes to rot in the fie"d. Ho5e!er: 5or"d5ide interest in usin$ far residues for !a"ue6added *roducts eans that farers can $enerate additiona" incoe aside fro aassin$ en!ironenta" di!idends. 'tudies ha!e sho5n that )urnin$ of a$ricu"tura" 5astes causes air *o""ution: soi" erosion and e!en a decrease in soi" )io"o$ica" acti!ity that can e!entua""y "ead to decreased soi" ferti"ity. 1n the other hand: a""o5in$ far residues to rot in the fie"d ay i*ro!e the *roducti!ity of the soi" )ut the *rocess of deco*osition is !ery s"o5 "eadin$ to accuu"ation of *i"es of a$ricu"tura" 5astes that can cause *hytosanitary *ro)"e to the coconut *"antation: since decayin$ de)ris is idea" )reedin$ *"ace for coconut *est "i4e the rhinoceros )eet"e .
Usin$ a$ricu"tura" and forest residues for industria" *ur*oses is a uch ore en!ironent6safe and friend"y ore than any other ethod of 5astes dis*osa" )ein$ coon"y ado*ted no5adays. Research and de!e"o*ent in the construction industry are shiftin$ to5ards e7*"oration of ce""u"ose far 5astes and forest residues *rocessin$ and *roduction for )ui"din$ ateria"s. The treendous *otentia" of a$ricu"tura" and forest residues can )e a so"ution to the *ro)"e of inadeEuate su**"y and hi$h cost of con!entiona" ti)ers and de*endence fro i*orted )ui"din$ ateria"s. urrent research and de!e"o*ent efforts in the fie"d of )ui"din$ ateria"s shou"d )e su**orti!e of *o"icies of ost $o!ernents that are aied in the *rootion of i*ort su)stitution schees: e*"oyent $eneration and se"f6re"iance. The enorous aount of residues that sha"" )e $enerated fro the far and forest *"antation 5ou"d then a4e a sta)"e source of a"ternati!e ateria"s for the *ur*ose of )ui"din$ afforda)"e housin$ units for the a+ority of the countrys *o*u"ation.
onsidered the ost usefu" tree in the 5or"d: the coconut *a" *ro!ides food: drin4: c"othin$: she"ter: heir"oo history: and financia" security J. Hard"y an inch of the coconut *a" $oes to 5aste in countries such as the -hi"i**ines 5here fai"ies re"y on the coconut *a" for sur!i!a" and refer to it as the Mtree of "ife.M
The she"": hus4: roots of the tree: fronds: f"o5ers: and 5ood of the trun4 are a"so )ecoe usefu" *roducts. harcoa" fi"ters used in $as as4s and ci$arettes are ade fro coconut she""s that are )urned: "ea!in$ *ure car)on )ehind. harcoa" has the a)i"ity to tra* icrosco*ic *artic"es and i*urities and *re!ent a)sor*tion J>. harcoa" ade fro coconut she""s *roduces fi"ters of e7ce*tiona" hi$h *erforance.
1ne third of the coconuts a4e6u* is the hairy hus4 that is soa4ed in sa"t 5ater unti" it is soft enou$h to s*in into ro*e or t5ine that is 4no5n for its dura)i"ity J@. The ro*e: ca""ed coir )ut *ronounced coi": is hi$h"y resistant to sa"t 5ater and does not )rea4 do5n "i4e other fi)ers inc"udin$ he* J. The coconut hus4 has househo"d *ractica"ity in tro*ica" countries 5here coconuts are *art of a"ost e!ery cuisine. The hus4 *ro!ides fue" for coo4in$ as 5e"" as fi)er for a4in$ c"othin$.
