Essentials Essentials of Organizationa Organizationall Behavior, Behavior, 11e (Robbins/Judge) 11e (Robbins/Judge)
Chapter 1
Introduction Introduction to Organizational Organizational Behavior
1) Until the late 1980s, business school curricula emphasized the ________ aspects of management. A) ethical B) people ) technical !) human ") global Ans#er$ "%planation$ ) Until the late late 1980s, business school curricula curricula emphasized the technical aspects of management, focusing on economics, accounting, finance, and &uantitati'e techni&ues. ourse #or( in human beha'ior and people s(ills recei'ed relati'el less attention. *'er the past three decades, ho#e'er, business facult ha'e come to realize the role that understanding human beha'ior plas in determining a manager+s effecti'eness, and re&uired courses on people s(ills ha'e been added to man curricula. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ 1 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1 ) 2hich of the follo#ing is not a reason #h business schools ha'e begun to include classes on organizational beha'ior3 A) to increase manager effecti'eness in organizations B) to help organizations attract top &ualit emploees ) to e%pand organizations+ consulting needs !) to impro'e retention of &ualit #or(ers ") to help increase organizations+ profits Ans#er$ "%planation$ ) Understanding human beha'ior plas an important role in determining determining a manager+s effecti'eness. !e'eloping managers+ interpersonal s(ills helps organizations attract and (eep high4performing emploees. ositi'e social relationships are associated #ith lo#er stress at #or( and lo#er turno'er. 5inall, companies #ith reputations as good places to #or( ha'e been found to generate superior financial performance. "%panding a compan+s consulting needs is not a positi'e reason to teach organizational beha'ior. !iff$ ag age -e -ef$ 14 14 *b6ecti'e$ 7nterpersonal (ills uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1
1 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
) ________ is the stud of o f the impact that indi'iduals, groups, and structure ha'e on beha'ior #ithin organizations. A) eadership B) *rganizational strateg ) erformance management !) "mploee relations ") *rganizational beha'ior Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") *rganizational beha'ior is the the field of stud that that in'estigates the impact that indi'iduals, groups, and structure ha'e on beha'ior #ithin organizations, for the purpose of appling such (no#ledge to#ard impro'ing an organization+s effecti'eness. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ *rganizational Beha'ior uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1 :) 2hich of the follo#ing is not a topic or concern related to *B3 A) turno'er B) leader beha'ior ) producti'it !) management ") famil beha'ior Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") *B is concerned specificall specificall #ith emploment4related situations situations such as 6obs, #or(, absenteeism, emploment turno'er, producti'it, human performance, and management. *B includes the core topics of moti'ation, leader beha'ior and po#er, interpersonal communication, group structure and processes, personalit, emotions, 'alues, attitude de'elopment, perception, change processes, conflict and negotiation, and #or( design. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ *rganizational Beha'ior uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1
2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
) ________ is the stud of o f the impact that indi'iduals, groups, and structure ha'e on beha'ior #ithin organizations. A) eadership B) *rganizational strateg ) erformance management !) "mploee relations ") *rganizational beha'ior Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") *rganizational beha'ior is the the field of stud that that in'estigates the impact that indi'iduals, groups, and structure ha'e on beha'ior #ithin organizations, for the purpose of appling such (no#ledge to#ard impro'ing an organization+s effecti'eness. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ *rganizational Beha'ior uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1 :) 2hich of the follo#ing is not a topic or concern related to *B3 A) turno'er B) leader beha'ior ) producti'it !) management ") famil beha'ior Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") *B is concerned specificall specificall #ith emploment4related situations situations such as 6obs, #or(, absenteeism, emploment turno'er, producti'it, human performance, and management. *B includes the core topics of moti'ation, leader beha'ior and po#er, interpersonal communication, group structure and processes, personalit, emotions, 'alues, attitude de'elopment, perception, change processes, conflict and negotiation, and #or( design. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ *rganizational Beha'ior uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1
2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
;) 2hich of the follo#ing problems #ould an *B stud be least li(el to focus on3 A) an increase in absenteeism at a certain compan B) a fall in producti'it in one shift of a manufacturing plant ) a decrease in sales due to gro#ing foreign competition !) an increase in theft b emploees at a retail store ") e%cessi'e turno'er among 'olunteer #or(ers at a non4profit organization Ans#er$ "%planation$ ) *B is concerned specificall specificall #ith emploment4related situations situations such as 6obs, #or(, absenteeism, emploment turno'er, producti'it, human performance, and management. A stud of foreign competition #ould not be b e part of an *B research pro6ect. !iff$ age -ef$ AAB$ Analtic (ills *b6ecti'e$ *rganizational Beha'ior uest. ategor$ Application *$ 1 <) 2hat are the three primar determinants of beha' ior in organizations3 A) profit structure, organizational comple%it, and 6ob satisfaction B) indi'iduals, profit structure, and 6ob satisfaction ) indi'iduals, groups, and 6ob satisfaction !) groups, structure, and profit structure ") indi'iduals, groups, and structure Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") *B in'estigates the the impact that indi'iduals, groups, and structure ha'e on beha'ior #ithin organizations. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ *rganizational Beha'ior uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1 =) 2hich of the follo#ing is not a core topic of organizational beha'ior3 A) moti'ation B) attitude de'elopment ) conflict !) resource allocation ") #or( design Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) *B includes the core topics of moti'ation, leader leader beha'ior and po#er, interpersonal communication, group structure and processes, personalit, emotions, and 'alues, attitude de'elopment and perception, change processes, conflict and negotiation, and #or( design. 7t does not include resource allocation. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ *rganizational Beha'ior uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1
3 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8) 7n order to predict human beha'ior, it is best to supplement our intuiti'e opinions #ith information deri'ed in #hat fashion3 A) common sense B) direct obser'ation ) sstematic stud !) speculation ") organizational theor Ans#er$ "%planation$ ) >o ma(e good *B decisions it is important to use e'idence to supplement intuition and e%perience. "'idence should come through sstematic stud, #hich in'ol'es loo(ing at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing conclusions on scientific e'idence, that is, on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonabl rigorous manner. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ stematic tud uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 9) Bett belie'es that it is best to ta(e the casual or common sense approach to reading others. he needs to remember that ________. A) the casual approach is nonsensical, and should be a'oided as much as possible B) the sstematic approach and the casual approach are one and the same ) laborator e%periments on human beha'ior often result in unreliable findings !) the casual or common sense approach to reading others can often lead to erroneous predictions ") beha'ior is unpredictable, hence there is no accurate #a to analze it Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) Unfortunatel, the casual or common sense approach to reading others can often lead to erroneous predictions. ?o#e'er, ou can impro'e our predicti'e abilit b supplementing intuition #ith a more sstematic approach. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ uest. ategor$ Application *$
