1 5 7 > 8
XCQ CLEUB BSQ SEUB CLEUB KBT CLEUB
AC_ CLEUB
B Acsimk kb åleitb ac uln cshbfn ac nrtcs pÿefihn Cfinkc Obray Hristikn Wbrtumnf
UCXCKJNX Ucvistn? Wrbautb & Wrbauíèb Fivrb? Wcksnr hbl Qipbs
UCXSLB AC AIXXCUQNÍÓCX C QCXCX Fuìs Nktñkib X. E. Hukjn? Sl bfjnr sberc n hianac Lnrinkn X. An An Fuz? Acsimk Tcrknhufnr Tcrknhufnr
B Acsimk kb åleitb ac uln cshbfn ac nrtcs pÿefihn Qjc Acsimk witjik n puefih nrts shjbbf
UC XS LB
B prcscktc trnenfjb tcl pbr beoctivb trnzcr rcſtcxócs sberc b Acsimk cl Xituníócs ac Cksikb-nprckaiznmcl, beoctb ac cstuab nikan hnrcktc ac cxpfbrníèb c dukanlcktníèb visnkab nprbdukanr scu hbkhcitb. Wnrn ntikmir cssc acsiacrntb, tckab pbr b hbkautbr b trnenfjb acsckvbfviab kn Bhikn-Cshbfn ac Nrtcs ac Kbvn Drieurmb, (BCNKD), dbrnl rcnfiznabs cstuabs sberc ns pcsquisns quc trntnl an pcrspchtivn ab acsimk kn cauhníèb, ckdbhnkab, cktrc butrbs nspchtbs, qucstócs ac cksikb-nprckaiznmcl0 fikmunmcl c prîtihns pcanmømihns visunis. Wnfnvrns-hjnvc? Acsimk, Cauhníèb, Iktcraishipfiknrianac Qjc prcsckt wbr` nils tb erikm rcſtchtibks bk tjc Acsimk ik Qcnhjikm nka fcnrkikm Xituntibks, beocht bd stuay, stiff fnh`ikm ik cxpfbrntibk nka dbukantibk tb accpck tjcir hbkhcpt. Qb nhjicvc tjis nil, witj tjc hbllbk tjrcna ik tjc wbr`-]br`sjbp Nrts Xhjbbf bd Kcw Drieburm (BCNKD), stuaics wcrc pcrdbrlca bk rcscnrhj acnfikm witj acsimk pcrspchtivc ik cauhntibk, dbhusikm, nlbkm btjcr tjikms, issucs bd tcnhjikm nka fcnrkikm, visunf fnkmunmc nka pcanmbmihnf prnhtihcs. @cywbras? Acsimk, Cauhntibk, Iktcraishipfiknry
n h i f e ÿ p s c t r n c a n f b h s c n l u c a b t i e l å b k k m i s c A B 1
X u l î r i b
•
•
Iktrbauíèb
N Bhikn-cshbfn ac nrtcs ac Kbvn Drieurmb
•
BX
Acsimk c n cauhníèb hbktclpbråkcn
•
Hbkhfusèb
•
Ucdcrïkhins
NS QB UCX
Cfinkc Obray
Lcstrc cl Acsimk pcfn Wbktidìhin Skivcrsianac Hntøfihn ab Uib ac Onkcirb, hbl cspchinfizníèb cl Fitcrnturn c Hufturn pcfn Skivcrsianac Cstîhib ac Xî (5774) c Fihckhinturn pfckn cl Fctrns pcfn Dnhufanac ac Difbsbn Xnktn Abrbtéin, Kbvn Drieurmb/UO (577>). Dbrlníèb Qéhkihn cl Qcntrb pcfn Skivcrhianac (>997) . Qcl cxpcriïkhin cl Wbfìtihns Wÿefihns ac Hufturn c Nrtc/Cauhníèb. É pcsquisnabrn ab mrupb ac pcsquisn Wcanmbmin ab Acsimk - HKWq kb Fnebrntørib Iktcraishipfiknr ac Acsimk/Cauhníèb cfinkc.obrayGmlnif.hbl Hristikn Wbrtumnf
