SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1

SAGE Profile Version 6.3.2 User Manual

VOLUME 1

INTERFACE MODULE Prepared by Fugro Engineers SA/NV Document Ref.: SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1.doc Revision: 08 Date: 17/03/2005

Document Title:

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1 - 08 Interface Module

Document Ref. :

SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1-JWI.doc

REVISION STATUS

Rev

Status

Compiled by

Reviewed

Date

by

date

JWI

May2002

04

Issued for 6.1 Release

MMA

May2002

05


JFW

Jan. 2003

06


MMA

Oct2003

MMA

07

Issued for 6.3.1 Release

MMA /HFA

Jul 2004

JWI

08

Issued for 6.3.2 Release

RDE

Jan.2005

HFA

Signatory Legend:

Approved by

date

Nov2003

JWI

Nov2003

Mar.2005

JWI

Mar.2005

MMA HFA RDE SSM JWI

Matthieu Mallié Hendrik Falepin Raphaël Denis Steven Smolders Jean-François Wintgens

Copyright © 1995 – 2005 Fugro Engineers SA/NV No warranty, expressed or implied is offered as to the accuracy of results from this program. The program should not be used for design unless caution is exercised in interpreting the results, and independent calculations are available to verify the general correctness of the results. Fugro Engineers SA/NV accepts no responsibility for the results of the program and will not be deemed responsible for any liability arising from use of the program.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

S A G EP r o f i l eV 6 . 3 . 2 I-n t e r f a ceM o d u l e

3

Content 1. 1.1 1.2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION ......................... ............................. ............................ ...... 7 Introduction ........................... ............................ ............................ ...................... 7 Third Party Certification ............................ ............................. ............................ . 8 1.2.1 Bureau Veritas Approval ................................................................................. 8 1.2.2

Uncertified Fe atures ....................................................................................... 8

1.3

How to use SAGE Profile? – An Overview ........................................................ 8

2.1

SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE ......................... ............................ ........................... 10 Introduction ........................... ............................ ............................ .................... 10

2.2

Network Version ......................... ............................ ............................. .............. 10

2.3

Interface Setup ........................... ............................ ............................. .............. 10 2.3.1 Specifying the location of the Program Write Directory ................................ 11

2.

3.

2.3.2 2.3.3

Specifying the location of the Client Directory File ....................................... 12 Specifying the location of the Local Log file ................................................. 12

2.3.4

F.E. Engine Test ........................................................................................... 12

STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE.......................... ............................ ................. 13 3.1 3.2

3.3

Introduction ........................... ............................ ............................ .................... 13 File .......................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ....... 14 3.2.1 Open Project ................................................................................................. 14 3.2.2 Client and Project Maintenance .................................................................... 15 3.2.3

Find Existing Projects ................................................................................... 15

3.2.4 3.2.5

Editor ............................................................................................................ 15 Ploughing Module [optional module] ............................................................ 15

3.2.6 3.2.7

Viewer........................................................................................................... 15 Rectifier ........................................................................................................ 15

3.2.8

Upheaval Buckling ........................................................................................ 16

3.2.9 3.2.10

Stand-alone PipeNet .................................................................................... 16 Preferences .................................................................................................. 16

3.2.11 3.2.12

Printer Set-up ............................................................................................... 17 Exit................................................................................................................ 17

Analysis............................ ............................. ............................ ......................... 17 3.3.1 Type Analysis ............................................................................................... 17 3.3.2 KP Range ..................................................................................................... 17 3.3.3

F.E. Tune ...................................................................................................... 18

3.4 3.5

Print ......................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ....... 18 View ......................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ....... 18

3.6

Help......................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ....... 19

SAGEProfileV6.3.2 Interface Module

4

CONTENT

4.

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE ......................... ............................. ........................... 20 4.1

Introduction ........................... ............................ ............................ .................... 20

4.2

SAGE Profile Main Control ............................ ............................. ...................... 20 4.2.1 Right-Hand-Side Column.............................................................................. 20

4.3

4.2.2 Bottom Row .................................................................................................. 21 Open Project .......................... ............................ ............................ .................... 21

4.4

Client and Project Maintenance .......................... ............................ ................. 22 4.4.1 Add an Archived Project to an Existing Client .............................................. 23

4.5 4.6

Find Existing Projects .......................... ............................. ............................ .... 23 Editor ........................... ............................. ............................ ............................ .. 24 4.6.1 File................................................................................................................ 25 4.6.2 4.6.3

4.7

4.8

Seabed ......................................................................................................... 26 Editing and Entering Seabed Soil Data ........................................................ 36

4.6.4

Pipeline......................................................................................................... 36

4.6.5

Loads............................................................................................................ 41

4.6.6 4.6.7 4.6.8

Uniformly Distributed Loads ......................................................................... 45 Residual Lay Tension ................................................................................... 46 Hydro Test Pressure ..................................................................................... 46

4.6.9

Operating Temperature and Pressure .......................................................... 46

4.6.10

UDL Due to Current/Waves .......................................................................... 48

4.6.11 4.6.12

View.............................................................................................................. 50 Print .............................................................................................................. 51

4.6.13 Help .............................................................................................................. 51 Analysis ............................ ............................. ............................ ......................... 51 4.7.1 Type.............................................................................................................. 51 4.7.2 4.7.3

KP Range ..................................................................................................... 59 Finite Element Tune ..................................................................................... 59

4.7.4 4.7.5

Finite Element Analysis On Screen Display and FE Analysis log file ........... 61 Code checks ................................................................................................. 63

4.7.6

Span checks ................................................................................................. 68

Viewer .......................... ............................. ............................ ............................ .. 70 4.8.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 70 4.8.2 4.8.3

Brief Tutorial ................................................................................................. 72 Main Features............................................................................................... 72

4.8.4

Shortcut Buttons ........................................................................................... 73

4.8.5

The File Menu ............................................................................................... 73

4.8.6 The “Graph Options” Menu ........................................................................... 83 4.9 Rectifier ............................ ............................. ............................ ......................... 87 4.9.1 Open Analysis .............................................................................................. 88 4.9.2

KP Ranges ................................................................................................... 88

4.9.3 4.9.4

Printer Setup................................................................................................. 88 Exit Rectifier ................................................................................................. 88

4.9.5 4.9.6

Cutlines ........................................................................................................ 89 Supports ....................................................................................................... 89


5

CONTENT

4.9.7

Help .............................................................................................................. 92

4.10 Plough Module ............................ ............................ ............................ ............... 93 4.10.1 Pipeline Ploughing........................................................................................ 93 Step 1: Create Your Input - Plough Editor .................................................... 94 Step 2: Setup An Analysis - Pick-Up Analysis Type Window ....................... 99

4.10.5

Step 3: Ploughing Analysis Results ............................................................ 102

Print ......................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ..... 103

4.12

Help ......................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ..... 105 TABLES ............................ ............................. ............................ ............................ 106

6.

6

Using the Plough Module in SAGE Profile ................................................... 94

4.10.3 4.10.4 4.11

5.

7.

4.10.2

6.1

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS – FAQ ........................... ............................ 113 Introduction ........................... ............................ ............................ .................. 113

6.2 6.3

Installation ............................. ............................ ............................ .................. 113 Running SAGE Profile .......................... ............................. ............................ .. 113

6.4

Using SAGE Profile Interface ......................... ............................ .................... 115

6.5

Modelling ........................... ............................ ............................ ....................... 116 INDEX .......................... ............................. ............................ ............................ ..... 119


1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1.1

Introduction SAGE Profile is a suite of programs for pipeline profile analysis developed by Fugro Engineers. Operating with a standard Graphical User Interface under Microsoft Windows, the suite enables the full range of pipeline profile (GUI) analysis tasks to be performed efficiently. The program comprises two main modules: Interface Module Finite Element Module (PipeNet) The manual consists of four volumes: Volume 1 Interface User Manual Volume 2 User Manual of PipeNet, SAGE Profile finite element engine. Volume 3 Theory Manual Volume 4 Software Verification and Validation Manual Volume 1 (this volume) of the set of documentation for SAGE Profile is concerned with the Interface. The menu driven Interface module is designed to set up data for the F.E. program, PipeNet, run analyses and reviews the results. It also enables design against upheaval buckling and performs span checks and code checks in accordance with DNV (1981), Lloyds and BS 8010 rules as well as the latest DNV Offshore Standard OSF101 for “Submarine Pipeline Systems” (2000) and DNV RP F105 for Free Spanning Pipelines. The Interface Module consists of four main units whose principal functions are as follows: Editor

Set-up of the pipeline, loads, and seabed soils for analysis

Analysis

Set-up of the analysis parameters and run the analysis

Viewer

View analyses results

Rectifier

Allows rectification on seabed profiles

Stand-Alone PipeNet

FE Engine in stand-alone mode

Each unit has several capabilities, which are described in details in the relevant sections of this manual. An on-line help facility is also available. Please also refer to the Frequently Asked Question - FAQ at the end of this manual.

7


GENERAL DESCRIPTION

1.2 1.2.1

Third Party Certification Bureau Veritas Approval SAGE Profile V6.3.1 is fully certified by Bureau Veritas. For more information, please refer to Bureau Veritas certificate and report available on SAGE Profile Installation CD.

Figure 1: Bureau Veritas Approval of SAGE Profile

For an optimal use of SAGE Profile finite element capabilities, it is recommended to read the Validation and Certification reports. Several useful examples – theoretical and practical - are treated showing the influence of the pipe mesh, number of increments and other non-linear parameters on the FE solution. 1.2.2

Uncertified Features The new features implemented in V6.3.2 are not covered by the certifications. These features are: -

The Input Data Report Utility, which is available form SAGE Profile Advanced Viewer.

-

The new soil behaviour laws for the vertical pipe-soil interaction, which have been implemented in the Soil Properties window.

-

o

Buoyancy ,ethod for very soft clay

o

Verley and Lund for soft clay

o

DNV RP-F105 for sand and clay

o

User-defined database of soil springs

Improvement to the DNV RP-F105 VIV check by including the simplified fatigue screening criteria

The new features have been validated by SAGE Profile team and will be certified by Bureau Veritas in a future release. New validation examples have been created to validate these features. They are available in the user interface Software Verification and Validation Report (SVVR) that can be found on the installation CD in electronic format (see document 42-10-04 SAGE Profile User Interface SVVR.pdf).

1.3

How to use SAGE Profile? – An Overview The flow chart in Figure 2 presents the main steps to create and manage a project, to set up a model, run an analysis and view the results within SAGE Profile. Please refer to the corresponding chapters for further details.

8


GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Figure 2: How to Use SAGE Profile - Overview


9

SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE

2. SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE 2.1

Introduction SAGE Profile Interface is a Microsoft Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP application that provides a user-friendly interface to the Finite Element Pipeline The recommended minimum system requirements are: Analysis Program (PipeNet). Pentium IV 1.5 GHz - 256 Mb of RAM The following terminology is used in reference to use of the mouse:

2.2

Click

to quickly press and release the left-hand mouse b

utton.

Double click

to clic k the left-hand mouse button twice in rapid succession.

Drag

to slide the mouse whilst holding down the left-hand mouse button

Network Version SAGE Profile is protected by a Rainbow SuperProNet security key. This key can be installed either on a local machine or on a network server. By default, the key is assumed to be on the local machine. If the user wants to use the security key on a server through the network, the Rainbow Key Driver should be first installed on the server. Rainbow Server should then be loaded in the server services and run in the background. On the workstation, the “IP.txt” file located in the SAGE Profile application directory of the user machine should be altered and contain the IP address of the server on which the security key is plugged. Figure 3 is showing the content of the default “IP.txt” file for a local use of the security key. Figure 3 shows an example of “IP.txt” file where the security key has been installed on a server with the following IP address: 10.0.0.11.

Figure 3: “IP.txt” File for Local Use

2.3

Figure 4: “IP.txt”File when Key is on Server with IP Address 10.0.0.11

Interface Setup The interface is entered by simply double clicking on the SAGE Profile icon under the SAGE Profile group of the start-menu, as for any Windows application. Once the program is loaded into the memory, Figure 5 appears.

10


SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE

Figure 5: SAGE Profile Interface Setup

2.3.1

Specifying the location of the Program Write Directory In order to change the path of the “Program Write Directory”, the “Change…” button, found to the right of the textbox specifying the current location, (Figure 5), must be clicked. This produces Figure 6.

Figure 6: Program Write Directory Location

This “program write directory” path is specified in the ProgramwriteDir section of the sageprof.ini file, shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Sageprof.ini file

The path contains the drive and directory names (example: ProgramwriteDir = f:\profile\data). The “Program Write Directory” must reside on a drive/server that has read and write access for every user.


11

SETTING UP SAGE PROFILE 2.3.2

Specifying the location of the Client Directory File In order to change the location of the “Client Directory File”, the “Change…” button, found to the right of the textbox specifying the current path (Figure 5), must be clicked. This produces Figure 8.

Figure 8: Client File Location

The “Client Directory” must be a read and write directory common to all users as it contains information on the clients and users. The location of this directory is specified within the ClientFile section of the profile.ini file, given in Figure 7. The Client.cfg path should contain the drive, directory and filename (Example: ClientFile = f:\profile\data\Clients.cfg). 2.3.3

Specifying the location of the Local Log file The local log file LProfile.log is used by SAGE Profile Network version and handles the sharing of Client and Projects folders between several users. This file is stored by default in the Windows system directory. In case of restricted access to the Windows system directory, this option may be used to modify the location of the local log file.

2.3.4

F.E. Engine Test If SAGE Profile is running for the first time or if a F.E. test has not been performed on the current machine, SAGE Profile will prompt the user to do an F.E. engine test on his computer and the following window will appear:

Figure 9: SAGE Profile Installation Examples Window

These validation examples have been installed during the installation of SAGE Profile. They should be rerun each time SAGE Profile is installed on a new system to check and proof that the F.E. is performing correctly.

12


STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE

3. STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE 3.1

Introduction The Interface is controlled by the SAGE Profile Main Control Menu, Figure 10.

Figure 10: SAGE Profile Main Control Window

The top bar has five menus, which give access to the Interface main modules, in addition to tasks related to “Client and Project Management” and the printing of results. The main menu items are:

• File • Analysis • Print •

View

•

Help

The following shortcut buttons from the task bar can also be used to access the different menus:

SAGEProfileV6.3.2Interface Module

13

STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE •

: Client and Project Maintenance

•

: Open a Project

•

: Run an Analysis

•

: Finite Element Tuning

•

: KP Range

• • • •

3.2

: Editor : Plough Module [optional module] : Viewer : Rectifier

•

: SAGE Buckle

•

: Comments

•

: Help

•

: Exit

File The File drop down menu gives access to the following options:

• Open Project • Client and Project Maintenance • Find Existing Projects • Editor • Plough Module [optional module] •

Viewer

• Rectifier • Upheaval Buckling • Stand-alone PipeNet • Preferences ♦ Interface Setup ♦ Measurement Units • Printer Set-up • 3.2.1

14

Exit

Open Project Allows the user to choose a client from a list of clients that have been previously created and to select a certain project for the client. A client typically contains several projects, where a project is characterised as a certain pipeline route. If several pipeline route alternatives are to be investigated, a separate project needs to be created for each of the route alternatives. See paragraph 4.3 for more details.


STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE 3.2.2

Client and Project Maintenance Enables the user to list, add and remove both clients and projects. See paragraph 4.4 for more details.

3.2.3

Find Existing Projects Enables the user to locate and reload projects that are no longer listed in the “Open Project” window. Paragraph 4.5 explained this features in more details.

3.2.4

Editor The Editor allows the user to define the configuration and properties of the pipeline route, seabed soils and loads, after a Master Pipeline Route (KP versus elevation) has been created based on bathymetric survey data. Pipeline data can be entered manually or accessed dynamically from a database (e.g. properties and coatings) and varied along the pipeline route. Soil Properties can also be varied along the pipeline route. If route specific data for soil density, strength, friction factors, etc. are not available, properties may be selected from the built-in database of generic soil types. Regular spaced point loads (e.g. anodes), uniform loads (e.g. soil cover download or current loads etc.) and prescribed nodal displacements/loads (e.g. trenching roller height) can very easily be specified. Paragraph 4.6 illustrates how to use the Editor.

3.2.5

Ploughing Module [optional module] Allows the user to enter the optional Ploughing Module. This module is specifically designed to automate the set-up of SAGE Profile models for pipeline ploughing related analyses.

3.2.6

Viewer The viewer permits the user to view and plot the seabed and pipeline profiles, and results of the analysis (e.g. bending moment, bending stress, equivalent stress, etc.). Comparison plots of different parameters can be done. It is also possible to compare results from different analyses. Furthermore interactive Pan and Zoom facilities allow the user to zoom in on areas of particular interest. The custom graph option and the capabilities to use template make the Viewer an efficient tool for producing professional charts to be included in your reports.

3.2.7

Rectifier Allows the user to model rectification interactively using previous analyses to meet specified limits. The user can specify cut-lines and insert pre-lay or post-lay supports graphically using a split screen with the seabed and pipeline profile of the chosen analysis in the bottom half of the screen and the required criterion in the top half of screen. Temporary seabed elevation and support information files are then created which can be analysed and if necessary further rectification can be performed. Once the new profile is acceptable, the user can update the proposed cutline master file. See paragraph 4.9 for more information.