Bui"din$ ateria"s fro a$ricu"tura" and forest 5astes are idea" for socia"i=ed or "o56cost housin$ since these are $enera""y chea*er than con!entiona" ateria"s J. 9or e7a*"e: residues fro coconut *"antation "i4e hus4s: fronds and s*ate can )e *rocessed and transfored into e7ce""ent sta)i"i=ed ceent6)onded )oards or 5a"" *ane"s and corru$ated roofin$ sheets at a uch reduced *roduction cost than the con!entiona" ceent )"oc4s: $a"!ani=ed iron sheets: as)estos *ane"s or *"y5ood sheets. i4e5ise: rice hu""Fstra5: corn sta"4s: a)aca 5astes and su$ar cane )a$asse are "oca""y a!ai"a)"e ateria"s that can )e readi"y used in anufacturin$ ceent6)onded )oards. In addition: indi$enous and sa"" diaeter trees "i4e ,)a$a"un$a2 and $iant ,i*i"6 i*i"2 are a)undant in coconut *"antations *articu"ar"y in /indanao: -hi"i**ines: either as intercro**ed or natura""y6$ro5n: 5hich can )e econoica""y *rocessed into ceent6 )onded )oards J. The a!ai"a)i"ity of suita)"e ateria"s is intiate"y "in4ed to the de!e"o*ent of a ne5 *roduct: such as *roducin$ a concrete ho""o5 )"oc4 usin$
coconut fi)ers and she""s. 0eneratin$ this *roduct usin$ a$ricu"tura" 5aste 5i"" introduce a"ternati!e construction ateria"s 5ith a "o5 *roduction cost and "essen the socia" and en!ironenta" *ro)"es J: &. /odern construction techno"o$ies )ein$ de!e"o*ed: res*ond to eco"o$ica" and socia" issues of e7cessi!e use of ra5 ateria"s fro nature.
E,perimental In0esti+ation This e7*erienta" research focuses on the effect of usin$ recyc"ed )ott"es as concrete ateria" for ass housin$ *ro+ects. This research ais to deterine the effect of usin$ recyc"ed )ott"es on the *ro*erties of hardened concrete nae"y3 co*ressi!e stren$th and odu"us of e"asticity. A"so inc"uded: are the effect of recyc"ed )ott"es on 5ater6 ceent ratio: Eua"ity and si=e of a$$re$ates and consistency of the i7. #7*erients sha"" )e conducted to acEuire the necessary data needed in the ana"ysis. #ach e7*erient sha"" )e conducted in accordance 5ith the standards 5hich are a**"ica)"e in our country: in 5hich in our case: s*ecified )y A'T/ reEuireents. Bott"es fro +un4sho*s are used in this study. These )ott"es are crushed and use as a re*"aceent for fine a$$re$ates for concrete i7ture. The researcher used anua""y crushed and c"ean )ott"es and chosen )ott"es 5ith the sae *ro*erty for unifority. The crushed sa*"es 5ere *assed throu$h sie!e ana"ysis to ensure that the si=e of the cu""et 5i"" )e "ess than .< )ut $reater than <.<@ 5ith accordance to A'T/ standards. The research concentrates on the effect of usin$ recyc"ed )ott"es as fine a$$re$ate and not on its *ro*erties as an a$$re$ate. The researchers used on"y -ort"and -o==o"anic eent (Ty*e I-%: 5hich are coon"y used in the fie"d at *resent: for the s*eciens. This ty*e of ceent has "o5 hardenin$ characteristics J:. It 5i"" a"so co!er the difference )et5een the coon concrete ceent and concrete recyc"ed $"ass )ott"es in ters of its *ro*erties as a fine a$$re$ate. The s*eciens are tested for co*ressi!e stren$th usin$ Uni!ersa" Testin$ /achine (UT/% on its th: C>th: Cst and &th day of curin$. This 5i"" )e the )asis for the data.
The study focuses on co*ressi!e stren$th and e"astic odu"us. This study a"so $i!es e*hasis on the en!ironenta" concerns and not on its econoic as*ect. In addition: study is a"so de"iited to dura)i"ity: cree*: shrin4a$e and 5ater ti$htness. These four *ro*erties of hardened concrete are tie6de*endent *ro*erties 5hich 5i"" entai" so uch tie to deterine J&: C<: C>.
