A PROJECT REPORT REPORT AT CHANDRAPURA THERMAL POWER STATION
-BY
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ABHILAS
KIIT
BANERJEE UNIVERSITY PREFACE
This Project Report has been prepared in fulfilment of industrial training to be carried out in third year of our four year B.TECH course. For preparing the Project Report, e ha!e !isited Chandrapura Thermal Poer "tation under #amodar $alley Corporation during the suggested duration for the period of %& days, to a!ail the necessary information. The blend blend of learni learning ng and 'nole 'noledge dge ac(ui ac(uired red during during our practi practical cal studies at the company is presented in this report. The reasons behind !isiting the poer plant and preparing the project report is to study the mechanical o!er!ie, electrical o!er!ie, !arious cycles and processes of poer generation and details of control and instrumentation re(uired in thermal poer plant. )e ha!e carried out this training under ell e*perienced and highly (ual (ualif ifie ied d engi engine neer erss of CTP" CTP",, #$C #$C of !ari !ariou ouss depa depart rtme ment nts+ s+ !i. !i. -echanical, Electrical, Chemical and Control instrumentation depts. )e ha!e ta'en the opportunity to e*plore the Electrical #epartment, its use, necessity in poer plant and maintenance of !arious instruments used for monitoring and controlling the numerous process of poer generation. )e ha!e tried our best to co!er all the aspects of the poer plant and their brief brief detailing in this project report. /ll the abo!e mentioned topics ill be presented in the folloing pages of this report. The main aim to carry out this training is to familiarie
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ABHILAS
KIIT
BANERJEE UNIVERSITY PREFACE
This Project Report has been prepared in fulfilment of industrial training to be carried out in third year of our four year B.TECH course. For preparing the Project Report, e ha!e !isited Chandrapura Thermal Poer "tation under #amodar $alley Corporation during the suggested duration for the period of %& days, to a!ail the necessary information. The blend blend of learni learning ng and 'nole 'noledge dge ac(ui ac(uired red during during our practi practical cal studies at the company is presented in this report. The reasons behind !isiting the poer plant and preparing the project report is to study the mechanical o!er!ie, electrical o!er!ie, !arious cycles and processes of poer generation and details of control and instrumentation re(uired in thermal poer plant. )e ha!e carried out this training under ell e*perienced and highly (ual (ualif ifie ied d engi engine neer erss of CTP" CTP",, #$C #$C of !ari !ariou ouss depa depart rtme ment nts+ s+ !i. !i. -echanical, Electrical, Chemical and Control instrumentation depts. )e ha!e ta'en the opportunity to e*plore the Electrical #epartment, its use, necessity in poer plant and maintenance of !arious instruments used for monitoring and controlling the numerous process of poer generation. )e ha!e tried our best to co!er all the aspects of the poer plant and their brief brief detailing in this project report. /ll the abo!e mentioned topics ill be presented in the folloing pages of this report. The main aim to carry out this training is to familiarie
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oursel!es ith the real industrial scenario, so that e can rotate ith our engineering studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I AM EXTREMELY GRATEFUL TO THE MANAGEMENT OF D.V D.V.C. .C. ESPE ESPECI CIAL ALL LY TO THE THE CHIE CHIEF F ENGI ENGINE NEER ER AND HOP CTPS CHANDRAPURA FOR ACCEPTING ME FOR VOCATIONAL TRAINING AT CTPS CHANDRAPURA. I AM ALSO VERY MUCH THANKFUL TO DEPUTY CHIEF ENGINEER (E&I MR.R.B.SINGH FOR FACLIT CLITIN ING G MY TRAI TRAINI NIN NG IN ELECT ELECTR RICAL CAL AND AND MECHANICAL MAINT. DEPT. I !ILL ALSO LIKE TO EXTEND MY SENSE OF DR. GRATITUDE TO G.P.RAUT(FQA "MR.S.KUMAR (M"MR.P.J.CHOW DHURY (EE" ( EE" MR R.KUMAR(C!I"D.V.C. CTPS FOR FACUL ACULTING TING MY TRAININ TRAINING G UNDER UNDER THE DIFFERENT DIFFERENT SECTION OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL MAINT. DEPT. I AM ALSO HIGHLY O#ELIGED TO VARIOUS OFFI OFFICE CERS RS AND AND STAF STAFF FS OF CTPS CTPS !HO !HO AL AL! !AYS
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EXTENDED THEIR HELPING HAND !HENEVER I !AS IN NEED FOR MY VOCATIONAL TRAINING. ABHILAS BANERJEE B.TECH (ELECTRICAL ENGG. $% YEAR Ro''. NO. - )*+*,* COLLEGE#KIIT UNIVERSITY$BHUBANESWAR
CONTENTS 1. 2. !. '.
Intr Introd oduc ucti tion on Details Details of CTPS Gene Generatin rating g nits nits O"er"ie# O"er"ie# of of a T$er%a T$er%all &o#er &o#er &lant &lant (ec$an (ec$anica icall o&erat o&eration ion a. Coal handling Plant b. )a )ater ter Treatment Plant c. )a )ater ter #e4mineraliation #e4miner aliation Plant d. Boiler "ystem e. /sh handling plant f. E"P g. Boiler au*iliaries h. "team Turbine i. Condenser Cooling "ystem j. Chimney ). Electr Electric ical al o&era o&eratio tion n a. 7enerator b. Transformers c. E*citation system
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Page No 0 0 1
2 3 &5 && &0 &0 &2 &3 %& %6 %8 %1 %9
d. /utomatic $oltage Regulator e. "itchyard "ection its Components f. "itchgear g. Protection h. -otors for thermal poer plant i. Battery ban' *.General Instru%entation in a &o#er &lant +.Conclusion ,.-iliogra&$/
65 6& 66 61 8& 8% '! 81 82
INTRODCTION #amodar $a $alley Corporation as established on 2th :uly &389. ;t is the most reputed company in the eastern one of ;ndia. #$C is established on the #amodar Ri!er. Te o/0a12 o0e%a3e4 5o3 3e%/a' 0o6e% 0'a13 a1 2e'
0o6e% a/4 71e% 3e I18a1 M81843%2 of Po6e%. Po6e%. DVC 84 ea97a%3e%e 81 3e 832 of Ko':a3a" Ko':a3a" !e43 #e1ga'" I18a C$andra&ura T$er%al Po#er Station is a thermal poer plant located in Ca1%a07%a To61 in the ;ndian state of :har'hand. The poer plant is operated by the Da/oa% Va''e2 Co%0o%a38o1. ;t has 0 units ith a total installed capacity of ,0 (. /ll of the units are coal4based.
Details of CTPS Generating nits
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7en.
=ame of -anufacturers
Boiler
>riginal capacity ?-)@
Present capacity ?-)@
Aear of commissioning
T7
&
Co/57438o1 Ge1e%a' E1g81ee%81g I1" E'e3%8 USA Co." USA
%
Co/57438o1 Ge1e%a' E1g81ee%81g I1" E'e3%8 USA Co." USA
&85
&85
6
Co/57438o1 Ge1e%a' E1g81ee%81g I1" E'e3%8 USA Co." USA
&85
&85
>ctober,&318 &85
&85
-ay &310
:uly,&319
=o!ember,%5&& 2
BHE
BHE
%05
%05
9
BHE
BHE
%05
%05
:uly,%5&&
O3ER3IE OF A T4ER(A5 POER P5ANT / Thermal Poer Plant con!erts the heat energy of coal into electrical energy. Coal is burnt in a boiler hich con!erts ater into steam. The e*pansion of steam in turbine produces mechanical poer hich dri!es the alternator coupled to the turbine. ;t generates electrical poer.