15

STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE 3.2.8

3.2.9

Upheaval Buckling Allows the user access to SAGE Buckle if the module has been installed. Please refer to the dedicated manual of SAGE Buckle for more details. Stand-alone PipeNet PipeNet, SAGE Profile Finite Element engine, can be used in stand-alone mode. PipeNet requires a *.DAT input file. For details, please refer to SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 2. The following window will pop up:

Figure 11: PipeNet in Stand-Alone mode

To run PipeNet in stand-alone mode, the next steps have to be followed: 1. Get *DAT Files: allows to browse your disk and select one or several DAT files. 2. Edit *DAT File: allows to edit a *.DAT file selected from the list. 3. Run Analyses: allows to run all loaded DAT files from the list. A DOS window will pop up showing the PipeNet on-screen output. 4. View *.OUT File: allows to view PipeNet *.OUT result file. Additionally the “Clear List” button will remove all loaded file from the list. In this case, the *.DAT files are not erased from the hard-drive. Note that PipeNet will run the selected *.DAT files from the srcinal locations and therefore all output files will be produced in the same folder. Editing a DAT file will modify the srcinal *.DAT file. SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 2 should be carefully read before using PipeNet in standalone mode. Remark: some options of SAGE Profile Interface might not be accessible when using this option. For most users, it is recommended to use SAGE Profile Interface to create and run analyses. 3.2.10 Preferences Measurement Units Allows the user to select between three different types measurement unit conventions: SI, Imperial or Custom.

16


STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE

Figure 12: Measurement Units Window

Please note that the SAGE Profile input properties files (*.inp) are always saved in S.I. units. Therefore it is not recommended to enter the Editor and modify the project properties several times as it might cause minimal rounding errors. Interface set-up This option loads the SAGE Profile interface setup window (Figure 4). This window allows the user to specify the path of the “Program Write Directory” and the “Client Directory File”. Selecting the checkbox enables editing of an already ran analysis. The "Reset Log" button resets the SAGE Profile's logbook, which is stored in the "Gprofile.log" file in the main installation directory. 3.2.11 Printer Set-up Allows the user to specify the printer and its set-up. 3.2.12 Exit Clicking on “Exit” terminates SAGE Profile and returns to Windows.

3.3

Analysis The Analysis drop down menu gives access to the following options:

• Type Analysis • KP Range • F.E. Tune 3.3.1

Type Analysis The "Type of Analysis" option shows the window that specifies the characteristics of the analyses to be performed. Code and span checks can be specified for each analysis.

3.3.2

KP Range Allows the user to define specific KP ranges for which analysis runs need to be done. This option is available when a seabed profile has been defined. It allows to reduce the


17

STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE computation time by splitting the pipeline route into smaller sections to be analysed separately. 3.3.3

F.E. Tune Allows the user to “tune” the F.E. program by adjusting the numerical control parameters e.g. maximum number of iterations, number of load increments for the lay down empty analysis, number of integration points, tolerance etc. It is, however, recommended that these tuning parameters are unchanged, unless the user is familiar with the F.E. program.

3.4

Print The Print facility allows the user to produce hard copies of the following:

• The F.E. input file (files with the .DAT extension) • F.E. results of any analysis (files with .STR extension) • Span check results (files with the .SPN extension) • Code check results (files with the .COD extension) • Master Cut file (CUTMST0.INP) • Details of all the analyses performed 3.5

View The View menu gives access to the following:

• Span Check Files (files with the .SPN extension). When clicking on this option, a window pops up, see Figure 11. It allows the user to select the analysis for which the Span Check file has to be viewed. This is done by clicking on the analysis name and then on “View” button. Span Check files contain a list which shows, in columns, the KP range, the span height, the span length and comments on span checks (“Passed” or “Failed”) for each detected span. Two types of span check can be performed (see “Analysis type” windows): o Vortex shedding vibration check: based on DNV 1981 Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems (Appendix A) or on the DNV RP F105 for Free Spanning Pipelines. o Allowable free span criteria: based on user defined allowable span lengths.

Figure 13: View Span Files

• Pre and post lay support files (files with the .SUP extension).

18


STRUCTURE OF THE INTERFACE • Code Check Files (files with the .COD extension). When clicking on this option, a windows pops up, see Figure 13. It allows the user to select the analysis for which the Code Check file has to be viewed. This is done by clicking on the analysis name and then on “View” button. Code Check files contain a list which shows, in columns, the KP range, the different allowables and presents stresses and strains in the pipeline. The user can also find other comments such as the percentage of ovalisation.

Figure 14: View Code Check Files

• Plough Results Files: These files contain the output summary generated by the Plough Module, see paragragh 4.10 for more information.

• Mastercut File: this file contains the modified seabed profile as defined in the Rectifier.

3.6

Help The help drop down menu gives the user access to on-line help.


19

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE

4. SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE 4.1

Introduction The SAGE Profile Interface is a graphical interface, providing pre- and post-processing facilities, whichhard complement F.E. program. It is used to produce the F.E. to input data files, prepare copies ofthethe analysis, check the analysis according specific requirements, support graphical display of the results and allow the user to design the seabed rectification and insert supports to satisfy the design requirements. The following sections describe these tasks in detail.

4.2

SAGE Profile Main Control Figure 9 shows the layout of the SAGE Profile Main Control Window. This allows access into other parts of the program and displays the relevant information of the current project. The information contained in the window provides details, which are specific to the client and project under consideration and is set out as follows:

4.2.1

Right-Hand-Side Column The information displayed in the right hand side column provides details of the following: Client: Project:

Name of the current client. Title of the current project.

Analysis:

Name of analysis, which is currently being carried out.

Code Checks:

Code checks can be selected to be carried out on the current analysis, e.g. DNV (1981), DNV2000, Lloyds, BS 8010 or None.

Timer:

Number of hours, minutes and seconds since the current analysis has started. If the computer clock is set to a.m., p.m., the counter will work to a maximum of 12 hours and then reset to zero.

Iterations:

Maximum number of iterations allowed to achieve convergence in a non-linear problem, as set in the F.E. Tune window.

Integration Points:

Define the number for the F.E. analysis.of integration points, which will be used

Empty Load Incre.:

Defines the minimum number of load increments for the lay down Empty analysis.

WF/Hyd/Op Load Incre: Defines the minimum number of load increments for the water-filled Hydrotest and operational analyses. Elements:

20

Defines the number of elements into wh ich the gap between sequential seabed elevation values should be divided.


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE F.E. Input Files:

Rectified Files:

Confirms whether the required input files have been created for the F.E. analysis. These are created when exiting the editor once the user has entered all the necessary information. Confirms whether rectification has been carried out.

Dimensions:

States whether the current project is a two-dimensional or three-dimensional problem.

Total Runs:

Number of analyses specified by the user for the current set of data.

Current Run: The run number currently being analysed. Note that the analysis, code checks and timer boxes will only be filled in when the pipe F.E. engine is performing an analysis. 4.2.2

Bottom Row The information displayed in the bottom row provides details of the status of the following files: SBEmst0.inp:

Seabed elevation master file, which contains the seabed elevation along the proposed pipeline route.

BOPmst0.inp:

Bottom of pipe master file, which contains the profile of the existing pipeline along the route.

TDmst0.inp:

Trenched/dredged master file, which contains the as trenched/ as dredged seabed elevation along the pipeline route after remedial work has been carried out.

Soildef.inp:

Soil definition along the pipeline route, whi ch contains the seabed soil information (description and parameters).

Loaddef.inp:

Load definition along the pipeline route, which contains the relevant loads along the pipeline route.

Pipedef.inp:

Pipe definition along the pipeline route, which contains the dimensions and properties of the pipe along the pipeline route.

The information displayed under each of the above files is as follows:

4.3

Exists:

Defines whether file has been created (yes, no, N/A (not applicable)).

KP From:

Gives the start kilometre post (KP in meters) at which the information is available.

KP To:

Gives the last kilometre post (KP in meters) at which the information is available.

Last Modified:

The date at which the file was last modified.

Interpolated:

Defines whether the data in the file has been interpolated to provide additional nodes (only applicable for the elevation files).

Open Project Allows the current user to specify the project he wishes to work on. Clicking on "Open Project" in the File menu will show the “Open Project” window, see Figure 15.


21


Figure 15: Open Project Window

In the drop down Client list a list of all the available clients is displayed. To enable selection of the relevant project, the corresponding client must be initially selected. All projects relating to this client will then be displayed by clicking on the down arrow of the Project box. Once the client and project have been selected, clicking on "OK" commits the selection. The "Open Project" window disappears and all relevant information is displayed in the main window. Clicking on the “Add/Remove…” will pop up the “Client and Project Maintenance” window.

4.4

Client and Project Maintenance This option (Figure 16) allows the user to create a new client or a new project for a given client using the respective "Add" buttons. Since V6.3 valid client/project names may be longer than 8 characters but cannot contain any spaces. It is possible to create a back-up copy of your client folder by clicking on “Copy”. A window will pop up allowing to browse your disk to the desired location (Figure 17). By pressing on “Remove”, the selected client is removed from the client list. The client files and directory are kept on the hard-drive. By pressing “Delete”, the selected client/project is removed from the client/project list and the corresponding files and directory are sent to the recycled bin. The same functionalities apply for the “Remove” and “Delete” buttons under the Project frame.

22



Figure 16: Client and Project Maintenance Window

Figure 17: Select Back-Up Directory

Clicking on "Exit" will return to SAGE Profile Main Control Menu. 4.4.1

Add an Archived Project to an Existing Client To add an archived project to an existing client the user should first create a new project with the same name as the archived one using the add buttons (Figure 14). The archived project files can then be safely copied over the newly created project files using Windows Explorer. Note: if the archived project is copied from a CD, make sure that all attributes of the copied project files are set to write enabled.

4.5

Find Existing Projects When an existing project is not listed in the project list of Figure 13 or Figure 14, the user can retrieve this project using the "Find Existing Project" option in the file menu. First, a Client directory needs to be created. When using the “Find Existing Project” capability, Figure 18 pops up and the user then needs to browse through the folders to locate the "projects.cfg" file of the existing project. The “projects.cfg” file should be located in the Client directory.


23


Figure 18: Find existing Projects.cfg file

4.6

Editor The editor is the tool used by the operator to create the relevant information required for the F.E. program. Once a project has been chosen (see Figure 15) the editor can be accessed by clicking on "Editor" in the main control menu or on in the Sage Profile Main Window and the Editor Main Control Window appears, see Figure 19.

Figure 19: Editor Control Window

The Editor Window comprises eight different options, which are accessed by clicking on the relevant heading in the top menu bar. These options are only enabled if an

24


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE elevation file has just been created or has been selected, which are the first actions to be done when starting a new project. The menus in the Editor Control Window are:

•

File

• Seabed (*). • Pipeline ( *). • Loads (*). • Currents and Waves (*) • View • Print •

Help

The following shortcut buttons may be used:

•

: Define Seabed Profile

•

: Edit Soil Properties

•

: Define Pipe Properties

•

: Define Temperature and Pressure/ Operational Conditions

•

: Comments

•

: Help

•

: Exit

These options are described in detail in the following sections. 4.6.1

File The following commands are available in the File menu:

•

Remove

• Printer Set-up • Exit Editor Remove The sub menu under “Remove” gives the user three available options for removing a data set from the active project: a) the soil properties; b) the load properties c) the pipe properties d) all the properties, i.e. soil, load and pipe properties. NB: The complete data set for the entire route length will be deleted. For deleting or editing data for a single pipeline section see options available under the next section.

*

( ) By default this menu is disabled if an analysis on this project has already been done. However this setting can be changed if the checkbox "Edit input files if analysis have already been run for current project" is checked (Figure 5).


25

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Print Set-up Figure 20 shows the printer set-up window.

Figure 20: Print Set-up Window

NB: In order to print graphics, ensure that the printer fonts under printer options are set as “Print True-type as graphics”. Exit Editor To return to the SAGE Profile main control Window click on "Exit Editor". When exiting the Editor, the appropriate files for the F.E. analysis will then be created. This is indicated at the right hand side column of the main window. If the files have already been created a message will be shown asking the user whether he requires a new set of F.E. input files to be created over-writing the srcinal set.

Figure 21: Exiting the Editor

A complete list of the F.E. input files is provided in the following tables at the end of this manual:

4.6.2

Table1

LoadProperties

Table2

PipeProperties

Table3

SoilProperties

Table4

SeabedFiles

Table5

OtherFiles

Seabed The seabed menu contains five possible selections:

• Define Seabed Profile • Soil Properties • Seabed Slope

26


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE • KP Ranges • Interpolation The "Soil Properties" is used to define the seabed soil properties along the pipeline route and the “Seabed Slope” allows the transverse slopes along the pipeline route to be specified. The "Seabed Slope" option defines the seabed slope in the directions perpendicular to the pipe axis and is only necessary for three-dimensional analysis. Defining the Seabed Profile It is possible to create three different types of Master Files: the seabed profile (SBEmst0.inp), the bottom of pipe (BOP) profile (BOPmst0.inp) and the trenched/dredged profile (TDmst0.inp). Important Note: The KP spacing of the seabed profile primarily defines the pipeline finite element mesh, as there is a one-to-one correspondence between the seabed and the pipeline nodes. For more information about pipe meshing, please refer to SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 3. This option allows the user to define three seabed profiles within the same project. This enables to model the different construction phases in one project, from the pipeline design to the as-built verification. Either the survey file already exists in an appropriate format in which case: Step 1 - Import Survey File The user can load the survey file into SAGE Profile by clicking on the “Get Survey Files” button in the 'Creating and Defining the Seabed' window-Figure 22.

Figure 22: Creating and Defining the Seabed

The 'Select Survey Files' window pops up, Figure 23, and the user needs then to browse to the survey file, select it and press on “OK”.


27


Figure 23: Select Survey Files

One or more files can be selected and imported at the same time. Supported file types are "fixed width" and comma and tab-delimited files. They can be

• 2D files and must contain, in column, the KP and Elevations • 3D files and must contain, in column, the Eastings, Northings and Elevation. Lines with comments should start with “#”. Elevations are in meters. If some values are positive (convention within Profile that water depths are negative) SAGE Profile will ask the user to convert them in negative values. If the user wants to keep the positive values (e.g. land pipelines) care should be taken that the water density is set to zero on “in air” sections. KP values and Easting and Northing values need to be in meters as well. *.plt files are also supported. Note: *.plt files are SAGE Profile output files containing the pipeline profile versus KP. It can be used as seabed file when the srcinal seabed is too noisy and artificially too irregular. A first analysis with a less rigid pipeline will generate a pipeline profile close to the srcinal seabed but smoother and more regular than the survey file. It can then be used as seabed profile. Note that the quality of the bathymetry influences the SAGE Profile results. It is the responsibility of the SAGE Profile user to determine the optimum degree of smoothing, so that the noise is reduced but the real roughness of the seabed is maintained. Step 2 - File Check The files need to be checked (“Check Files” button, Figure 22). The results of the checking (Successful, Unordered, Duplicates Points, ...) will be shown in the checked files list. Maximum spacing (KP and Elevations) will be indicated on the same row. The survey files can also be edited (“Edit Files”). A graph of the elevation (m) versus KP (m) will automatically be plotted in the “Edit Survey Files” window (Figure 26). Statistical graphs on the KP and elevation spacings can be obtained by clicking in the check box “Spacing”. Data can also be interpolated (only for 2D files). Step 3 - Create Master File Once the files are checked successfully, they appear in the Checked Files list. To create the seabed master file, the user must first select them in the Checked Files list and then click the Create Master File button. If multiple files were selected, then SAGE Profile will merge them into one master file.

28


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Relevant information about the seabed master file can be found by clicking on “Master File Info” in Figure 22. The window shown in Figure 24 will pop up.

Figure 24: Seabed Master File Properties

Or a survey file needs to be created: The user can define the profile by creating a new survey file. This is done by clicking on the 'New Survey File' button in the “Define Seabed' window (see Figure 22). A window depicted in Figure 25 will appear – and the user must then enter the new survey file name as well as the path.

Figure 25: Create New Survey Files

A 2D or 3D *.txt file will be then created. The user must then edit it (“Edit Files” button, Figure 22), paste the KP and elevations data for 2D profile and Elevation, Eastings and Northings for 3D profile – see Figure 26.


29


Figure 26: Edit Survey Files

The main actions on the table are accessible from a right-click pop menu. To insert a row, select a row and choose “insert” in the right- click menu. The new row will appear above the selected one. Other actions are delete a row, delete content and cut/copy or paste cell contents. The list can be browse using the arrows on the keyboard. The SHIFT and CTRL keys can be used to select several cells. Common shortcut keys to handle the cell contents CTRL+X to cut, CTRL+C to copy and CTRL+V to paste can also be used. It is also possible to copy data from MS Excel or Notepad and paste them directly into SAGE Profile Edit Survey Window. To do this, classical shortcut keys or right-click menu can be used. If 3D has been chosen, KP columns can be left blank, as they will be automatically generated when the user leaves the window. A graph of the elevation (m) versus the KP (m) will automatically be plotted in the “Edit Survey Files” windows - Figure 26. To update the graph when the KP-elevation data has changed, click the "Refresh Graph" button. Statistical graphs on the KP and elevation spacing can be obtained by clicking in the check box “Spacing”. Data can be edited and also interpolated (only if 2D). Survey files can also be deleted when useless: The user must click on the “Remove File” button in Figure 22. Defining the Seabed Soil Note that soil boundary must be inserted at the KP where the overall outside diameter of the pipe changes. Soil springs are function of the overall pipe diameter and it is thus important to define separate soil conditions KP ranges when the diameter is changing.

