Roberts Race Gender Dystopia

University of Pennsylvania Law School

Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository  Faculty Scholarship

2009

Race, Gender, and Genetic Technologies: A New  Reproductive Dystopia? Dorothy E. Roberts University of Pennsylvania Law School , , [email protected] [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: hp://scholarship hp://scholarship.law .law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholars .upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship hip Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons , Commons , Family Law Commons , Commons , Family, Life Course, and Society Commons , Commons , Gender and Sexuality Commons , Commons , Health Law Commons , Commons , Law and Gender Commons , Commons , Law and Race Commons , Commons , Law and Society Commons Commons , , Medical Jurisprudence Commons , , Privacy Law Commons , Commons Commons , Public Law and Legal eory eor y Commons , Commons , Race and Ethnicity  Commons , , Science and Technology Commons , Commons Commons , and the W the Women omen Commons Recommended Citation Scholarship. Paper Roberts, Dorothy E., "R ace, Gender, and Genetic Technologies: Technologies: A New Reproductive Dystopia?" (2009). Faculty Scholarship. 1421. hp://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/1421

is Article is brought to you for free and open access by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty  Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected].. [email protected]

D E <

Re Gende nd Genet Tenie  e Redtie ti?

I

   Magare Awood Gena Corea and oer femnis mag ned dysopas n wch whe women's reproducon was valued ad pvieged and he eprodcon of women of color was devalued ad

D E <

Re Gende nd Genet Tenie  e Redtie ti?

I

   Magare Awood Gena Corea and oer femnis mag

ned dysopas n wch whe women's reproducon was valued ad pvieged and he eprodcon of women of color was devalued ad Th Hand Handma' ma' Tal, Tal, pubhed n 1985,Awood envoned exploed.  Th he repressve epubc of Gead, where handmads wee forced o serve as breedes for ee men and he nferle wves n order o perpeuae he whe ace, whle bak a wel a handmad who led o bea cldren were exed o toxc colones (Atood 1985) Tha same year n  Mohr Mahn orea predced ha whe women woud hre surogaes of color n reprodcve brohels o be mplaed wh her eggs and gese the babes at ow cos (Corea 985) Two decades laer femns schoars have connued o crque he ierachy ha anhropologs ayna app apy cas "sraed repro ducon by conrasng he opposng reaonsps of whe women and  women of coor o repoducon-asssng repoducon- asssng echnooge (999, 30) A he rn of he eny-rs ceny, even more advanced reproducive echnoloes a combne asssed concepon wh genec seecon or  eprogenecs  eprogenecs hreaen o nens nens s  s opposon (obet 2005; 2005 ; Paens and Knowles 2007). Wh preplaaon genetc dagnos GD), c cans can bopsy a sngle ce from ealy embryos, dagnose  for the hance of havng hundeds of genec condons, ad selec for mplan aon oly those embryos at ow k of havng ese condon (b erson 2003 Spar 2006; Singer 2007) A Repogene, a New Jersey genes laboaory ha specalzes n·GD pu  s echnque allows

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fo the "repcmet  e pe  ose embro cssed by geec digosis  om  At a me wen wahy we wome hve access t echnoges h ssis tem  ag he who nt oy e geecay eated o em or er ers but e so been geeca sceee,  ws ad poes scouage women of colo fom hg cden a  (obe 1998; Sm 2007)  Rpp sted   Rce Inste conferenc podue He  e Twt Cn, i Otob 2004, Some women stgge  asc eprocve eooes, le  cc  wee see codio mgh be aabe to peom C-secons wie oes t  ctgge gec tecniques quoed n rexe 005. Ac Ameic sdes scho Masha Darlg sily we T g  o boog s bg eed t epg ege pula coo seges especiay fo ow-cme a po wom  co g we pro eceme   e rubic f 'choce e eseed r eoomcay d cay piileg  wme  he gobal Nort" (200b . Wle wee erm aws  o der wome ecig pub sis  tance fm hg ee n dn l he bab Mnk 2002 S 200 gl unegaed eiy clcs (os 200  Pans  Kwes 200 eg  lge wome w tpe e bos wg e gh s mupe bihs pse f premre ei ad lw brth weig Hemehot e . 200 M 200 dd e . 200 e pbic begdges poo mthes  meger incres in  e fo oe moe d bu t cebes e b o gch sepul that reuie a te  pubcl sppot hospi re (Aews 19, -61 e mltbnol ppa evoed o echoca  cg ue coupl pceae desios s  glag c to e gh e   det amog blck peope wc remas m a ce e e f wites Maews  McDoma 200 de e i moal e s clmbg  Miisppi nd oe so sts (Ecom 200 M p wg on ths prce se sytem s o l· es ha peize poo bk womens chidbeng wth e hgt ety sy ht pmes cdbeg by moe ue w<  wome (Rbe 99 2693. I recen ecosdeed t post of wite wome n women of co  e epoducve heah h· ve (Rbrs 200  . Rar h pace ese women  oppsin   em ogee  elat to e ebea ed tow pa  1   g W  t htp://wrcprgens.omdeful.