$ro2ect esi+n The researcher )e"ie!es that $"ass )ott"es can )e *rocessed into construction $rade cu""et usin$ any con!enient echanica" ethod. 9or cu""et6a$$re$ate )"ends: $"ass cu""et can )e )"ended 5ith natura" a$$re$ates )y any con!enient echanica" ethod. Nora" *recautions shou"d )e fo""o5ed to *re!ent se$re$ation. Ty*ica" a$$re$ates for construction inc"ude sands: $ra!e"s: crushed roc4 and recyc"ed concrete. The $"ass cu""et and cu""et a$$re$ate )"ends shou"d )e co*ared 5ith these standard s*ecifications for each s*ecific a**"ication. The intent of this research is to encoura$e re$u"atory de*artents to aend s*ecifications to a""o5 $"ass cu""et and cu""et a$$re$ate )"ends as an a"ternati!e to con!entiona" a$$re$ate in nuerous a**"ications. 'e!era" states in United 'tates of Aerica: inc"udin$ the Washin$ton 'tate De*artent of Trans*ortation: ha!e a"ready inc"uded s*ecifications for $"ass a$$re$ate.
The researcher in!esti$ates the effects of usin$ recyc"ed $"ass )ott"es as an a"ternati!e fine a$$re$ate. As sho5n in fi$ure C: the researchers used recyc"ed )ott"es fro +un4sho*s. These )ott"es 5ere c"eaned to *re!ent forei$n ateria"s or cheica"s fro containatin$ the s*eciens. After c"eanin$: they 5ere crushed anua""y and sie!ed to ensure unifority in *artic"e si=e. The researcher used "ass A i7 5hich has C33> *ro*ortion of ceent: sand and $ra!e" res*ecti!e"y. 'oe *ercenta$e of sand 5as re*"aced )y crushed recyc"ed )ott"es (@?: @th: Cst: and &th day of its curin$. Then: the resu"ts 5ere e!a"uated.
$ro2ect esi+n
Sample Identi/ication The identification for the s*eciens is started )y a "etter 5hich starts fro ,A2 to ,D2 to desi$nate the curin$ a$e of the s*eciens. The s*eciens noted 5ith ,A2 5ere those tested at its th day of curin$ *eriod. /oreo!er: those s*eciens tested on its C>th: Cst and &th day of curin$ *eriod 5ere desi$nated 5ith ,B2: ,2 and ,D2 res*ecti!e"y. '*eciens noted 5ith ,D2 5ere the ost critica" )ecause these 5ere tested on its &th day of curin$ *eriod and it 5i"" )e the )asis for the fina" co*ressi!e stren$th (fc8% and odu"us of e"asticity (#%. After the "etter: it is fo""o5ed )y a nuerica" !a"ue 5hich ran$es fro ,@2 to ,C<<2 5ith an increent of t5enty6fi!e (@%: 5hich re*resents the *ercenta$e of crushed )ott"e *resent in each s*ecien. The s*eciens 5ere noted 5ith ,@2: ,@<2: ,@2 and ,C<<2 )ased on the *ercenta$e of crushed )ott"e as a$ainst to sand. The "ast nu)er re*resents the sa*"e nu)er re*resents the sa*"e nu)er. 'ince three (;% sa*"es are *re*ared for each i7ture for e!ery curin$ *eriod: it is necessary to ha!e sa*"e nu)er to a!oid confusions. '*eciens 5ith no crushed )ott"e a$$re$ate ser!e as the contro" s*eciens. Thus: these sa*"es 5ere "a)e"ed as
,ontro"2. 9ro the a)o!e discussion: fi$ure can )e identified as ,sa*"e C of th day curin$ a$e 5ith C<
Sample Identi/ication
$ro2ect e0elopment In this *ro+ect: $"ass is *roduced in any fors: inc"udin$ *ac4a$in$ of container $"ass ()ott"es: +ars%: f"at $"ass (5indo5s: 5indscreens%: )u") $"ass ("i$ht $"o)es%: cathode ray tu)e $"ass (TV screens: onitors:
etc. %:
a"" of 5hich ha!e a "iited "ife in the for they