30


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Example A pipeline extends from 0-5 KP. Between 0-4 KP the overall outside diameter is 1m. From 4-5 KP the overall outside diameter is 1.1m. The seabed consists of soft clay from 0-5 KP. Under the above conditions the seabed soil should be divided in two sections as follows: 0-4 KP

Soft Clay

4-5 KP

Soft Clay

In order to enter the seabed soil data the user should click on "OK". The "Seabed soils properties" window as illustrated in Figure 27, will then appear in the middle of the screen.

Figure 27: Soil Properties Window

Entering Seabed Soil Data for the First Time The seabed soil type and relevant properties are entered over various KP ranges along the pipeline route using the following procedure: Step 1 - KP Range The KP from "value" will appear in the box. This is either the beginning of the pipeline route or the end of the previous KP range. The user must then enter the end of the KP range for that seabed soil type. Step 2 - Soil Support


31

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE For cohesive soils (Clay and Silt) the user is able to specify whether the soil is disturbed or undisturbed. Disturbed soil is normally chosen for areas where ploughing or dredging are carried out. These operations remould the soil which results in a reduced shear strength. For disturbed soil the user has to specify the reduction factor. This reduction factor is multiplied with the shear strength of the soil to accurately model the fact that the soil is disturbed. Step 3 – Soil Behaviour The drop down box allows the user to select three soil behaviours: -

Cohesionless soil (SAND, SILT and GRAVEL) Cohesive soil (CLAY, SILT and ROCK) User defined (User defined soils): the user defined soil b ehaviour allows the user to model soils with a specified vertical reaction curve (see Step 4, section “For a user defined soil” for more details).

Step 4 - Soil Type When the soil behaviour has been defined, the user may now select the soil type. Clicking on the down arrow reveals all the soil types available for certain behaviour. The appropriate type can be selected. For non user defined soils, the relevant boxes are then filled with average soil properties depending on whether the soil is expected to behave like a cohesive or cohesionless material. If User Defined soil has been selected, the drop down list will contain the pre-defined soils that are available in the user soil database. For a cohesive soil e.g. clay, the properties to be defined are as follows: Undrained Shear Strength: The average undrained shear strength for the soil in kPa. Submerged Unit Weight: The average submerged unit weight for the soil in kN/m3. Limiting Displacement: The required displacement in metres of the pipe relative to the soil in order to mobilise the full axial and lateral friction. Axial Friction Factor: The axial friction factor between the pipe and the soil along the pipeline direction. Lateral Friction Factor: The lateral friction factor between the pipe and the soil transverse to the pipeline direction. Axial Adhesion: The axial adhesion between the pipe and soil along the pipeline direction in kN/m. Lateral Adhesion: The lateral adhesion between the pipe and the soil transverse to the pipeline direction in kN/m. Disturbed Soil Reduction Factor: The reduction factor used to adjust the relevant soil parameters for the soil in disturbed conditions. Default factor is 0.5. For a cohesionless soil e.g. sand, the required properties are listed below: Relative Density: The relative density of the soil as a percentage according to compactness. Friction Angle: Angle of friction of the soil in degrees. Limiting Displacements: The required displacements of the pipe in metres relative to the soil in order to mobilise the full axial and lateral friction.

32


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Axial Friction Factor: The axial friction factor between the pipe and the soil along the pipeline direction. Lateral Friction Factor: The lateral friction factor between the pipe and the soil transverse to the pipeline direction. Axial Adhesion: The axial adhesion between the pipe and the soil along the pipeline direction in kN/m. Lateral Adhesion: The lateral adhesion between the pipe and the soil transverse to the pipeline direction in kN/m. Submerged Unit Weight: The average submerged unit weight for the soil in kN/m3. For a user defined soil , the user must first define the soil features by clicking on the button “Define Soil” of the Soil Properties window. The “Define Soil Springs” window (Figure 28) pops up:

Figure 28: Define Soil Springs Window

The required properties to be filled in the “Define Soil Springs” window are listed below: -

Soil Name and Comment: name of the soil model and user’s comment

-

Vertical Soil Spring: definition of the force-displacement curve modelling the soil-pipe interaction. Note that a graphic window allows the representation of the soil spring curve. Customization of the plot is possible by double-clicking on the graphic.

-

Limiting Displacements: The required displacements of the pipe in metres in order to mobilise the full axial and lateral soil friction.

-

Axial Friction Factor: The axial friction factor between the pipe and the soil along the pipeline axis direction.

-

Lateral Friction Factor: The lateral friction factor between the pipe and the soil transverse to the pipeline direction.

-

Axial Adhesion: The axial adhesion between the pipe and the soil along the pipeline direction in kN/m.


33

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE -

Lateral Adhesion: The lateral adhesion between the pipe and the soil transverse to the pipeline direction in kN/m.

-

Soil type: type of soil (SAND, GRAVEL, ROCK, CLAY, SILT Cohesive, SILT Cohesionless) to be considered for the span check analysis as defined in the DNV RP-F105.

-

Realtive Density/Strength: relative density (Loose, Medium Dense, Dense, Very Dense) or strength (very soft, soft, firm, stiff, very stiff, hard) to be considered for the span check analysis as defined in the DNV RP-F105.

The “Import” and “Export” buttons allow the user respectively to retrieve and save user defined soil properties in the soil database, “My Soil Database”. By clicking “Apply” and then “OK” in the “Define Soil Springs”, the user exits the window and comes back in the “Soil Properties” window where the defined soil springs can be selected in the drop down list “Soil Type”. The graph illustrates the defined vertical soil spring. Negative displacements may be defined in the spring curves. Outside the defined displacement range, the interface will level off the soil spring curves "horizontally". Step 5 - Relative Density / Strength The drop down list allows to select either the soil relative density (Loose, Medium Dense, Dense, Very Dense) or the soil strength (very soft, soft, firm, stiff, ver y stiff, hard) in respect to the soil behaviour selected (e.g. cohesionless or cohesive material). Note that when the user selects “User defined” in the soil behaviour box, this field is disabled. Step 6 - Soil Spring Method Here the user can select the method for the generation of the soil-pipe interaction curves. Depending on the material behaviour, the following laws are available: -

For cohesive soils o

DNV CN 30.4

o

DNV RP-F105

o

o

-

Verley and Lund Buoyancy Method

For cohesionless soils: o

DNV CN 30.4

o

DNV RP-F105

Note that for cohesive soils, the Verley and Lund method can only be used for very soft to firm soils and the Buoyancy method is only available for very soft soil soils. Step 7 - Proposed values may be edited by the user. Step 8 - Clicking on "OK” accepts the soil parameters for the KP range that was specified. Step 9 - Soil Type The procedure from 1 to 5 must be repeated until the full pipeline length as defined in the selected master file, has been covered. Once the pipeline route has been covered clicking on "OK" creates the SOILDEF.INP file ready for later processing and exits the soil definition menu. Note that a maximum number of 33 soil KP ranges are allowed.

34


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE The soil models used in SAGE Profile are outlined in the User Manual Volume 3. KP Ranges This option shows the existing KP ranges that have already been created for the analysis, see Figure 29.

Figure 29: KP Ranges

Interpolation If the Interpolation command has been selected the following window will appear Figure 30.

Figure 30: Interpolation Set-up Window

The spacing is user defined. The master file will be interpolated by clicking on "Interpolate". Once an interpolated master file has been created, this information is displayed in the appropriate box on the bottom of the main menu. The use of interpolation is recommended for actual seabed profiles. For artificial profiles, such as a pipeline crossing, the option to specify element numbers in the F.E. Tune menu should be used. In this later case, linear interpolation is used. Note that at least 4 points are required to perform interpolation (see Figure 31).

Figure 31: Interpolation Information


35

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE 4.6.3

Editing and Entering Seabed Soil Data Once the SOILDEF.INP File has been created, the user can perform the following functions once in the seabed soil property menu. Insert: The KP range and the soil properties can be amended by retyping any incorrect entries and clicking on "Insert". Delete: Any KP range can be deleted by clicking on the appropriate "Range" and then clicking on "Delete". Apply: To modify or change soil parameters and KP limits, the user chooses by clicking on the KP range concerned in the Soil Parameters Summary, this enable changes and then confirm by clicking on "Apply".

Defining Ground Slopes When working in 3D, seabed cross slope may be defined by selecting the “Seabed slope” option from the Seabed dropdown menu. The seabed slope window,Figure 32, then appears.

Figure 32: Seabed Slope Window

Slopes may be defined by dividing the route into regions of constant ground slope angle. For each region enter the “KP From value”; “KP To value’ and the ground slope angle in degrees. Click on "OK" in order to accept an entry. Slopes may be erased by use of the "Erase and Exit" button. When the route has been covered clicking on “Exit” returns control to the editor NB. Ground slope is measured positive clockwise looking down the pipe axis in the direction of increasing KP. 4.6.4

Pipeline The pipeline menu allows the user to enter all relevant pipe and coating properties, and to define the pipeline route for 3D analysis. The “Pipeline” menu has 3 options:

• Pipe properties •

Ramberg–Osgood

• Coordinates (for 3D analysis only) Note that it is a requirement of the F.E.-engine that the pipeline properties is divided into sections based on diameter, residual lay tension, changes in temperature and UDL. Whenever there is a change of one of the parameters, a new section should start.

36


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Pipeline Properties The "Pipeline Properties" window is shown in Figure 33. The pipe size and coating are entered for each Section along the pipeline route using the following procedure. The steps are as follow when entering pipe properties for the first time.

Figure 33: Pipe Properties Window

Step 1 - KP Range The “KP From” value will be automatically filled. This is either the beginning of the pipeline or the end of the previous KP range. The user must enter the end of the KP range for the length of pipe to be considered. The user is not allowed to exit this window until he has input the pipe properties to the KP corresponding exactly to the end of the pipeline route. Note that if the user enters a KP greater than the maximum KP the “KP to” field will be automatically set to the end KP. Step 2 - Pipe Material A range of steel types is available in the database, which is accessed by clicking on the down arrow. The relevant elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and steel density will then appear in the appropriate boxes. Step 3 - Outside Diameter Ranges of standard pipe sizes (OD in inches) from API “Specifications for Line Pipe” (1988) are available from the database and are revealed by clicking on the down arrow. The outside diameter of the pipe will then appear in the relevant box. The outer pipe diameter can be manually defined by editing the O.Diameter text box. In this case, the label “User-Defined” will be displayed in the “Dimension” dropdown ox. b Step 4 - Thickness


37

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE A range of API standard wall thicknesses (mm) is also available in the database and is revealed by clicking on the down arrow, and the appropriate thickness can be selected by clicking. The default values for plastic moment, nominal moment, nominal yield stress, plasticity threshold, Ramberg-Osgood coefficients and submerged weights are then computed by SAGE Profile. Step 5 - Joints Select either joints or no joints. If selected, click on “Modify” to define the joint properties (see Figure 37) Step 6 - Coating Material A range The of coatings is available the database and is revealed by clicking the down arrow. first coating on thein pipe can be selected by clicking on theon appropriate description. The corresponding density will then appear in the relevant box and the user must enter the thickness in the following box. If the coating selected is concrete “CONC”, the water absorption (default 5%) must be entered in the next box and the entry completed by clicking on "Insert". The coating selected will then appear in the box below. This process is then repeated for additional coatings. If a coating is to be deleted, the user should click on the coating in the summary box and click on "Delete". The submerged unit weight, hydrodynamic coefficients, and overall diameter will subsequently be updated. NB: Coatings must be inserted in the correct order according to the order of application on the pipe. Step 7 - Water Density and Piggy Back Loads These loads can be inserted in the corresponding input boxes. Step 8 - Hydrodynamic Coefficients Hydrodynamic coefficients may be modified from the default values if required. The hydrodynamics coefficients are used in the computation of the UDL due to currents and waves as explained in section 4.6.6. Step 9 - Explicit Moment Linearity The explicit moment-curvature non-linearity parameters, Figure 34, are computed automatically but can be modified using the “Modify” button. Pressing the “Advanced” button enables the user to compute the Ramberg–Osgood parameters (see Figure 38) for moment curvature.

Figure 34: Explicit Moment-Curvature Non-Linearity Window

Step 10 - Stress-Strain Based Moment Curvature Non-Linearity The stress-strain based moment-curvature non-linearity parameters, Figure 35, are also automatically computed but can be modified using the “Modify” button. Pressing the modify button enables the user to enter the Ramberg–Osgood parameters (Figure 38) for stress strain manually.

38



Figure 35: Stress-Strain Based Moment-Curvature Non-Linearity

NB: It is not advisable to update the Plasticity Threshold unless the user is familiar with Stress-Strain Based Moment Curvature Non-Linearity. Step 11 – DNV2000 Pipeline Properties The DNV OS –F101 code checks requires additional pipeline properties: 









Derating in Yield Stress due to temperature Derating in Tensile Stress due to temperature Maximum Fabrication Factor Corrosion Allowance Fabrication Thickness Tolerance

Figure 36 - DNV 2000 OS-F101 Pipeline Properties

The user should be familiar with the DNV OS-F101 and refer to appropriate sections for definition of these parameters. Note that these properties are only used in the DNV 2000 pre- and post-processing of the model and not during the FE analysis itself. Step 12 - End of first KP Range The selected pipe parameters will be accepted by clicking on “Next” button. If joints were selected the "Pipeline Joint Properties" window appears when clicking on “Next”, see Figure 37.


39

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Pipe Joint Properties The "Pipeline Joint Properties" window is shown in Figure 37.

Figure 37: Pipe Joint Properties Window

All the joint property values are taken by default to be the same as the pipe properties with the exception of the coatings, which must be specified by the user. The user must also enter pipe joint length and are spacing. Anyasentries madeelement. must be confirmed by clicking on the "OK". The pipeline joints modelled a separate The above procedure from Step 1 to 10 must be repeated until the full pipeline length according to the Master file has been covered. This value can be found on the Editor Main Control window on the bottom rows (see Figure 19). Once the pipeline route has been covered, the “Exit” button becomes enabled, and by clicking on "Exit", the PIPEDEF.INP file will be automatically created for later processing and the pipe definition menu will be exited. Editing and Entering Pipe Data once the PIPEDEF.INP File has been created The user can perform these functions once in the pipe properties menu: Insert: The KP range and the pipe properties can be changed and stored by clicking on "Insert". Delete: Any KP range can be deleted by clicking on the range and then clicking on "Delete". Apply: To modify or change any Pipelines properties and KP limits, the user chooses by clicking on the KP range concerned in the Pipe Summary, this enable changes and then confirm by clicking on "APPLY". WARNING: if the KP Ranges are changed all the KP Range defined values in the load definition file are deleted (e.g. the residual lay tension, operating temperature and UDL due to cover and currents and waves).

40


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Ramberg–Osgood The Ramberg–Osgood parameters (A, B, Mo) are used to define the explicit moment curvature of the pipeline section based on pure bending (i.e. does not account for axial or hoop stress). They are shown in the Ramberg-Osgood parameters window, Figure 38. This window enables the calculation of these parameters using the stress-strain relationship of the material, which is defined by the stress strain Ramberg–Osgood parameters. The default stess-strain Ramberg–Osgood parameters are based on ultimate strain. It is also possible to modify the Ramberg–Osgood parameters for the moment curvature relationship to account for differential pressure and temperature. This is an alternative to the use of the stress-strain relationship in F.E. analysis. Note that this method of modifying the moment curvature relationship is an approximation of using the stress-strain relationship. This window is not used for data input and its use is only intended to provide the user with the moment curvature Ramberg-Osgood parameters.

Figure 38: Ramberg-Osgood Parameters

For further details, please refer to SAGE Profile Theory Manual (SAGE Profile Manual Volume 3). 4.6.5

Loads Once the user clicks on “Loads”, a dropdown menu appears for the different load types, and clicking on one of the options will allow the entry of the load data. There are seven possible options to enable the user to define the loads on the pipe, which are:

• Sign Convention • Point Loads due to Pipe Fittings • External Loads and Displacements • UDL (Uniformly Distributed Loads) • Residual Lay Tension • Hydro Test Pressure


41

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE • Operating Temperature and Pressure Sign Convention When selecting this menu, a window appears showing th e sign convention used in SAGE Profile (Figure 39).

Figure 39: Sign Convention

Point loads due to pipe fittings Point loads due to pipe fittings (e.g. anodes …) may be entered either at specified intervals or manually at a specific KP value. Specified Intervals The menu for entering the point loads at specific intervals is shown in Figure 40. The user must define the KP range in the appropriate boxes, the interval at which the pipefitting is placed on the pipe (first fitting assumed at commencement of specified KP range) and the axial and vertical load component due to the fitting. The user must click on "Apply" to confirm entries and the process is repeated until all pipe fittings have been specified. To save data and return to the main menu, click on "OK". To exit without saving the changes, click on “Cancel”.

42


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Figure 40: Point Loads – Specified Interval

Specified KP Values The menu for the point load, manual option, is shown in Figure 41. The KP value should be entered together with the axial and vertical load components and confirmed by clicking on “Apply”. This must be repeated until all pipefittings have been specified. To save data and return to the main menu, click on "OK". To exit without saving the changes, click on “Cancel”.

Figure 41: Point Loads – Manual Intervals Window

External Loads and Displacements This menu option may be used to specify any of the following external loads and external displacements.