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&0. Coal hopper.
&. Cooling toer.
%. Cooling ater pump. 6. Transmission line. 8. 7enerator transformer. 0. Electric generator. 1. o pressure turbine. 2. Condensate e*traction pump.
&1. Pul!eried fuel mill. &2. Boiler drums. &9. /sh hopper. &3. "uper heater. %5. Forced draught fan. %&. Re4heater.
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9. Condenser. 3. ;ntermediate pressure turbine. &5. "team go!ernor !al!e. &&. High pressure turbine. &%. #e4aerator. &6. Feed heater. &8. Coal con!eyor.
%%. /ir inta'e. %6. Economier. %8. /ir pre heater. %0. Precipitator. %1. ;nduced draught fan. %2. Chimney.
(EC4ANICA5 OPERATION COA5 4AND5ING P5ANT ;n a coal based t$er%al &o#er &lant, the initial process in the poer generation is Coal HandlingD. The huge amount of coal is usually supplied through railays. / railay siding line is ta'en into the poer station and the coal is deli!ered in the storage yard. The coal is unloaded from the point of deli!ery by means of #agon ti&&ler. ;t is rac' and pinion type. The coal is ta'en from the unloading site to dead storage by elt con"e/ors. The belt deli!ers the coal to 5m le!el to the &ent $ouse and further mo!es to transfer &oint . The transfer points are used to transfer coal to the ne*t belt. The belt ele!ates the coal to rea6er $ouse. ;t consists of a rotary machine, hich rotates the coal and separates the light dust from it through the action of gra!ity and transfer this dust to reject bin house through belt. The belt further ele!ates the coal to the transfer &oint and it reaches the crusher through belt. ;n the crus$er a high4speed !7&$ase induction %otor is used to crush the coal to a sie of 05mm so as to be suitable for %illing s/ste%. Coal rises from crusher house and reaches the dead storage by passing through transfer &oint .
E8ui&%ent used in a coal $andling &lant &. Pull chord sitch
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/ series of such sitches are arranged in series at a &m distance on the side of con!eyor belt. The poer supply to rotor of the con!eyor belt is established only if all sitches in series are connected. %. $ibrating feeder The coal stored in a huge hub is collected on the belt through !ibrations created by the !ibrating feeder. 6. Flap gates These are used to channelie the route of coal through another belt in case the former is bro'en or unhealthy. The flap gates open let the coal pass and if closed stop its mo!ement. 0. -agnetic separator These are used to separate the ferrous impurities from the coal. 1. -etal detector These are detect the presence of any ferrous and non4ferrous metal in the coal and sends a signal to a relay hich closes to seie the mo!ement of belt until the metal is remo!ed. ;t basically consists of a transmitter and a recei!er. The transmitter consists of a high fre(uency oscillator, hich produces a oscillations of &055 H at &0$. The recei!er recei!es this fre(uency signal. ;f there is any presence of metal in the coal. Then this fre(uency is disturbed and a tripping signal is send to relay to stop the con!eyor belt. 2. Belt eightier ;t is used to 'eep an account of the tension on the belt carrying coal and is mo!es accordingly to release tension on the belt. 9. Reclaim hopper Reclamation is a process of ta'ing coal from the dead storage for preparation or further feeding to reclaim hoppers. This is accomplished by belt con!eyors. 3. Tipplers Coal from the coal agons is unloaded in the coal handling plant. This unloading is done by the TipplersD. This coal is transported up to the ra coal bun'ers ith the help of con!eyor belts.
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Mag1e38 Se0a%a3o%
)/TER TRE/T-E=T P/=T ?)TP@ Ra# #ater su&&l/9
Ra ater recei!ed at the thermal poer plant is passed through )ater Treatment Plant to separate suspended impurities and dissol!ed gases including organic substance and then through #e4mineralied Plant to separate soluble impurities. Deaeration9 ;n this process, the ra ater is sprayed o!er cascade aerator in hich ater flos donards o!er many steps in the form of thin aterfalls. Cascading increases surface area of ater to facilitate easy separation of dissol!ed undesirable gases
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?li'e hydrogensulphide, ammonia, !olatile organic compound etc.@ or to help in o*ygenation of mainly ferrous ions in presence of atmospheric o*ygen to ferric ions. These ferric ions promote to some e*tent in coagulation process. Filtration9 Filters remo!e coarse suspended matter and remaining floc' or sludge after coagulation and also reduce the chlorine demand of the ater. Filter beds are de!eloped by placing gra!el or coarse anthracite and sand in layers. These filter beds are regenerated by bac'ashing and air bloing through it. C$lorination9 =eutral organic matter is !ery heterogeneous i.e. it contains many classes of high molecular eight organic compounds. Humid substances constitute a major portion of the dissol!ed organic carbon from surface aters. They are comple* mi*tures of organic compounds ith relati!ely un'non structures and chemical composition.
DE(INAERA5I:ED ATER P5ANT ;DP< ;n #e4mineralied Plant, the filter ater of )ater Treatment Plant is passed through the pressure sand filter ?P"F@ to reduce turbidity and then through acti!ated carbon filter ?/CF@ to absorb the residual chlorine and iron in filter ater. Then ater comes to cations after hich ea' acid is bro'en up by de4 gassifier, then comes to anions. Finally it comes to mi*ed bade here final chec'ing is done.
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GENERA5 5A=OT OF D( P5ANT
-OI5ER S=STE( -OI5ER 9 )or'ing principle of Boiler ;n Boiler, steam is generated from demineralised ater by the addition of heat. The heat added has to parts sensible heat and latent heat. The sensible heat raises the temperature and pressure of ater as ell as steam. The latent heat con!erts ater into steam ?phase change@. This con!ersion is also 'non as boiling of ater, hich is dependent on pressure and corresponding temperature. Boiler is an enclosed !essel in hich ater is heated and circulated until the ater is turned in to steam at the re(uired pressure. Coal is burned inside the combustion chamber of boiler. The products of combustion are nothing but gases. These gases hich are at high temperature !aporie the ater inside the boiler to steam.
B>;ER >PER/T;>=
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I%&ortant &arts of -oiler > t$eir functions9 ♦
Econo%i?er
Feed ater enters into the boiler through economier. ;ts function is to reco!er residual heat of flue gas before lea!ing boiler to preheat feed ater prior to its entry into boiler drum. The drum ater is passed through don4comers for circulation through the ater all for absorbing heat from furnace. The economier recirculation line connects don4comer ith the economier inlet header through an isolating !al!e and a non4return !al!e to protect economier tubes from o!erheating caused by steam entrapment and star!ation. This is done to ensure circulation of ater through the tubes during initial lighting up of boiler, hen there is no feed ater flo through economier. ♦
Dru%
Boiler drum is located outside the furnace region or flue gas path. This stores certain amount of ater and separates steam from steam4ater mi*ture. The minimum drum ater le!el is alays maintained so as to pre!ent formation of !orte* and to protect ater all tubes ?especially its corner tubes@ from steam entrapment star!ation due to higher circulation ratio of boiler.
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♦
Su&er$eater
"uperheaters ?"H@ are meant for ele!ating the steam temperature abo!e the saturation temperature in phasesG so that ma*imum or' can be e*tracted from high energy ?enthalpy@ steam and after e*pansion in Turbine, the dryness fraction does not reach belo 95, for a!oiding Turbine blade erosiondamage and attaining ma*imum Turbine internal efficiency. "team from Boiler #rum passes through primary superheater placed in the con!ecti!e one of the furnace, then through platen superheater placed in the radiant one of furnace and thereafter, through final superheater placed in the con!ecti!e one. The superheated steam atre(uisite pressure and temperature is ta'en out of boiler to rotate turbo4generator. ♦
Re$eater
;n order to impro!e the cycle efficiency, HP turbine e*haust steam is ta'en bac' to boiler to increase temperature by reheating process. The steam is passed through Reheater, placed in beteen final superheater ban' of tubes platen "H and finally ta'en out of boiler to e*tract or' out of it in the ;P and P turbine.