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Summr 009

78

 pnve goveance. Bo poplaon conol programs nd genec se lecion technologies renforce bioogical explaaons for socal probems and ace reproducive responsibil on women, tus privazing remedies for iness ad social ineqty Populaion cono deoogy atributes soial neues o cldbearng by poor women of coor heeby letmizing puitive reguaion of hese  women's reproducve decsions (Rber 1998). Stereopes of black fe mae sexua and reproducive rresponsibili support welfae reform nd aw enfocement poces hat severey regulate poor back womens sexal ad chldbeag deisions (Neubeck 200) By identYng procreaon a e cause of deplobe social condons, reproducve punishmen dive aenion away om ste responsibl d e need for social change Black motes cack use, for exampe, became a pimary expla naon for igh rtes of lack ifat mortay, ahoug ts dspariy long  predaed he cck epidemc Rober 998, 559; Zea and Baks 2002 McCaughey 200 ) Lke pishens fo poor womens cdbeaig repogenecs aso shs responsibi for pomotg well-beng om he goverent to he  dvdal by malng women responsible for ensurig he genec ess of her cldren The ndvdul woma becomes he site of govence ogh sf-regulaion of geneic rsk Mykiuk 000. e medcal odel of dsabli hat promotes eugeic elmnaon of genec rik i  tad of ndng dcmnaon agait iabed peope uppor tate e ace on ndividuas to secure he ow welbeng roug he use of enec techologes his dversion of attenion awy om soia auses d soluios reinforces privaaon, e haak of a neoberal state at seek  reduce soial welre  progrs whe  promong he free arke condions conducive to capal accuulaon. hus, reproductve el poes invovng women at opposite ends of the reproducve iachy pay n importnt ole in he neoliberl states transfer of service  he wefare tae  he  prae {eam of y d mket  e last severl years, wile wokng on a book project eplog e growh of biotechnoogis hat ncoporte race as a genec categoy,  ae come to reconsder once agan he opposon of wite women and en of color n te repoducive cate system  relaon to reproducve chologes he posion I  just described, lke he 980s reproducve stpias, sl cas white women as he ony consumes of reproducive enologes nd women of color ony as vcms of populaon conol ce I ame a whe womn e he ony on  aes o ese technooges and at wome of coo play n prt in e poiics f repogenetcs, xcept by her exclusion or eploitaon

7



Th cnt xpno o boh reprodcv gen eeng and rbad biomedie hoeve ga a dama chnge i e al o of repoduve echoogies First, e impotan roe o gtc ig which make ndiid izens esponsble or ensg good hat by edcng gnc k may pport  d ioroon o epgee techooge nto e eoba hah cae ym Sod cpaies tat mre raceased boehoogies ow promie o exe  bees o gee eac to peope of olo (Boe 2004;  7) Meda pomotng gee ehoogi promnenl feare peope  oor n mages epreeg e  geec age, n cos to p  "  poryal ta emphased whtnes as he ecusive adad  gee e. Moreove som  hat ofer hghtec repoduv i cldg PGD eplcy apal to cles o oor.' Women of oor  ow pat o th maket ad  imanay o he ew eoge We ned a ew reroducve dystopa that aun  te hag c pos of geei d reprduon   re  cly e  rl of rce d rim i  emegee o reprodctve tehoo ha opoat adac i e ee Wat ae he impliaos o indig wome of o  he market or epogenec ehooges parcy whe ti i d  h e expeao a wome  s ee technologe  n genec rk/  vsgatg t qeto I hop to hd gh o t  eaohp bewee cim eoibem d epodo

Epandig the market fo puv cholgs

 Kng  Bk  I dssed te roe o rae i mage po he fey dsy (Robe 1998 5 I poited ou ha piu ig th e o rdcoassg tcnoloes we a o wite babis usay wih bod a ad be yes, a   g e ral pi. We h N k Times ached a promie re e cd e ty Maket  Jauy 996 for eap, he  page dpayed a poogaph o he detor o a erlt i srouded by en wite chden cncvd t Gab 996 A : S te Web ie f DA Ties (h:/ /dnariescom}, eTree (//  geeeem) d Natinl Gehi' enaphi Pjet (h/ / 3 tonagk/eg/dx.  ee h Pcic Fiy ees ppe t sive dns a /J .ntg. d imn au  dna t /pr //aeny_.

S

IGNS

Smmr 29

787

The contnung page contaed a pcture of a set of beamng in to fertzaon (I tplets, also whte (Gabrel 1996, A8).  In te 990s, the oy tme black babes gued  meda coverage of these tecnooges as n soes nended to evoke revuson precsey because of ter ace One nstance was a hghly pubczed lawst brought by a whte woman aganst a fer clc she clamed had mstakenly semnated her wth a black ma's sperm, resulg n the bt of a mxedrace chld (Schatz 990; Sllva 1990. Two reporters coverg the stor pecuated hat "f the sut goes to ral, a jury could be faced  wt the dcult ask of decng damages voled n asg an terraca chd (Kanowt and Kapa 990. The perceved harm to the mother of recevng he wrong sperm ws tensed by e cncs ue  deer a whte baby Other nooous news stores om the 1990s clded he case·of twn boys bo to a whte Dutch cople who dscovered when he babes were o monhs od tat one was wte d one was black (Eot ad Endt 1995) The fer clc had ferlzed te mothers eggs wth sperm om both her whte husbad ad a black m A admak Calforna dspute frm 993 Johnon v. Calert, nvolved a black gesatonal "sur rogate, Ana Joson, who ws deed ay ghts to the chld she bore or the genetc parents, a whte man ad hs Fpa wfe, Mrk ad Cspna Cavert! The press pad  more atenton to Ana ohnsons ce  o ta of Cspa Cae t so porte e bab   we By relyng on the Calver genetc e to he cd to determne legal pr enthood, he Cafora cor ered that a black woma woud not be consdered he natal mother of a wte chld (Roberts 998, 28081) Whe te stores volg whtes portayed the postve potenal of new reproductve technologes, the stores vog women and chdr�n of lor reveed ter potenal horror. oday, however, te hgh-tech fery busess, clug genetc reenng serces no onger appeals to an exclvey whte clentele lthough fert clcs perform sex selecon for a range of clent, the ntroversy suroundg  servce h centred on Chese ad an me ovsy 2004 mgarner 2007 Image on er  Web stes rotey show people of color aongsde cams adversg cnc evces ad ther benes To be sue, pctures of whe babes contnue  doate some eb stes. The home page of te nehart Cener for eproducve Mecne n Ilos dsplays he head of a blondhaed baby 4 Johnsn v. lvert,

 993).