• Global Loads • Local Loads • Global Displacements • Local Displacements Three load cases are permitted within each pipe section for both the loads and the displacements, which can be selected according to the analysis required. Simply choosing load or displacements, local or global axis and the relevant case number and a window appears in the middle of screen as illustrated in Figure 42 and Figure 43.


43


Figure 42: Global and Local Applied Loads Window

Figure 43: Global and Local Displacement Window

The user must enter the KP at which the load or displacement will occur and its components in the three directions: Global:

- Vertical Horizontal Lateral -

Local:

- X Direction Y Direction Direction Z-

Further details of the co-ordinate system are given in Volume 2 of the User Manual. The sign convention in the local coordinate system is described in Figure 39 of this manual. For any degree of freedom, the imposed displacement is applied on the current pipe node position. In other word, the reference configuration for imposed displacements is the deformed pipeline shape.

44


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Click on "Apply" to confirm entry and repeat if more loads or displacements are required. To save data and return to the main menu, click on "OK". To exit without saving the changes, click on “Cancel”. 4.6.6

Uniformly Distributed Loads The various types of loads are as follows:

UDL Due to Cover Depth Where the pipe is buried, the pipe, the weight of the soil cover must be taken into account as a load. SAGE Profile enables the user to define these loads and the KP range over which it applies. By clicking on "UDL" due to cover depth, the relevant window will appear in the centre of the screen as illustrated in Figure 44.

Figure 44: UDL Due to Cover Depth

The KP range is selected from the list at the bottom or input manually in the text boxes at the top. There are two different ways to enter the UDL due to cover depth:

• By specifying manually the value of the UDL (kN/m). This is done by clicking on the appropriate check box. All “Cover Properties” will be disabled except the “UDL (kN/m)” field that becomes enabled.

• By specifying the cover depth (m) and the soil cover submerged unit weight (kN/m³). SAGE profile will compute automatically the corresponding UDL. The choice between two formulas (see below) is given to the user by selecting the appropriate check box. All “Cover Properties” will be enabled except the “UDL (kN/m)” field that becomes disabled. All entered data must be confirmed by clicking on "Apply". The UDL due to cover can incorporate the shear resistance of the backfill soil cover by inputting a value to the uplift coefficient. The shear resistance should be used when the uplift of the soil resistance is required in the analysis. SAGE Profile proposes two different models to compute the UDL due to cover depth:

• Schaminee


45

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE • Pedersen For more information, please refer to SAGE Profile Theory Manual (SAGE Profile Manual Volume 3). Important note: the UDL due to cover depth will only be included in the SAGE Profile analysis if the "Buried Pipe" checkbox is selected in the Analysis Type Window (See Figure 53). 4.6.7

Residual Lay Tension As for the UDL, values for residual lay tension should be entered for each range as illustrated in Figure 45. To return to the main control click on "Exit".

Figure 45: Residual Lay Tension Window

4.6.8

Hydro Test Pressure Profile assigns a default hydro test pressure of 125% of the operating pressure and a test fluid density of 1025 kg/m3. Alternatively the pressure and density of fluid for the hydro test may be entered in the appropriate box in the window which appears once the hydro test pressure has been chosen, Figure 46. The user must then click on "OK" to confirm entry and to exit to main menu.

Figure 46: Hydro Test Pressure Window

Note that hydrotest pressure is defined at the mean sea level, the internal water pressure head being included in the internal pressure calculation (see SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 3). 4.6.9

46

Operating Temperature and Pressure When clicking this option, the following window appears:



Figure 47: Operating Temperature and Pressure Window

Operating Pressure The pressure and density of fluid for the operating test will be entered in the Operating pressure frame of Figure 47. Note that operational pressure is defined at the mean sea level, the internal fluid pressure head being included in the internal pressure calculation (see SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 3). Operating Temperature The user should define a temperature profile using the GUI shown in Figure 47. A straight line temperature profile is created by adding KP's and their corresponding temperature in the table of the " Input Temperature Profile" frame. In this table, rows can be added/deleted and cut/pasted by clicking the right mouse button, just like in a spreadsheet. Because each pipe section needs constant variables, the continuous temperature profile is replaced with a stepped profile (one temperature step for each section). Steps can be equidistant or based on the KP ranges as defined in the pipeline properties window. If the user select for equidistant steps, the number of steps can be filled in the corresponding textbox. Clicking the "Generate Stepped Profile" button generates the profile. The applied intervals and their temperature appear in the table of the "Stepped Temperature Profile" frame. Again they can be modified with a simple click. If the user is happy with the stepped profile, he can leave this window by clicking "OK". Note: the above tables can also be filled in, by pasting the temperature data directly from a spreadsheet or text editor. By clicking on “OK” the temperature profiles will be saved and the “Operating Temperature and Pressure” window closed.


47

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE The KP ranges of the stepped temperature profiles and the KP ranges of constant pipe properties are compared by the program. If they do not match the following message appears:

Figure 48: Temperature Profile Conflict Message

It has already been said that all properties must be constant over a given KP range.

• By clicking on “Yes”, the user allows SAGE Profile to generate pipe sections that match the stepped temperature profile KP ranges and to delete the UDL loads and Residual Lay Tension. These will need to be re-entered by the user. Note: In case of conflicting KP ranges, pipe properties from the first pipe section will be copied to all generated pipe sections when the automatic KP ranges correction is chosen. Pipe properties from other sections will be lost!

• If the user selects “No”, he will have to change manually the pipe properties in the Pipeline Properties window and then go back in the Operating Temperature and Pressure window to generate the stepped profile based on pipeline properties. Different temperature profiles can be created. By clicking on the “Add New” button, a new temperature profile is created based on the actual temperature profile. The user can then modified the input temperature profile and generate new profiles. Note that theprofile steps Temp00 must be will thebe same allall the profiles. The steps defined in the first temperature usedinfor the other profiles. If the user attempts to modify the steps after creating multi temperature profile, the following message will pop up (Figure 49):

Figure 49: Changing the number of steps after creating mutli temperature profiles

• By clicking on “Yes”, SAGE Profile will delete all the temperature profiles, except the first one.

• Clicking on “No” will discard the change. 4.6.10 UDL Due to Current/Waves Similarly, values for significant near-bottom velocity amplitude, current velocity and mean zero up-crossing period should be entered for each KP range as illustrated in Figure 50. Please note that these values of currents and waves velocities and upcrossing period will be also used for vortex shedding vibration DNV (1981 or RP-F105) check (see “Analysis Type” windows). If the span screening fatigue analysis (DNV RPF105) is required, additional parameters (e.g.100 year return period value for the mean current at pipe level and 100 year return period value for the wave induced flow velocity) need to be input in this window. Different velocities for different analysis cases can be defined.

48



Figure 50: UDL Due to Currents and Waves Window

The approach angle of the current/waves, β (measured in degrees) can only be entered for 3D analysis. The approach angle is defined relative to north, anticlockwise being positive. DNV CN30.5 is used to calculate the forces on the pipeline due to current and wave as described in the theory manual (SAGE Profile Manual Volume 3). In 2D analysis, the angle of incidence does not have to be entered. The drag, inertia and lift forces; fd, fi and fl respectively, are computed for all values of β. Only the maxima will be used as input in the analysis. Clicking on the “Advanced” button will produce a window depicted in Figure 51. The advanced option can be used to obtain the required wave parameters (i.e. significant near-bottom velocity amplitude and mean zero up-crossing period) on the basis of conventional wave properties. The method to obtain these parameters is based on the JONSWAP wave spectrum and linear wave theory, which is in accordance with DNV Guidelines No. 14 Free Spanning Pipelines. An estimate of the likely maximum span height is required (the UDL is not very sensitive to this value). The ratios of ωmin/ωpeak and ωmax /ωpeak are by default the recommended values, which can be used if actual values are not known. Note: The UDL due to Current and Waves will be applied on the KP range specified by the user independently to the fact that the pipe is buried or not. This user’s responsibility to make sure that the loads defined onto the pipeline are consistent with each others.


49


Figure 51: Wave Velocity Spectrum at Pipe Level

Warning: User is advised to familiarise himself with both DNV RP E 305 and DNV Guidelines No. 14 when using this option to calculate forces due to current and wave. To return to the main menu click on “Exit”. 4.6.11 View The view option allows the user to view the data he has entered for:

• Soil properties • Load properties • Pipe Properties A typical example of entered load properties is given below in Figure 52.

Figure 52: Load properties

50


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE From the menu bar at the top the user may choose 2 options. File allows the user to either print a copy of the properties or to exit back to the editor. 4.6.12 Print The print option allows the user to set up the printer and to print any of the following information that has been entered: Soil Properties Load Properties Pipe Properties Master/Interpolated File Thi is done by simply clicking on the required choice. 4.6.13 Help Help Topics: Comments:

Help is available by clicking on "Help" from the Editor menu. Use this window to enter comments about the current opened project. Alternatively you can also use it to give your comments about the software to the SAGE Profile team.

About SAGE Profile: The About option displays information regarding SAGE Profile, including the current client and project, version number and various other information.

4.7

Analysis There are three options available under the Analysis sub menu:

•

Type

• KP Range • F.E. Tune The “Type” option lets the user setup the types of analyses that should be performed. The “KP range” option allows the user to divide the route into KP ranges to analysed individually. The “F.E. Tune” option fine tunes the engine to meet certain criteria. The Analysis module is only enabled if the user has entered all the necessary data in the Editor for the F.E. input files to be created (i.e. KP elevation, soil definition, pipe definition and load definition files). 4.7.1

Type In order to set up and run the analysis the user must click on "Type". A window will then appear in the centre of the screen as illustrated in Figure 53.


51


Figure 53: Analysis Type Window

Step 1 - Setup an Analysis. The “Select Analysis” Frame The type of analysis should be selected by clicking on the down arrow and choosing one of the four options available

• Empty - Lay Down/Empty Load Case. • Water-filled - Water-filled Load Case: the inner water weight is added to the pipe as a UDL.

• Hydrotest - Hydrotest Load Case: the inner fluid weight as specified in the Editor is added to the pipe as a UDL (if not restarting from a water-filled case). The hydrotest pressure is automatically applied.

• Operational - Operational Load Case: the temperature and pressure in operational conditions are applied. The internal fluid weight is applied as an UDL. The lay down empty load case is taken by default, as SAGE Profile needs first to lay the pipeline on the seabed. In the lay down, the pipeline is placed horizontally on the highest hill of the seabed then the weight is gradually increased and the pipeline is lowered on the seabed. For more information about the Lay Down procedure, please refer to SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 3. The restart facility allows the user to perform further work on previous analyses that already have been carried out (see “Previous Analyses” box) or have been set up (see “Selected Analyses” box).

52


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE The user should select the analysis he wants to restart from (empty, water-filled, hydrotest or operational) in the dropdown list box. The available analyses to continue then appear in the “Previous Analyses” frame. The desired analysis can be selected by double clicking. For each type of analysis there are only certain restart options available. The Restart option is available for pre lay supports but the restart cannot be used with an analysis, which already contains Post lay Supports. It is recommended to restart the waterfilled, hydrotest or operational analysis from the empty case as it saves significant amounts of analysis time since the lay down process is the most time consuming. If an empty case is restarted from another empty analysis, SAGE Profile won’t re-perform the lay down process. The “Comment” text box allows the user to add a clarification note/description for each analysis. If the necessary data has been entered for a 3D analysis, the user will be able to choose between a 2D and a 3D analysis. KP Ranges The KP range to be analysed should be selected (from the KP ranges already defined), the KP “from” and “to” values are displayed in the boxes with a certain overlap (default of 250m unless insufficient seabed data is available in the elevation file). The overlap can be changed providing it is within the range of the elevation files. KP range 97 is taken by default. The “Show KPs” button allows the user to view the KP ranges, which have already been specified, see Figure 54.

Figure 54: Show KP Range Window

The “Pipe Model” Frame The user must define which constitutive model is required for the analysis. By clicking on the list box the user has a choice of four material types:

• Linear elastic. • Explicit moment (based on pure bending). • Modified explicit moment (based on bending, axial and hoop). • Explicit moment and ovalisation. • Stress-strain/moment. The default analysis uses the linear elastic material type.


53

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE For more information on the pipeline behaviour laws, please read SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 3. Clicking on the pipe elastic/plastic switch alternates between elastic to plastic pipe properties after the lay down of the pipe. This option is only available for Explicit Moment type analyses. MaterialType

SwitchAvailability

Linear Elastic

No

Explicit Moment

N/A

Yes

Modified Explicit Moment

Yes

Explicit Moment +Oval

Yes

Stress-Strain/Moment

Default

off off off

No

N/A

Table 1: Pipe Non-lineatity Options

Some design codes (e.g. DNV 81) require the definition of a bending factor , This value can be defined in the bending factor textbox. The default value is 1.0. For more information on the bending factor see the manual Vol. 3. The “Soil Model” Frame The user must select either a rigid seabed or a non-linear soil type. The default option uses a non-linear soil type, which use is recommended in most cases. If “rigid” is selected, SAGE Profile will generate very stiff soil springs ensuring for almost zero pipe penetration into the seabed. NB: The stiffness of the different soil types is only taken into account when a “non-linear soil” is selected. More information about the soil models can be found in SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 4. The “Seabed Profile” Frame This allows the user to select the seabed elevation files upon which to carry out the analysis. The choices are as follows: Interpolated This option will be enabled if the seabed elevations have previously been interpolated using the Interpolate option from the Editor. Original Selects the srcinal seabed elevation master file. The srcinal seabed is used for the default analysis. BOP Profile Selects the bottom of pipe (BOP) elevation master file. In this case, an extra artificial UDL will be applied on the pipeline in order to ensure maximum contact with the BOP profile. This load is removed if subsequent load stages are performed. Required Cutlines Uses the Master Cutline seabed elevation file as created within the Rectifier. Temporary

54


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Bases the analysis on temporary seabed elevation files created within the Rectifier. Note that this option is only valid for KP ranges previously defined. The user may select from the Rectified Files window. The KP Range option is disabled. Trenched/Dredged Selects the trenched/dredged seabed elevation file. Important note: the seabed profile KP spacing primarily defines the pipe finite elements size. See SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 4 for details of the meshing principles. Loads and Displacements • Global Applied Loads If global applied loads have been previously specified in the editor the user will be able to select the applicable cases by selecting the appropriate option button.

• Local Applied Loads If local applied loads have been previously specified in the editor the user will be able to select the applicable case by selecting the appropriate option button.

• Global Applied Displacements If global applied displacements have been previously specified in the editor the user will be able to select the applicable case by selecting the appropriate option button.

• Local Applied Displacements If local applied displacements have been previously specified in the editor the user will be able to select the applicable case by selecting the appropriate option button. Note: When using the restart capability, the user won’t be allowed to re-apply a load or displacement case that has been already selected in a previous analysis from which it is restarted. “End Restraints” Button Clicking on the “End Restraints” button allows the user to specify the end restraints on the pipeline after the pipe has been laid on the seabed, see Figure 55. By default, all degrees of freedom (DOF’s) are fixed. Only when a 3D analysis has been chosen will all the 12 options be enabled. Unselecting a check box will free the corresponding DOF.

Figure 55: End Restraints Window “Analysis Options” Frame

The pre lay supports check box will only be highlighted if the rectifier has been used to insert supports to a previously run analysis. If the user clicks on the pre lay support check box the user must then select a rectified seabed from the list of rectified files or


55

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE the cutline master file. The pre lay supports will then be applied in the lay down empty load step of the analysis. The post lay supports check box will only be highlighted if the user has used the rectifier to insert supports to a previously run analysis. Post lay supports are applied after a lay down empty analysis. If the user clicks on the post lay supports check box, he must apply the supports to a restart from empty analysis. It is not possible to carry out a restart analysis on results, which already contain post lay supports. The user must click on the "Buried Pipe" check box in order to apply the UDL due to cover depth, as specified in the editor. The user must click on the “Currents/Waves” check box in order to apply the UDL due to the currents and waves, as specified in the editor. In 2D, only the vertical lift force is applied on the pipeline. Note that it is the user’s responsibility to ensure that the KP ranges of the UDL due to cover depth and of the UDL due to currents/waves are not overlapping. In case of both types of UDL being defined on the same KP range, they will be applied at the same time. “Output” Frame To reduce the size of the output files it may be desirable to only output the final load step. Click on the "Output Final Load Step Only" check box to invoke this option. Code Checks The appropriate code check to be carried out on the results of the analysis, if any, should be selected from the dropdown list at the right of the window.

• None (don't carry out code checks) – default. • DNV 1981 • DNV 2000 •

Lloyds

• BS 8010 To learn more on code check in SAGE Profile, please refer to the section 4.7.5 Code checks. Span Checks To perform a span check, the user must select a span check method from the Span Check drop down list. The following methods are available:

• DNV 1981 • DNV RP F105 Note that to perform vortex induced vibration (VIV) check, currents and waves properties must have been previously defined in the Editor (see “Currents and waves” windows in the Editor) and the appropriate code checks selected. To learn more on span check in SAGE Profile, please refer to the section 4.7.6 Span checks.

Step2 - Validate and run your analysis Once the user is satisfied with the above choices he must click on “Next” to accept. If a code check has been selected a window will appear in the centre of the screen (see

56


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Figure 56, Figure 58 or Figure 59) to enable the user to modify the required parameters for the code selected. A description of these parameters is provided in section 4.7.5.