♦
De7su&er$eater ;Atte%&erator<
Though superheaters are designed to maintain re(uisite steam temperature, it is necessary to use de4superheater to control steam temperature. Feed ater, generally ta'en before feed ater control station, is used for de4superheating steam to control its temperature at desired le!el.
Drain > 3ent 9 -ajor drains and !ents of boiler are ?i@ Boiler bottom ring header drains, ?ii@ Boiler drum drains !ents, ?iii@ "uperheater Reheater headers drains !ents, ?i!@ #esuperheater header drains !ents etc. #rains facilitate draining or hot blo don of boiler, as and hen re(uiredG hile !ents ensure bloing out of air from boiler during initial lighting up as ell as facilitate depressuriing of boiler.
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Boiler of CTPS Unit #7
Tec$nical data of t$e -oiler T/&e
Radiant, Reheat, =atural circulation, "ingle #rum, Balanced drift, #ry bottom, Tilting tangential, Coal and oil fired ith #;PC ?#irect ;gnition of Pul!eried Coal@ system
Furnace )idth #epth $olume Fuel heat input per hour #esigned pressure "uperheater >utlet pressure o temperature "H ?horiontally spaced@ Final superheater ?!ertically spaced@ Platen "H ?Pendant platen@
&0%85mm &&051mm 0%85m6 13%-'cal &9%.0'gcm% &00'gcm% 2300m% %&&5m% &68&m%
Atte%&erator Type =o. of stages "pray medium
"pray To Feed ater from boiler feed pump ?BFP@
Re$eater Type Total H.". area Control
"paced 6235m% Burner tilt e*cess air
Econo%iser Type Total H." area =o of bloc's
Plain tube 00&2m% To
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AS4 4AND5ING P5ANT / large (uantity of ash is, produced in steam poer plants using coal. /sh produced in about &5 to %5 of the total coal burnt in the furnace. Handling of ash is a problem because ash coming out of the furnace is too hot, it is dusty and irritating to handle and is accompanied by some poisonous gases.
/sh Handling Plant
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E5ECTROSTATIC PRECIPATOR ;ESP< The flue gas after passing through the air4preheaters comes don to loer temperature that is feasible for releasing into the atmosphere, but one !ital job remains still left out, i.e. to remo!e the ash content of the gas so that it does not harm the atmosphere. This job is done by E"P, the flue gas after air4preheater comes to the E"P unit. E"P actually or's on the principal of C>R>=/ #;"CH/R7E EFFECTG the E"P unit houses to electrodes called emitting electrode spring and collecting electrode. The emitting plate is supplied ith a !ery high #C negati!e potential, this results into ioniing of air molecules surrounding the emitting electrode hich is called corona effect. The collecting plate is grounded as a result hen the flue gas passes through beteen them the ash particles are attracted to the collecting plates. The collecting plates are attached hopper here the ashes get deposited by hammering action on the collecting plate. Collection of t$e #aste &roducts9 The impurities are collected on the emitting electrode ?cathode@ and the collecting electrode ?anode@. ;f this continues then it ill reduce the collecting capacity of the electrodes. "o a hammering system is employed to ma'e the electrodes free of impurities and they are collected in the hopper and disposed off. Hammering is done on three places by using three types of motors.
EERM* I3 43a14 fo% E/83381g E'e3%oe Ra0081g Mo3o%. I3 84 74e fo% a//e%81g 3e a3oe. CERM* I3 43a14 fo% Co''e381g E'e3%oe Ra0081g Mo3o%. I3 84 74e fo% a//e%81g 3e a1oe. GDRM* I3 43a14 fo% Ga4 D843%85738o1 Ra0081g Mo3o%. I3 84 74e fo% a//e%81g 3e GD 4%ee1.
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EERM
-OI5ER A@I5IARIES 1. Coal -un6er9 Coal bun'er supplies coal to pul!eriing fuel mills. Each bun'er can hold &,555 tons of coal, and there may be si* to eight bun'ers per unit. Poer station coal is not as lumpy as coal used in the home. Typically around half of it is less than &%.0 millimeters across and 30 is less than 05 millimeters. This hen podered is called %55 meshD cleared. ;t is better than the face poder in terms of sie.
CCoal -un6er %. Coal Feeder ;n this arrangement consist to method, !olumetric and gra!imetric method. )hen gra!imetric method does not or', then by !olumetric method e can measure the eight of the coal by spring balance. There is long belt to mo!e coal into the coal mill. !. Coal (ill or Pul"ersior9 Each of unit may ha!e si* to eight pul!eriing fuel mills, each capable of pul!eriing 85 tons of coal per hour. ;nside the mills, ten giant hollo steel
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rollers crush the coal into a fine poder. Crushing the coal into a fine poder ma'es it easier to burn it more completely. ;n other ords, due to the increased surface area, the combustion efficiency increasesD '. Draug$t Fans9 /ll these fans are operated at 1.1'! for unit 29. For unit &,%,6 these fans operated at 6.6'!.
Pri%ar/ Air Fan9 /ir to blo the coal from the mill to the boiler, called the primary air, is supplied by a large fan dri!en by a !ariable speed motor. )hen mi*ed ith a stream of air the podered coal beha!es more li'e a gas than a solid. Primary air does to jobs I heating the coal poder and secondly lifting it into the furnace through pipelines.
Forced Draug$t Fan9 Each unit shall ha!e to forced draught fans. The fans dra arm air from the top of the boiler house through large air heaters becoming the primary and secondary air used for the boiler combustion process. The air heater arms the incoming air by transferring heat energy from the outgoing flue gases
Induced Draug$t Fan9 To induced draught fans dra gases out of the boiler. The gas has already passed through the air heaters and precipitators before it has reached these fans. The heat from the flue gases or smo'e is used in the air heaters to heat up the primary and secondary air. For unit &41, motor used to dri!e the fans is asynchronous induction motor. >nly unit 29 use synchronous motor. The fan is connected ith dri!ing motor through hydro coupling or ith !ariable fre(uency dri!e ?$F#@ motor to 'eep desired fan speed.
Scanner Air Fan9 The scanner air fans are relati!ely smaller in sie and consume lo poer as compared to the abo!e mentioned fans. These are simple motor operated fans that suc' air from atmosphere and utilie it to cool the flame scanners inside the furnace.
Fuel Oil S/ste%9
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;n a coal fired boiler, oil firing is adopted for the purpose of initial ignition of coal during introduction of coal mill or imparting stability to the coal flame during lo boiler load condition. Efficient or complete combustion of the fuel oil is best achie!ed by atomiing oil by compressed air for light oil ?#>@.
is beneficial ith respect to #> in !ie of its loer cost. Hea!y furnace oil used to heat up the boiler during mill e*change.
Air Pre$eater9 The air heaters use the remaining heat energy in the flue gas to heat up the combustion air for the boiler. Efficiency is increased by using this heat that ould otherise go through the chimney. The air temperature lea!ing the air heaters is at 655JC.
STEAM TURBINE (T+,- G/0/,, 3/50 / steam turbine is a prime mo!er hich continuously con!erts the energy of high pressure, high temperature steam supplied by the boiler into shaft or' ith lo pressure, lo temperature steam e*hausted to a condenser.