are *roduced and need to )e reusedFrecyc"ed in order to a!oid en!ironenta" *ro)"es that 5ou"d )e created if they 5ere to )e stoc4*i"ed or sent to "andfi"". /ost of the $"ass *roduced is in the for of containers: and the )u"4 of 5hat is co""ected *ost6consuer is a$ain used for a4in$ containers. The efficiency of this *rocess de*ends on the ethod of co""ectin$ and sortin$ $"ass of different co"ors JC: C>. If different co"or $"ass (c"ear: $reen: a)er% cou"d )e se*arated: then they cou"d )e used for anufacturin$ sii"ar co"or $"ass containers. Ho5e!er: 5hen the $"ass co"ors $et i7ed: they )ecoe unsuita)"e for use as containers: and are then used for other *ur*oses: or sent to "andfi"" JC@6C. As sho5n in fi$ure ;: ateria"s needed in the study 5ere co""ected. The $"ass )ott"es 5ere c"eaned to a4e sure that it is free fro containants and then: it 5ere crushed anua""y and sie!ed. The crushed )ott"es are then added to concrete i7ture in re*"ace of soe *ercenta$e of sand. U*on the th: C>th: Cst: and &th day of its curin$: the sa*"es 5ere tested usin$ uni!ersa" testin$ achine.
$ro2ect e0elopment
Concrete !i, esi+n
The reEuireent 5hich fors the )asis of se"ection and *ro*ortionin$ of i7 in$redients are3
(C% The iniu co*ressi!e stren$th reEuired fro structura" consideration.
(% The adeEuate 5or4a)i"ity necessary for fu"" co*action 5ith the co*actin$ eEui*ent a!ai"a)"e.
(;%/a7iu 5ater ceent ratio andFor a7iu ceent content to $i!e adeEuate dura)i"ity for the *articu"ar site conditions.
(>%/a7iu ceent content to a!oid shrin4a$e crac4in$ due to te*erature cyc"e in ass concrete.
Types o/ mi, a%Nominal !i,* The *ast s*ecifications for concrete *rescri)e the *ro*ortions of ceent: fine and coarse a$$re$ates. These i7es of fi7ed ceent6a$$re$ate ratio ensure adeEuate stren$th: tered as noina" i7es. These offer si*"icity and under nora" circustances: ha!e a ar$in of stren$th a)o!e that s*ecified. Ho5e!er: due to the !aria)i"ity of i7 in$redients the noina" concrete for a $i!en 5or4a)i"ity !aries 5ide"y in stren$th.
)%Standard !i,* The noina" i7 of fi7ed ceenta$$re$ate ratio ()y !o"ue% !aries 5ide"y in stren$th and ay resu"t in under or o!er rich i7es. 9or this reason: the iniu co*ressi!e stren$th has )een inc"uded in any s*ecifications. These i7es are tered as standard i7es.
c% I' >@6<<< has desi$nated the concrete i7es into a nu)er of $rades as /C<: /C@: /<: /@: /;< /;@ and
/><. The i7es of $rade /C< /C@: /< and /@ corres*ond a**ro7iate"y to the i7 *ro*ortions (C3;3%: (C33>%: (C3C.@3;% and (C3C3% res*ecti!e"y.
d%esi+ned !i,* In these i7es: the *erforance of the concrete is s*ecified )y the desi$ner )ut the i7 *ro*ortions are deterined )y the *roducer of concrete. This is ost rationa" a**roach to the se"ection of i7 *ro*ortions 5ith s*ecific ateria"s in ind *ossessin$ ore or "ess uniEue characteristics. The a**roach resu"ts in the *roduction of concrete 5ith the a**ro*riate *ro*erties ost econoica""y. Ho5e!er: the desi$ned i7 does not ser!e as a $uide: sinceL this does not $uarantee the concrete i7 *ro*ortion for the *rescri)ed *erforance.
e% 9or the concrete 5ith undeandin$ *erforance: noina" or standard i7es (*rescri)ed in the codes )y Euantities of dry in$redients *er cu)ic eter and )y s"u*% ay )e used on"y for !ery sa"" +o)s: 5hen the & days stren$th of concrete does not e7ceed ;< NF.