Wñs- Abutbrnab cl Acsimk hblb ebfsistn WAO/HKWq, Abutbrnab cl Acsimk, Lcstrnab clAcsimkcEnhjnrcfclHblukihníèb Tisunf pcfn Wbktidìhin Skivcrsianac Hntøfihn ab Uib ac Onkcirb (WSH-Uib). Abutbrnab hbl Cstîmib kb Cxtcribr ‘ WACC kn Skivcrsianac ac Xcvifjn, hblb ebfsistn an HNWCX. Cspchinfizníèb cl Mrnpjih Acsimk pcfn S. H. Ecr`cfcy Cxtcksibk ‘ Hnfidørkin, SXN. É fìacr ab mrupb ac pcsquisn Wcanmbmin ab Acsimk ab airctørib ac pcsquisn ab HKWq kb Fnebrntørib Iktcraishipfiknr ac Acsimk/Cauhníèb ‘ FIAC - ab Wrbmrnln ac Wøs-mrnauníèb cl Acsimk an WSH-Uib hrispbrtumnfGmlnif.hbl
N cauhníèb cl Acsimk kb Ernsif bdcrchc ul nlpfb hnlpb ac pcsquisn c tcl siab beoctb ac ikvcstimníèb sbe vnrinabs ckdbqucs. B Acsimk kn Cauhníèb é beoctb ac cstuab imunflcktc rihb c tcl necrtb luitns pbssieifianacs ac ntuníèb pnrn b acsimkcr, rcnrlnkab n vbhníèb iktcraishipfiknr acstn îrcn ac hbkjchilcktb. Ikihinflcktc, luitns ikvcstimníócs sberc b hnlpb ab Acsimk mirnvnl cl tbrkb ab prilcirb hursb ukivcrs itîrib quc dbi ilpfnktnab kb Wnìs, cl >948, kn Cshbfn Xupcribr ac Acsckjb Ikaustrinf - CXAI. Wbstcribrlcktc, csscs cstuabs dbrnl sckab nlpfinabs, ankab fumnr n pcsquisns cl tbrkb an qucstèb hurrihufnr c ac scus acsabernlcktbs. Kb Ernsif, snec-sc quc nfmulns cxpcriïkhins quc utifiznl b Acsimk hblb b hbkautbr tïl siab rcnfiznans kbs åleitbs ab Cksikb Dukanlcktnf c Léaib, lns ikdcfizlcktc, pbuhns cstèb abhulcktnans c aispbkìvcis pnrn hbksuftn. Nprcscktnrclbs ercvclcktc, npckns n muisn ac ifustrníèb, trïs hnsbs quc rcfntnl n ikscríèb ab Acsimk kb åleitb an Cauhníèb, hbl vistns n ifustrnr ns pbssieifianacs ac trnenfjbs quc ntckanl nb quc prchbkiznl ns Airctrizcs Hurrihufnrcs Knhibknis, trnínans pcfb Hbkscfjb Knhibknf ac Cauhníèb, n pnrtir an puefihníèb an Fci ac Airctrizcs c Enscs an Cauhníèb Knhibknf ‘ FAECK, fci kb 9.891, prblufmnan cl 57/>5/>994. Xèb cfns? b ‚Wrbmrnln ac Ikihiníèb Skivcrsitîrin cl Acsimk ‘ WISAcsimk’, hbbracknab pcfn prbdcssbrn Uitn Lnrin Hbutb kn WSH-Uib0 n ‚Cauhníèb ntrnvés ab Acsimk ‘ Canac’, prboctb hbbracknab pcfb prbdcssbr Nktbkib Lnrtikinkb Dbktburn, an Skivcrsianac Dcacrnf ac Xnktn Hntnrikn ‘ SDXH c n pcsquisn iktitufnan, ‚Wrboctb Cksikn Acsimk? n iktrbauíèb ac hbktcÿabs ac Acsimk Mrîhb kb cksikb dukanlcktnf ernsifcirb’ hbbracknan pcfn prbdcssbrn Xbfnkmc Hbutikjb an Skivcrsianac Dcacrnf ac Wcrknleuhb ‘ SDWC. B prcscktc nrtimb tcl pbr beoctivb trnzcr nfmulns rcſtcxócs sberc b Acsimk cl Xituníócs ac Cksikbnprckaiznmcl>, beoctb ac cstuab nikan npbuhnab ac cxpfbrníèb c dukanlcktníèb visnkab nprbdukanr scu hbkhcitb. Cstc cstuab dnz pnrtc ans pcsquisns quc cstèb sckab acsckvbfvians kb Fnebrntørib