Construction and Stea% Flo# The turbine is a tandem compound machine ith separate HP,;P and P sections. The HP section being a single4flo cylinder and the ;P and P sections double4flo cylinders. The turbine rotors and the generator rotor are connected by rigid couplings. The HP turbine is throttle controlled. The initial steam is admitted ahead of the blading !ia to main stop and control !al!e combinations. / sing chec' !al!e is installed in the line leading from HP
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turbine e*haust to the reheater to pre!ent hot steam from the reheater floing bac' into the HP turbine. The steam coming from the reheater is passed to the ;P turbine !ia to reheater stop and control !al!e combinations. Cross around pipes connect the ;P and P cylinders . Connections are pro!ided at se!eral points of the turbine for feedbac' e*traction purpose. 140 MW (KWU) Steam turbine (Chandrapura TPS U # 1,2&3)
"team from "uper heater enters the HP turbine at &955 psi and &555 JF through to -ain "top $al!es?-"[email protected] are eight control !al!es, four are connected on top and four on the bottom. The go!erning system or's in the principle of nole control go!erning. The first stage is !elocity compounded called Curtis )heel. Rotation is cloc'ise in the direction of the steam flo. There are 3 HP stages, &% ;P stages and 0 stages on either side in P turbine. Reheated "team at &555 J F and 605 psi enters into
the ;P turbine through to ;nterceptor $al!es ?;$@ connected in series ith to reheat stop !al!es. The HP4;P rotor system is housed in a common outer casing connected ith the e*haust hood in !ertical plane. The e*haust hood has internal cross o!er duct that ta'es the steam from ;P e*haust for feeding to P turbine through middle. The HP4;P turbine rotor is mono bloc' and made from a single forging. 20 MW (KWU) Steam turbine (Chandrapura TPS U #!&")
HP turbine inlet steam &82.&5 'gmK% 062 JC. "team entry to HP turbine through to combined main stop control !al!es and to ;P turbine through to combined reheat stop and control !al!es. Reheated steam pressure and temperature 68.30 'gmK% 062 JC. %05 -) L)< turbine is a tandem compounded, three cylinders, single reheat, condensing turbine pro!ided entirely ith reaction blading. =umber of stages HPT I single flo ith %0 stages, ;PT I single flo ith &2 stages and PT I double flo ith 9 stages per flo. "i* steam e*tractions for feed condensate ater heating ha!e been ta'en from HPT e*haust && th stages of ;PT for high pressure heaters, from ;PT e*haust for de4aerator and from 6 rd, 0th 1th stages of PT for lo pressure heaters. The indi!idual turbine rotors and the generator rotor are connected by rigid couplings.
S$aft Turning ;-arring< Gear
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Turning gear is pro!iding to rotate turbine shafts sloly during the pre4run up operation and after shut don to pre!ent une!en heating or cooling of the shafts. The une!en heating or cooling ould lead to bending and misalignment of shafts ith possible fouling of stationary parts.
Turine Oil S/ste% / common oil supply system lubricates and cools the bearings. The main oil pump is dri!en by the turbine shaft and dras oil from the main oil tan'. /u*iliary oil pumps maintain the oil supply on start4up and shutdon, during turning gear operation and hen the main oil pump is faulted. #C Emergency oil pump supplies oil to the bearings during /C poer failures. / :ac'ing oil pump forces high4pressure oil under the shaft journals to pre!ent boundary lubrication during turning gear operation. ;t also supplies the high pressure oil to the Hydraulic Turning gear motor. The lubricating and cooling oil is passed through oil coolers before entering the bearings. LP Turbine
Condenser Cooling S/ste% Page 22 of 47
Condenser Condenser is a huge heat e*changer and is located at the e*haust of P turbine. The steam after dri!ing turbine is dumped into condenser for recycling. The dumped steam is cooled by circulating ater floing through the tubes of condenser. The cooling ta'es place here the steam comes into contact ith condenser cold ater tubes through hich cooling ater is circulated ith the help of Circulating )ater Pumps. The steam is thus condensed into ater and is ta'en into the system for reuse. The hot circulating ater on absorption of heat in condenser is ta'en in top of cooling toers here it is alloed to fall under gra!ity for loering its temperature for recycling.
Cooling To#er Each cooling toer consists of independent cells, each ith its on induced draft fan, ater supply and distribution grid. Each cell is fitted ith closely spaced P$C fins to promote the formation of a massi!e eater film. Beneath the cells are a common collection basin and a single outlet for cooled ater. The constant speed fan discharges arm saturated air through a 'inetic energy reco!ery stac' from each cell and the hot circulating ater is cooled by upard draft of air generated by cooling toer fans. The hot circulating ater from condenser rises at the top of the toer through to number mild steel distribution pipe and flos out into a horiontal concrete trough on the top floor of the toer through flo control !al!es. The trough is perforated ith small holes into hich plastic noles are inserted to brea' the streams into umbrella shaped sprays. The toer is pro!ided ith drift eliminator to minimie drift losses. The cold ater is collected in the basin of cooling toer and flos to the C) pump through a trapeoidal section canal for further circulation through condenser. The toer basin is pro!ided ith sluice gate !ales hich are operated periodically to flush the basin ater to reduce turbidity. The flushed ater is drained to aste.
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COOLING TOWER
C4I(NE= / chimney may be considered as a cylindrical hollo toer made of bric's or steel. ;n CTP" the chimneys of fi!e units are made of bric's. Chimneys are used to release the e*haust gases ?coming from the furnace of the boiler@high up in the atmosphere. "o, the heights of the chimneys are made high. The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to the e*ternal en!ironment !ia stac' effect. /dditionally, the dispersion of pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on the immediate surroundings. ;n the case of chemically aggressi!e output, a sufficiently tall chimney can allo for partial or complete self4neutraliation of airborne chemicals before they reach ground le!el. The dispersion of pollutants o!er a greater area can reduce their concentrations and facilitate compliance ith regulatory limits.
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Chimneys in CTPS
E5ECTRICA5 OPERATION The electrical operation of a poer plant comprises of generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. ;n a poer station both distribution and
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transmission operation can ta'e place. )hen poer is sent from poer station to all other poer station in the grid, it is 'non as distribution of poer. )hen poer plant is dri!ing poer from other poer station it is 'non as transmission of poerelectrical energy.
TR-O GENERATOR ;n C.T.P.". there are 0 electric generators for units & to 6 and 2,9. These are 6 phase turbo generators, % pole cylindrical rotor type synchronous machines hich are directly coupled to the steam turbine. The generator consist of % parts mainly the stator and the rotor. Stator The stator body is designed to ithstand internal pressure of hydrogen4air mi*ture ithout any residual deformation. The stator core is built up of segmental punching of high permeability, lo loss CR7> steel and are in interlea!ed manner on spring core bars to reduce heating and eddy current loss. The stator inding has 6phase double layer short corded bar type lap inding ha!ing % parallel paths. The inding bars are insulated ith mica thermosetting insulation tape hich consists of fle*ible mica foil, fully saturated ith a synthetic resin ha!ing e*cellent electrical properties. )ater cooled terminal bushings are housed in the loer part of the stator on the slip ring side.
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Stator
Rotor Rotor is of cylindrical type shaft and body forged in one piece from chromium nic'el molybdenum and !anadium steel. "lots are machined on the outer surface to incorporate indings. )inding consists of coil made from hand dran sil!er copper ith bonded insulation. 7enerator casing is filled up ith H% gas ith re(uired pressure, purity of gas is alays maintainedM32. Propeller type fans are mounted on either side of the rotor shaft for circulating the cooling gas inside the generators.
Rotor
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Tec$nical Data of Turo generator for unit B +>, (ain &ara%eters
Data
Rated ') capacity
2)
Rated '$/ capacity
20'11+ 3A
Rated terminal !oltage
1*) 3
Rated poer factor
.,) lag
Rated stator current
1201 A
Rated speed
! RP(
Rated fre(uency Coolant
) 4?