Res.lts and isc.ssion
esi+n o/ Concrete !i,t.re wit- Recycled Glass "ottles Ob2ecti0es
C% To he"* reduce the aount of so"id 5aste ateria"s )ein$ da*ed at "andfi""s. % To find other source of a$$re$ate aside fro the con!entiona" $ra!e" and sand. ;% To sa!e the ateria" cost for construction )y usin$ indi$enous ateria"s.
!aterials
These are 5aste $"ass )ott"es: -ort"and ceent: sand: $ra!e": 5ater: crushin$ too"s: i7in$ too"s: cy"indrica" o"ds and: e7*erienta" and testin$ eEui*ent.
Operation and Testin+ $roced.res
C% o""ect 5aste $"ass )ott"es % "ean the co""ected )ott"es. ;% rush the )ott"es. After crushin$: the crushed )ott"es ust *ass throu$h sie!e nu)er C< 5ith o*enin$ diaeter. /a4e sure that the si=es of *artic"es are unifor. >% /i7 the desi$n i7ture desired to )e *erfored. /i7 the co*onents thorou$h"y to ensure that the distri)ution is e!en a"" throu$hout. arefu""y easure the 5ater to )e added. @% 9o""o5 the e7*erienta" *rocedures fro the A'T/ s*ecifications3 a% /a4in$ and urin$ of oncrete Test '*ecien (A'T/ C%. )% '"u* in onsistency of /i7ture (A'T/ C>;%. c% o*ressi!e 'tren$th of y"indrica" '*eciens (A'T/ ;% d% /odu"us of #"asticity (N'- 'ection @.&.@%
$!re :i$h Recycle% 8lass Bo$$les
Compressi0e stren+t-
As *er desi$n o)tained in accordance to code I'6C<: i7 *ro*ortion of !arious ateria"s (!i=. eent: 'and: A$$re$ate and Water% is ca"cu"ated for /6<: /6@ and /6 ;< $rade of concrete. The cu)es 5ere crushed in the "a)oratory in accordance to code I' C;>;6C&<. The resu"ts of crushin$ stren$th of cu)es for ;: and & days of !arious $rades of concrete *re*ared as *er i7 desi$n are sho5n )e"o53 It is o)ser!ed that the co*ressi!e stren$th of cu)es (sand is *artia""y re*"aced )y )ric4 *o5der% of /6< i7 decrease initia""y at C
o*ressi!e stren$th of cu)es (sand is *artia""y re*"aced )y )ric4 *o5der% of /6< i7 increases u* to C@? $"ass *o5der. As $"ass *o5der e7ceeds C@?: co*ressi!e stren$th decreases. In /6@ and /6;< concrete i7: co*ressi!e stren$th a"so fo""o5s the sae trend as it did in the /6 < i7. o*ressi!e stren$th is a7iu at
1*tiu *ercenta$e of $"ass and )ric4 5hich can re*"ace sand is C@? and
Wor3ability
The s"u* tests 5ere *erfored accordin$ to I' CC6C@. The !a"ue is *resented in ta)"e )e"o53 The resu"ts sho5 that 5ith increase in )ric4 *o5der: the s"u* !a"ue decreases and 5ith increase of $"ass content: the s"u* !a"ue increases.
Comparison o/ compressi0e stren+t- o/ !456 mi, /or di//erent percenta+e o/ Glass powder
Comparison o/ compressi0e stren+t- o/ !457 !i, /or di//erent percenta+e o/ Glass powder .