 Ca 4 84 19 Ca R 94 (993) cet denied 4 S C

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emergng e he su om biowng white oud t ustrt i prmis of "uing your dr f targ a miy into raiy' Sher Instituts fr prduv Medne, w nanwd las seam pht sp of i sus sris howing dozen of chidr a of wom appea to be white.• Simiary a -pg adesemnt for h Virgiiabsd Gis nd I Iitute wi rey appred in he N Y m Magazne feur a giant phot (tg up abut af th pae) f a whit baby  wih bond hir bu y ad rosy e Th adne sk Oer 40 ad hng  haing  baby? fowd by th sun: "DONOR EGG Immdiate Aabiity I th txt bw h ompany b of oeg Dotora Dnors w adaned de d nurou or doo wi spia amphmnt ad tlent The assump tha  whtns integn ad ent are onnted ad hereditary rem robust  th reproge mrktpa Nthess h iage aoiated wh rpdue hnogi hae dramaly dred in ent yars Rprduie Heat Spe ts in Iinois dpy a phtgrph of a arg group of wht oup oding wht babi apoed Baby Pi 8 ut it Wb site so otns a ptgraph f a mig bak mn ad woman and a draig of a pregant bak woma attded t by a bk m patner nd fema pysiian Lkewis Huton I Web sit how a beamng bak u pe hodig a bk baby9 Th Inoibaed Karade and sts tk  ry mtiutu apprah usng a photo of  prgnt E sin  woman for eduing an appointmnt a bak woman ad d fr i  to d gg form d a th  m  hd fr th ian ifrman ik 0 Thre ae numo drsmets n riitom xpity oi ' S  eht Cer fo Rpoduce Medn Wb sie a t://  ll isi.o   See t S ss  rodv diie Web e a p: jwby om/dx_s?&= ie    S Gs ad  Isie, d smt  Y T 4z July 29, 200721.   Se mags o he b i a

tm 9  Se e Houson  Wb ie a t:   unooijOuk/ OuSe   HI Fo mag om e Kd and A Wb t e om/imm t/ jdom/eggdooomm nd tp// w demis ael

 I G N 

umm 2009

789

ing egg donors of color. For exampe, a postng by Beverly Hls Egg Donaton notes "ALL EHNICTES COM! "11 F. Wlliams Dnor Ser  vices' istng sates Etnic Divere Egg Donors Needed ad includes a photo f an Aian a whte and a bac woman12 Happy Benngs, LC aderses GG DONS WANTD A TINIC BACKGROUNDS specing "E HV  A  HGH DMND FO JEWSH ST INDIN MDD S   N BOND ONOS  Smlay, Pacic Fery Center boasts that it matains a divee egg dno da tabae inclding Jesh egg donr Aian egg dnos, ad a vae f ckgnd d enes 4 Some fet cnic eb sites n nly maret ther reprgenetic ser  vces o peple f color bt they also perform ace-based genec tesng as part of thse sevces Pac Feril Centers e site inludes te statemen, Genec screenng is as remmendd ased n ehc bac grnd Reprductve Genes Instute in Ccago simlarly ncldes race in he ctors it es no accnt n its genet testng: Screening Reslts and Accuay By cmnng he resl of the utrasond ad bood test aong wih he age, race and weight f the mther a number can e geneae by compter wh represen he s o te pregnacy beng affected by Down synrome  anohe chromosome probem. Experience ha shown ha, togeher, the lrasond and blod screen wl dent approxmey 90% f babes wi chrmsome bnrmalte. "16 Fert clcs use of race  genec selectn prcedures may help to reinforce the eroneous bef that race is a bloca classicatn tha can e determined genecally or that genec traits occu in human bngs accorng to heir ace Scial siensts demnsaton ha ace is n nvented soia grping was comed y genomc studies of humn  varian, ncluing the Hman Genome Project shwing hgh levs f 

See evey Hs gg Doaion, adverse�ent, os Angees caglist.com S Vaey etcetera jobs ovembr 22 2008  See  Wims onor Sevics advetsemen and mpre cristcom, etcee obs, Novembe 24 2008 3 See appy egings LLC advesemn eno cgsstcom, ecetea obs o vember 3 2008 14 See he Pacc ety ener's appea o pospectve dono at http://  donateyoureggsom 5 See he acic erty eners Web se a htp:/ / paccfetiityceecom/ trea/ageny_donaon 6 See the Repodcve Genecs sttte's Web page on st mese screeg a tp/ /wrepodcveenetcscom/strmesterhtm

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geneti simlait among people of al rces (Graes 2001; Coope Kauf man, nd Ward 2003 .  At e oset of te Human enome Proje some scos beeved ht e sence of humn genec des wod repace race  te preemet mens of groupg peope for sien puroses   Lewontin 95 eardon 2005) Yet the use of ce as a biologcal ct ego  genei researh d biotehog is tensing Burhard et  2003 Bom hueBaer d ols 2005 Dser 2005). Th mreg of gtec reprodutie series to women of oor is part of  broader ilusion of mnori groups  the esng ad pro dcon o cg-edge ioeoog I June 2005 te Food and Dug Adison DA) apoved te st ce-sed pme, BiDl to rea hert faure speicaly  n Ameran pens Saul 2005  BiDil is te combito of two genec drugs t dotrs were  redy pesrg egaless of rae. e te FDA permtted it maker Nitomed t mare BD as a drg  bk peope. Makg BD ce speci also aowed itromed o etend its pe to te ye 2020 ving the compay market elusivit ad te potential  rep uge ps o drg a (K 2004) Te mucturr' uproe ty spporng e eed or  re-spec erapy s t he reson fo ge mora rates among bl ert ptients les  genec erences among "es in eier e reaon or geg ear disease o e eason fo espdng derey o mdcaos or i Ka 200 nar and  200). BiDl is oly one xample of the grog ted towad he saeg se of rce as a geec ategory to obai paet poeco nd dug pp K 2006 9  is svey of geereed ptent ap pcton ega shor onn Ka scovere t e se of ce s reased efold in te pa ten yes (200) Cls abou us   siec resarch hve shied away om proeg sociay dsdan gd sec fom unehc pacces nd tod promotng access to cla trs d bioe produs Epsen 2007) Thee s sng sppor r al u mog some la des researher a p scans pres o redress pas discmon ad  log-sg demnds for sence o tend o e ealt eeds of i Ameis (urin 200 see Rberts 2008 hs neased commerc nd pop  lr demd for raespc prmaceutls thretns o eiorce a se beief i te bologica org of rae   Advced repde tecnooges mrly conse  form of rae bsed mene. Rte tan sere n excsivey we cnee, er s e maretg geet ecoloes to wome of olor on te bss of ace and etni and ncoog rce  geeicscreeg proce

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Su :C09

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dures Coempoy repoductive dystoa, te shoud not ctgocy ecud womn of coor fr  imaed es of gec seo tchnoloes. A I explai beow, te exnsio of raebd boech ·oogy cg gene seco s tn he olibe td owad  ptzaio d  ptie goveac ad eurs adjuig femist re  poduc ysopias.