Figure 57 - DNV 2000 Parameter Selection window Figure 56: DNV (1981) Code Checks Window

Figure 58: Lloyds Code Checks Window

Figure 59: BS 8010 Code Checks Window

When selecting the first analysis a warning message appears. “Yes” causes the F.E. input files to be generated and after this is not possible to edit the seabed, pipe, soil or load definition files unless the option “Edit input files if analysis has already been run for the current project” has been activated (see Main window>File menu>Interface Set Up). “No” returns to the analysis menu without creating the F.E. input files. It is possible to run different analyses in batch mode. In order to select further analyses step 1 should be repeated. The "Delete" option allows the user to delete a selected analysis. Note that analyses that were previously run can also be deleted. If the analysis was already performed successfully, a warning message will appear informing the users that all files associated with this analysis will be deleted. Once all the desired analyses have been defined, selecting “Run” will initiate the analyses in the “Selected Analyses” box. A DOS window, which will now appear in the centre of the screen, will display the output of the F.E. analysis as it occurs. On completion of a successful analysis the user will be greeted by a window similar to that shown in Figure 60. This window contains a list of all the analyses that have been run and their status. By double-cliking one of the line, you will have access to the FE Analysis log file, containing all the information displayed during the analysis. See para. 4.7.4 for more information to interpret the FE Analysis log file content.


57


Figure 60: Successful Analysis

If an analysis failed, the user should find the reasons in the FE Analysis log file or at least the load step at which the analysis failed. Click on "OK" to continue and to return to the Main Control window, “Print Log” to print the log and “Save Log” to save the analysis status log. If the user returns to the "Analysis Type" window the completed analyses will appear in the "Previous Analysis" list box. If the analysis was successful the file will possess a .DAT extension, however if the analysis was not successful the file in the list box will have a .DLT extension. By clicking on the analysis in the list box the user can see the properties of the previous analysis, e.g. load cases or material type. Note: The F.E. input file name contains useful parameters for later identification. Please refer to Table 21 for a complete description of the F.E. input File Naming Method. Step 3 - After an Analysis has been run The code check rerun facility can be selected for the previous analysis where no code check currently exists or where additional/alternative code checking is required. The user must select an analysis from the previous analysis box and select the desired code from the "Code Check" list. The "Code Check" button will then become highlighted. After clicking on the button, the user has the choice of refining the code check parameters before running the procedure, see Figure 56, Figure 58 and Figure 59. The new set of code check results will overwrite any previous code check results. See section 4.7.5 for more details on code checks in SAGE Profile. Additional span summaries can be requested by the user with user-defined span length limits for inline and cross-flow motion. The user must first select according to which code (DNV 1981 or DNV RP F105) the span check should be performed, then an analysis from the previous analysis box and click on the "Span" button. The user has the option now of defining the span length limits over different KP ranges, see Figure 61. If the user selects "Run" a span check will be carried out on the selected analysis and a span summary will be created.

58



Figure 61: Allowable Free Span Criteria Window

If the user exits, the current span limit data is saved and any subsequent span analyses will carry out the same code-defined and user-defined span checks. Results are written in the span check file (in the *.SPN see “Allowable free span criteria” columns) which is available from the View menu of the Main Control window (“Span Check Files…” command). For more technical details on span check in SAGE Profile, see section 4.7.6. 4.7.2

KP Range The KP range can be accessed by either clicking on "KP Range" under the "Analysis" menu. A window will be displayed in the centre of the window as illustrated in Figure 62. The route is automatically split into two approximately equal KP ranges (defined by numbers 98 and 99). The route can further be subdivided into several ranges to allow the analysis to be performed over shorter lengths. It is important to note that once the KP range has been set it is not possible to edit the range later.

Figure 62: KP Range Window

4.7.3

Finite Element Tune To tune the F.E. program click on "F.E. Tune" or click on Window. A window will appear on screen, Figure 63.


in the SAGE Profile main

59


Figure 63: Finite Element Tune Window

The user will then be able to adjust the following parameters: Soil/Pipe Contact Options

•

Apply scale back for touch-down: automatically calculates the size of load step required for soil-pipe contact to be modelled accurately.

•

Asynchronous Contact Algorithm: allows relative axial movement between pipe and seabed nodes. This option should be used for rough seabed only.

Soil Non-linearity The options are either soil non-linearity iteration or no iterations (Euler method). For further details the(Newton-Raphson user should refermethod) to the theory manual (Volume 3). Geometric Non-linearity Account yes or not for large displacements. Pipeline

•

The number of integration points. This defines the number of Gauss Points for the computation of stress and strain around the pipe section. Default value is 16.

•

The number of elements between KP points. This defines the number of finite elements into which the gap between subsequent KP values should be sub-divided using linear interpolation. Default value is 1.

Solver Parameters

•

The maximum number of iterations allowed to achieve convergence in a

•

The number of nominal load increments for the laydown empty analysis (i.e. minimum number of steps to lay down the pipe). The program will compute the actual size of the load increment to model lift-off and touch-down of the pipe accurately. Default value 50.

•

The number of nominal load increments for the water-filled, hydrotest and operational analyses (i.e. minimum number of steps to apply the increment

non-linear problem, default value 500.

60


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE loads). The program will compute the actual size of the load increment to model lift-off and touch-down of the pipe accurately. Default value 50.

•

Tolerance. This parameter is required for the accuracy of the solution method. Default value is 0.001.

•

Lay down damping stiffness: controls the stiffness of damping springs used during the lay down stage to stabilise the solution. For rough seabed, it is recommended to lower this value.

User defined parameter settings can be created and then kept in templates by clicking on the "New Templates" button, see Figure 63. The user must then enter the name of the template in the template name box and adjust the parameters. All the F.E. Tune parameters will be kept in the template. The user can also choose a predefined template from a previous analysis by selecting it from the drop down list of the select template box. The user is advised to become familiar with the Finite Element Manual Volume 2 before adjusting the default parameters. The following guidelines are for the user: For a relatively flat seabed (< 8° major slope) the default settings will give the most representative solution, however if instabilities occur during the analysis such as snap buckling, convergence will not be achieved for the full load. All analyses should initially be performed with these default settings to detect any instabilities. If major sections of the seabed have slopes in excess of 8 °, the contact search algorithm should be switched on. This enables relative axial movement of pipe nodes to seabed nodes. Analyses which have not converged should be run with the Tangent Method switched on and Apply forenough Touchdown switched off. Inminimum this case,accuracy the number of increments hasScale to beBack large in order to ensure of the solution. Whilst default values are selected, analyses which do not achieve full load convergence may be made to converge by increasing the number of nominal load increment. When using the Tangent method, several analyses should be performed for several values of number of load increments (increasing the value) until the analysis results show similarities. To confirm changes click the “OK” button. To escape without saving click the “Cancel” button. 4.7.4

Finite Element Analysis On Screen Display and FE Analysis log file When the F.E. engine is running the following parameters are displayed on the screen and are available in the FE Analysis log file once the analysis is completed. The partameters are from left to right: Inc

the current load increment (counter).

Tot load

the percentage of the total load applied to the model.

Nodes

the number of nodes that is touching the seabed.

Max Ds

maximum gap between the pipe and seabed.

Icn

node number at which the maximum gap between seabed and pipe occurs

If Scale Back is active, the following data is displayed as well:


61

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE delta

indicated which percentage of the normal load step was applied

@nxxxx

xxxx indicates the node number of the node that touched down during loadstep delta.

All this information is available in the FE Analysis log file after the completion of the analysis.

62



4.7.5

Code checks

This section summarises the code checks performed within SAGE Profile. For more detailed information the reader is advised to refer to the corresponding code documentation. DNV Rules (1981) The “DNV Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems” (1981) make the distinction between two zones:

•

Zone 1: The part of the seabed located more than a certain distance away from any platform or building; normally to be taken as 500m

•

Zone 2 : The part of the seabed located close to any platform or building, and normally to be taken as a distance of 500m

Further, the DNV (1981) code defines two loading conditions:

•

Loading conditions a : Functional loads

•

Loading conditions b : Design environmental loads and simultaneously acting functional loads

For further information on loads, the reader is requested to refer to Section 3 of the DNV Rules (1981). These zones and loading conditions will influence the safety factors (see below) which will be used during the code checks. The “DNV (1981) code check” window (see Figure 56) enables the user to choose the appropriate zone and loading conditions. The safety factors are then automatically set to the recommended values. Parameter

Symbol

Usage Factor

ηu

Temperature Derating Factor

Kt

Allowable Out of Roundness

-

Default

Reference

value

Paragraph

0.96

4.1

For material temperatures below 120°C, Kt = 1.0 may be used.

1.0

4.2.2

Defines the maximum allowable flattening due to bending (i.e. ovalisation)

2

4.2.2.6

1

4.3.2.3

0.2

4.3.2.1

Units

Comments

-

The usage factor is a general safety factor applied on yield stress. It is function of the zone

%

If the bending Allowable Bending strain

-

%

Allowable Residual Longitudinal Strain

εx

%


procedure involves successive bending and straightening of a portion of pipe, the maximum allowable strain is 1%. Else2%. It concern residual strains after installation.

63


Parameter

Symbol

Units

Comments

Default value

Reference Paragraph

Permissible Usage factors

ηxp, ηhp

-

They are defined in function of the loading conditions

1.00, 0.98

Appendix B.2.1

Table 2: Input parameters in DNV (1981) checks

The following checks are then performed: Parameter

Symbol

Units

Reference

Criteria

Hoop stress

σh

MPa

σh < ηu σy Kt

Paragraph 4.2.2.2

Equivalent stress

σe

MPa

σe < ηu σy Kt

4.2.2.8

Ovalisation Bending strain

-

% %

εx

Longitudinal strain

%

2

(*)

0.2

4.2.2.6 (*)

εx < 0.2

4.3.2.3 (*)

3.3.2 α

Localbuckling

-

Propagation buckling

 σx  σh    η xpσ xcr  + η hpσ hcr ≤ 1  

-

p pr

-

p pr

Appendix B.1

Appendix B.2

Table 3: Criteria in DNV (1981) checks (*) Allowable limit is user defined

With

•

σy = yield stress.

•

σx = longitudinal stress due to compression N and bending moment M.

•

ηxp = permissible usage factor when σh = 0.

•

ηhp = permissible usage factor when σx = 0.

•

σx and σhr = longitudinal and hoop stress, respectively, when p is acting alone (N = 0 and M =0).

•

p = pressure.

•

ppr = propagation pressure.

• t = wall thickness • D = pipe diameter DNV 2000 If the DNV2000 Code Checks has been selected, SAGE Profile performs, prior to running the analysis, a wall thickness verification based on the Propagation Buckling formulae (section 5, d510, eq5.27) for the Empty case and on the Pressure Containment (section 5, d400, eq5.14 to 5.17) for the Hydrotest and the Operational case. If the defined pipe wall thickness is less than the computed minimum, the user is warned.

64



Figure 64: DNV 2000 Wall Thickness Requirements

It is then always possible to go back to the Editor and modify the wall thickness according to the DNV 2000 requirements. After the analysis has been run, the following criteria are checked by SAGE Profile: Criteria Pressure Containment (bursting)

Type of Analysis

Reference Paragraph

Hydrotest /Operational

Section 5, D400

Local Buckling (Collapse)

Empty

Section 5, D500

Propagation Buckling

Empty

Section 5, D510

Combined Loading Criteria (Load controlled condition)

All

Section 5, D505 and D506

Ovalisation

All

Section 12, F1400

Table 4: DNV 2000 Code Checks

Code check details can be found in the DNV Offshore Standard OS-F101 for “Submarine Pipeline System” (January, 2000) and DNV Offshore Codes, Amendments and Correction (October 2002). Table 5 presents the list of the user-defined parameters as requested in the “DNV2000 Code Check Parameters” window. Parameter

Symbol

Default value

Reference Paragraph

Condition Load Effect Factor

γC

1.00

Section 5 D304

Incidental to Design Pressure Ratio

γinc

1.1

Section 12 E100

LimitState

ULS

FluidClassification

A


Section5D100 Section2C201

65


Parameter

Default value

Symbol

Classification of location

1

LoadCombination

Reference Paragraph Section2C301

a

Table 5: DNV 2000 Code Checks Input Data

British Standard BS-8010 The “BS-8010 Code Practice for Pipelines, Part 3, Pipelines Subsea: design, construction and installation” (1993) (+Amendments and Corrections, July 1993) code check requires the following input (see Figure 59): Parameter

DesignFactor

Comments

Default value

Reference Paragraph

fd

fd is used for the assessment of allowable stress. Where the pipeline design temperature is outside the range -25°C to 120°C, consideration should be given to the reduction of fd

1

4.2.4.2

-

-

0

7.1

0.2

4.2.6.3

Symbol

Units

Reduction in Wallto Thickness due Corrosion User Defined Critical Strain Maximum Allowable Ovalisation

εuc

Userdefinedvalue

Recommended formula available in Appendix C.3

-

2.0

Appendix C.3

Table 6: Input parameters for BS-8010 checks

The following checks are then performed: Parameter

Symbol

Units

Hoop stress

σ

MPa

h

Equivalent stress

66

σe

Criteria

σ < f σ h

d

Reference in BS-8010 4.2.5.1

y

Mpa

σe < fd σy

4.2.5.4

Bending strain

-

%

0.2 (*)

Failure Criteria

-

-

All loads acting on the pipe must be less than their characteristic value as described in

4.2.6

Appendix C.1



Parameter

Symbol

Units

Criteria

Reference in BS-8010

Appendix C.1 Propagation buckling

pP

Ovalisation

f

MPa

p
%

f<2

Appendix C.2

P

Appendix C.3

Table 7: BS-8010 Checks

With σy = yield stress p = external overpressure pP = propagation pressure

Lloyds Rules The “Provisional Rules for the Construction and the Classification of Submarine Pipelines” (Lloyds Register, 1989) uses the same criteria as the BS-8010. A different yield ratio (i.e. fd in BS-8010) is defined. It ranges from 0.6 to 1.0 as defined in Table 9.2 of the Lloyds Rules (1989). An extract of this table is given below. Environment (wave and current)

Yield ration

Contents

Pressure

Temper ature

Installation

Empty

0

0

Significant

0.96

0.96

Hydrotest

Water

Pt

0

Significant

0.9

0.9

Production (Significant)

Product

Pp

Tp

Extreme

0.96

0.72

Case

Zone 1

Zone 2

Table 8: Yield ratio according to Lloyds Rules

The zones definition is the same as in the DNV Rules (1981). The required input parameters (see Figure 58) are:

• The yield ratio: see description here above. • The Reduction of Wall thickness due to Corrosion (mm): as in BS-8010. • User defined critical strain (%): as in the BS-8010. • The allowable ovalisation (%): as in BS-8010. • The Zone Selecting a zone will automatically update the yield ratio box using the values quoted in Table 8.


67


4.7.6 Span checks This section summarises the span checks performed within SAGE Profile. For more detailed information the reader is advised to refer to the corresponding code documentation. DNV Rules (1981) The following checks are performed: Parameter

Reference Paragraph

Criteria 1.0

3.5

In-line VIV(*)

 K <
Cross-flow VIV(*)

see fig A.5 in DNV (1981)

Appendix A.2.2 Appendix A.2.3

Table 9: Span Check Criteria in DNV (1981) (*) Vortex Induced Vibration

With

•

VR = reduced velocity (see Appendix A.2.1.5)

•

Ks = stability parameter (see Appendix A.2.1.6)

DNV RP F-105 (2000) During a DNV RP-F-105 span check the following checks are performed: Parameter

Reference Paragraph

Criteria

In-line VIV(*)

1.0 < V R < 3.5   K S < 1.8

Cross-flow VIV(*)

See fig A.5 in DNV (1981)

Appendix A.2.3

Allowable free span criteria

User Defined

n/a

Appendix A.2.2

• Check that the in-line and Screening fatigue criteria

cross-flow natural frequencies satisfy the formulae presented in DNV RP-F-105 Sections 2.3.3 and 2.3.4.

Section 2.3.3 Section 2.3.4

• Check whether direct wave and current action is critical Table 10: Span Check Criteria in DNV RP F-105 (2000) (*) Vortex Induced Vibration

With

68

•

VR = reduced velocity (see Appendix A.2.1.5)

•

Ks = stability parameter (see Appendix A.2.1.6)


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Technical Notes:

• The Concrete Stiffening Factor (CSF) in DNV RP F105 is not taken into account for the calculations. The CSF is taken equal to 0.

• The span check criteria recommended by the DNV RP F105 has been modified in SAGE Profile so that in all cases if the peak-reduced velocity is higher than the onset velocity, the vortex induced vibration criterion fails. This applies for both in-line and cross flows. The DNV RP F105 span check includes a screening fatigue analysis.

•

The results of both span check runs are written into a *.spn file. The file has the same name as the dat-file it was run on. Rerun a span analysis will hence overwrite the previous span results. The Span check results can be viewed by selecting the "Span Check Files" entry in the view menu. The following data is presented in a Span summary file (*.spn): Header KPfrom Seabed Height KPTo

Description StartKPofspan Seabed elevation at the start point EndKPofspan

Seabed Height

Seabed elevation at the end point

Span length

the length over which a continuous span exists

Gap

height of the central third of the span VIV Check - inline

Ks

Stability parameter (section 4.1.7)

fo

in-line natural frequencies determined at no flow around the pipe (section 6.8.2)

Vr

Reduced Velocity(section 4.3.5)

Ks

Stability parameter (section 4.1.7)

fo

in-line natural frequencies determined at no flow around the pipe (section 6.8.2)

Vr

ReducedVelocity(section4.4)

PASS/FAIL

Compares the user defined allowable span length defined in Figure 61 window with the span length of the current span

VIV Check - inline

Allowable Free Span Criteria

Screening Fatigue Criteria Inline frequency check

Section 2.3.3

cross flow frequency check

Section 2.3.4

Direct Current and Wave Action

Section 2.3.5

Table 11: DNV RP F-105 Span Summary file description


69


4.8 4.8.1

Viewer Introduction In order to plot the analysis results, the user should click on "Viewer" in the drop down File menu or click on in the SAGE Profile Main Control window or use the keyboard shortcut. The main viewer window will appear as illustrated in Figure 65.