Comparison o/ compressi0e stren+t- o/ !486 !i, /or di//erent percenta+e o/ +lass powder9
(ariation o/ sl.mp 0al.e o/ concrete wit- +lass powder content
Water Cement Ratio Ta)"e C re*resents the 5ater6ceent ratio. In ters of 5ater ceent ratio: as far as the researchers are concerned: the use of recyc"ed )ott"es as concrete ateria" has no si$nificant effect. Throu$hout the i7in$ and o"din$ sta$e of the s*eciens: the researchers used 5ater ceent ratio 5hich ran$es fro <.@@ to <.@ in ters of ass: and in ters of !o"ue: the ratio is C.< a**ro7iate"y. It 5as o)ser!ed in this study that as the aount of crushed )ott"e a$$re$ate increases: the aount of 5ater decreases. To easure the 5or4a)i"ity: a"" i7tures 5ere tested for s"u*. The researches ensure that the !a"ue of the s"u* for a"" desi$n i7 )et5een S inch and inches to ensure *ro*er 5or4a)i"ity 5ithout sacrificin$ the stren$th.
Table :9 Water Cement4ratio
;.ality and Si
Sl.mp Test Res.lts Ta)"e sho5s the resu"ts for s"u* test. The aount of 5ater $reat"y affects the consistency of the i7ture. Based on the 5ater ceent ratio and s"u* test: the use of recyc"ed )ott"es as concrete ateria" has no si$nificant effect on the consistency of the i7ture. The consistency and *rocedura" of i7in$ ceent and a$$re$ates i*"eentin$ the "ass A i7ture. Table 59 Sl.mp Test Res.lts
Comparison between Con0entional Concrete and Concrete Recycled "ottles
Compressi0e Stren+tDe*endin$ on the i7 and 5ater ceent ratio and the tie Eua"ity of curin$: co*ressi!e stren$th of concrete can )e o)tained u* to /-a or ore. on!entiona" concrete *roduction 5ith ordinary a$$re$ates is usua""y in the C /-a to &; /-a ran$e 5ith the ost coon ran$es for cast in *"ace )ui"din$s fro C to >C /-a JC: C. The *riary )asis on the easure of the stren$th of concrete is its co*ressi!e stren$th at its &th day of curin$. The iniu stren$th reEuireent for "ass A i7 of concrete is <. /-a or ;:<<< *si. The researchers uti"i=ed -ort"and -o==o"anic eent (Ty*e C-% 5hich has "o5 hardenin$ characteristics )ecause this ty*e of ceent is coon"y used in coon ty*es of construction *ro+ect such as houses at *resent and it is readi"y a!ai"a)"e in the ar4et. o*ared to *ure -ort"and eent or Ty*e C: Ty*e C- o)tains its a7iu co*ressi!e stren$th s"o5er. Accordin$ to the *erfored
e7*erients: the a!era$e co*ressi!e stren$th of con!entiona" concrete (ontro"% o)tained fro the &th day of curin$ reached @.@> /-a: 5hi"e the co*ressi!e stren$th of the sa*"es ha!in$ crushed )ott"e to sand ratio of @?: @
!od.l.s o/ Elasticity Un"i4e stee" and other ateria"s: concrete has no definite odu"us of e"asticity. Its !a"ue is de*endent on the characteristics of ceent and a$$re$ates used: a$e of concrete and stren$ths. Due to the non6 unifority of fine a$$re$ates and curin$ *eriod: the s*eciens had considera)"e differences re$ardin$ to the odu"us of e"asticity. Accordin$ to the *erfored e7*erients: the a!era$e odu"us of e"asticity of con!entiona" concrete (ontro"% o)tained fro the &th day of curin$ reached &C.;@ /-a: 5hi"e the odu"us of e"asticity of the sa*"es ha!in$ crushed )ott"e to sand ratio of @?: @<. /-a: C.@ /-a: C;;. /-a and C<@>.@ /-a res*ecti!e"y. Resu"ts sho5 that there is a $reat difference of the odu"us of e"asticity of the ontro" s*ecien aon$ the other sa*"es.