Nlbalsm a pv yspa

T keg of repogs o woe o co  ing pae  te cone: of oibe s  goece ta my encorge he ep so o gecseg ecooges o   ode en Wdesped  pea estig h aady geeraed ra srvelace of egnat  ome ad ssign em py rspob fo makg e "rt geetic dsios. t is ncsngly roune or prgn women o ge  pe dgoe o ceri gee oo  s Do sme o dwsm (Powe 2007; Sxto 2007)  s o o epeced a e  o fo aboron  elec  y b s ee by geec sg. Mny obserians prode hse te iout uc epno o dbeao ecase te cosde sh screnig  be a ora pa of atg ther pgn pes he rector of po dcve geecs   ag ero hosp eord a  ea af of e wome ferd her th n borml ocenss  were ucen o why ty een ad the tes Cosum Uio 1990 486) Moeoe crre  ca aw creaes ce  o of gee esig by posn leg dues o obseics t oe  e! 200 5 Ossoro 2007 30). We tee ar ruly o eg coseqeces  for doo who encorage genec ts doctors who  to e hem ay b ab or dags  "g b awus Aog genec coseg sho be ondcve my conso sow approv we att deid� agns slec aoo A genc conseo ased a wo who dcided o ar a cild wh ow ydr "Wa ae yo gong o say o epe we hy a o how  yo cold bring a chd e  o e wod/ quoed n H r  For xampl,  Supreme Cout of O cnly hld that arts of n ey  born owg ign i  diage  ea dc ordia a g   udr oJ  p p   ost g o h rgncy ad r o  : & P M  D d cc c c 08 h S 3 49 200--92 (  C 2006) F r  agm  vor  ng  aw  a "av ju u by     K 

I

79

R

anda, ad Chedd 1998 59). Ban Skoko' uey of985 ms w cived potnat dagoe f Down ndme f he ilden im dcd tat m f th motr we ctd b at cae po fi fo ot degig p ttng: "igt  [m cid] ws bo e dct t out od m u and a hi cod ha been peeted o discned at n eae tge of e pgnny wot ne mot wo d a d  wit DS n 2000  A mot w ad a chid n 993 cad "I d  eident  t c oom w I ard tat m daugt d DS Wen I ted to c I vrd m a Wht dd  expct? S d penat ttg .   Aot mt  potd om e pece in 997, T attendg ot   eedg ome fm of cmpsion matd  f  igoce  no dig por etig and  bgig t bd t ociey-og t ecmic ducao Qd ocia adip he  wod ing egadng  a visit a mohe w ad a chd n 992 ot M docto red e me  ned fo ncene  tt I cod coo to eminat. (2005 01)

A  ut f uc p m pegnt wmen w ew gtc tg a  equiem of espoi moheg (Hmon 200) Po wmen epeci wom of co cun c aia ad ote  to cig gtec ett ec Et 2005). e cu gtc cng i ow codd  ent pt f pe mdcie owe  ecoogi e bcomg ntgatd to oci  wee tm d pat c cme d a  to becme nceang abe t po d wcm wmn V de Da 200; e 2009) U , w pm ppo   cr frt GD ct to p wmn id tatng a pgc tht eti did getic ti F d Rbt 2006  9 e an1 of  is to podc e ir of   bay; the im f D and fea dagno  t pet e it of ctan cden. W go ment wfe t e ddd ctng chding  po  wmn of co b decing t d ft tnt t ma te fo teat gntc ttg dnt  Foe  x  of insurac ovg offr trtmnts,  Aos {2007 8-13): "o  cdy q om p o hh  pla o  o o c y  o o mk c o b ().  PGD   o   w   k o m    rs   R 06 9

5 I GN 

Summer 2009

93

5 I GN 

Summer 2009

93

'The cuent an on federa ding o aoton places a sgnicn lmt on sate genetc selecton pogams (Powel 2007, 49-50). In states hat do no povde Medcad ndng fo aboon poor women cn eceve sa  te-  poo   ed geec   te    ng   buthave   to pay fo   te cos o se  ec  tv  e aotons hemselves Ye t s not had to fosee ue fedea and state legsaton tat exempts "heapeuc aboons ased on genet tesng rom the an on aoton ndng. Po to the 1973 passage of Ro v Wad, pholdng the consttona ght  aoton may states pe mtted erpetc aoroecommded y pyci cma zng eecve aboons sogh y women wth unwned pegnnes (Schoen 200 386). Indeed some clent of reprogenecs hae claimed moa supeoy ove women who have had aboons fo nonselecve easons In a July 22 200 ped pece n te N Yrk Tim Baaa Eeech cas on women who had aboed feuses ased on penatal dagnoss o suppot the genel gh to aboon (200) he notes that these women some tme dstgsh hemses om woen who have"oay aboros Oe woman who aorted a fes wt Down syndome sttes " dont look at t as tough  had an aoton even ough tha s ecncally  wha t s Thees a deence   wnted tis ay quoted n henrech 2004 A2). On a We ste fo a support goup caed "A Hea eang Choce    mote wowet o a abotion cl com    lai     eet   ed e fact hat  had o e hee wth a these gs that dd not want the aes (uoted n henech 2004 A2 ) . he ncopoaton of egec  vaues n aguments for womens epodctve eedom negect the hs toy of aoton eguaon whch lmted womens epoductve eedom by isngg eteen approed theapeuc and dappoed eece aortons  atemp o solct suppotes of sece aoton o jo he cause of aoton ghs msundestand he naue of epodtve  pos n te eobera age The expason of genetc eseah ad tecnologes has heped to ceae a new olocal czensip tha enliss patens to ake npecedened atho ove he healt at the molecla leve (Rose 200) Accodng o sh socolost Nkols Rose "our vey ologcal fe tsef has   ne  ed e oan of decon d choce 2007 0) So schols have hglghed the enhancement of huma agency as "paen ae n ceasngy ged o become acive and esponsble consmes of medical sevces and poduts angng fom pharmaceucals o epoductve ech nooes and genetc tess (2007 4) and to form aances wt physcans scet ad   clncin o t adocae o f  e teet (Fankad  es 2006 xi).