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4/drogen
TRANSFOR(ER The electricity thus produced by the generator then goes to the generator transformer here the !oltage is increased for transmission of electricity ith minimied copper losses. ;n general a transformer consists of primary and secondary indings hich are insulated from each other by !arnish. ;n C.T.P.". all are oil cooled and air cooled. "ome of the transformer accessories are &. Conser!ator tan' %. Bucchol relay 6. Fans for cooling 8.ightning arrestors 0. Transformer bushings 1. Breather and silica gel.
GENERATOR TRANSFOR(ER ;n CTP" each unit has one generator transformer. /ll generator transformers are step up transformers. Primary inding is delta and secondary inding star. For 29 unit transforms &1.0 to %%5L$.
Single t$ree &$ase TRANSFOR(ER for unit +
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A@I5IAR= TRANSFOR(RERS Station Ser"ice Transfor%ers =ormal source to the station au*iliaries and standby source to the unit au*iliaries during start up and after tripping of the unit is station au*iliary transformer. Nuantity of station ser!ice transformers and their capacity depends upon the unit sies and nos. Each station supply transformer shall be one hundred percent standby of the other. "tation ser!ice transformers shall cater to the simultaneous load demand due to start up poer re(uirements for the largest unit, poer re(uirement for the station au*iliaries re(uired for running the station and poer %6 re(uirement for the unit au*iliaries of a running unit in the e!ent of outage of the unit source of supply. The no. and appro*imate capacity of the ""T depending upon the no. and -) rating of the T7 sets are indicated belo.
nit Auiliar/ Transfor%er The normal source of H$ Poer to unit au*iliaries is unit au*iliary transformer. The siing of the
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Unit Auxiliary Transformer
E@CITATION S=STE( The purpose of e*citation system is to continuously pro!ide the appropriate amount of #.C. field current to the generator field inding. The e*citation system is re(uired to function reliably under all conditions of the generator and the system to hich it is connected. Functional co%&onents of an ecitation s/ste%9 / good e*citation system consists of properly coordinated functional components hich are a@ E*citation Poer source b@ "emiconductor Rectifier c@ $oltage controller d@ Protecti!e, limiting and sitching e(uipment e@ -onitoring, -etering and indicating e(uipment and f@ Cooling system T/&es of Ecitation S/ste%9 ;n earlier days #C e*citation system as in use. ;ncrease in generator capacity in turn raised the demand of e*citation poer hich as not achie!able by the #C e*citers.
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This led to the accelerated de!elopment of /C e*citation system in pace ith generator capacity. )ith the maturing of solid state semiconductor technology /C e*citation system found to be superior technically as ell as economically. E*citation system can be categoried and subdi!ided into the folloing a< D.C. ecitation s/ste% i@ Pilot -ain E*citer e*citation system ii@ Rotating /mplifier e*citation system. < A.C. ecitation s/ste% i@ Rotating High Fre(uency e*citation system ii@ "tatic e*citation system
888 #%74'e44 e;83a38o1 4243e/ N/* Fo% 7183 < +" , e;83a38o1 4243e/4 84 5%74'e44" 573 fo% 7183 < " )" $ e;83a38o1 4243e/ 84 5%74 e;83a38o1.
Excitation System in CTPS unit#7
A3R ;Auto%atic 3oltage Regulator< Circuit Diagra% of Digital Auto%atic 3oltage Regulator
The #igital /utomatic $oltage Regulator regulates the terminal !oltage ?andor the flo of reacti!e poer during parallel operation ith other machines or the grid@ of the synchronous machine ?generator@ by direct control of the -ain E*citer field current using ?static@ Thyristor Con!erter. The $oltage Regulator is intended for the e*citation control of generator e(uipped ith /lternator E*citer employing rotating non4controlled rectifiers. The e*citation e(uipment of the 7enerator and its interconnections ith the !oltage regulator is shon fig&.
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Princi&le of O&eration of t$e Regulator A3R To regulate the !oltage and the reacti!e poer of a synchronous machine, the field !oltage must be adjusted (uic'ly to the changes in the operating conditions ?ith a response time that does not e*ceed a fe ms@. To accomplish this, analog control systems include amplifiers, hich ma'e continuous comparison of the actual !alues against the reference !alues and !ary the control !ariable to the con!erter ith almost no delay. -ost of the delay that occurs originates in the con!erter, since the firing pulses for changing the rectifier phase angle are only issued periodically ?e!ery %.9 or 6.6 ms@. The #$R Digital 3oltage R egulator calculates the control !ariable from the measured and reference data in !ery short time inter!als. This results outardly in a (uasi4continuous beha!ior ith a negligible delay time ?as in an analog regulator@. The calculations are made in the binary number system. /nalog measurement signals, such as those for generator !oltage and generator current, are con!erted into binary signals in analogdigital con!erters. The set4points and limit !alues ha!e already been defined in digital ?binary@ form. /n understanding of the actual computation processes in the digital !oltage regulator is not necessary for operation, pre!enti!e maintenance or troubleshooting. i'e the operator of a poc'et calculator or a personal computer, all the operator needs is to 'no ho to operate the instrument and the programming for this or'ing tool. For that reason, e ill e*plain belo only the principle di!ision of or' among the !arious modules and the flo of data processing. The purpose is, abo!e all, to ma'e clear ho the processor system has been integrated into the rest of the poer electronics system.
SITC4=ARD SECTION / sitchyard is essentially a hub for electrical poer sources. For instance, a sitchyard alays e*ists at a generating station to coordinate the e*change of poer beteen the generators and the transmission lines in the area. / sitchyard also e*ists hen high !oltage lines need to be con!erted to loer !oltage for distribution to consumers. Here in CTP" there is a big sitch yard section for the
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units one to si*, and also for se!en eight there also a sitch yard. "ome of the operation of the components of the sitch yard is sometimes done from the control rooms of respecti!e units. 223 S#itc$/ard of CTPS
/ sitchyard may be considered as a junction point here electrical poer is coming in from one or more sources and is going out through one or more circuits. This junction point is in the form of a high capacity conductor spread from one end to the other end of the yard. /s the sitchyard handles large amount of poer, it is necessary that it remains secure and ser!iceable to supply the outgoing transmission feeders e!en under conditions of major e(uipment or bus failure. There are different schemes a!ailable for bus bar and associated e(uipment connection to facilitate sitching operation.
The Basic Components of a "itchyard
-us -ar9 The conductors to hich se!eral incoming and outgoing lines are connected. They are made up of Cu /l. Circuit -rea6er / circuit brea'er is e(uipment that brea's a circuit either manually or automatically under all conditions at no load, full load or short circuit. >il circuit brea'ers, !acuum circuit brea'ers and "F1 circuit brea'ers are a fe types of circuit brea'ers. "F1 circuit brea'ers ha!e been used in both %%5'! and 855'! sitchyard. Isolator9 ;solators are sitches hich isolate the circuit at times and thus ser!e the purpose of protection during off load operation.
Switchyar of unit#7!"
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5ig$tening Arrestor9 ;t is installed at the starting of line. ;t loo's li'e a circular disc filled ith n>. )hen lightening happen a high !oltage is generated and n> particles create ions at that high !oltage. "o that through this ion current flos to the ground.
a"e Tra&9 ;t loo's li'e a cylindrical drum placed !ertically. )a!e traps filter the fre(uency beteen line fre(uency and communication fre(uency. Communication fre(uency much higher than line fre(uency. ;n a single line poer signal and communication signal can happen simultaneously. ;n order to a!oid the interference beteen these signals, e use a!e trap.