Ad0anta+es o/ .sin+ Recycled Glass as Concrete !aterial The *ro)"e of dis*osin$ and ana$in$ so"id 5aste ateria"s in other industria" countries has )ecoe one of the a+or en!ironenta": econoic: and socia" issues. Recyc"in$ is the ost *roisin$ 5aste ana$eent *rocess for the dis*osa" of ateria"s in the 5aste strea. /any !ir$in and 5aste ateria"s are 5ide"y used in concrete co*osites as su)stitute ateria"s for construction. 1ne a+or ad!anta$e of oncrete Recyc"ed Bott"e is en!ironent friend"y causin$ of "ess $ar)a$e that 5i"" )e thro5n in the du* site area. A"thou$h the i*act of this *rocedure ay not )e that noticea)"e at *resent: the researchers )e"ie!e that in the near future this 5i"" )e he"* not on"y for the en!ironent )ut a"so in the construction industry. oncrete "i$hter in 5ei$ht than ordinary sand6and6$ra!e" concrete is used *rinci*a""y to reduce dead "oad: or for
thera" insu"ation: or fi"". Another interestin$ ad!anta$e of oncrete Recyc"ed Bott"es is that it is "i$hter than the con!entiona" concrete i7ture. Aside fro the ad!anta$es as entioned )efore: "i$ht5ei$ht concrete is ore ad!anta$eous in reducin$ the 5ei$ht of the structure: thus $i!in$ sa""er )ase shear for earthEua4e desi$n *ur*oses. Due to the scarcity of the resources for construction added 5ith the *resent econoic status in our country: the ateria" cost for construction continuous to $o u*. The oncrete Recyc"ed Bott"es has a so"ution on this *ro)"e. The use of the indi$enous ateria" for construction *roduces "o5 cost structures: thus "o5erin$ the construction *rice and $i!es ore *rofit for the contractor.
CONCL#SIONS 1n the )asis of resu"ts o)tained: fo""o5in$ conc"usions can)e dra5n3
(C% The re*"aceent of fine a$$re$ate )y crushed )ric4 *o5der is found to )e !ery effecti!e. The o*tiu re*"aceent is found to )e < /-a: thus there is a deficiency of on"y .?.
(% 'ii"ar"y re*"aceent of fine a$$re$ate )y crushed $"ass *o5der is a"so found to )e !ery effecti!e. The o*tiu re*"aceent is found to )e C@? at 5hich the stren$th of concrete at ; days: days G & days are hi$her than those of concrete *re*ared 5ithout re*"aceent of sand. #!en at ?.
(;%Where e!er )ric4 )at a$$re$ates are used ade fro s"i$ht"y o!er )runt )ric4s: this 5i"" )e hard and e!entua""y a)sor) "ess 5ater.
(>% Resu"ts of this in!esti$ation su$$est that )ric4 *o5der or structura" concrete. After deterinin$ the !a"ue of the resu"ts of the for$oin$ findin$s: the fo""o5in$ conc"usion 5ere dra5n3
a% The use of recyc"ed $"ass )ott"es as an a"ternati!e fine a$$re$ate for concrete i7 decreases the 5ater6ceent ratio de*endin$ on the aount *resent in the i7tureL
)% The use of recyc"ed )ott"es as fine a$$re$ate decreases the unit 5ei$ht of concrete.
c% The use of recyc"ed )ott"es as an a"ternati!e for fine a$$re$ate is not recoended for structura" e)ers such as co"uns: )eas and sus*ended s"a)s.
d% The odu"us of e"asticity is de*endent 5ith the co*ressi!e stren$th: and unit 5ei$ht of concrete: hence: the recyc"ed $"ass )ott"es as fine a$$re$ate decreases the !a"ue for odu"us of e"asticity
e% The use of recyc"ed )ott"es as an a"ternati!e fine a$$re$ate decreases the aount of ateria" cost for concrete due to recyc"ed )ott"e a$$re$ateL f% There is a *ositi!e *ro+ection in the a!ai"a)i"ity of $"ass )ott"es due for its deands and f"e7i)i"ity in use.