7

Robe

7

Robe

Bolocal iizenshp aso reecs the shi of responsibiliy for pubi  wefae om he sate to he private reams of market and faily. A se obsees, esponsibiiy fo he maagement of heat and reprodu has devoved om he "formal appaaus of he govement to "qa autonomous regulaoy bodies' , such as boethis ommssons, proes sonl groups, ad pvae orpotons (2007 3). Seing gene tesng poduts diecty to onsumes is big busness for pvate eti cs and botechnology ompanies iomecal research and technolo have orresponngy become major sores of capitl accumlaon aded b edera patens on genec inorman, FDA approval of pharmaceua, and public nng of lucrave prvate researh ventues suh  Cal oras stem cel reserh niiave In  neoberl context genei testng serves s a form of pva ation ha makes he ndividual the site of govenane though he sel regaion of gene risk (Mykitiuk 000). epoducve genec tech nologes, n palar, inroduce a new gendered division of labor d surveane s women bea he brunt of reprogeneis ontibuton to the neoibera restcg of health care Myktiuk 000) Canadan ega shoar Rxnne Mykik pon out tat, contay to the deegaton ha ypclly ocs  the sevie of bg busess, the new dues mposed on women onsitute a reregulaon ha supports captal nvesment n mket-based appoahes t heah e and oher soia need while sate invesment n pub resoures shnks 000) In addion, reprogees ncoporates a seemngly bengn form of eugen thkng in its reliane on epoductive sategies to eliminate  genetc risk raher han soial saees to einae sysemi nequies  Some sabi ights advoates oppose prenata geneic agnosis that leads o sadng embyos d feses prected o have disabies be � cause hese pocedues devaue peope who have sabilties senng the message ha they shoud never have been born Wende1996,15156; Paens ndsh 00 Saxton 00). They argue tat athough disabites ause vaios degrees of imparmen he man du in avng a s abty stems om pevasve scmnaton. Raher than mprovng he meca or soa staton of todays nd omorows dsabed iens  we bioethiiss Erk Parens and Adrenne Ash prenata agnosis re nforces he medca model that saby tsef, not societ smnaon aganst people wt sabies, is h probem to be soved 00 ) The easons why some paen do not wa a dabed cd e vaed. l some women may use genetc seecton in an upway mobe ques fo the perfet hd, othes want to preven the ren om seng te pan, ness, and physial matons tat accompay sabtes or

G

 

7

 wo  h a o pab o dang wh ss oc cnquene Wende 16 283 Frain ad ober 26 326 Bay 2 Yet gven meal professoals' impt rve avog genec selecon d powel stereoypes h negatvly dep dsbled peope an women ae  wt  se mpreon o e atue of prentng a isbld d ad he quaty o abled peopl' live (wih · gnec etng canot prc; me 2 Prgnn women e y l to mke t informed dsio bou wh o do  s esus becae they obsetcs nd cnelor yiay hv te ormao abo e iv of disbed peope and ther s d16 814 Pres ad As 2 33 3 Moreover some of the undeable evs kly o appn to a cild  wh a serous ibi t pans may eaonably w to prevent c as ted edcton d empoymn oppout  a by o a mch as pysca mpedmn Senboc 2  Une o o on socea ac or sppor ma wm f cmpd to trn to genet esng o enue hei hen wfae (Lippmn 1 3 Kay  8  . o   jg he mora o d women dons, e must cay vauat e soca, poia nd eg ncen ves fo gene sg as we as cnsqunce o gnic esig o people wt abes. Bidng on te salt i, we mu so queson he roe t e eugi appro  ab p i noibera govenanc Re e Brish ooogis diced bove, eets ciica nl ' se f eugencs hoi to ones GD ad oher ass of con empry bologca pol (27 546 He gues h e euge d     of    y  w  pa bopoca sttegy hat sough to improve th populon   whoe hough berte ste on. Ths r "o cono the oogca mkep of  ppon as a woe, he ams sgue eugei om e ew bopoics one w e gene heah of ndas 2, 6. ha we hve hre hen  no euges b is shaped b form of sefvernmen ipsed by obgaons of hoce th desie for sefle d e wh of prens for h b J fo her ldn se oncdes 2 6 Roe dsise e elevance of eugen o cotemporar bioplts � A recnt sy ofeseach  e xpec diabi  m cuded, "T  s a inresigy dm ody o ese   ggg e f ov djs mn  we-g o   crs gos o es wit d  chld wh st (Fun Gart d Lk 2007, 85).