4 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
10) 2hich of the follo#ing e%plains the usefulness of the sstematic approach to the stud of organizational beha'ior3 A) ?uman beha'ior does not 'ar a great deal bet#een indi'iduals and situations. B) ?uman beha'ior is not random. ) ?uman beha'ior is not consistent. !) ?uman beha'ior is rarel predictable. ") ?uman beha'ior is often not sensible. Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) Underling the sstematic approach to the stud of organizational beha'ior is the belief that beha'ior is not random. -ather, #e can identif fundamental consistencies underling the beha'ior of all indi'iduals and modif them to reflect indi'idual differences. Beha'ior is generall predictable, and the sstematic stud of beha'ior is a means to ma(ing reasonabl accurate predictions. !iff$ age -ef$ uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 11) Basing managerial decisions on the best a'ailable scientific support is called ________. A) intuition B) organizational process ) organizational beha'ior !) e'idence4based management ") conceptual management Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) "'idence4based management @"B) complements sstematic stud @#hich includes loo(ing at relationships, not merel studing scientific e'idence), b basing managerial decisions on the best a'ailable scientific e'idence. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ stematic tud uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1) Analzing relationships, determining causes and effects, and basing conclusions on scientific e'idence all constitute aspects of ________ stud. A) organizational B) intuiti'e ) theoretical !) sstematic ") case4based Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) stematic stud means loo(ing at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing our conclusions on scientific e'idence, that is, on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonabl rigorous manner. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ stematic tud uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1) anet needs to assign a 'er important ad'ertising account to one of her #riters. 5irst she re'ie#ed each #riter+s #or( load, then she studied the sales data of the products for the last three campaigns of each #riter, then she re'ie#ed each #riter+s annual re'ie# to familiarize herself #ith their goals. 5inall, she ga'e the account to aula, a 'er creati'e, efficient, #riter #ho has had high sales results #ith her last three clients+ products. anet+s management stle is based on ________. A) intuition or Cgut feelingC B) organizational beha'ioral studies ) sub6ecti'e assessments !) preconcei'ed notions ") sstematic stud Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") stematic stud means loo(ing at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing our conclusions on scientific e'idence, that is, on data gathered under controlled conditions and measured and interpreted in a reasonabl rigorous manner. !iff$ age -ef$ AAB$ Analtic (ills *b6ecti'e$ "'idence Based anagement uest. ategor$ Application *$ 1:) 2hich beha'ioral science discipline is most focused on understanding indi'idual beha'ior3 A) sociolog B) social pscholog ) pscholog !) anthropolog ") organizational beha'ior Ans#er$ "%planation$ ) *rganizational beha'ior is an applied beha'ioral science built on contributions from a number of beha'ioral disciplines, mainl pscholog and social pscholog, sociolog, and anthropolog. scholog+s contributions ha'e been mainl at the indi'idual or micro le'el of analsis, #hile the other disciplines ha'e contributed to our understanding of macro concepts such as group processes and organization. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$
! Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1;) *rganizational beha'ior is constructed from all of the follo#ing disciplines e%cept ________. A) phsics B) pscholog ) anthropolog !) sociolog ") social pscholog Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) *rganizational beha'ior is an applied beha'ioral science built on contributions from a number of beha'ioral disciplines, mainl pscholog and social pscholog, sociolog, and anthropolog. hsics does not form a part of *B studies. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ Beha'ioral ciences uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1<) scholog+s ma6or contributions to the field of organizational b eha'ior ha'e been primaril at #hat le'el of analsis3 A) the le'el of the group B) the le'el of the indi'idual ) the le'el of the organization !) the le'el of culture ") the le'el of interacting groups Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) scholog+s contributions to the field of organizational beha'ior ha'e been mainl at the indi'idual or micro le'el of analsis, #hile the other disciplines ha'e contributed to our understanding of macro concepts such as group processes and organization. !iff$ age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ scholog uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$
" Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1=) ________ is a science that see(s to measure, e%plain, and sometimes change the beha'ior of humans and other animals. A) schiatr B) scholog ) ociolog !) olitical science ") *rganizational beha'ior Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) scholog is defined as the science that see(s to measure, e%plain, and sometimes change the beha'ior of humans and other animals through stud of the indi'idual. ontributions include learning, perception, personalit, emotions, training, leadership effecti'eness, and more. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ scholog uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 18) >he *B topic of moti'ation has been most influenced b #hich beha'ioral discipline3 A) pscholog B) social pscholog ) sociolog !) political science ") corporate strateg Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) scholog see(s to measure, e%plain, and sometimes change the beha'ior of humans and other animals. 7t focuses on concepts such as learning, perception, personalit, emotions, training, leadership effecti'eness, needs and moti'ational forces, 6ob satisfaction, decision4ma(ing processes, performance appraisals, attitude measurement, emploee4selection techni&ues, #or( design, and 6ob stress. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ : uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$
# Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
19) Austin is a graduate student helping to organize a stud on indi'idual 6ob satisfaction. >he stud focuses on the top fi'e causes of satisfaction or dissatisfaction on a 6ob. ?is department is sur'eing 00 indi'iduals in 100 different tpes of organizations. Austin is most li(el a graduate student in the department of ________. A) pscholog B) anthropolog ) political science !) social pscholog ") archaeolog Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) Because Austin+s stud focuses on the causes of 6ob satisfaction, he is most li(el conducting the stud through the department of pscholog. scholog is defined as the science #hich see(s to measure, e%plain, and sometimes change the beha'ior of humans. !iff$ age -ef$ 4: AAB$ Analtic (ills *b6ecti'e$ scholog uest. ategor$ Application *$ Dou are bringing together facult from different beha'ioral disciplines to author a ne# te%tboo( in organizational beha'ior. -epresented are professors from pscholog, sociolog, social pscholog, anthropolog, political science, and industrial engineering. 0) 2hich facult member should furnish information about personalit, learning, an d moti'ation3 A) sociolog B) pscholog ) anthropolog !) political science ") industrial engineering Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) scholog see(s to measure, e%plain, and sometimes change the beha'ior of humans and other animals. scholog+s focus on the indi'idual has led to contributions in the areas of learning, personalit, emotions, moti'ational forces, and more. !iff$ age -ef$ 4: AAB$ Analtic (ills *b6ecti'e$ scholog uest. ategor$ Application *$
$ Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1) 2hich professor out of this group #ould ou e%pect to address issues on communication3 A) the pschologist B) the anthropologist ) the political scientist !) the social pschologist ") the industrial engineer Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) ocial pscholog focuses on peoples+ influence on one another. ocial pschologists contribute to identifing communication patterns and more. !iff$ age -ef$ : AAB$ Analtic (ills *b6ecti'e$ ocial scholog uest. ategor$ Application *$ ) Dou should e%pect that the facult member from ________ #ill probabl contribute information about large4scale group beha'ior. A) sociolog B) pscholog ) social pscholog !) anthropolog ") industrial engineering Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) ociolog studies people in relation to their social en'ironment or culture. ociologists ha'e contributed to *B through their stud of group beha'ior in organizations. !iff$ age -ef$ : AAB$ Analtic (ills *b6ecti'e$ ociolog uest. ategor$ Application *$ ) Eroup beha'ior, po#er, and conflict are central areas of stud for ________. A) archaeologists B) philantropists ) anthropologists !) social pschologists ") operations analsts Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) ocial pscholog, generall considered a branch of pscholog, blends concepts from both pscholog and sociolog to focus on peoples+ influence on one another. >his field has made important contributions to our stud of group beha'ior, po#er, and conflict. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ : *b6ecti'e$ ocial scholog uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$
10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
:) ________ blends concepts from pscholog and sociolog and focuses on the influence people ha'e on one another. A) orporate strateg B) Anthropolog ) olitical science !) ocial pscholog ") Archaeolog Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) ocial pscholog, generall considered a branch of pscholog, blends concepts from both pscholog and sociolog to focus on peoples+ influence on one another. *ne ma6or stud area is change, ho# to implement it and ho# to reduce barriers to its acceptance. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ : *b6ecti'e$ ocial scholog uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;) ude is a social pschologist. ?e is #or(ing on a concept in social pscholog, #hich is a ma6or stud area, and learning ho# to implement it and ho# to reduce barriers to its acceptance. ude is studing the concept of ________. A) culture B) ethics ) po#er !) change ") fatigue Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) *ne ma6or stud area of social pscholog is changeFho# to implement it and ho# to reduce barriers to its acceptance. ocial pschologists also contribute to measuring, understanding, and changing attitudesG identifing communication patternsG and building trust. !iff$ age -ef$ : AAB$ Analtic (ills uest. ategor$ Application *$ <) ________ focuses on the stud of people in relation to their social en'ironment. A) scholog B) ociolog ) orporate strateg !) olitical science ") *perations management Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) ociolog studies people in relation to their social en'ironment or culture. ociologists ha'e contributed to *B through their stud of group beha'ior in organizations, particularl formal and comple% organizations. !iff$ age -ef$ ; *b6ecti'e$ ociolog uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 11 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
=) 2hich field of stud has contributed to *B through its research on organizational culture and formal organization theor and structure3 A) pscholog B) operations management ) corporate strateg !) political science ") sociolog Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") erhaps most important to the field of sociolog is the stud of organizational culture, formal organization theor and structure, organizational technolog, communications, po#er, and conflict, #hich all contribute #idel to *B. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ ; *b6ecti'e$ ociolog uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 8) >his field of stud has helped us understand differences in fundamental 'alues, attitudes, and beha'ior bet#een people in different countries and #ithin different organizations. A) anthropolog B) corporate strateg ) political science !) operations research ") pscholinguistics Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) Anthropolog is the stud of societies to learn about human beings and their acti'ities. Anthropologists+ #or( on cultures and en'ironments has helped us understand differences in fundamental 'alues, attitudes, and beha'ior bet#een people in different countries and #ithin different organizations. !iff$ age -ef$ ; *b6ecti'e$ Anthropolog uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$
12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
9) riam is analzing the gender roles of men and #omen in management in the United tates and comparing them to the gender roles in management in apan. he is sur'eing fift male and fift female managers in each countr to compare their dail beha'ior. riam+s stud e%emplifies ho# ________ contributes to *B. A) anthropolog B) pscholog ) archaeolog !) political science ") corporate strateg Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) riam is an anthropologist. uch of our current understanding of organizational culture, organizational en'ironments, and differences among national cultures is a result of the #or( of anthropologists or those using their methods. !iff$ age -ef$ ; AAB$ Analtic (ills *b6ecti'e$ Anthropolog uest. ategor$ Application *$ 0) >he sub6ect of organizational culture has been most influenced b #hich beha'ioral science discipline3 A) anthropolog B) pscholog ) social pscholog !) political science ") corporate strateg Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) Anthropolog is the stud of societies to learn about human beings and their acti'ities. uch of our current understanding of organizational culture, organizational en'ironments, and differences among national cultures is a result of the #or( of anthropologists or those using their methods. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ ; uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$
13 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1) 2hich of the follo#ing statements best describes the current status of organizational beha'ior concepts3 A) >he are based on uni'ersal truths. B) ince people are comple%, the theories e%plaining their actions must also be co mple%. ) >here is general consensus among *B researchers and scholars on the simple concepts that underlie most human beha'ior. !) ause4effect principles that tend to appl to all situations ha'e been disco'ered. ") ause4and4effect relationships for most human beha'iors ha'e been isolated. Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) ?uman beings are comple%, and fe#, if an, simple and uni'ersal principles e%plain organizational beha'ior. Because #e are not ali(e, our abilit to ma(e simple, accurate, and s#eeping generalizations is limited. >here are fe# straightfor#ard cause4and4effect relationships in *B. !iff$ age -ef$ ; uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ : ) ?uman beings are comple%, and fe#, if an, simple and uni'ersal principles e%plain organizational beha'ior. He'ertheless, it does not mean that *B cannot offer reasonabl accurate e%planations of human beha'ior or ma(e 'alid predictions. 7t does mean that *B concepts must ________. A) focus on the reliabilit and 'alidit of research d ata B) attempt to establish cause4and4effect relationships ) be consistentl applicable across a #ide range of situations !) reflect situational, or contingenc, conditions ") a'oid assumptions Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) ?uman beings are comple%, and fe#, if an, simple and uni'ersal principles e%plain organizational beha'ior. >hat doesn+t mean that #e can+t offer reasonabl accurate e%planations of human beha'ior or ma(e 'alid predictions. 7t does mean that *B concepts must reflect situational, or contingenc, conditions. 2e can sa % leads to , but onl under conditions specified in zFthe contingenc 'ariables. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ ; uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ :
14 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
) 2hich of the follo#ing statements best describes contingenc 'ariables3 A) >he are scientific factors based on uni'ersal truths. B) >he are factors that moderate the relationship bet#een t#o or more e'ents or situations. ) >here is general consensus among *B researchers that the can be controlled. !) >he are the cause4effect principles that tend to appl to all situations that ha'e been disco'ered. ") >he are simple and uni'ersal principles that e %plain organizational beha'ior. Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) ontingenc 'ariables are 'ariables that moderate the relationship bet#een t#o or more 'ariables. 5or e%ample, an *B stud can sa x leads to y, but onl under conditions specified in z. Because humans are some#hat unpredictable, all *B studies must ha'e contingenc 'ariables. !iff$ age -ef$ ; *b6ecti'e$ ontingenc Iariables uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ : :) *B concepts must reflect contingenc conditions for all of the follo#ing reasons e%cept ________. A) human beings are comple% B) our predictions and assumptions are almost accurate all the time ) one person+s beha'ior changes in different situations !) #e are limited in our abilit to ma(e s#eeping generalizations ") t#o people often act 'er differentl in the same situation Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) ?uman beings are comple%, and fe#, if an, simple and uni'ersal principles e%plain organizational beha'ior. >#o people often act 'er differentl in the same situation, and the same person+s beha'ior changes in different situations. Because #e are not ali(e, our ab ilit to ma(e simple, accurate, and s#eeping generalizations is limited. !iff$ age -ef$ ; uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ :
1 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
;) -amond is completing a stud on discrimination in #hich he has noted that sales#omen #ho #ear s(irt suits ma(e more sales than sales#omen #ho onl #ear pant suits. ?o#e'er, -amond determined that his findings onl pertained to those industries in #hich the purchasing decision ma(er is traditionall masculine. 5or e%ample, the sales results #ere the same for all #omen selling to medical office managers, a female dominated field. -amond used ________ 'ariables to more accuratel e%plain his results. A) global B) general ) dependent !) non4reacti'e ") contingenc Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") ontingenc 'ariables are 'ariables that moderate the relationship bet#een t#o or more 'ariables. 5or e%ample, an *B stud can sa x leads to y, but onl under conditions specified in z. Because humans are some#hat unpredictable, all *B studies must ha'e contingenc 'ariables. B limiting his results to onl male4oriented industries, -amond is able to ma(e a generalization. !iff$ age -ef$ ; AAB$ Analtic (ills *b6ecti'e$ ontingenc Iariables uest. ategor$ Application *$ : <) ________ is an effect of increasing globalization. A) ore e%pensi'e consumer goods B) An increase in manufacturing 6obs in de'eloped nations ) An e'er increasingl homogeneous #or(force !) hared economic 'alues among all cultures ") obs mo'ing to nations #ith lo#4cost labor Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") 7n a global econom, 6obs tend to flo# #here lo#er costs gi'e businesses a comparati'e ad'antage. Because of this consumer goods remain affordable, but manufacturing 6obs flo# to less de'eloped nations and the #or(force is increasingl di'erse phsicall and pschologicall. !iff$ age -ef$ = AAB$ !namics of the Elobal "conom *b6ecti'e$ -esponding to Elobalization uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
1! Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
=) ________ is a measure of ho# organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicit. A) Elobalization B) 2or(force di'ersit ) Affirmati'e action !) *rganizational culture ") *perational homogeneit Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) 2or(force di'ersit ac(no#ledges a #or(force of #omen and menG man racial and ethnic groupsG indi'iduals #ith a 'a riet of phsical or pschological abilitiesG and people #ho differ in age and se%ual orientation. !iff$ age -ef$ = AAB$ ulticultural and !i'ersit Understanding *b6ecti'e$ 2or(force !i'ersit uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; 8) As managers o'ersee the mo'ement of 6obs to countries #ith lo#4cost labor ________. A) the tend to ignore the home countr needs B) the must deal #ith strong criticism from labor groups ) the manage less di'erse #or(forces !) the a'oid mar(ets li(e hina and other de'eloping nations ") the #or( themsel'es out of a 6ob Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) 7n a global econom, 6obs tend to flo# #here lo#er costs gi'e businesses a comparati'e ad'antage, though labor groups, politicians, and local communit leaders see the e%porting of 6obs as undermining the 6ob mar(et at home. anagers face the difficult tas( of balancing the interests of their organization #ith their responsibilities to the communities in #hich the operate. !iff$ age -ef$ = AAB$ !namics of the Elobal "conom uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
1" Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
9) 2hereas ________ focuses on differences among people from different countries, ________ addresses differences among people #ithin gi'en countries. A) #or(force di'ersitG globalization B) globalizationG #or(force di'ersit ) cultureG di'ersit !) culturalizationG #or(force di'ersit ") pschologG social pscholog Ans#er$ B "%planation$ B) *ne of the most important challenges for organizations is adapting to people #ho are different. 2e describe this challenge as #or(force di'ersit. 2hereas globalization focuses on differences among people from different countries, #or(force di'ersit addresses differences among people #ithin gi'en countries. !iff$ age -ef$ = AAB$ !namics of the Elobal "conomG ulticultural and !i'ersit Understanding uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; :0) 2hich of the follo#ing statements is not true about #or( force di'ersit3 A) !isabilit is a categor of #or(force di'ersit. B) anaging #or(force di'ersit presents man challenges. ) 2or(force di'ersit focuses on differences #ithin a countr. !) e%ual orientation is a part of #or(force di'ersit. ") 2or(force di'ersit is a concern onl in the U.. Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") anaging #or(force di'ersit is a global concern. ost "uropean countries ha'e e%perienced dramatic gro#th in immigration from the iddle "astG Argentina and Ienezuela host a significant number of migrants from other outh American countriesG and nations from 7ndia to 7ra& to 7ndonesia find great cu ltural di'ersit #ithin their borders. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ = AAB$ ulticultural and !i'ersit Understanding *b6ecti'e$ 2or(force !i'ersit uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
1# Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