Iktcraishipfiknr ac Acsimk/Cauhníèb ab Acpnrtnlcktb ac Nrtcs & Acsimk an Wbktidìhin Skivcrsianac Hntøfihn ab Uib ac onkcirb - FIAC/ANA/WSH‗Uib. B dbhb ac ikvcstimníèb ab FIAC é b ac acsckvbfvcr cstuabs sberc ns aivcrsns rcfníócs ab cixb tclîtihb Acsimk cl Xituníócs ac Cksikb-nprckaiznmcl, quc rcdbrhcl n iktcrníèb ac sun prîxis hbl n Cauhníèb c n sbhicanac kb qunf cfc sc ikscrc. Hbkmurnab cl >99=, cstc cixb tcl hblb dbhb ac ikvcstimníèb trnenfjbs quc tckjnl pbr tcln n Cauhníèb cl Acsimk c b Acsimk kbs åleitbs an Cauhníèb, acsac b cksikb Dukanlcktnf, Léaib nté b Xupcribr. Qcl hblb prikhìpib eîsihb n rcſtcxèb hritihn sberc beoctbs, sistclns c fikmunmcks utifiznabs cl nleicktcs hbkhrctbs bu lcainabs pcfn tchkbfbmin bkac, ac nfmuln dbrln, sc prctckan naquirir hbkjchilcktbs. Cstc é ul hnlpb nlpfb c, quc sc prcbhupn kèb sø hbl b acsckvbfvilcktb ac ul beoctb bu ac ul sistcln ac beoctbs, lns tnleél b scu cktckailcktb, utifizníèb c chîhin. Wnrn ntikmir cssc acsiacrntb, tnleél tckab pbr b hbkautbr b trnenfjb acsckvbfviab kn Bhikn-Cshbfn ac Nrtcs ac Kbvn Drieurmb (BCNKD) dbrnl rcnfiznabs cstuabs sberc ns pcsquisns quc trntnl ab acsimk kn cauhníèb, ckdbhnkab, cktrc butrbs nspchtbs, qucstócs ac cksikb-nprckaiznmcl0 fikmunmcl c prîtihns pcanmømihns visunis.
Iktrbauíèb
Z 4 9 > 8 : 9 > K X X I
3
N Bhikn-Cshbfn ac Nrtcs ac Kbvn Drieurmb5 tcl hblb cixb ac níèb scr ul cspníb acaihnab nb cksikb ac nrtc pnrn hrinkíns c nabfcshcktcs, quc kèb pbacrinl pnmnr pnrn cstuanr nrtc, cl Kbvn Drieurmb, hianac ab iktcribr ab Cstnab ab Uib ac Onkcirb. Hbl ul trnenfjb ukikab n hufturn c n cauhníèb, prctckackab nvnkínr kb prbpøsitb an vnfbrizníèb ans cxpcriïkhins aistiktns ac tbabs bs ckvbfviabs, cl ul hbkstnktc aiîfbmb cktrc prîtihn c rcſtcxèb, pbssieifitnkab trnksdbrlníócs kn cxprcssèb abs suocitbs c cl scu cktbrkb. B ckdbquc c b pnpcf quc acsclpckjnrin n BCNKD kn vian abs nfukbs c suns dnlìfins, c tnleél kn cquipc an Bhikn-cshbfn, sc ckrnìznl kb cktckailcktb ac @rnlcr (>99:),8 qunkab dnfn sberc b pnpcf an cshbfn kn dbrlníèb ac tbabs bs ckvbfviabs kb prbhcssb cauhntivb, ‖é hruhinf b pnpcf an cshbfn kn dbrlníèb kèb sø ac hrinkíns, obvcks c nauftbs quc n drcqucktnl, lns ac tbabs køs quc kcfn trnenfjnlbs, quc n cstuanlbs, mcrilbs bu ikvcstimnlbs.“ (@UNLCU, >99:, p. 58)
Bhikn-Cshbfn ac Nrtcs ac Kbvn Drieurmb
n h i f e ÿ p s c t r n c a n f b h s c n l u c a b t i e l å b k k m i s c A B 4