96

Ro

to categcy. He dwplays ic aspects of the past eugenics regme tat cteie bot ctempoy popuo cnt pocies ad ge nec-sceeg ehnoges suc as PGD By eugenc g  vues  efe t he beef a epoducte sttegs ca mpve soce by edcng e s f scy mrgazed peope e egeic ppac to socal problems locas thm in rproducon ae han socia sce d eefe ee to  e hem  lmnang dsvod  epe ed of soca neqe I cef epistmologcal dece s  mae the sc de eem nau b csg ts fe s bgic facs A onad MacKenze bsees, egec theo is "a way of eag the stucte of soi clsses to ate ;  Pgms based o sch a beef set p standds fo epducio at sbsume hdbeag de e  aing iecies f pwe Eugnis d o ncn y "i e sece f a boca stuggle eween n-sat (ose 2007 66);  ced t mta te cia gede ad cass ode 'thin e ntn (Meoe ace / beeen Amecan ad Nai eugeniiss i te 1930s sow a \gness  t coss ato bodaes  te tees of wte supemac. )21 T ontempay ppss to sove sca pbems by cubng bck epo dcn, sc as e Phadepa Iqure sgges to ste te g-cng ccepe N s a emed f ack  pve a ma  pas egeic ls  ha he e  eq p pe o  e podct f nue e han powe memn 90  deg pcen as e case of bac pepes nin, e vet attenn away om the poca scia ad ecmc foces that mt te US a de. I teefoe beiee i s acte and hepl  idei te ways i w ctempray epductie ea pcies ncopote esseti feaes of eugeic deogy despie te mpont dieences at se iggs Fueme te dsc bewen pst sateimposd nd cuent  vuy ogms s  s ecut as se suggests O he one nd Rse goe te system f puntive geae t accompes te ebel shi t nivida sef-goenane Wefae s  ge a sysem l f ad but ate a system of beaio mocon ta aempts to eg ! ae e sexua mita, ad cdbearng deciss f po ed me  pag cni o e eceipt f sae assce e n Wen the ledig Ameican unis Hry Lhin eeived  honoay degee om te Uniesity of edb n 936 e wroe o Gm oca ta e wad epe "evdee o  omo ue o e   e o th e o euei (quoed in K 985 8)

  G  5

Smm 29

797

1998; Mink 2002 Smih 2007). Meanwhle, fedeal and state gove mens aggessivey inevene in manalied comuts o manage he ocia depivaon wih especialy punive meases The US. pison pop  ulaion has gown to popotons npecedented n te histoy of Weste democcies as an astodig nmbe of yong black m ae ocked p (Galand 200 the Sentencg Poject 2005 The acial dispaity n he ste cae poplaon miros that of he pison sysem s chid potecon athoites emove gossly dspopotionate nmbes of back childen om hei homes bets 2002 oplaon contol pocies that at ibte socia eqies to he chldbeang of poo minoiy women ae a cical component of hs pitve tend away om stae sppot fo mes and commniies Robets 998 Smih 2007. ose's efeence to "the enablng sae he ciliaing sate te state as aimao 2007 63 does not appy to polcies desied t penaize childbearng by poo  women and women o coo. On the oe and Roses ocs on state diecion of weneth-ceny egenc pogams obsces he ccia ole of pate entepises in dis seiating and plemenng egencs Jst as enta as he man datoy steiaon aws passed in most states wre he campaign waged by pivate gops sch as he Amecan Egenc Society the Human Betement Associaon, and the Ameican Genecs Assocaon o edcate the Aeican pblc abot the benets of egenics s wel as the America Br Control Leages poams o distbte bih conol to the nt Kevles985) As Rose acknowedges "gens  not dsepabe o magnal: i deed one dimension of mainsteam thking abot he esponbes o pocas possos scensts d d  the mode wod 2007 59 Some fenss wo se egencs hetoic t citie moden gnec seection technologes explcity acknowedge the disincon beteen staemposed pogas ad pivae decisions made by ndvidals Fo example S sociolost Babar K Rotman calls he maketig of penata agnosic tecnoogies a fo� of micoegenics focsed on he ndvdal in conast to macoegencs focsed on poplatons 200   aso expcly dsgish beeen popaton conol polics ad hose hat pomote epogenecs while dawing attenton to hir common sppot of neobeal appoaches to social nees Robets 2005  Ths tnction, owee hod not eclpse te coece nate ad socia con o contempoay eponetcs Wedel9656 Wd 2002 As I dscss above genetc selecon pocedes ae nceasngly teated s socia esponsbities renfoced not ony by cutal exectatons bt also by ega peales and ncentves Does the tatesppoted epo

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duce genecs indur est ol to e diidul ciens more reproducve choices, r as Lua Hehey ak is it piaily for he beet of a ociet uwlg o support disbiltyrelated needs?" (99 31; see lo Wendell 996 54) Roses nlysis of contempor biopolics helps to llumate h rd ical chnge om ste maagement ofhe populao's helh to dvidul magemet of geec risk, aided by new geetic techologie These technoloes ciite he sh om stte reposbly for ensung helh d welre to prvate espoibiit  wihi the cotex of pesistet race gender ad clas nequites dettng reductos i socia pro grms; d itense stte surelce f mginalzd cmmes Geetc screeng is ireasigly recommended ot ol to void hig chdn wh serio ely onet disbles or dses wh a gh like lhood of occurrig but to elminte h rsk of developing certai dseaes as n adut Obaogie 006 A recnt cle  he Jorn ofthe Ar Mial Aocao for exmple, ecoaged mlies affected b hereditry cncer yndrmes cluding bret oin and colon ccer to use PGD to scren out embro geetlly redisposed t develop ccer Ot Sa nd Hurley 2006). I he neolibe ture he stte my re on he expecao that all pegat wome wl udergo geetc tesg  ege o ony t re to uppot he cr of dbled cldr but l is deal of broder clais for public prision ofhelh ce

g ho o wom of oor he roe reprgeecs py i ebem negrted tem f p ato and punitie goernnce s obscured b lbe noos of re prducte choice espite he pottil r repogentics to dimiish pubic he ce d ne regon of wome's eproducve de cisios is sponsos oe dend the dustrys immi om ate regulio in he ame of women's repoduce eedom m 1989 6 ag 2004. Exendng he vb of gene seeco tech nologies to women f color doe not corect he role pled by reprogeetics  adacg  neolbera agenda. e depleton of pubc r sources for genera he ca d or supportg people wth dabe would exacerbate ecoomic ineqies alog racil ines hitting poor mi oit communies he hadest  dditio, e epeco of genc lfregulaon ma fll espcill harshy o blk ad La wome who are teeopicll dened as lcking he capaci for selfcool The use of hightech epeie techologies b  piileged slice of wome of