:1) 2or(force di'ersit means that organizations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of all of the follo#ing e%cept ________. A) age B) gender ) domestic partners !) socio4economic status ") religion Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) Eender, race, national origin, age, disabilit, domestic partners, and religion are the ma6or #or(force di'ersit categories. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ 8 AAB$ ulticultural and !i'ersit Understanding uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; :) 2hich of the follo#ing #as the most significant change in the U.. labor force during the last half of the t#entieth centur3 A) substantial decreases in the number of #or(ers #ho are under ;; B) increases in the percentage of U.. citizens of ?ispanic origin ) the increasing number of African4Americans at all le'els #ithin the #or(force !) the stead increase in the percentage of emploed males ") the rapid increase in the number of female #or(ers Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") >he most significant change in the U.. labor force during the last half of the t#entieth centur #as the rapid increase in the number of female #or(ers. 7n 19;0, for instance, onl 9.< percent of the #or(force #as female. B 008, it #as :<.; percent. !iff$ age -ef$ = AAB$ ulticultural and !i'ersit Understanding *b6ecti'e$ 2or(force !i'ersit uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; :) "ight percent of the U.. #or(force toda is made up of ________ 6obs. A) te%tile B) technolog ) automobile !) restaurant ") ser'ice Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") >oda, the ma6orit of emploees in de'eloped countries #or( in ser'ice 6obs, including 80 percent in the United tates. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ = *b6ecti'e$ ustomer er'ice uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
1$ Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
::) >he common characteristic of ser'ice 6obs is that the re&uire ________. A) substantial interaction #ith an organization+s customers B) lo# pa ) a focus on producti'it !) little 6ob (no#ledge ") little technical competence Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) >he common characteristic of ser'ice 6obs is substantial interaction #ith an organization+s customers. an an organization has failed bec ause its emploees failed to please customers. anagement needs to create a customer4responsi'e culture. !iff$ age -ef$ 8 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; :;) 2hich of the follo#ing is not considered a (e &ualit of an emploee in a customer4 responsi'e culture3 A) friendl and courteous B) accessible ) (no#ledgeable !) good computer s(ills ") #illing to do #hat+s necessar to please the customer Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) anagement needs to create a customer4responsi'e culture. *B can pro'ide considerable guidance in helping managers create such culturesFin #hich emploees are friendl and courteous, accessible, (no#ledgeable, prompt in responding to customer needs, and #illing to do #hat+s necessar to please the c ustomer. !iff$ age -ef$ 8 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; :<) 2hich of the follo#ing is not a ser'ice 6ob3 A) fast4food counter #or(er B) sales cler( ) #aiter !) nurse ") production line #or(er Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") er'ice 6obs include technical support representati'es, fast4food counter #or(ers, sales cler(s, #aiters and #aitresses, nurses, automobile repair technicians, and flight attendants. >he common characteristic of these 6obs is substantial interaction #ith an organization+s customers. !iff$ age -ef$ 8 *b6ecti'e$ ustomer er'ice uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
20 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
:=) 2hat is the primar reason man large companies such as ears and Boeing ha'e implemented cost4cutting programs and eliminated thousands of 6obs3 A) to e%pand globall B) to #in the #ar for talent ) to become lean and mean !) to a'oid going bro(e ") to merge #ith another compan Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) ears, Boeing, and ucent >echnologies implemented huge cost4cutting programs and eliminated thousands of 6obs to a'oid going bro(e. >oda+s successful organizations must foster inno'ation and master the art of chan ge, or the+ll become candidates for e%tinction. !iff$ age -ef$ 9 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; :8) 2hich of the follo#ing factors ma(es it imperati'e that organizations be fast and fle%ible3 A) #or(force di'ersit B) corporate e%cess ) truncated capacit !) ad'ances in corporate strateg ") globalization Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") Elobalization, e%panded capacit, and ad'ances in technolog ha'e re&uired organizations to be fast and fle%ible if the are to sur'i'e. >he result is that most managers and emploees toda #or( in a climate best characterized as Ctemporar.C !iff$ age -ef$ 9 AAB$ !namics of the Elobal "conom *b6ecti'e$ >emporariness uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; :9) *ne of the (e challenges for managers in toda+s organizations is to ________. A) emulate successful models B) stri'e hard to conform to norms ) emphasize indi'idual performance !) pro'ide emploees #ith ethical choices ") stimulate tolerance for change Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") An organization+s emploees can be the impetus for inno'ation and change, or the can be a ma6or stumbling bloc(. >he challenge for managers is to stimulate their emploees+ creati'it and tolerance for change. >he field of *B pro'ides a #ealth of ideas and techni&ues to aid in realizing these goals. !iff$ age -ef$ 9 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; 21 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
;0) Ei'en the climate of CtemporarinessC in modern organizations, emploees must ________. A) continuall update their (no#ledge and s(ills B) be prepared to sta in the same position for longer periods of time ) ha'e closer connections #ith their peers !) foster friendship #ithin the #or( en'ironment ") limit their mobilit if the hope to compete Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) 2or(ers must continuall update their (no#ledge and s(ills to perform ne# 6ob re&uirements. 2or(place predictabilit has been replaced b temporar #or( groups, #ith members from different departments, and the increased use of emploee rotation to fill constantl changing #or( assignments. >herefore, emploees must be able to cope #ith increasing (no#ledge demands. !iff$ age -ef$ 9 *b6ecti'e$ >emporariness uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; ;1) >he use of temporar #or( groups and emploee rotation has reduced the ________ of #or(ing in a specific group, as #ell as the securit attached to it. A) predictabilit B) spontaneit ) autonom !) morale ") satisfaction Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) 7n the past, emploees #ere assigned to a specific #or( group, gaining a considerable amount of securit #or(ing #ith the same people da in and da out. >hat predictabilit has been replaced b temporar #or( groups, #ith members from different departments, and the increased use of emploee rotation to fill constantl changing #or( assignments. !iff$ age -ef$ 9 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
22 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
;) 2hich of the follo#ing is the ma6or challenge to managers in a full net#or(ed organization3 A) eliminating the need for paper communication b reling entirel on e4mail, file transfers, and the li(e B) retaining team members #ho can easil mo'e to another emploer #hen demand for their ser'ices changes ) managing contract and temporar #or(ers !) maintaining a C'irtual officeC through the use o f computers, interoffice net#or(s, and the 7nternet ") managing people #ho #or( together but are geographicall separated Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") Het#or(ed organizations allo# people to communicate and #or( together e'en though the ma be thousands of miles apart. oti'ating and managing people online re&uires different techni&ues than #hen indi'iduals are phsicall present in a single location. !iff$ age -ef$ 10 *b6ecti'e$ Het#or(ed *rganizations uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; ;) ________ allo#@s) people to communicate and #or( together e'en though the ma be thousands of miles apart. A) 5le%ible cubicles B) tratified #or( en'ironments ) !ecentralized communication !) "'idence4based management ") Het#or(ed organizations Ans#er$ " "%planation$ ") Het#or(ed organizations allo# people to communicate and #or( together e'en though the ma be thousands of miles apart. oti'ating and managing people online re&uires different techni&ues than #hen indi'iduals are phsicall present in a single location. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ 10 *b6ecti'e$ Het#or(ed *rganizations uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