Xcmukab b pcsquisnabr Uihnrab Tnz Bttbki (5774), 1 pnrn nprckacr n hrinkín prchisn ckhbktrnr-sc ilcrsn cl ul nleicktc, kb qunf b fîpis c b pnpcf, pbr cxclpfb, P..\ sconl pnrtc ab ‖`it ac dcrrnlcktns“ hufturnflcktc aispbkieifiznab n cfn. Csscs beoctbs (fîpis c pnpcf) c scus simkihnabs hufturnis hbkvianl cxpfihitnlcktc b suocitb n usîfbs ac ul lbab luitb prchisb. Bs scus simkihnabs hufturnis sø pbacl scr cdctivnlcktc nprbprinabs pcfb suocitb ntrnvés an sunpnrtihipníèb muinan cl actcrliknab lcib sbhinf“ (BQQBKI, 5774, p.>>9). ac hriníèb c b trnenfjb rcnfiznab kn Bhikn-Cshbfn ac Nrtcs ac Kbvn Drieurmb cktrchruznvnl hbl n fciturn, prbauíèb c hbktcxtunfizníèb ac ilnmcks c hbkmurníèb ac beoctbs, fcvnkab cl hbktn n ilnmikníèb c n prbauíèb. Kcssc scktiab, b tripé ‖fcr, dnzcr c hbktcxtunfiznr“, rcfnhibknab ç Nebranmcl Qrinkmufnr3 pnssnvn n aizcr rcspcitb nbs kbvbs lbabs ac ‖pcksnr, nmir c prboctnr nacqunab nb hbktcxtb“. Acssn dbrln, b prbhcssb ac rcſtcxèb kèb crn pcksnab npckns hblb uln scquckhin ac ctnpns bracknans. N prbpbstn ac ul cksikb ac nrtc nprcscktnab pbr Nkn Lnc 4, ntrnvés ab tripé an Nebranmcl Qrinkmufnr, nb scr trnziab pnrn b trnenfjb an BCNKD sc acsabernvn cl butrbs tripés ckmfbenkab hbktcÿabs, hbkhcitbs prøpribs ab cksikb, an nrtc c an sbhicanac tckab n hbktcxtunfizníèb jistørihn hblb nspchtb prilbrainf pnrn hbkstruíèb ab hbkjchilcktb. Xcmukab Ucmikn Xtcffn Lnhjnab (57>7) =, n prbauíèb ac uln dbrln nrtìstihn rcqucr b cxcrhìhib hblpfclcktnr an jneifianac ac ilnmiknr c pcrhcecr. Xcl n hnpnhianac ac hbkhcecr, sbkjnr, acsckjnr ilnmiknrinlcktc, hblb hrinr uln dbrln2 Nb lcslb tclpb, scl b cxcrhìhib an pcrhcpíèb, quc ilnmcks simkihntivns nfmuél pbacrin cvbhnr c ikvcktnr2 N pcrhcpíèb hrìtihn ac aistikmuir qunfianacs, hblprcckackab tnktb rcnfianacs c dbrlns ‖ab lukab“ qunktb dbrlns iktcribrcs é b suestrntb an hnpnhianac ac ilnmiknr. (LNHJNAB, 57>7, p.49) Kn fian aiîrin an Bhikn-Cshbfn, ns ntivianacs rcfnhibknans hbl b hnlpb ab acsimk nhbktchinl scl quc sc utifiznssc n ackblikníèb ‚acsimk’. Acktrb acssn pcrspchtivn, pbaclbs bescrvnr ns silifituacs cxistcktcs kb cksikb ac prboctb cl acsimk, hblb kn níèb pcanmømihn cl nrtc. Bu scon, cxistc
Xnfn ac fitcrnturn c lclørin hbl pcquckn eiefibtchn
Xnfn an hbbrackníèb
Xnfn ac vibfèb
Xnfn ac pinkb c tchfnab
Xnfèb ac tcntrb hbl nrnrns c enÿs ac nacrcíbs c murikbs Xnfèb ac Ankín c Enffct hbl nssbnfjb ac lnacirn, fikøfcb, cspcfjb c enrrns