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color suggess hat ho who do not use hm fo nc social, or hic rsons may be bamed or e oci consqunces. Thr ma was be crn rproducve nooe ha r rservd for h wahet pope and  outside he rac of mos womn of coor Th mak  pg a y eie among peopl of coor wo cn aord igh-tech rroducve novaion wh regang  vast majoiy o h ate' mos inn rprodcve urviance Indeed, t nobel rcaon o ma oc s kely to expand he ing o poor nd ow-incom women of coor for heir rprodcv sev T  cidnc o paymns o es womn o ges tus or o poduc egg for gneic rsach coud ntni (Haworh 2007) ven as ey r ncogd o use gneic oogie to screen eir own chldren  addon mrkeing rac-bad bioechnologes to conumrs of coor cn rnforce h bioloca meaning of rac By ncooaing vntd ci caegors no gnec rearh cienis nd nrpreneur ar producing bioehnooe at vida popes bif tha rac i a naua caicaon  rnwed us in inhrnt rcia dirncs po vids  aeaiv expnaon for prisen gross inequies n bacs hea and wlre despt he nd o de jure scminaon. Ths ech nooe promoe he vw ha depening rci inquiies ha rs om neolibr poics ae acly ud by gnec drnce bween whes nd ohr ciized goup The bioogic expnaon for acia dspariies provids a ready logc for h aggrng disacimen of peop o coor oug mass incrceaon d ohr pniv poicis a w a he prfc compmen o coord poici mpmng  cam a ism s casd o be e cas o hir predicme Incuding women o coor   mrk for rprogentic cnoogs do no dca   as ysem undeying eproucve  caion  reproducve dysopia for e tweny cenry cod no ong ede om of coo om  me fo hgc epogec Rathr i wod k pace in a soey  which raci nd conomic divsion ar renocd by h gnc sng exndd o hm n is n dopa, he boogca do of ce  tonge  ve  idated by gnic scinc and cmened in popuar cue b race-bd biochnolos The sae hs dscaimed  responsbiy o supporng i i pacg h dt o eng pubic wer in  wom' sergaon o genec risk h mdica mod o disabiiy  embedded n a oibr halh poicy hat rs on widspread us o geneic h noogis o dquai cn om caimg pbic uppor d to avoid h ned for ocia chng he nw boogiaion of ace may sm o

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ute blacks, ad oer nonwhie "races, by corng he geec u formy o people beongg o e same ace and eir genec erence om others  he new dysopa however, geec selecion ecnologes ha ncorpoate race as a ologcal caegoy rerce class vsons be een ee peope o color wo can aord he ll aray o igh-ec procedures and e masses wo ser mos om obeal poces bo sered y hese very biolocal explaaions o racal neques. But  ca also magie a new uopa arsng om emnss' raical ressace to enlstng wome  genec screeers  sevce o a eoberal agenda a ressace a s emboldened by ew alliacesjoing reproductie us tce wth atacs, saby rghs; and ecoomic usce movemens ta recogze he commo neres  conesig a racebased reprogeec re

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r ndrews, r B 1999.  Clon : Adnur in th N World ofRpro· ducti chnog New Yok: Holt Aons, Jessca 2007 "Fue Choices Assised eprodcve Techooges ad e Law epo Ceter for Amecan Poess Wshigto DC. Awood Magae 1985.  Handmaid's Tal Toronto McCeland &Sewa Bily May n 2007 "Why I Had mocentess. In Prnatal Ting ad Disabili Rh ed. Eik Pres and Adrenne sch, 64-71 Wasingto DC: Georgeown Uivesy Press Bumgane Asey. 2007 "A g to Coose? Sex Seeco n he neaol Coe Duk Joual of Gndr Law and oli 14 (May) 1289-1309 Boche M Gregg. 2004 "RaceBased Thepeucs Nw Engnd Joual of

Mdici 351(20)2035-37 Bonam, Vence L, Esther Washaerke, d rncs S Cols. 2005 "Race ad Ehncity in the Geome Era: The Compex o he Constrcs Amr-

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Cooper Ricrd S, Jay . Kaan, and yk Ward 2003. "Race and Genomics. Ne ngnd ua Mediine 348(12)1166-70 Coea, Gena 985. e Me Macine Repducive Tecngiesm iia Inseminain  ticia Wmbs New York: aper & w Dlg, M J Tyson. 20a. "Egen Unbond ce, Gendr nd Gene. Pa deieed a Gnder  Js  the Gene Age N ok, May 6 h:// .ocoerce.p?aon mu dond 62  2004b. Gendeed Gobaizon Sate Ineests Women o Coo and Marnalzed Woen. Paper delvered at Gnder and ]ustce in e Gene Age, New ork May 6 hp//gjga.org/conrencesp?acon =tem&source = doumen&id = 65 Darnovsy May 2004. "Rvsng Sx Slcon The Grong Poplariy of New Sex Seecon Methods Rvvs an Old Deate ene Wa 17:3-6. Dxer, Madeine. 200 "Rpode Helh n he Twen-ft Cenu" Radce Qae te htp//dcleed/pn/about/quaery/05 ealh. Dste, roy 2005 "Race d icaon i Sciece Scinc 307(571210505. Eckholm, Erk. 200. "In Tunabout Int Deats Cim  Sot N Y Tims Apri 22 . Ehrenreich, Barbar 2004 "Ownng p to Aboon. N Y Times July 22, A21. Elio, Dornda, d Fo Endt 995. "Tinwi wo Fates The Ne erlands; A ely Clic's Srlng Error. Nese y 3, 38. Elser Nanete  2005. "AT o he Maes? cia and Enic neuality i sisted eproducive Tenooes ePauuna Hea Ca w 9(  719-33. Epstein, Steven 2007 ncuin e Pi enc in Medica Reac Chcago Uvesiy of Ccago Pss. rgson lp M,  Gner and Doty  psky 200 Te Experence o isailty n Famlies: A Synesis of sear nd Parent Narves In Penaa Tesing and sabii R, ed Ek Parens and Adree Asch, 72-94 Wshingon, DC: Georgeow Unvrsy Press F, Sah and Cea oer. 2006 Bn and Made: n ngap  Peimpnain Geneic iagn Pceton, NJ Princeon Unty Prss Gabe, rip. 1996 "HighTech Pregncies Tet ope's L Nw Y Tim, January 7 A, A8. Galnd, Davd 200 ntoducon The Meanng o Mass Ipisonmen. In  M Impsnmen Scia Caues and nsequenc, 13. Thouand Oas, C: Sage Gaves, Joeph L, Jr. 200. e mpe Ne C Bigica ei ce a te Minnium. New Bck NJ us Uiersty Pre. Hmon, Ay 2007. "Genec Tesng + Aborion  ??? Ne  Times May 13, sec 4, 1. Hawor, Abigal. 2007 "Wom for Rnt " Maie Cie Augs, 2529