70



Figure 65: Viewer Main Window, Typical Screen Layout


71

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE The viewer main window consists of a menu bar containing dropdown menus, a toolbar with handy shortcuts, a Plot Tab and Data tab(s). The Plot Tab is selected by default and a graph with seabed profile is shown at start-up. The menu bar contains three dropdown menus:

•

File

• Graph Options •

Help

The File and Options menus are described in detail in the following sections. 4.8.2

Brief Tutorial To view the results of a specific analysis:

• Click on the

butto n. Select the Client and Project to be opened in the “Select Client and Project” Window (Figure 66).

•

Click on the button. In the “Analysis File Setup” Window (Figure 70), select specific types1 of results to be extracted from the SAGE Profile output file.

• Click on the

button. Select the appropriate analysis run in the “Select Analysis File” Window (Figure 67).

• Click on the Data Tab (identified now by the analysis file name). Select, on the right hand side column, the type of results to be plotted by clicking on the corresponding buttons. Once selected, the buttons are coloured purple (Figure 68). Your graph has been created. You can now:

• Customize it using the “Options” menu by write clicking on the chart area.

• Export it to standard picture format (*.bmp, *.jpg…) using the • Print it pressing the

button.

button.

• Add outputs from another analysis run(s) following the same steps (see paragraph 0)

• For more details, please refer to chapter 4.8.5 (the “File” menu) and chapter 4.8.6 (the “Options” menu). 4.8.3

Main Features Aside from the standard plotting capabilities, SAGE Profile Advance Viewer main features are:

• Comparison plots • Enhanced selection of results types • Export facility to standard picture format like *.wmf, *.bmp, *.jpg … • Graph Templates • Viewing results in Imperial Units

1

By default, SAGE Profile Advanced Viewer will extract the Bending Moment, Bending, Axial, Hoop and Equivalent Stresses, Effective Axial Force, Span Heights, Span Lengths and Plan Route.

72


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE • Merging output files for long pipeline route • Output data presented in standard spreadsheet format • Generating an Input Data Report 4.8.4

Shortcut Buttons A short description of shortcut buttons can be found in Table 12. Icon

Description Open Client and Project Open Analysis File Analysis File Customisation Rectifer Mode Print Graph Generate Input Data Report Export Graph or Datasheet Graph Options De-Zoom Pan Left Pan Right Switch on/off Plan View Exit and Return to SAGE Profile Main Control Window

Table 12: Shortcut Icons Descriptive Summary

4.8.5

The File Menu

Open Client And Project In order to open a specific output file, the user must click on the “Open Client and Project” command from the File dropdown menu or click on the button in the toolbar. The following window appears:

Figure 66: Select client and project window

The user can select the client and project data using the dropdown list boxes. After clicking “OK”, the seabed elevation of the selected project is drawn in the graph area on the Plot Tab. Select analysis file Clicking the “Select Analysis File” option in the File menu or clicking the toolbar opens the “Open Analyse File”-window (Figure 67).


button in the

73


Figure 67: Select Analysis File Window

In the “Select KP Range” frame, the user has to choose the KP interval for which he wants to view SAGE Profile results. The available SAGE Profile output files automatically appear in the corresponding columns of the “Select File” frame. Using the “View Only Merged Files” checkbox, an additional filter is applied so that only the merged output files2 are shown. With the “Create blank page” checkbox an empty data sheet is created as a new data tab3. Clicking of the “File Info” button will display useful information about the selected analysis run. By clicking OK, the requested data file is opened and loaded in a Analysis Tab. The name of the data tab corresponds to the name of the analysis run name. On the Plot Tab the pipe elevation is added to the graph. Closer examination of the numerical results is possible by clicking on the Analysis Tab. Following window appears (Figure 68):

2

For more information about merged files see §0 You must have at least one Analysis Tab already opened. Moreover only one User Defined Tab is allowed. 3

74



Figure 68: The Data File Window

This window consists of two main parts: a table containing all the selected analysis results on the left-hand side and a column with buttons on the right hand side. There is one button for each column header of the result table. A given type of result (e.g. bending moment, axial stress…) can be displayed on the plot by clicking its respective button, which is then coloured in purple. Up to 5 graphs can be added on the Plot Tab by selecting the appropriate buttons. Following the same procedure, the user can open up to six analysis results files from which one may be user defined (see create blank page checkbox in Figure 67). Each opened file will be displayed in a new Analysis Tab identified by its analysis name. Results from different analyses can then be compared on the Plot Tab by selecting the appropriate buttons on each Analysis Tab (Figure 69). Note that all output files to be loaded must cover exactly the same KP range as the ones already opened.


75


Figure 69: Comparison Plots

On the Plot Tab,and a specific colour are and used line style associated with each analysis These colours line styles on are every chart where results from run. the corresponding analysis are displayed. All chart settings can be customized (see §4.8.6). Useful information is displayed on the “Analysis Information” box below the charts (see Figure 69). Analysis file customisation Using the “Analysis File Customisation” option of the File menu or by clicking the button, the user can choose the data type that will be displayed by the viewer. Clicking this option, loads the following window (Figure 70):

76



Figure 70: Analysis File Setup Window

The left column shows all available data types. The column on the right shows the graphs that will be available for display. By using the “Add” and “Remove” buttons the user easily selects his personal set of data types. Clicking on the default button restores the default settings. The available results are: Parameters Plan Route Longitudinal Displacement

Axial displacement respect to the original pipeline position4

Maximum Curvature Effective Axial Force Bending Moment Vertical Shear Force Lateral Shear Force Axial Stress Bending Stress

Maximum curvature in the vertical plane (i.e. around the local z-axis) Effective axial force in the local x-axis Internal bending moment around the local z-axis Internal shear force in the local y-axis Internal shear force in the local z-axis Stress in the local x-axis due to axial loading only Stress in the local x-axis due to bending only

Longitudinal Stress BOP

Sum of the axial and bending stresses at the Bottom of Pipe

Longitudinal Stress TOP

Sum of the axial and bending stresses at the Top of Pipe

Hoop Stress Equivalent Stress

4

Description Pipeline deformed shape in Easting and Northings coordinate system

Hoop stress Combination of longitudinal and hoop stresses according to the Von Mises criterion

Usually, the reference configuration is the pipeline placed horizontally on the highest ‘hill’ of the seabed.


77

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Parameters

Description

True-wall axial stress

Stress corresponding to the Effective Axial Force

Axial Strain

5

Strain in the local x-axis due to axial loading only

Bending Strain

Strain in the local x-axis due to bending only

Minimum Longitudinal Strain Maximum Longitudinal Strain

Minimum sum of the axial and bending strains Maximum sum of the axial and bending strains

Strain BOP

Sum of the axial and bending strains at the Bottom of Pipe

Strain TOP

Sum of the axial and bending strains at the Top of Pipe

HoopDeformation

Hoopstrain

ShearDeformation

Shearstrain

EquivalentPlasticStrain Axial Reaction Force

Straincombination

6

Soil spring force in the global x-axis

Vertical Reaction Force

Soil spring force in the global y-axis

Lateral Reaction Force

Soil spring force in the global z-axis

Out-Of-Balance Force X

Sum of the external, internal and soil spring forces applied at a given node in the global x-axis

Out-Of-Balance Force Y

Sum of the external, internal and soil spring forces applied at a given node in the global y-axis

Out-Of-Balance Force Z

Sum of the external, internal and soil spring forces applied at a given node in the global z-axis

Span Length Span Height

Span length Span height Table 13: Available results in the SPAV

All stresses and strains are presented in local coordinate system. Note that this procedure will not affect the currently opened Analysis Tabs. Merge files Because the finite element engine cannot handle more than 10000 nodes, large project files can be subdivided in smaller KP ranges for FE analysis. The Advanced Viewer does not have this limitation and offers therefore the possibility to merge several SAGE Profile output files. This can be done with the “Merge Files…” command in the File menu. The following window pops up (Figure 71):

5 6

The true-wall stress is the effective axial force divided by the steel area. For definition, see SAGE Profile User Manual Volume 3.

78



Figure 71: Merge Analysis File Window

In the “Select KP Range” frame, the user selects the desired KP interval and analysis file type by means of the dropdown menus. The available output files automatically appear in the “Select File” frame. Clicking on one of these files adds it to the “Merge File List” listbox. Repeat this for the other KP intervals. Merge the selected files, by clicking on the “Merge Files” button. If this operation finishes successfully following message appears (Figure 72):

Figure 72: Successfully Merged Files Window

This merged analysis file can now be opened using the “Select Analysis File” command and selecting the “View Only Merged Files” checkbox (as described in §0).

Note that before merging, this is the user responsibility to select analyses that have been run using the same options (i.e. same load case, temperature profile, …)! Create Input Data Report A summary of all input data for a specific analysis can be created with the "Create Input Data Report" facility. It generates a Rich Text File (RTF file compatible with Microsoft Word) document based on a user customisable template and presents all input of the dat-file in an easily readable order ready to be included into your report. The input report can also be used to facilitate checking of the input data. Clicking the opens the

icon or selecting the "Generate Input Data Report" from the File menu


79


Figure 73 - Create Input Data Report Window

This window lists all analysis performed for the current project. The analyses are grouped per analysis type on separate tabs. Selecting one or more analyses and clicking the Create Input Data Report button will generate the report(s) for the selected analysis/analyses. By default the reports have the same name as the analysis with a rtf extension. However the report generation options can be customised by clicking the Report Options button. The following window appears:

Figure 74 - Report Options Window

In the contents frame the user can enable/disable the presentation of the analysis and FE tune option in the report. In the Location and Name frame the user can specify the following:

• location where the reports will be saved (unique folder for all project under the current client)

80

•

location of the report template. Header and footer can be customised in Microsoft Word and new template should be saved using the RTF file format.

•

File name prefix: the prefix is added before the analysis name. The prefix consists of the inputted text and a "-" character.


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Printing The active graph can be printed using the “Print Graph” command in the File menu or by clicking the button. Exporting To export the active graph or the opened data files, click on the “Export Graph” command in the file menu or on the button. The following window is then displayed (Figure 75):

Figure 75: The Exporting Window

The graph can be exported to

• Windows Metafile (*.WMF) • Standard picture file (*.BMP, *.JPG, *.PNG) The destination is the Windows clipboard, a file or the printer. The dimensions of the exported image can be changed if necessary using the options in the Objec t Size frame. Exporting data in text format is only possible to the clipboard or file. After clicking the export button an additional window appears (Figure 76):

Figure 76: Exporting Data Window


81

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE In the “Select Subsets and Points” frame, the user can choose whether he exports all data or only the desired subsets. In the “Points to Export” list box, the user specifies the data points of the desired subset to export. When no specific points are selected, all points will be exported. In the “Export What” frame the user defines what will be exported. Clicking the “Data and Labels” option button will export all results with the data label displayed in the “Select Subsets and Points” frame. Clicking the “Data” option button will only export the numerical results. In the “Export Style” frame the user chooses whether the exported data will be structured in a list or in a matrix. The "Delimited" sub frame defines the delimitation of the columns in the text files. The "Numeric Precision" frame defines the numerical precision of the exported numbers. Maximum precision will result in displaying all available decimal numbers. When the maximum precision is less than the defined current precision zeros will be added. Close All Datasheets The “Close All Datasheets” option in the File menu resets the viewer to its initial condition before any analysis files were opened. A warning message asks the user to confirm the reset operation (Figure 77).

Figure 77: Close all data files w arning message

Exit Viewer Selecting the Exit viewer option in the File menu or pressing the SAGE Profile Advanced Viewer.

82

button will close



4.8.6

The “Graph Options” Menu The “Options” menu can be accessed through the menu bar or by clicking the right mouse button when the cursor is in the graph area of the Plot Tab.

Graph Template The user may want to save or load his preferred graph settings. This can be done using the “Graph Template” option in the “Options” menu. A window similar to Figure 78 will appear upon selection.

Figure 78: Graph Template w indow

A previously saved template or the default template can be selected from the dropdown list and applied by clicking on the “Apply” button. To save the current graph settings, type an appropriate name in the “Name” textbox and click the “Save” button. To delete a saved template press the “Delete” button. Note that the Default template cannot be deleted. To exit the “Graph Template” window without saving changes press the “Cancel” button. Hide Analysis Information The user can activate this option to hide the “Analysis Information” box below the graph area. Data Tracker The data tracker is a graphical tool that displays the co-ordinates of the mouse pointer in the upper left corner of the plot area. It refers to the co-ordinate system applicable to the chart over which the pointer is (see Figure 79). Data Summary The Data Summary option enables the user to select data point on a graph and see at the same time the corresponding numerical results. A summary of the analysis results for that point and adjacent points is then given in the Summary Table shown below the graph area (see Figure 79).


83


Figure 79: Data Tracker and Summary Windows

Edit Legends… Selecting the “Edit Legends…” command opens an option window as shown on Figure 80.

Figure 80: Edit Legends Window

The “Edit Legends” window allows the user to select the legends he wants to display by (un)ticking the appropriate check boxes. Also the size of these legends can be customised using the corresponding slide bars.

84


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE The legend label can be customised within the “Legend Type” frame: the Analysis File Name, the DAT file Comments or User-defined labels will be displayed on the chart legend by selecting the corresponding option button. Only User-Defined labels can be modified within the Advanced Viewer by tipping the label in the “Change selected custom legend” textbox and clicking on “Change”. Graph Options The user can customise the graphs using the Graph customisation option or by clicking on the button (see Figure 81)

Figure 81: Graph Options Window

In the “Titles” frame the title and sub-title of the graph area can be defined as well as their font, font size and font style. The axis label format can also be specified within this frame. The layout of the graph separation can be defined within the “Graph Separators” frame. The grid number font size can be changed using the slide bar in the “Grid Number Font Size” frame. The Plot Tab and graph area colours can be defined in the “Graph Colour” frame. Clicking on the coloured rectangle gives access to the “Colours” window where alternative/custom colours can be selected/defined. The “Data Set Colours and Line Style” frame contains the available options to customise the colour and line style associated to each opened output file (i.e. the “Analysis Run” legend). Edit Axes The user can specify the X and Y-axes scale using the “Edit Axes” window (see Figure 82). When several graphs are displayed their relative vertical size can be defined in the “Size (%)” boxes. This window will also pop up when clicking on the charts axes. Specific options for 3D analysis are grouped in the “Axis Scale (3D Analysis)” frame. To use abbreviated notation for axis labels (un)tick the checkbox in the “Axis Label Notation” frame. X and Y Gridlines can be displayed or not using the “Gridlines” dropdown menu.


85


Figure 82: Edit Axes Window

Workspace Options Clicking on “Workspace Options” loads the “Workspace Options” window (Figure 83).

Figure 83: Workspace Options Window

The zoom/pan rate can be adapted by using the “Zoom pan rate” slide bar. (Un)Ticking the appropriate checkbox will enable/disable the negative span height (embedment) to be shown on the graph. If the “Change scales when zooming” option is unchecked the Y-axis scale will remain constant when zooming. To display SAGE Profile results in Imperial Units select the “Imperial” option button. You can also specify the length unit using the “KP Scale” dropdown menu. When results from different analyses are compared it could be more convenient if those graphs were displayed on top of each other rather than in different graphs. The user

86


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE can choose the way he wants the graph to be compared within the “Comparison Plots” frame. By selecting “User defined” the user will be asked the type of comparison (i.e. superimposed or separated) he wants to perform each time a new graph is added. Note: this option will not work to overlay already individually displayed graphs. It must be checked before selecting the graphs that must be displayed on top of each other. To modify the size of the “Analysis Information” box use the slide bar located in the “Analysis Info box text size” frame. Scrolling & Zoom The user can zoom in on the graph by dragging a rectangle over the area that needs to be enlarged. This can be done repeatedly till the maximum zoom ratio is reached. The user can zoom out using the button on the toolbar, the keyboard shortcut or the Zoom Out option in the options menu. When zoomed in, the user can scroll to the left and right by using the and buttons on the toolbar or the and keyboard shortcuts. To return to the default plot window, the user can zoom out several times or use the Zoom All option.