ul pcrhursb ac prbhcssb ac prboctb hblpbstb ac ctnpns, quc ntunl ulns hbl ns butrns, cl uln rcfníèb cktrc cxcrhìhibs ac nprckacr dnzckab, fckab c hbktcxtunfiznkab. Wbis tnktb b hnlpb ab acsimk qunktb b an cauhníèb utifiznl létbabs pnrn brmnkizníèb ab trnenfjb c rcsbfuíèb ac situníócs prbefcln ckvbfvckab cxpcriïkhins ac prbefclntizníèb. Anab nb dntb ac cxistircl ikÿlcrbs pbktbs ac hbktntb, cl tbabs bs hnlpbs ab snecr, pnssìvcis ac sblnrcl rcſtcxócs nb åleitb cauhnhibknf hbktclpbråkcb. Kn iktrbauíèb abs WHKs : n hnpnhianac ac rcsbfuíèb ac prbefclns npnrchc rcfnhibknan nbs lÿftipfbs prbhcssbs hbmkitivbs ‘ enscnab kn iacin ac hbmkiíèb cktckaian hblb ikvckíèb ‘ visnkab prbpihinr b acsckvbfvilcktb iktcmrnf ab nfukb drcktc ç rcsbfuíèb ac situníócs prbefclîtihns rcnis quc vckjnl n sc nprcscktnr cl suns vians? N hnpnhianac hbmkitivn tcl mrnkac ikſtuckhin kn pbsturn ab ikaiviaub cl rcfníèb çs lctns quc qucr ntikmir kns lnis aivcrsns situníócs an vian, vikhufnkabsc airctnlcktc nb usb ac dbrlns ac rcprcscktníèb c ac hblukihníèb, ckvbfvckab n rcsbfuíèb ac prbefclns, ac lnkcirn hbkshicktc bu kèb. (EUNXIF, >99=, p.1=)
Hbzikjn Xnfèb / Hcrilbkinf hblpbstb ac tnefnab, pinkb pnrn nprcscktníócs, cksnibs chnacirns pnrn n pfntcin
Xnfn an nalikistrníèb
Xnfn ac futjicrin
Xnfn ac murikb
Xnfn ac nrtcs visunis c nrtcsnkntb
Wréaib Wrikhipnf
Wréaib Nkcxb
N lctbabfbmin ac acsimk pcrlcnkab n lctbabfbmin an BCNKD pcrlitin, ac nfmuln lnkcirn, nlpfinr b hbkhcitb ac Nrtc. Sln nrtc quc sc hnrnhtcrizn pbr ckdntiznr qucstócs quc sèb dbktc ac tbab prbhcssb hrintivb ikhitnkab n kbvbs acsnbs, pcrlitikab vivckhinr ul prboctb ac nrtc pbr hnlikjbs ikusitnabs, hbl bfjbs ntcktbs çquifb quc ac dntb dbssc vnfcr n pckn. Kcstc scktiab, pbaclbs aizcr an nrtc, Kns ntivianacs nrtìstihns an BCNKD, bs nfukbs pbainl cshbfjcr bs lntcrinis utifiznabs cl uln scfcíèb quc dnvbrchcssc kbvns hbkstruíócs, aidcrcktcs ans usunflcktc utifiznans0 dbssc hbkmurnkab prbtøtipbs ac sbfuíèb usnkab npckns ul kÿlcrb rcstritb ac lntcrinis huianabsnlcktc cshbfjiabs0 dbssc kn caihníèb ac ul cspctîhufb an cshbfn bu kn hbkstruíèb ac hckîribs0 ntrnvés ac uln pcsquisn dnzckab pnrtc ab prbhcssb ac prboctnr bu kb acsckjb bkac puacsscl visunfiznr tbans ns ctnpns, beoctivbs c dnscs - cl quc b tnktb b ntbr, hckømrndb, hbrcømrndb, acsimkcr, cth. - prchisnsscl pnssnr pnrn hbkhcecr/prboctnr uln iacin (ac hckn, cspctîhufb, murikb, hckîrib, beoctb cth.). Issb bhbrrin acsac n kchcssianac ikihinf, quc tcrin anab brimcl nb prboctb, nté n ackiíèb an prbpbstn hbkhcitunf - nktcs ab acsckvbfvilcktb abs beoctbs quc cfn kèb trnkslitc