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Obasogie, Osae  2006 Slippery Wen Wet" Bioplical Tims blog De cembe 15. htp/fw.biopoicalmes.og/aricephp?id=209 O, Keh Mchal Sa ad rn Hrley 2006 Prempano Gec Dagois r Cncer Sydome" Jua fe Aecan Medica Aciain 296(22)272730 Osoo  2007 eaal Gic esng and he Cout." In enaa ing and Dabii R ed Er ar ad Aee Asc 30833. Wsgt, DC Geoge Uves es. arens Erk ad Adee Asc 2007 he Dsabili Rg Cqe orna Geec sig econ and Rcommendaons"  her enaa ng nd Dabii R 343. Washngon DC Geogetow Univert res ens, Erik, and   owes 2007. progecs and blic olicy:  econs and Rcommendions" In Rgenei  P and Eica e, d   Knoles and Gregoy E abick 25394 Bamore Jos opkis versity res owel Cynia M 2007 he Crrn Stae o reaa Geneic eng i h ed Stes" n enaa Teing and Diabi R ed. Erk ars ad Aenne  4453 Wasngton C Georgeton Uivsiy ress ckren, Gary 2006 BiDil From Anotr Vanage oi" Hea Aai e iJuna fe Hea Spe 25(536874 app yna 1999. Tng en Teing e Feu e Scia pa fA icenei in Aeca. N Yok otledge ado Jeny. 2005 Race  e Fin deni and Gnance in an e f eni inceto NJ nceto Uivert s Rey Um M.  J Wape, br W ba nd Rcar J . 2007 neit Asssted prodcve echnology, and Adverse rgacy Out comes Execve Smmary o a Naona Ite o Cild Hth and Hma Devlopment Woshop" Obe and ne 109496777 bet Doroy 1998 Kiing e Back Bdy: Race Repducin and e Meaning fibe. N York Vntge.  2002. Saeed Bn e  fCid >ae. Ne York Bac . 2005. vazaon ad nismnt n te New Age o�progenes" E  Juna 5(3)13360  2008. Is ace-Based Medine· God r Us Acan-Amca Ap poas o ace Bioecnology and Eq" Jua f Medicine and Ei 36(3)5375 berso, John A 2003 Eca sses in Ne Uses oreimpanaton Geetic agosis" Huan Repducin 1836571 se Nola 2007 e i f e Biedicine P and Subjeci in e Ten enu rceto NJ rncon Uversiy ress ma aaa atz. 989. Recing Med e and n in a Paaa Sc. Nw Yok N  2001. e Bk ffe A Pena and Eica uide  Race ai nd e pcaion fe Huan ene Pec. Boson Beaco

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Sanka, Pamea and Jonathan K. 2005. BD: ace Medcine or ace Mar keng?" Supp Web excsve Halth Aars:  Poyoual ofth Halth ph Octobe 1 W455W463 ht//content.heth orc/contnt/ lthaw5.455/DC. Sa Stephae. 2005 FD.A Approves a Heat Dg for ican-mecans. N Yrk Tms ne 24 C2. Saxton Masha. 2007. Why Membe o te Dsab Commn Oppose Pe nata Dagnoss an Seecve Abotion. In Prnatal Tstng and Dabl Rhts ed Eik Paens an Aennesch 1764 Wasingon DC Geoge town Unversity Pess. Schatz Robin 990. Sperm Bank MxUp Ca Wom Ses Doctor Ban; Says Wrong Depost Use. Nsdy March 9 5 Schoe, Johana. 2005 Cho and Coron Brth Control trlzaton and Aboron n Publ Halth and War Chape i ners o Noh Car oina Pess The Sentencg Project 2005 N Inarraton Furs Groth n Populaton Contnus npbishe manscpt he Sentencng Project Wasngo, DC http//wsentencngproject.org/pd/044p£ Sger Emy. 2007 Choosng Babes MIT hnolo Rv, Mach/Apr. htp//wtechnoogyrevewcom/Botech/8303/ Skoo Bian 2005. Mohers of Chden wh Dow Snme Reect on The Posata Sppot. Pdatr 5()64 Smth na Mae. 2007 War Rform and xual Rgulaton New Yor Cambdge ves Pess Spar Debora  2006  Ba Busnss: Ho Mon Sn and Polts Drv th Commr of Conpon oston avard Bsiness Schoo Press Steinbock Bonne 2007 Dsabiity Prenat Tesng an Seecve Aboon In natal Tng and Dabl Rhts ed E Pens an Adrenne sch 10823. Washngton DC Geogetown vesy Pess Sv Ronad 990. Mothe Accses Spem Bank of a ixp. N ork Tms, Mach 9 B. Van en Daee Wofgang 2006 he Specte of Coerco Is Pbic ea Genecs the Route to Poices of Enforce Dsease Prevention Commun Gnts 9(409. Ward ina M. 2002. Whose ght to Choose The 'New Genecs Penata esg d Peope wth Learing Dces Crtal Publ Halth 2(2 8200 We Eiabeh 2006 A Won Bit N ork Tms Magazn Mch 2 853 Wende Susan 996  Rjtd Body Fmnst Phlosophal Rons on Dabl. New York Roege. Zera ssat d ae Bas. 2002. Dhumanng Dours Antdrug  and Poly n Amra A «Crak Mothr" Nhtmar ershot Ashgate

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