4.9

Rectifier This option allows the user to perform rectification on seabed profiles. Clicking on “Rectifier” under the “File” sub menu in the SAGE Profile Main Control, or using the button of the viewer, brings up the Rectifier window. The options in the Rectifier Control Window are:

• •

File

•

Supports

Cutlines

• Options • Graphs Options •

Help

Shortcut Buttons: The user can find the same shortcut as in the Viewer Mode (see table8 page 62) as well as the following additional ones. Icon

Description Pre-Lay Support Post-Lay Support Straight Cutline Arc Cutline

Table 14: Shortcut Icons Descriptive Summary

Initially, the Rectifier plot will show the bending moment and the seabed and pipeline profiles. The user interactively generates cutlines and/or pre- or post-lay supports, which are stored as temporary seabed elevation and support information files, covering


87

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE specific KP ranges. Pre-lay supports and post-lay supports are shown on the Seabed and Pipeline Elevation graph. Blue supports correspond to support that have been incorporated previously and that have been taken into account in the analysis. Green and red supports are new supports. Reanalysis may then be carried out on these modified seabed files. Once the modified seabed elevation files are acceptable, the Rectifier can then be used to merge the temporary seabed elevation files into a Cutline master file, CUTMST0.INP. The cut and fill volumes are computed based Cutline master file. 4.9.1

Open Analysis Choose 'open analysis' from the file sub-menu in order to select the type of analysis on which to base the rectification. The following options become available-

• Em pty

-

empty pipe on seabed

• Water-filled • Hydro • Operational

water-filled pipe on seabed

-

pipe during hydrotest -

pipe during operational phase

A particular analysis type is chosen by clicking on the relevant analysis type in the "File" dropdown menu. A data file on which to perform the rectification may then be selected by clicking on the data file name. A split screen appears: the bottom half of which depicts the seabed/pipe elevation, whilst the top half shows the variation of a user selected criterion. The variable in the top screen may be chosen from the available option buttons on the right hand menu. 4.9.2

KP Ranges Allows the user to view the already specified KP ranges – see Figure 54.

4.9.3

Printer Setup See page 25.

4.9.4

Exit Rectifier When clicking on “exit”, a message box appears offering a few choices to the user with respect to which files to update. The choices that are offered are different, the first time the rectifier is exited. The first time: 1)

Updating the Cutline Master file, CUTMST.INP OR

2)

Cancelling and returning to the Rectifier menu

The first time, the temporary files are automatically created. All next times: 1)

Updating the Cutline Master File OR

2)

Updating the temporary seabed and support information files. OR

3)

88

Exiting without updating any of the fore-mentioned files.


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Note the latest rectification carried out will be lost. OR 4) 4.9.5

Cancelling and returning to the rectifier

Cutlines Changes to the seabed profile can be instigated using the cutline option. Cutlines, which may be either straight line or circular arcs, are selected by clicking on "Cutlines" from the Rectifier menu. The parts of the seabed above the defined Cutlines will be truncated whereas the parts below will be “filled”. The fill/cut volumes are calculated using a trapezoidal section at each node with a base width equalled to the user defined "Dredge Width" value. This value is set to 10m by default and can be changed in the in the "Limits" menu, "Set Limit Values...". There is only one value possible for the whole pipeline route. When selecting cutlines the cursor must be placed on the bottom, "working" screen, the seabed/pipe elevation.

Undo In order to erase a cutline select "Undo" from the Cutlines drop menu. This can be performed on the last cutline input. The option becomes disabled as a cutline is erased. Cut volumes are adjusted accordingly. Straight Line Select by clicking on "Straight Line" from the Cutlines drop down menu. A prompt then appears to define the first point of the straight cutline. Click on the desired location on the seabed. The cutline, shown in green, can then be dragged, while anchored at the first end point. Clicking on the left mouse button will then fix the second endpoint of the cutline. The cutline is accepted by clicking on "OK", which returns control to the rectifier menu. Arc An “Arc” cutline is defined by three points: the left, right and top extremes. A Spline will then be fitted through these points. The user will be prompted to select the 3 points by clicking on the window showing the seabed profile. After selection of the first and second point a red rectangle will appear specifying their selection. Note that in the case of overlapping cutlines then the first cutline is deleted. 4.9.6

Supports An alternative method of rectification is the application of supports to the pipeline. The supports can either be placed before (pre-lay supports) or after the pipeline has been laid down (post-lay supports).

Pre-Lay Pre-lay supports can be inserted by selecting "Pre-Lay" from the Support dropdown Menu. A window will then appear, as illustrated in Figure 84. The user must define the location and height of the support. When exiting this window the pre-lay supports (red, single-headed, vertical arrow) will be drawn on the seabed and pipeline elevation graph. Two types of support are available:

• Rigid: A rigid support is inserted. Vertical downward movement is hindered. • As seabed: The support will have the same rigidity as the seabed.


89


Figure 84: Pre-Lay Supports Window

Post-Lay Post-Lay supports can be inserted by selecting "Post-Lay" from the Support dropdown Menu. A window will then appear (Figure 85) where the user must define the location and height of the support. Due to the nature of post-lay supports they cannot be placed unless there is a clearance between the seabed and the pipeline of more than 0.1 metres. If the user tries to insert a post-lay support at a location where the clearance is below the minimum, a warning message is shown. When exiting this window the postlay supports (vertical, double-headed, green arrow) will be drawn on the seabed and pipeline elevation graph. Two types of constrain are available:

• Node fixed: the corresponding node will be fixed (i.e. all displacements set to zero) during the rest of the project.

• Node free to move: the node will be lifted up and fixed only for the post-lay empty analysis (i.e. the analysis for which the Cut Master file containing postsupports is used). This node will be free to move in further analysis (e.g. water filled, hydrotest or operational)

Figure 85: Post-Lay Supports Window

90


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Mouse Pre-Lay If the user selects the "Mouse Pre-Lay" option from the menu he can locate the pre lay support with the use of the mouse. The same menu will appear as before and the user can define the height of the support. Exiting from this menu will draw the support on the seabed and pipe-elevation graph. Mouse Post-Lay If the user selects the "Mouse Post-Lay" option from the menu he can locate the post lay support with use of the mouse. The same menu will appear as before and the user can define the height of the support. Exiting from this menu will draw the support on the sea bed and pipe elevation graph. Print The current support information can be printed, using the Print Option from the Support menu. Limits The Limits option from the Rectifier main menu enables upper and lower bounds of the selected criterion to be both set and displayed. It is intended as an aid in selecting the areas that require rectification. Set Limits Clicking on "Set Limits" from the Limits drop menu brings up the Limiting Values Window, Figure 86.

Figure 86: Set Limits Window

The following criteria may then be set:

• bending moments • bending stress • axial stress • hoop stress


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SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE • combined stress TOP • combined stress BOP • equivalent stress • equivalent plastic strain • strain TOP • strain BOP • span lengths • span heights • dredge width Click on "OK" when all values have been set. Display Limits Clicking on "Display Limits" shows the limiting values of the chosen variable on the chart of the top window. The limiting values are shown in red. Manual Limits Clicking on the "Manual Limits" option, enables user-defined upper and lower bound limits to be set. Code Check Limits Clicking on the "Code Check Limits" option enables the limiting values as defined in the relevant code check. Note that this option is only enabled if the analysis was carriedout with code checking. 4.9.7

Help Help is available by clicking on "Help" from the Rectifier menu. The About option displays information regarding SAGE Profile, including current client and project, version number and various system information.

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4.10 Plough Module Optionally, SAGE Profile can be supplied with the Plough module. The Plough module provides an easy to use interface to assess the stresses, strains, bending moments, etc. induced in the pipeline due to ploughing operations, mainly the pick-up and trenching operations. This module is fully integrated in the existing SAGE Profile user interface and allows easy setup and extraction of results. The Plough module can only be accessed if the user has the license for it. This one is hard coded in the SAGE Profile security key. 4.10.1 Pipeline Ploughing After a pipeline has been laid on the seabed, there are several ways to burry the pipeline into the seabed. In case of ploughing, the pipeline is grabbed, lifted up and finally supported by two rollers. The shares of the plough are then closed and the ploughing process starts. The Plough module aims to automate the modelling of the situation in which the pipeline is supported by the plough grabs/rollers. The pipeline deformed shape, bending moment, stresses and strains as well as the roller loads are computed for different roller heights and trench shapes. Two cases in particular need further analysis:

•

Pipeline Pick-Up: the pipeline is resting on a flat seabed and is lifted up by both plough grabs/rollers (see Figure 87). This situation occurs at the start and the end of the ploughing operation. Note that this problem is symmetric.

Figure 87: Pipeline Pickup from Flat Seabed

•

Pipeline Trenching: the pipeline is partially in the trench while the remaining part is resting on the srcinal seabed. The pipeline is therefore spanning over the trench (see Figure 88). This situation occurs during the normal ploughing operations.

Figure 88: Pipeline Pickup from Trenched Seabed


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SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Additionally the above configurations can be combined with two types of runs:

•

Single run: in which the pipe is lifted up to a defined roller height (Target Roller Height)

•

Alarm limits run: in which alarm limits for the pipe stresses and/or strains can be defined and the pipe is lifted by increments. After each increment the alarm limits are checked and the iteration stops as soon as a limit is reached.

Irrespective of the type of the run, the code and span checks are still available and can be applied on any of these runs (see sections 4.7.5 and 4.7.6 for more details on code checks and span checks). 4.10.2 Using the Plough Module in SAGE Profile The Plough module is fully integrated into the SAGE Profile interface. Creating a ploughing analysis run requires the user to perform the same steps as for other analyses: 1. The Plough Editor allows for easy definition of the input data 2. The Plough Analysis Type window can be used to create and start different analyses 3. The results of analyses can be displayed in the Advanced Viewer Each one of these steps is further described in the following sections. 4.10.3 Step 1: Create Your Input - Plough Editor To enter the Ploughing module, the use can select the Ploughing module entry in the File menu of the main interface or press the icon on its toolbar. This will start up the Plough Module Editor, as illustrated in Figure 89:

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95

SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Figure 89: Ploughing Module Editor

Note that the ploughing module is only available on new projects. When opening an existing project, the module is unavailable. To setup a pipeline pick-up analysis in SAGE Profile, at least the following information is required:

• Plough Properties • Seabed shape • Soil properties • Pipeline properties These properties can be defined by selecting their respective entry in the menus on the menu bar or by clicking their corresponding icon on the toolbar. The following icons are displayed on the toolbar: Icon

Description Plough Properties Seabed Profile Soil Properties Pipe Properties Comments Help Exit and Interface

return

to

the

Main

Note that on a new project not all icons are available. When creating a new ploughing project, all input data needs to be defined in a specific order. Only when the plough properties are defined is the user allowed to define a seabed. Only after defining the seabed can the soil and pipe properties be defined. Defining the Plough Properties The first step in creating the input data for a ploughing analysis is defining the plough properties. Clicking the icon or selecting the "plough Properties" entry in the plough and seabed menu loads the following window:

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Figure 90: Plough Properties Window

Define the properties by filling in all missing parameters. All text boxes must be filled in before you can proceed. Typing a name in the field next to Plough Name and clicking the add-butron will add the current plough properties to the database. The database is project independent and will list all ploughs already defined. To remove a plough from the database, select it in the list and press the delete button. Clicking on the apply button will save all settings but will not update the database in case a database plough was used and its properties changed. Click OK to save the settings and close the window. Cancel will disregard all changes, except the ones made to the database and close the window. Defining the Seabed Properties After the plough properties have been defined, the interface allows the user to define the seabed profile. The Define Seabed Window can be accessed by clicking the icon or by selecting the Define Seabed entry in the plough and seabed menu. The following window appears:


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Figure 91: Define Seabed Window

The following parameters are required to generate the seabed:

• the water depth • the trench depth •

the KP-spacing and hence the pipeline mesh

• Seabed Length Note that by default the KP-spacing and seabed length are defined. By clicking the Generate Seabeds button the seabed profiles are generated automatically. For a ploughing project two seabed profiles will be automatically generated: 1. a flat seabed, used for the pipeline "Pick-Up" case 2. a flat seabed with a trench at mid-length, used for the "Trenched" case Clicking the Edit Files button loads the Edit Survey File window and allows the user to modify the two created seabed profiles. Exiting by clicking “OK” will save all changes made to the seabed files. Only clicking the Create Master File button will create the seabed master files. The flat seabed will be saved as the seabed master file (SBEmst0.inp), the seabed with the trench will be saved as the trenched master file (TDmst0.inp). The user can exit this window at any stage by clicking the “OK” button. Note that exiting will not generate or modify any files. Remarks on the seabed Generation

•

Seabed profiles are generated such that there is always a node at mid-length.

•

When the seabed length is not a multiple of the KP spacing (e.g. 500m seabed and 3m spacing), a shorter element will be created at the end.

•

The user does not have to specify the nodes for the plough rollers manually. The Plough module will place them automatically symmetrical around the central node and create new ones if required.

Defining the Soil Properties The Soil Properties window can be accessed by clicking the Properties entry in the Plough and Seabed menu.

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icon or selecting the Soil


SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE The soil properties window is identical to the one used in the Editor. It is shown in Figure 27 and its functionality is fully explained in section 4.6.2, Defining the Seabed Soil (page 29). Defining the Pipe Properties The Pipe Properties window can be accessed by clicking the Pipe Properties entry in the Pipeline menu.

icon or selecting the

The Pipe Properties window as well is identical to the one used in the Editor. Refer to section 4.6.4 and Figure 33 for a full explanation. Additional Loads and Displacements The set op properties defined above are the minimum required to be able to set up a ploughing analysis. However the Ploughing Module Editor allows the user to define additional loads that can be used to model side effects. The following loads can be used:

• Residual lay tension • Global/Local loads • Global/Local displacements •

Point loads due to pipe fittings

These loads can be defined by their respective entries in the Loads menu. Refer to section 4.6.5 for a more information on additional loads. Finalising the input stage When all input data is entered, the user can exit the Plough Module Editor. This will create the Finite Element input files and the interface is now ready to setup simulations. 4.10.4 Step 2: Setup An Analysis - Pick-Up Analysis Type Window After defining the input data, the user is back in the SAGE Profile Main Control interface. As for non plough module projects, analyses can now be defined by clicking the icon or by selecting the “Type…” command in the Analysis menu. However since a ploughing project require specific parameters, a specific Analysis Type window will be loaded for the Plough module (see Figure 92):


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Figure 92: Plough Module Analysis Type window

The Pick-Up Analysis Type window is similar to the Analysis Type window of nonplough projects (see Figure 53). The new frames in this window, specific for ploughing analyses, are:

• Select Analysis Frame • Alarm Limits Frame • Additional Loads and Displacement Case All other frames and buttons function in the same way as for the Analysis Type window. Refer to section 4.7.1 for more information. Select Analysis Frame The Analysis Frame contains four list boxes. The entries in the lists can be combined with the entries from the others to define a specific ploughing analysis. Table 15 summarises and describes all list items.

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SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE List Box

Item

1

Option

Single

The rollers are raised to the Target Roller Height specified in the Plough Properties window in one increment.

Alarm Limits

The rollers are raised to the Minimum Roller Height specified in the Plough Properties window and then incrementally raised until one of the criteria is exceeded or until the Maximum Roller Height is reached.

Pick-Up

Pipeline Pick-Up case: the pipeline is lifted up from a flat seabed. The flat seabed is used

Analysis

2

Seabed Trenched

3

4

Pipeline

Grabs/Rollers

Description

Empty

Pipeline Trenched case: the trenched seabed will be used in the analysis. Empty pipeline is used in the analysis

Water Filled

Water filled pipeline is used in the analysis

Front & Aft Rollers

Both rollers are modelled in the analysis.

Front Roller

Only the front roller is modelled in the analysis.

Aft Roller

Only the aft roller is modelled in the analysis.

Table 15: Select Analysis Options

Alarm Limits Frame Note that when an Alarm Limit analysis is selected, the Alarm Limit frame will be enabled. This frame allows the user to specify the limiting parameters by checking their corresponding check box. The text boxes allow the user to specify the limiting value for each parameter. During an alarm limits run, the results for the selected parameters will be checked after each roller increment and the alarm limits analysis will be stopped as soon as one of the results exceeds the value specified in the Alarm Limits frame. The increment by which the rollers are raised during each step of the alarm limits analysis are based on the minimum and maximum roller height specified in the Plough Properties window and the "Number of Steps" specified in the Alarm Limits frame. When the "Keep intermediate steps" checkbox is selected, all analysis results for each increment are saved. Otherwise only the results of the last analysis are kept. Additional Loads / Displacement Case When additional loads and/or displacements are included in the analysis, the user must specify whether he wants to apply them before or after the roller displacements are applied. This can be done by selecting the corresponding radio button. General Remarks Note that on the Plough Module Analysis Type window the residual lay tension is not taken into account automatically, as is done for non-plough projects. To use residual lay tension in a plough project, the user must select it in the Analysis Type window. Entering the residual lay tension value in the Plough Module Editor is not enough!


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SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE Ploughing Analyses & DAT-files When running a ploughing analysis, SAGE Profile performs the following actions: 1. laydown pipe on seabed 2. check pipe elevation at roller KP's (pipe could span, or have settled in the soil) 3. calculate required displacement to lift the pipe to the (next) target height 4. Generate new dat file that applies the required displacements Hence running a Single analysis requires two FE input files (dat files): one created by the user in the Plough Module Analysis Type window and one created automatically by SAGE Profile. Therefore Alarm Limit runs can require a lot of input files and a lot of disk space. See Table 22 for the filename convention of ploughing projects. 4.10.5 Step 3: Ploughing Analysis Results The Advanced Viewer can be used to view the results of a plough analysis. Refer to section 4.8 for more information on the viewer. Additionally, the Plough module creates a summary table for all analyses. Selecting the "Plough Results File" from the view menu in the main interface will display the list of the plough analyses already run (see Figure 93).

Figure 93: View Plough Results Files

The analysis summary table can then be view by selecting the analysis name and clicking on the “View” button. The PKU file content is then shown (see Figure 94).