Potential transfor%ers9 ;n any electrical poer system it is necessary to a< -onitor !oltage and poer factor, < -eter poer consumption, c< Feed poer to control and indication circuit and d< #etect abnormalities ?i.e. undero!er !oltage, direction of poer flo etc.@ and feed impulse to protecti!e de!icealarm circuit. Potential transformers therefore play a 'ey role by performing the folloing functions. a< Electrically isolating the instruments and relays from H$ side.
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< By transferring !oltage from higher !alues to proportional standardied loer !alues.
");TCH7E/R RE5A=9 T4E T=PE OF RE5A=S SED IN CTPS FOR PROTECTION OF POER S=STE( CO(PONENTS AT 223 SITC4=ARD
Q /u*iliary relay for isolations Q #irectional o!er current relay Q -aster trip relay Q -ulti relay for generator function Q "uper!ision relay Q ;nstantaneous Q Bus bar trip relay Q oc' out relay Q =umerical BB Q Transformer relay Q Contact Q /u*iliary relay Q Trip circuit Q E<" section relay Q #C fail accept relay Q BB protection relay.
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relay
protection relay differential protection multiplier relay healthy relay umerical LBB $rotection relay
%echanical Relay
43 S#itc$gears9 ;ndoor metal clad dra out type sitchgears ith associated protecti!e and control e(uipments are employed. /ir brea', /ir Blast circuit brea'ers and -inimum >il circuit brea'ers could still be found in some !ery old stations. Present trend is to use "F1 or !acuum circuit brea'ers. "F1 and !acuum circuit brea'ers re(uires smaller sie panels and thereby reasonable amount of space is sa!ed. 7eneral arrangement of 1.1 L$ "itchgear panels. The main bus bars of the sitchgears are most commonly made up of high conducti!e aluminum or aluminum alloy ith rectangular cross section mounted inside the sitchgear cubicle supported by molded epo*y, fiber glass or porcelain insulators. For higher current rating copper bus bars are sometimes used in sitchgears. &' Switch(ears
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53 S#itc$gears $ sitchgears feed poer supply to motors abo!e &&5 L) and upto&15 L) rating and to -otor Control Centers ?-.C.C@. $ system is also a grounded system here the neutral of transformers are solidly connected to ground. The duty in!ol!es momentary loading, total load thro off, direct on line starting of motors and under certain emergency condition automatic transfer of loads from one source of supply to the other. The sitchgear consists of metal clad continuous line up of multitier dra out type cubicles of simple and robust construction. Each feeder is pro!ided ith an indi!idual front access door. The main bus bars and connections shall be of high grade aluminum or aluminum alloy sied for the specified current rating. The circuit brea'ers used in the $ sitchgear shall be air brea' 6 pole ith stored energy, trip free shunt trip mechanism. These are dra out type ith three distinct positions namely, "er!ice, Test and ;solated. Each position shall ha!e mechanical as ell as electrical indication. Pro!ision shall be there for local and remote electrical operation of the brea'ers. -echanical trip push button shall be pro!ided to trip manually in the e!ent of failure of electrical trip circuit. "afety interloc's shall be pro!ided to pre!ent insertion and remo!al of closed brea'er from "er!ice position to Test position and !ice !ersa. L' Switch(ears
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PROTECTION GENERATOR PROTECTION9 The purpose of generator protection is to pro!ide protection against abnormal operating condition and during fault condition. ;n the first case the machine and the associated circuit may be in order but the operating parameters ?load, fre(uency, temperature@ may go beyond the specified limits. "uch abnormal running condition ould result in gradual deterioration and ultimately lead to failure of the generator. Protection under anor%al running conditions a< O"er current &rotection9 The o!er current protection is used in generator protection against e*ternal faults. =ormally e*ternal short circuits are cleared by protection of the faulty section and are not dangerous to the generator. ;f this protection fails the short circuit current contributed by the generator is normally higher than the rated current of the generator and cause o!er heating of the stator, hence generators are pro!ided ith bac' up o!er current protection hich is usually definite time lag o!er current relay. < O"er load &rotection9 Persistent o!er load in rotor and stator circuit cause heating of inding and temperature rise of the machine. Permissible duration of the stator and rotor o!erload depends upon the class of insulation, thermal time constant, cooling of the machine and is usually recommended by the manufacturer. Beyond these limits the running of the machine is not recommended and o!erload protection thermal relays fed by current transformer or thermal sensors are pro!ided. c< O"er "oltage &rotection9 The o!er !oltage at the generator terminals may be caused by sudden drop of load and /$R malfunctioning. High !oltage surges in the
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system ?sitching surges or lightning@ may also cause o!er !oltage at the generator terminals. -odern high speed !oltage regulators adjust the e*citation current to ta'e care against the high !oltage due to load rejection. ightning arresters connected across the generator transformer terminals ta'e care of the sudden high !oltages due to e*ternal surges. /s such no special protection against generator high !oltage may be needed. Further protection pro!ided against high magnetic flu* ta'es care of dangerous increase of !oltage. e< nalance loading &rotection9
Protection under fault condition a< Differential &rotection9 The protection is used for detection of internal faults in a specified one defined by the CTs supplying the differential relay. For an unit connected system separate differential relays are pro!ided for generator, generator
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transformer and unit au*iliary transformer in addition to the o!erall differential protection. ;n order to restrict damage !ery high differential relay sensiti!ity is demanded but sensiti!ity is limited by C.T errors, high inrush current during e*ternal fault and transformer tap changer !ariations. < -ac6 u& i%&edance &rotection9 This protection is basically designed as bac' up protection for the part of the installation situated beteen the generator and the associated generator and unit au*iliary transformers. / bac' up protection in the form of minimum impedance measurement is used, in hich the current indings are connected to the CTs in the neutral connection of the generator and its !oltage indings through a P.T to the phase to phase terminal !oltage. The pic'up impedance is set to such a !alue that it is only energied by short circuits in the one specified abo!e and does not respond to faults beyond the transformers. c< Stator eart$ fault &rotection9 The earth fault protection is the protection of the generator against damages caused by the failure of insulation to earth. Present practice of grounding the generator neutral is so designed that the earth fault current is limited ithin 0 and &5 /mp. Fault current beyond this limit may cause serious damage to the core laminations. This leads to !ery high eddy current loss ith resultant heating and melting of the core. d< 0) stator eart$ fault &rotection9 ;n!erse time !oltage relay connected across the secondary of the high impedance neutral grounding transformer relay is used for protection of around 30 of the stator inding against earth fault. e< 1 stator eart$ fault &rotection9 Earth fault in the entire stator circuits are detected by a selecti!e earth fault protection co!ering &55 of the stator indings. This &55 Ef relay monitors the hole stator inding by means of a coded signal current continuously injected in the generator inding through a coupling. n occurrence of the %nd rotor earth fault beteen the points of fault the field inding gets short circuited. The current in field circuit increases, resulting in heating of the field circuit and the e*citer. But the more dangerous is disturbed symmetry of magnetic circuit due to partial short circuited coils leading to mechanical unbalance.
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TRANSFOR(ER PROTECTION9 /lthough transformers are generally pro!ided ith both electrical and mechanical protection schemes, our ser!ices are related to the protection against the electrical disturbances. The general electrical protection pro!ided to a transformer are related to the folloing Ʌ Ʌ Ʌ Ʌ Ʌ
>!erload protection Protection against short circuits ?internal e*ternal@ Protection against ground faults Transient o!er !oltages ?sitching, lightning@ $f protection
Protection against o!erload is achie!ed using o!er current relays and details of thermal ith stand capability cur!es of the transformer. Protection against e*ternal short circuit condition is achie!ed by fuses, o!er current relays ith are ithout instantaneous settings. Protection against internal short circuit is achie!ed by proper application of differential protection. "uitable protections are needed separately for phase and ground faults. Protection against o!er !oltages due to sitching, lightning, sitching of capacitor ban's or other system disturbances is achie!ed by proper insulation coordination.