23 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
;:) 2hich of the follo#ing has not contributed to blurring the lines bet#een emploees+ #o r( life and personal life3 A) the creation of global organizations B) communication technolog allo#ing emploees to #or( an time and from an place ) organizations as(ing emploees to put in longer hours !) creation of fle%ible teams ") the increase in dual career households Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) 2or(4life conflicts are created for the follo#ing reasons$ first, the creation of global organizations means the #orld ne'er sleepsG second, communication technolog allo#s man technical and professional emploees to do their #or( at homeG third, organizations are as(ing emploees to put in longer hoursG finall, the rise of the dual4career couple ma(es it difficult for married emploees to find time to fulfill commitments to home, spouse, children, parents, and friends. !iff$ age -ef$ 10 *b6ecti'e$ Balance 2or(4ife onflicts uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; ;;) 2hich of the follo#ing is one of the main reasons #h married emploees find it d ifficult to ma(e time to fulfill commitments to home, spouse, children, parents, and friends3 A) #or(aholism B) temporar #or( culture ) ser'ice focus !) dual4career couples ") fle%ible teams Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) >he rise of the dual4career couple ma(es it difficult for married emploees to find time to fulfill commitments to home, spouse, children, parents, and friends. illions of single4parent households and emploees #ith dependent parents ha'e e'en more significant challenges in balancing #or( and famil responsibilities. !iff$ age -ef$ 10 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
24 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
;<) >he blurring of the line bet#een #or( and non4#or( time has created ________. A) personal conflicts B) a more stable #or(force ) higher pa scales for more hours #or(ed !) dual career households ") greater 6ob satisfaction Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) "mploees are increasingl complaining that the line bet#een #or( and non#or( time has become blurred, creating personal conflicts and stress. At the same time, toda+s #or(place presents opportunities for #or(ers to create and structure their roles. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ 10 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; ;=) ituations #here an indi'idual is re&uired to define right and #rong conduct are termed ________. A) di'ersit issues B) human resource problems ) ethical dilemmas !) organizational comple%ities ") social puzzles Ans#er$ "%planation$ ) "thical dilemmas and ethical choices are situations in #hich indi'iduals are re&uired to define right and #rong conduct. 5or e%ample, if an emploee has to decide to unco'er illegal acti'ities in the compan, e'e n if it means losing his 6ob, he has an ethical dilemma. !iff$ age -ef$ 11 AAB$ "thical Understanding and -easoning Abilities *b6ecti'e$ "thical !ilemma uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; ;8) "mploees toda are ________. A) e%pressing increased confidence in management B) e%pressing increased trust in management ) increasingl certain about #hat constitutes appropriate ethical beha'ior !) increasingl uncertain about #hat constitutes appropriate ethical beha'ior ") less li(el to engage in unethical practices Ans#er$ ! "%planation$ !) 7ncreasingl the emploees face ethical dilemmas and ethical choices, in #hich the are re&uired to identif right and #rong conduct. 2hat constitutes good ethical beha'ior has ne'er been clearl defined, and, in recent ears, the line differentiating right from #rong has blurred. !iff$ age -ef$ 11 AAB$ "thical Understanding and -easoning Abilities uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; 2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
;9) 2hich of the follo#ing is an e%ample of an ethical dilemma3 A) !o 7 inflate an emploee+s e'aluation to sa'e his 6ob3 B) !o 7 offer a bribe to land a contract3 ) !o 7 #rite a chec( on a closed account3 !) !o 7 fire an emploee to a'oid paing her a big bonus3 ") !o 7 fire a #histle blo#er for e%posing the compan+s #rongdoing3 Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) 7ncreasingl the emploees face ethical dilemmas and ethical choices, in #hich the are re&uired to identif right and #rong conduct. 2hat constitutes good ethical beha'ior has ne'er been clearl defined, and, in recent ears, the line differentiating right from #rong has blurred. !iff$ age -ef$ 11 AAB$ "thical Understanding and -easoning Abilities uest. ategor$ Application *$ ; <0) anagers and their organizations are responding to the problem of unethical beha'ior in all of the follo#ing #as e%cept ________. A) b offering seminars, #or(shops, and other training programs to tr to impro'e ethical beha'iors B) b #riting and distributing codes of ethics to g uide emploees through ethical dilemmas ) b pro'iding monetar incenti'es to emploees #ho re'eal illegal business practices !) b pro'iding in4house ad'isors #ho can be contacted for assistance in dealing #ith ethical issues ") b creating protection mechanisms for emploees #ho re'eal internal unethical practices Ans#er$ "%planation$ ) anagers and their organizations are responding to the problem of unethical beha'ior in a number of #as. >he+re #riting and distributing codes of ethics to guide emploees through ethical dilemmas. >he+re offering seminars, #or(shops, and o ther training programs to tr to impro'e ethical beha'iors. >he+re pro'iding in4house ad'isors #ho can be contacted, in man cases anonmousl, for assistance in dealing #ith ethical issues, and the+re creating protection mechanisms for emploees #ho re'eal internal unethical practices. !iff$ age -ef$ 11 AAB$ "thical Understanding and -easoning Abilities uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
2! Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
<1) An ethicall health climate ________. A) e%ists #here emploees confront a minimal degree o f ambiguit regarding #hat constitutes right and #rong beha'iors B) is non4e%istent in businesses ) seldom allo#s emploees to do their #or( producti'el !) cannot be created b managers, but must be dictated b the organization+s mission ") interferes #ith the actual performance of the organization Ans#er$ A "%planation$ A) ompanies that promote a strong ethical mission, encourage emploees to beha'e #ith integrit, and pro'ide strong ethical leadership can influence emploee decisions to beha'e ethicall. >oda+s manager must create an ethicall health climate for his or her emploees, #here the can do their #or( producti'el #ith minimal ambiguit about #hat right and #rong beha'iors are. !iff$ age -ef$ 11 AAB$ "thical Understanding and -easoning Abilities uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; <) Although managers must be technicall competent, technical (no#ledge is often not enough for success. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ anagers ma get b on their technical and &uantitati'e s(ills the first couple of ears out of school. But soon, leadership and communication s(ills become important to success. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ 1 *b6ecti'e$ 7nterpersonal (ills uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1 <) *'er the last three decades, business school curricula has focused more on the technical aspects of management such as economics, accounting, finance, and &uantitati'e techni&ues, and less on sub6ects related to human beha'ior and people s(ills. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ Until the late 1980s, business school curricula emphasized the technical aspects of management, focusing on economics, accounting, finance, and &uantitati'e techni&ues. *'er the past three decades, ho#e'er, business facult ha'e come to realize the role that understanding human beha'ior plas in determining a manager+s effecti'eness, and re&uired courses on people s(ills ha'e been added to man curricula. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ 1 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1
2" Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
<:) *rganizational beha'ior is a field of stud that in'estigates the impact that indi'iduals, groups, and structure ha'e on producti'it #ithin organizations, for the purpose of appling such (no#ledge to#ard defining an organization+s ob6ecti'es. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ *rganizational beha'ior is a field of stud that in'estigates the impact that indi'iduals, groups, and structure ha'e on beha'ior #ithin organizations, for the purpose of appling such (no#ledge to#ard impro'ing an organization+s effecti'eness. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 1 <;) Beha'ior is generall unpredictable, and the sstematic stud of beha'ior is a means ma(ing reasonabl accurate predictions. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ Beha'ior is generall predictable, and the sstematic stud of beha'ior is a means to ma(ing reasonabl accurate predictions. !iff$ age -ef$ uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ <<) >he 'ast ma6orit of management decisions are still made in a hurr, #ith little or sstematic stud of a'ailable e'idence. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ "'idence4based management @"B) complements sstematic stud b basing managerial decisions on the best a'ailable scientific e'idence. A manager might pose a managerial &uestion, search for the best a'ailable e'idence, and appl the rele'ant information to the &uestion or case at hand. But the 'ast ma6orit of management decisions are still made Con the fl,C #ith little or sstematic stud of a'ailable e'idence. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ <=) 7ntuition comes from Cgut feelingsC about the state of some phenomenon of interest. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ 7ntuition is a gut feeling not necessaril supported b research. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ <8) ocial pscholog is an area #ithin pscholog, blending concepts from both pscholog and socialism. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ ocial pscholog, generall considered a branch of pscholog, blends concepts from both pscholog and sociolog to focus on peoples+ influence on one another. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ : uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 2# Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
<9) onflict and po#er ha'e been ma6or topics of concern for social pschologists. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ ocial pschologists ha'e made important contributions to our stud of group beha'ior, po#er, and conflict. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ : *b6ecti'e$ ocial scholog uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ =0) 2hat pscholog is to the group, sociolog is to the indi'idual. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ 2hile pscholog focuses on the indi'idual, sociologists ha'e contributed to *B through their stud of group beha'ior in organizations, particularl formal and comple% organizations. !iff$ age -ef$ ; uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ =1) Anthropolog has helped us understand differences in 'alues and attitudes bet#een people in different countries. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ Anthropolog is the stud of societies to learn about human beings and their acti'ities. Anthropologists+ #or( on cultures and en'ironments has helped us understand differences in fundamental 'alues, attitudes, and beha'ior bet#een people in different countries and #ithin different organizations. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ ; *b6ecti'e$ Anthropolog uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ =) *B researchers cannot offer reasonabl accurate e%planations of human beha'ior since people act 'er differentl in similar situations. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ >#o people often act 'er differentl in the same situation, and the same person+s beha'ior changes in different situations. >hat doesn+t mean that #e can+t offer reasonabl accurate e%planations of human beha'ior or ma(e 'alid predictions. 7t does mean that *B concepts must reflect situational, or contingenc, conditions. 2e can sa % leads to , but onl under conditions specified in zFthe contingenc 'ariables. !iff$ age -ef$ ; *b6ecti'e$ *bser'ational Beha'ior uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ :
2$ Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
=) *B dra#s from se'eral research4based theories about ho# people beha'e in organizations and contains se'eral straightfor#ard cause4and4effect relationships. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ ?uman beings are comple%, and fe#, if an, simple and uni'ersal principles e%plain organizational beha'ior. As such, fe# straightfor#ard cause4and4effect relationships e%ist in this discipline. *rganizational beha'ior theories mirror the sub6ect matter #ith #hich the deal, and people are comple% and complicated. !iff$ age -ef$ ; uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ : =:) 7n good economic conditions, understanding ho# to re#ard, satisf, and retain emploees is at a premium, ho#e'er, in bad times, issues li(e stress, decision ma(ing, and coping come to the fore. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ anaging emploees #ell #hen times are tough is 6ust as hard as #hen times are goodFif not more so. But the *B approaches sometimes differ. 7n good times, understanding ho# to re#ard, satisf, and retain emploees is at a premium. 7n bad times, issues li(e stress, decision ma(ing, and coping come to the fore. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ < uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; =;) As the #orld has become more global, managers ha'e to become capable of #or(ing #ith people from different cultures. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ >o #or( effecti'el #ith people from different cultures, ou need to understand ho# their culture, geograph, and religion ha'e shaped them and ho# to adapt our management stle to their differences. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ < AAB$ !namics of the Elobal "conomG ulticultural and !i'ersit Understanding uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; =<) 2or(force di'ersit is a topic dealing #ith ho# organizations are becoming more homogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicit. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ 2or(force di'ersit ac(no#ledges a #or(force of #omen and menG man racial and ethnic groupsG indi'iduals #ith a 'ariet o f phsical or pschological abilitiesG and people #ho differ in age and se%ual orientation. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ = AAB$ ulticultural and !i'ersit Understanding *b6ecti'e$ 2or(force !i'ersit uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
30 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