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Figure 94: Plough Analysis Summary File

4.11 Print This enables printing of the F.E. output files for the various analyses. The output files available for printing are displayed by clicking on the relevant results type, e.g. "Water Filled Results" from the Print drop menu, see Figure 95, and selecting which output files are required for the printing.


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SAGE PROFILE INTERFACE .DAT - the F.E. input file .STR - the stress table file .SPN - the span summary file .COD - the code check file .OUT - the complete output of the F.E

Figure 95: Results Printout Window

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4.12 Help Help is available by clicking on "Help" from the Main Control menu. The About option displays information regarding SAGE Profile, including current client and project, version number and various system information, see Figure 96.

Figure 96: About Window


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TABLES

5. TABLES Filename

Description

LOADPRP1.INP

Applies residual tension

LOADPRP2.INP

Applies total submerged UDL including piggy back loads and fittings

LOADPRP3.INP

Applies pressure, temperature and self weight during operational case

LOADPRP4.INP

Applies UDL due to cover depth

LOADPRP5.INP

Applies current and wave loads

LOADPRP6.INP

Applies UDL due to water in pipe

LOADPRP7.INP

Applies pressure and UDL during hydro test

LOADPRP8.INP

Applies global load case no 1

LOADPRP9.INP


LOADPR10.INP


LOADPR11.INP

Applies global disps case no 1

LOADPR12.INP


LOADPR13.INP


LOADPR14.INP

Restart – water-filled to hydro: Applies hydro pressure

LOADPR15.INP

Restart – water-filled to operational: subtracts UDL difference

LOADPR16.INP

Restart – hydrotest to operational: reduces pressure and UDL

LOADPR17.INP

Post-lay an alysis

LOADPR18.INP

Applies local loads case no 1

LOADPR19.INP


LOADPR20.INP


LOADPR21.INP LOADPR22.INP

Applies local displacements case no 1 Applies local displacements case no 2

LOADPR23.INP

Applies local displacements case no 3 Table 16: Load Input Files

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TABLES

Filename

Description

PIPEPRP1.INP

Contains all pipe properties, including RambergOsgood parameters as entered in the editor - UDLs not included

PIPEPRP2.INP

Contains Ramberg-Osgood parameters for a nonlinear pipe with ovalisation Water-filled case: set water density to zero in order

PIPEPRP3.INP

to negate effect of external overpressure in hydrotest

PIPEPRP4.INP

Operational case: takes into account internal hydrostatic pressure

PIPEPRP5.INP

Contains Ramberg-Osgood parameters for StressStrain for a non-linear pipe

PIPEPRP6.INP

Contains Ramberg-Osgood parameters for modified explicit moment curvature to account for operating pressure and temperature.

PIPEPRP7.INP

Contains Ramberg-Osgood parameters for modified explicit moment curvature to account for hydrotest pressure.

PIPEPRP8.INP

Contains Ramberg-Osgood parameters for modified explicit moment curvature to account for water depth for empty pipeline. Table 17: Pipe Properties Input Files


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TABLES

Filename

Description

SOILPRP1.INP

Contains properties of vertical spring curves and nodal spring curves

SOILPRP2.INP

Contains properties of axial and lateral spring curves and defines nodal springs

SOILPRP3.INP

Contains properties for a rigid seabed Table 18: Soil Properties Input File

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TABLES

Filename

Description

SBEmst0.inp

Seabed elevation master file, which contains the sea bed elevation along the proposed pipeline route.

BOPmst0.inp

Bottom of Pipe master file, which contains the profile of the existing pipeline along the route.

TDmst0.inp

Trenched/ Dredged master file, which contains the as trenched/ as dredged seabed elevation along the route after remedial work has been carried out.

CUTmst0.inp

Cutline master contains the seabed elevation alongfile, the which route with all proposed rectification work.

SBEint.inp

Seabed elevation master file with interpolation of the data points.

BOPint.inp

Bottom of Pipe master file with interpolation of the data points.

TDint.inp

Trenched, dredged master file with interpolation of the data points.

CUTint.inp

Cutline master file with interpolation of the data points.

SBEmst3D.inp

Seabed elevation master file with the 3 dimensional sea bed co-ordinates

BOPmst3D.inp

Bottom of Pipe master file with the 3 dimensional sea bed co-ordinates

TDmst3D.inp

Trenched, dredged master file with the 3 dimensional sea bed co-ordinates Table 19: Seabed Files


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TABLES

File name

Description

Support.inp

Pre-lay and post lay support information (current information)

Coorslop.inp

Contains the 3 dimensional coordinates and slope criteria

Vortdef.inp

Span analysis: allowable free span criteria information Table 20: Other Input Files

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TABLES

The data file for the F.E. analysis is defined by an 8 character filename that describes the analysis characteristics: Example of data file: OMEP2099.DAT (operational analysis using srcinal seabed data. Pipe model is elastic and the soil model is non-linear. The analysis is a 2D analysis, first run for KP range 99) Position

Description

1

2

3

Analysistype

Seabedfiletype

E

Empty

O

Operational

W

Waterfilled

H

Hydrotest

M

Original seabed

B

Bottomofpipe

C

Cutline

T

Temporary

D

Dredged

E

Elastic

P

Explicit Moment

M


O

Explicit Moment plus

S

Ovalisation Stress-Strain

E

Rigid

P

Non-linear

2

2Danalysis

3

3Danalysis

Pipetypemodel

4

Soiltypemodel

5

2D/3Danalysis

6

Run number for that type of analysis

7 and 8

PossibleValues

KP range number

Range: 0 – 9 Range: 00 - 99

Table 21: Analysis File Naming Convention


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TABLES

The data file for the ploughing analysis is also defined by an 8-character filename that describes the analysis characteristics: Example of data file: EMEPS001.DAT (empty analysis using srcinal seabed data (flat seabed). Pipe model is elastic and the soil model is non-linear. The analysis is a Pick-Up analysis, first run with the rollers raised to the target roller height) Position

Description

1

Analysistype

2

Seabedfiletype

3

4

PossibleValues E W

Empty Waterfilled

M

Original seabed

D

Dredged

E

Elastic

P

Explicit Moment

M


O

Explicit Moment plus Ovalisation

S

Stress-Strain

E

Rigid

P S

Non-linear Single analysis

A

Alarm Limits analysis

Pipetypemodel

Soiltypemodel

5

AnalysisType

6

Run number for that type of analysis

7 and 8

Roller height increment

Range: 0 – 9 Range: 00 - 99 00 for laydown 01 - 02 etc for subsequent roller height increments

Table 22: Plough Analysis File Naming Convention

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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS – FAQ

6. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS – FAQ 6.1

Introduction This section presents the answers to every-day questions asked by SAGE Profile Users. The FAQ’s have been classified in four categories:

• Installation: for all problems related with the software installation • Running SAGE Profile: the software has been properly installed but you cannot run it. This section is mainly concerned by license/security key error related problems.

• Using SAGE Profile Interface: for any problem related to the use of the Interface, including the Viewer and the Rectifier.

• Pipeline Model/FE Analysis: for questions regarding SAGE Profile assumptions, analysis options, creation of the finite element input file (i.e. *.DAT file), … For an optimal use of SAGE Profile, it is recommended to carefully read the SAGE Profile User Manuals (Volume 1 to 4).

6.2

Installation Question I’m trying to install SAGE Profile on a Toshiba Satellite Pro notebook with WINDOWS XP Pro installed and I cannot get the hardware key to work. SAGE Profile always returns the message that no hardware key could be found Answer On a Toshiba Satellite Pro notebook with WINDOWS XP installed the parallel port is by default not correctly defined. Contact SAGE Profile support staff to obtain instructions on how to rectify this.

6.3

Running SAGE Profile Question When the system finds an error and logs you out and shuts down the software, how to avoid rebooting PC to release the license? Answer The interface did not release the dongle license when it crashed. You don't necessary need to reboot your machine, waiting 1 to 2 minutes is usually enough to free the license on the dongle. If you cannot wait, there are other possibilities: Unplug and replug the dongle, it will reset the license.


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If your user profile is part of the administrators group and you are using Windows NT/2000/XP, stop and re-start the SuperProServer service will also reset the license (in Control Panel, Administrative Tools, Services), restarting the service can also be done in a command line window by typing: net stop(start) superproserver Question I cannot open a project. SAGE Profile crashes when trying to open it. What’s wrong? Answer The PROJECTS.CFG file in the client folder is probably corrupted. Check the file format. The first line should be the number of projects. It should match exactly with the number of existing projects. Each line should be the name of a project. File should end with one carriage return (one and only one!). Question Upon start-up, I get an error message “can’t set heartbeat code ret = 62” When starting up. What’s wrong? Answer You are using the wrong version of the Sentinel SuperProNet Server that is needed to communicate with the hardware key. Contact support for the latest server version and installation instructions . Question Upon start-up, I get an error message “SAGE security dongle was not found. Program terminated”. Answer If you’re using a network dongle then this error is most likely caused by the fact that the IP address contained in the IP.txt file is wrong or the dongle is missing. Question SAGE Profile crashes with a fatal exception when I try to access the pipe properties window Answer The Database engine controlling the pipe properties database has stopped responding. Please restart your machine Question On NT/2000 machines, sometimes when running the loadserv.exe it cannot find the spnsrvnt.exe executable, even not after browsing for it. Answer The problem is the capitals in the filename; The setup installs a file called SPNSRVNT.EXE whereas the install service program is looking for a file spnsrvnt.exe. After browsing for the file change SPNSRVNT.EXE in the text box to spnsrvnt.exe and it will work fine!

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Question After installing SAGE Profile, I enter the pipe properties, I then exit from the window and try to re-enter again. SAGE Profile gives me the error message that my pipe properties are corrupted. Alternatively I do not reenter the pipe properties window but leave the Editor and let SAGE Profile calculate the FE input files. A run-time error “Input pass end of file” appears. Answer If you are using a non-English Windows version, check in the Regional Settings in your Windows Control Panel. SAGE Profile expects the decimal delimiter to be “.” (a dot) instead of “,” (a coma). Note that SAGE Profile V6.2 is automatically checking the Windows Regional Settings and will pops up an error message after launching the application if the wrong setting is used. Question When trying to run a set of analysis, a DOS window does not appear, afterwards a message saying that the analysis could not be completed appear in the SAGE Profile interface. The DOS window does not appear. Answer This may be caused by the fact that there is a problem with the installation of the DOS commando’s (command.com) check that this file appears in the C:\Windows directory Question When trying to open an existing project, SAGE Profile says that a project is in use by another user, even though nobody has got this project open Answer Use the reset global log functionality via the button in the Interface Setup window, accessible via the file menu. If this does not work, do a search for all Gprofile.log files on your machine and delete all occurrences. If this does not work check the file attributes of all the files within the project and change them to archive if they are set to read-only

6.4

Using SAGE Profile Interface Question What’s the difference between the Temporary and Master Cutline files in the Rectifier? Answer The Temporary and Master Cutline files have the same function. There are three differences between them: - The Master Cutlines contains the full length of the pipeline routes whereas the Temporary file contains only the KP range of the selected analysis. - By creating a Master Cutline file you create the "Cut and Fill summary" which summarises the amount of soil that needs to be removed. You can find it in the Project folder in the PROFILE\CUTLINE folder. - You can only have one Master Cutline file, but you can keep several Temporary files (they have the same name as the analysis on which they are based *.TMP). So, if you make a mistake, you can always go back to a previous temporary seabed file.


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When using the Temporary or Master Cutline files, in both case you should be able to open the successfully completed analysis in the Rectifier (as well as in the Viewer), check the spans, stresses, ... and rectify the already modified seabed.

6.5

Modelling Question Why is the value of WSEA (the sea water density) not equalled to 10.25kN/m 3 in the Hydrotest and Operational cases? Answer ρ=fluid density

g=acceleration

h=depth

For the empty case, i.e. no fluid inside the pipe, WSEA represents the hydrostatic pressure component per meter depth, ρ*g, (external pressure (ρ*g*h) - internal pressure (=0)) for calculating the hoop stress. Therefore 1025*9.81/1000 multiplied by the depth at the specific location. For operational case, to account for the internal static pressure due to the fluid inside the pipeline, you need to deduct the internal pressure hydrostatic component, therefore for the operational load step you adjust WSEA to reflect the internal hydrostatic component, which is Negative (ρ(internal fluid)*g*Ai/Ae/1000) * depth for specific location (with fluid) the density in kg/m3).

ρ(internal

Question How to speed up analyses? Answer To speed up the analyses, it is recommended first to run an empty analysis. The empty analysis is usually the analysis that takes the longest time. Then you can restart from the empty analysis to run other cases. To do that, select the analysis type you want to run, select "Empty" in the "Restart From" drop down list , double click on the empty file (EMEP... .dat) in the Previous Analysis box, select eventually other options and run the analysis. Question I am laying down a pipe on a rather steep seabed with a large difference between the highest and lowest seabed elevation. At the edges of my analysis the pipeline is not in contact with the seabed. Answer During the Lay Down phase, SAGE Profile adds two very soft springs at the pipeline ends in order to stabilize the solutions. Normally the presence of these springs does not influence the SAGE Profile results. However if the elevation difference between the top elevation and the elevation at one of the edges of the KP range is in the range of 100m, the boundary springs will be enormously compressed so that a noticeable upward force will be exerted on the pipe ends. The recommended solution is to change the Lay Down Damping Spring Stiffness from 0.1 to 0.001 kN/m/m. This option is available in the FE Tune window.

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Question I am performing a 3D run and the DOS program completes the 2D lay down case but crashes shortly after when switching to 3D Answer This is probably caused by the fact that the plan coordinates that you read into SAGE Profile are noisy. SAGE Profile will attempt to place the pipe exactly through the points you specify. If there are sudden gradients due to small errors in the coordinates, this will create large out of balance moments and large displacements. Best way to check this is to produce a plot showing the variation of (Northing2-Northing1)/(easting2easting1) , the gradient in function of the KP. If the points are lying on a straight line, the gradient should be constant. If the coordinates are on a curve, the gradient should vary along a straight line. Any outliers should be deleted as they force an unrealistic curvature. Question In the Analysis Type window, what does the option “Buried Pipe” actually does? Answer Switching the “Buried Pipe” option on will apply an extra download on the pipe. The value of this load is defined in the “UDL Due to Cover Depth” window of the Editor. Increasing the vertical download on the pipe will effectively result in an increase of axial resistance – if the coefficient of axial friction between the soil and the pipe is non-zero. Please note that the “Buried Pipe” option does not take into account the friction between the cover and the pipe. Question How to refine the mesh? Answer There are two ways to refine the finite element pipeline mesh: 1. As the pipeline is based on the seabed KP points, refining the seabed profile will also refine the pipe mesh. This can be done using the “Interpolation” function in the Editor. This method has the advantage to allow mesh refinement at areas of particular interest. 2. Linear interpolation between the seabed KP points can be performed easily by increasing the “Number of Finite Elements between KPs” in the F.E. Tune window. The entire pipeline mesh will then be refined. Question My analysis doesn’t converge. How to get convergence? Answer Lack of convergence can arise for different reasons. The following actions can be taken to improve it: 





Refine the mesh (see above). Increase the number of increments. This can be done in the Solver Parameters of the FE Tune window. Note that if the restart capability is used, this option won’t be activated. In this case, the number of increments can be increased by manually changing the *.DAT file using the *CONTROL keyword, parameter 12. Switching off one or several non-linearities.


117


o

o

o

118

Pipe plasticity can be switched off in the Analysis Type window. Soil plasticity can be switched off in the FE Tune window by selecting the Euler method. Large displacement can be switched off in the FE Tune window.


INDEX

7. INDEX A Analysis 48, 56, 57 F.E Tune 57 KP Range 56 Type Analysis 48 B Bending Factor 51 C Coating Material 35 Code Checks 53 Cutlines 51, 78–80 E Editor 38 Pipeline 38 Explicit Moment Linearity 35 External Loads 39–40 F FE DOS Window 58 Finite Element Tune 56 G Ground Slope 33 H Hydro Test Pressure 39 Hydrodynamic Coefficients 35 I Interpolation 24–25, 89 K KP 55, 79 Analysis 55 Rectifier 79 L Limits 82 Loads 86 M Main Control Menu 13 master file 20, 28, 79 Mesh 96

Joint Properties 36 Properties 34 Point loads 39–40 Post Lay Support 52, 81–82, 90 Pre Lay Support 52, 82 Print 82, 84 Rectifier 82 Printer Set-up 24 R Ramberg–Osgood 34, 37, 87 Rectifier 78, 80, 82 Cutlines 80 Limits 82 Supports 80 Rectifier Supports 80 Residual Lay Tension 37, 39 S Seabed 30, 89 Soil 30 Sign Convention 39 Soil 30, 31, 32, 88 Cohesionless 32 Cohesive 31 Defining 30 Properties 31, 88 Support 31 Type 31, 32 Span 18, 55 Vortex induced vibration 18, 53 Stress-Strain Based Moment Curvature Non-Linearity 35–36 T Tables 86 U UDL Due to Cover Depth 42, 96 UDL Due to Current/Waves 43 W Water Density 87

Mouse Post Lay 82 Mouse Pre Lay 82 N New Survey Files 29 New Templates 57 O Operating Pressure 39, 45–46, 87 Operating Temperature 37, 39 P Pipe 34, 36


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SAGE Profile V6.3.2 User Manual - Volume 1

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