NETRA5 GRONDING TRAN SFOR(ER ;NGT<9 7The =7T is used to detect earth faults. ;t comprises of primary inding and secondary inding, the secondary inding is connected ith a lo !alue resistance. )hene!er earth fault arises hea!y current flos to the primary inding and as a result an e.m.f is induced in the secondary inding. The !oltage drop across the resistance is sensed by the EF relay and it actuates to actuate the 7enerator Circuit Brea'er ?7CB@ and thus the generator is tripped.
A5, C650 F, D,8 T89/ T,03:,;/,
A8% Na37%a' T20e(A.N.
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O8' Na37%a' A8% Na37%a' T20e (O.N.A.N. O8' Na37%a' A8% Fo%e T20e (O.N.A.F. C650 F, O56 I;;/,3/< T,03:,;/,
O8' Na37%a' A8% Fo%e T20e (O.N.A.F. O8' Fo%e A8% Na37%a' T20e (O.F.A.N. O8' Fo%e !a3e% Fo%e (O.F.!.F.
O56 I;;/,3/< W/, C650
O8' Na37%a' !a3e% Fo%e (O.N.!.F.
O8' Na37%a' !a3e% Fo%e (O.N.!.F. O=/,3
O8' Fo%e !a3e% Fo%e (O.F.!.F.
Transfor%er Cooling (et$ods9
Generator Cooling (et$ods9
Stator inding9
)ater Hydrogen
Rotor #inding9
Hydrogen
(OTORS FOR T4ER(A5 POER P5ANT /ll the motors in Thermal Poer "tations are of the 64ph. /.C. s(uirrel cage type e*cept for some au*iliaries, hich are emergent in nature, for hich #C motors can be used. For some small !al!es, single phase motors may be used. /ll /.C. motors are suitable for direct on line starting.
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• • • • • • • • • • •
"er!ice ater pump Primary air fan?P/ fan@ Coal mill motor Condense e*traction pump Boiler feed pump ;# fan motor F# fan motor C) pump motor Primary )ater pump Primary )ater -a'e up Pump "lurry #isposal Pump
DIESE5 GENERATOR / iesel (enerator is the combination of a diesel engine ith an electrical generator ?often an alternator@ to fed poer supply to emergency 8&0$ dri!es during total station poer supply failure.
)iesel *enerator
B/TTERA B/=L =ormally #.C. poer is supplied by the float charger and the batteries are 'ept in float condition at %.&0 $ per cell to a!oid discharging. The charger consists of
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silicon diode or thyristor preferably or'ing on 6 ph. 8&0 $ supply in conjunction ith an automatic !oltage regulator. )hen there is a failure in the /.C. supply the batteries ill come into operation and in this process the batteries run don ithin fe hours. /fter normaliation of /.C. poer the batteries are charged (uic'ly by using the boost charger at %.20$ per cell. /fter normaliation of battery !oltage these are again put bac' into the float charging mode. The output from the battery as ell as the charger is connected to the #.C. distribution board. From #.C. distribution board poer supply is distributed to different circuits. #.C. system being at the core of the protection and control mechanism !ery often to &55 capacity boards ith indi!idual chargers and battery sets are used from the consideration of the reliability and maintenance facility. These to boards are interconnected by suitable tie lines.
Battery Ban+ in C&P
G/0/,6 I03,+;/050 50 P>/, P60
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I1 a Te%/a' Po6e% P'a13" Ce/8a' E1e%g2 of f7e' 84 o1=e%3e 3o E'e3%8a' E1e%g2. A37a''2 384 e1e%g2 o1=e%48o1 3a:e4 0'ae 81 8>e%e13 43age4. F5,368" 81 #o8'e%" 3e e/8a' e1e%g2 81 f7e' 84 o1=e%3e 813o ea3 e1e%g2. D7%81g 0%oe44 of o/57438o1 3e a%5o1" 47'07% e3 a=a8'a5'e 81 3e f7e' %ea34 683 a8% a1 '85e%a3e4 ea3 a1 ?7e ga4e4. T84 ea3 84 a54o%5e 52 3e 6a3e%-6a''4 of 3e f7%1ae a1 43ea/ 84 ge1e%a3e. S/0<68" 81 T7%581e 384 ea3 e1e%g2" 81 3e fo%/ of ea3 e1e%g2 84 o1=e%3e 813o /ea18a' e1e%g2. A1 F50668$ 81 Ge1e%a3o%4" 68 84 o70'e 683 3e 37%581e" 3e /ea18a' e1e%g2 84 o1=e%3e 813o e'e3%8a' e1e%g2. Te%efo%e" a Te%/a' Po6e% P'a13 a1 5e %ega%e a4 a 0%oe44 81743%2. No6" fo% 47e44f7' o/0'e38o1 of 3e 0%oe44" a goo 17/5e% of 0%oe44 0a%a/e3e%4 1ee o13817o74 /o183o%81g 68 1ee4 8143%7/e13a38o1. @743 '8:e o3e% 0%oe44 0'a13" 3e 8143%7/e13a38o1 4243e/ of a 3e%/a' 0o6e% 0'a13 a4 36o 0a%34 M/3+,/;/0* I3 ea'4 683 /ea47%e/e13 of 8>e%e13 0a%a/e3e%4 of 3e 0%oe44 52 e0'o281g 8>e%e13 4e14o% 68 84 /a81'2 :1o61 a4 0%8/a%2 8143%7/e13 a1 o0e%a381g 0e%4o11e' 52 840'a281g 83 o1 818a3o% o% %eo%81g 83 o1 %eo%e% o% 43o%81g 83 81 Da3a A9784838o1 S243e/(DAS o% 81 4o/e a4e4" 52 ge1e%a381g a78o=847a' a'a%/ 48g1a' & 0%o3e38=e 48g1a'. I18a3o%" Reo%e% & DAS a%e /a81'2 :1o61 a4 4eo1a%2 8143%7/e13. C0,6* I3 3a:e4 a%e fo% a73o/a38B/a17a' o13%o' of 8>e%e13 0a%a/e3e%4 of 3e 0%oe44. Se33e%" e%%o% ge1e%a3o%" o13%o''e%" a73oB/a17a' 43a38o1" a/0'8e%" e'e3%8a' 3o 01e7/a38 o1=e%3e%" 0o484o1e%" a37a3o%" e3. a%e 3e /a81 o/0o1e13 of o13%o' 0a%3.
M/3+,/;/0 : P,/33 P,;//,3 No%/a''2" 81 3e%/a' 0o6e% 0'a13" 8>e%e13 0a%a/e3e%4 '8:e P%e447%e" Te/0e%a37%e" F'o6" Le=e'" Te%/a' E;0a148o1" e3. a3 8>e%e13 0a%3 of 3e 0%oe44 a%e /ea47%e.
Page 4& of 47
Mea47%e/e13 of 3e fo''o681g 0a%a/e3e%4 a%e e44e138a' a1 %e978%e♦ 3o g78e fo% o0e%a381g 0e%4o11e'. ♦ 3o o0e%a3e 3e 0'a13 e8e12. ♦ 3o 3e43 3e 0e%fo%/a1e of 3e 0'a13. ♦ 3o %eo% 843o%2 of 3e 0'a13. ♦ 3o ge1e%a3e a78o =847a' 48g1a' o% 3%80 48g1a' 6e1 %e978%e. Te /ea47%e/e13 a%e o1e 52 /ea47%81g 4243e/" 68 o14843 of (8P%8/a%2 I143%7/e13 o% Se14o%- /a81'2 Ga7ge4" T%a14/833e%" e3. (88Seo1a%2 I143%7/e13- /a81'2 818a3o%" Reo%e%" Da3a A9784838o1 S243e/" e3.