==) ess than 10 percent of the U.. labor force is female. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ >he most significant change in the U.. labor force during the last half of the t#entieth centur #as the rapid increase in the number of female #or(ers. B 008, it #as :<.; percent. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ = AAB$ ulticultural and !i'ersit Understanding *b6ecti'e$ 2or(force !i'ersit uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; =8) 7n terms of the U.. labor force, the number of #or(ers belonging to the ;;4and4older age group is e%pected to dramaticall decline in the near future. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ 7n the near term the labor force #ill be aging. >he ;;4and4older age group, currentl 1 percent of the labor force, #ill increase to 0 percent b 01:. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ = AAB$ ulticultural and !i'ersit Understanding uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; =9) >he common characteristic of manufacturing 6obs is that the re&uire substantial interaction #ith an organization+s customers. Ans#er$ 5A" "%planation$ >he common characteristic of ser'ice 6obs is that the re&uire substantial interaction #ith an organization+s customers. an an organization ha s failed because its emploees failed to please customers. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ 8 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; 80) >oda+s managers and emploees must learn to cope #ith temporariness, fle%ibilit, spontaneit, and unpredictabilit. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ Elobalization, e%panded capacit, and ad'ances in technolog ha'e re&uired organizations to be fast and fle%ible if the are to sur'i'e. >he result is that most managers and emploees toda #or( in a climate best characterized as Ctemporar.C !iff$ age -ef$ 9 *b6ecti'e$ >emporariness uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
31 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
81) >here+s an increasing blurring bet#een the #or( and non#or( time. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ "mploees are increasingl complaining that the line bet#een #or( and non#or( time has become blurred, creating personal con flicts and stress. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ 10 *b6ecti'e$ Balance 2or(4ife onflicts uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; 8) Balancing #or( and life demands no# surpasses 6ob securit as an emploee priorit. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ "mploees increasingl recognize that #or( infringes on their personal li'es, and the+re not happ about it. -ecent studies suggest emploees #ant 6obs that gi'e them fle%ibilit in their #or( schedules so the can better manage #or(Jlife conflicts. 7n fact, balancing #or( and life demands no# surpasses 6ob securit as an emploee priorit. !iff$ age -ef$ 10 uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; 8) "thical dilemmas are situations in #hich emploees are re&uired to identif right and #rong conduct. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ 7ncreasingl, emploees are facing ethical dilemmas and ethical choices, in #hich the are re&uired to identif right and #rong conduct. anagers must create an ethicall health climate for emploees, #here the can do their #or( producti'el #ith minimal ambiguit about #hat right and #rong beha'iors are. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ 11 AAB$ "thical Understanding and -easoning Abilities uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ; 8:) !etermining the ethicall correct #a to beha'e is especiall difficult in a global econom because different cultures ha'e different perspecti'es on certain ethical issues. Ans#er$ >-U" "%planation$ 2hat constitutes good ethical beha'ior has ne'er been clearl defined, and, in recent ears, the line differentiating right from #rong has blurred. !etermining the ethicall correct #a to beha'e is especiall difficult in a global econom because different cultures ha'e different perspecti'es on certain ethical issues. !iff$ 1 age -ef$ 11 AAB$ "thical Understanding and -easoning Abilities uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
32 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8;) 2h is it important to complement intuition #ith sstematic stud in our attempts to understand beha'ior #ithin organizations3 Ans#er$ 7t is important to complement intuition #ith sstematic stud in our attempts to understand beha'ior #ithin organizations in order to help unco'er important facts and relationships. >his #ill pro'ide a base from #hich more accurate predictions of beha'ior can be made. >hat is, #e can impro'e our predicti'e abilit b complementing intuiti'e opinions #ith a more sstematic approach. stematic stud in'ol'es loo(ing at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and basing conclusions on scientific e'idence. >his process helps us to e%plain and predict beha'ior. !iff$ age -ef$ *b6ecti'e$ stematic tud uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 8<) !escribe ho# one of the sciences that contributes to organizational beha'ior could be used in "B. !efine the science, some of the science+s contributions to *B, and describe a #or(place e%ample of ho# it could be used in "B. Ans#er$ "'idence4based management @"B) complements sstematic stud b basing managerial decisions on the best a'ailable scientific e'idence. !octors need to ma(e decisions about patient care based on the latest a'ailable e'idence, and "B argues that managers should do the same, becoming more scientific in ho# the thin( about management problems. 5or e%ample, a manager that is struggling #ith high turno'er in his compan could loo( to#ard social pscholog to help sol'e the problem. ocial pscholog, generall considered a branch of pscholog, blends concepts from both pscholog and sociolog to focus on people+s influence on one another. *ne ma6or stud area is change, ho# to implement it and ho# to reduce barriers to its acceptance. A manager could loo( at a social pscholog stud on 6ob satisfaction to determine #hat changes he might ma(e to be able to better retain emploees. !iff$ age -ef$ , : AAB$ -eflecti'e >hin(ing (ills *b6ecti'e$ anager+s ob uest. ategor$ nthesis *$ ,
33 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8=) ?o# ha'e the fields of pscholog and sociolog contributed to our understanding of organizational beha'ior3 Ans#er$ scholog see(s to measure, e%plain, and change the beha'ior of humans. ontributions ha'e been made b learning theorists, personalit theorists, counseling pschologists, and industrial and organizational pschologists. ontributions ha'e been made in learning, perception, personalit, emotions, training, leadership effecti'eness, needs and moti'ational forces, 6ob satisfaction, decision4ma(ing processes, performance appraisals, attitude measurement, emploee4selection techni&ues, #or( design, and 6ob stress. ociolog studies people in relation to their social en'ironment or culture. >he greatest contributions b sociologists ha'e been in the stud of group beha'ior in organizations, organizational culture, formal organization theor and structure, organizational technolog, communications, po#er, and conflict. !iff$ age -ef$ 4: *b6ecti'e$ Beha'ioral ciences uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ 88) ompare and contrast the fields of pscholog, social pscholog, and sociolog. Ans#er$ >hese fields all deal #ith the human condition. 2hile pscholog focuses on the indi'idual, sociolog studies people in relation to their social en'ironment or culture. ocial pscholog blends concepts from both pscholog and sociolog, though it is generall considered a branch of pscholog. 7t focuses on people+s influence on one another. >hus, it could be said that social pscholog falls bet#een the e%tremes of the indi'idual focus of pscholog and the large group focus of sociolog. !iff$ age -ef$ 4; AAB$ -eflecti'e >hin(ing (ills *b6ecti'e$ Beha'ioral ciences uest. ategor$ nthesis *$ 89) "%plain C#or(force di'ersit.C 2hat (e managerial s(ill do ou thin( is most important #hen dealing #ith #or(force di'ersit3 Ans#er$ 2or(force di'ersit is a term used to describe ho# organizations are becoming more heterogeneous #ith regard to gender, race, and ethnicit. 7t also includes disabilities, se%ual orientation, and age. ?uman s(ills are defined b the abilit to #or( #ith, understand, and moti'ate other people and #ould be important to manage a di'erse #or(force because of the different indi'idual 'ariables that the manager #ould be #or(ing #ith. !iff$ age -ef$ = *b6ecti'e$ 2or(force !i'ersit uest. ategor$ oncept/!efinitional *$ ;
34 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