Pressure Measurement: P%e447%e 84 3e /o43 8/0o%3a13 0a%a/e3e% of a 3e%/a' 0o6e% 0%e447%e. De0e181g 70o1 3e 8/0o%3a1e of 3e 0a%a/e3e%" 68 84 3o 5e /ea47%e" e83e% P%e447%e Ga7ge o% E'e3%o184 T%a14/833e% 84 74e. Te E'e3%o184 P%e447%e 3%a14/833e%" 68 a%e 1o%/a''2 74e 81 3e%/a' 0o6e% 0'a134 a%e /a81'2 e83e% Re'73a1e T20e o% Ca0a83a1e T20e. Re'73a1e T20e 3%a14/833e%4 a%e 5a4e o1 LVDT(L81ea% Va%8a5'e D8>e%e138a' T%a14fo%/e% 0%8180'e. No6aa24" 81 a /oe%1 0%oe44 0'a13 /8%o0%oe44o% 5a4e a0a83a1e 3%a14/833e%4 a%e 68e'2 74e. Te4e 3%a14/833e%4 a%e :1o61 a4 S/a%3 T%a14/833e%4.
Temperature Measurement: L8:e 0%e447%e" 3e/0e%a37%e 84 a'4o a /o43 8/0o%3a13 0%oe44 0a%a/e3e% of a 3e%/a' 0o6e% 0'a13. Te/0e%a37%e 84 a'4o /ea47%e a3 /a12 0o8134. De0e181g 70o1 3e 8/0o%3a1e of 3e 0a%a/e3e%" 68 84 3o 5e /ea47%e" e83e% E;0a148o1 Te%/o/e3e%4 o% E'e3%8a' 320e 3e%/o/e3e%4 a%e 68e'2 74e. Pa%34 68 a%e 'e44 8/0o%3a13 a1 6e%e o1'2 818a38o1 84 %e978%e E;0a148o1 Te%/o/e3e%4 a%e 74e. A1 fo% /ea47%e/e13 of 0a%34 68 a%e %838a' a1 %e/o3e a1 %e978%e a7%a2" 0%e848o1 a1 %e/o3e 3%a14/8448o1.
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Measurement of level: I1 3e%/a' 0o6e% 0'a13" /ea47%e/e13 of 'e=e' 84 e44e138a' fo% 3e 07%0o4e of 4afe a1 e8e13 o0e%a38o1 of 3e 0'a13. Fo% 3e 07%0o4e of o-o%81a38o1 a1 o13%o'" 'e=e' /ea47%e/e13 84 a'4o %e978%e. I1 3e%/a' 0o6e% 43a38o1" /ea47%e/e13 of 'e=e' 84 a%%8e o73 fo% '8978 a1 4o'8. Te oa' 'e=e' 81 3e 07'=e%8e oa' 571:e%4 a%e /ea47%e" 68 a%e 3e e;a/0'e of /ea47%e/e13 of 'e=e' of 4o'8. Mea47%e/e13 of #o8'e% %7/ 6a3e% 'e=e'" Deae%a3o% 6a3e% 'e=e'" Co1e14e% Ho3 6e'' 'e=e'" e3 84 3e e;a/0'e of /ea47%e/e13 of 'e=e' of '8978. !e1 '8978 'e=e' 84 /o183o%e fo% 3e 07%0o4e of g78a1e fo% o0e%a381g 0e%4o11e'" 'e=e' 84 /ea47%e 52 48g3 g'a44 /e3o. Te4e a%e 1o%/a''2 :1o61 a4 D8%e3 Ga7ge G'a44. Loa' ga7ge4 of Deae%a3o% 6a3e% 'e=e'" Co1e14e% Ho3 6e'' 'e=e'" #o8'e% D%7/ 6a3e% 'e=e'" HP ea3e%4 & LP ea3e%4 4e'' 6a3e% 'e=e' (HPH4 & LPH4 %80 'e=e'" L75e o8' 3a1: 'e=e'" e3 fa''4 71e% 384 a3ego%2. I1 3e%/a' 0o6e% 0'a13" '8978 'e=e' 84 a'4o /ea47%e 3o ge1e%a3e a78o=847a' a'a%/ 48g1a' a4 6e'' a4 0%o3e38=e 48g1a' 6e1 3e /ea47%e 'e=e' fa''4 5e'o6 o% %a84e4 a5o=e a 0%e4e3 =a'7e ('e=e'. No%/a''2" ?oa3 & 4683 320e 'e=e' 4e14o%" 68 6o%:4 o1 57o2a12 /e3o" 84 74e fo% 384 320e of 'e=e' /ea47%e/e13. I1 4o/e a4e4" 'e=e' 84 /ea47%e fo% %e/o3e 818a38o1 a1 fo% o13%o'. Fo% 384 320e of 'e=e' /ea47%e/e13 8>e%e138a' 0%e447%e 3%a14/833e%4 (0 3%a14/833e% a%e 1o%/a''2 74e. Te 0 3%a14/833e% /a2 5e of LVDT 320e" Re'73a1e 320e o% Ca0a83a1e 320e.
Measurement of Flow: L8:e 0%e447%e" 3e/0e%a37%e a1 'e=e'" ?o6 84 a'4o /o43 8/0o%3a13 0%oe44 0a%a/e3e%" 68 84 /o183o%e o13817o74'2 fo% 07%0o4e of Co13%o'" Co-o%81a38o1 a1 Safe O0e%a38o1 of 3e 0%oe44. I1 a 3e%/a' 0o6e% 0'a13" ?o6 of '8978 a4 6e'' a4 ?o6 of 4o'8 84 a'4o /ea47%e fo% 0e%8o8 a4 6e'' a4 fo% o1 '81e e8e12 a'7'a38o1" 68 0'a24 a1 8/0o%3a13 %o'e 81 3e /oe%1 o1e03 of 0o6e% 0'a13 o0e%a38o1" of 3e 0%oe44. No%/a''2" %a3e ?o6 8143%7/e134 a%e 68e'2 74e fo% /ea47%e/e13 of ?o6 of S3ea/" Fee !a3e%" S0%a2 !a3e%" F7e' O8'" A8%" D. M. !a3e% e3 a1 813eg%a3o%4 a%e 74e fo% /ea47%e/e13 of ?o6 of Coa'. Coa' ?o6 813eg%a3o%4 a%e 5a48a''2 %e978%e 3o :1o6 3e oa' o147/038o1" oa' 43o: a1
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3o a44e44 3e 0e%fo%/a1e of 3e 7183 a1 3o ea' 683 4700'8e%. No%/a''2" fo% %e/o3e 818a38o1 a1 o13%o'" 8>e%e138a' 0%e447%e 3%a14/833e%4 (0 3%a14/833e% a%e 68e'2 74e fo% /ea47%e/e13 ?78 ?o6. #73" 6e1 'oa' 818a38o1 of ?78 ?o6 a%e %e978%e fo% g78a1e of o0e%a381g 0e%4o11e' 3e1 Ro3e-/e3e% o% B a1 T7%581e ?o6 /e3e% a%e 74e fo% /ea47%e/e134 of ?78 ?o6.
CONC5SION The practical e*perience that ; ha!e gathered during the o!er!ie training of large thermal poer plant ha!ing a large capacity of 3%5 -) for
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-I-5IOGRAP4=
WEBSITES
$tt&9en.#i6i&edia.org
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BOOKS
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