ikdbrlníèb, lns prbvbhn pcrtureníèb. Cfn lbeifizn uln ntckíèb ac qunfianac aistiktn anqucfn ckvbfvian kn cxchuíèb ac uln tnrcdn. B nprckaiznab an nrtc kèb sc csmbtn kn nquisiíèb ac rcspbstns c ac rcmrns. (@NXQUSW, 5773)9 prbprinlcktc aitbs - scl acixnr ac lckhibknr n jneifianac kchcssîrin ac rcsbfvcr prbefclns, tèb prøprin ab ‖dnzcr acsimk“. Ntrnvés ac ackiíócs c hbkhcituníócs c ac prîtihns lctbabfømihns, beoctivnkab b acsckvbfvilcktb ac ul prboctb, pbaclbs hbktrieuir pnrn n dbrlníèb ab hbkjchilcktb ac acsimk, npfihnab ç prîtihn hblb uln pbssieifianac pnrn mcrnr sbfuíócs hrintivns. N ntivianac hrintivn ac prboctnr ckvbfvc tnleél situníócs sikmufnrcs quc rcqucrcl acstrczn, pbr hbktn ab acsnb, hbkſtitb c, luitns vczcs, an nkmÿstin quc nhblpnkjn b ntb ac hrinr/prboctnr. Uctblnkab b quc dbi aitb, kb åleitb an lctbabfbmin an BCNKD n prbpbstn ac pbr lcib an lctbabfbmin ac acsimk, lcslb quc kèb cxpfihitnan n pribri, pnssnvn tnktb pcfb viés prîtihb qunktb pcfb viés tcørihb. Anan ç hbkstntníèb kn cfnebrníèb ab prcscktc cstuab ac quc jnvin n prcsckín ab acsimk kb cspníb an BCNKD, pbaclbs hbkhfuir quc cssc cspníb crn ul ukivcrsb quc hbktclpfnvn nrtc c ikbvníèb, bkac n hrintivianac c n téhkihn sc listurnvnl. Tnfc rcssnftnr quc nfukbs ac tbans ns dnixns ctîrins, nb scrcl suelctiabs n situníócs rcnis ac prboctb, pnssnvnl n tcr uln hbktrieuiíèb nb acsckvbfvilcktb ac scu pbtckhinf nlpfinkab n nutbkblin, b scksb hrìtihb nfinab n uln nlpfiníèb ab rcpcrtørib dbrlnab pcfn cxpcriïkhin c ikdbrlníócs naquirians. Mustnvb Nlnrnktc Ebll (>993),>7 acdckac quc létbabs acvcl scr hbksiacrnabs npckns hblb ikstrulcktbs ac trnenfjb - ul lbab ac prbhcacr, uln lnkcirn ac nmir - kèb sckab mnrnktin ac suhcssb. Wbr lnis quc bs létbabs nuxificl, b rcsuftnab ac ul prboctb acpckac an hnpnhianac téhkihn c hrintivn anqucfc quc b
Z 4 9 > 8 : 9 > K X X I
=
acsckvbfvc. Kcssc pnrtihufnr, b trnenfjb rcnfiznab kn BCNKD pbac scr fiab sbe cssn pcrspchtivn. N lctbabfbmin prboctunf prbhurn ikaihnr n lcfjbr dbrln ac trnkspbr bs ilprcvistbs quc surmcl pcfb hnlikjb. B dntb ac jnvcr rcmrns kèb acvc ikieir n hrintivianac. Kcl tèb pbuhb b létbab acvc dukhibknr hblb uln rchcitn bu dørlufn. Wbis, kb hnlpb an ikvckíèb, kèb jî ul létbab ÿkihb kcl rchcitns ikdnfìvcis? Létbab é n acsimkníèb quc sc ntrieui n ul hbkouktb ac prbhcailcktbs rnhibknis, cxpfìhitbs c sistclîtihbs, pbstbs cl prîtihn pnrn sc nfhnkínr ckukhinabs c rcsuftnabs tcørihbs bu hbkhrctbs aitbs vcranacirbs, ac nhbrab hbl nfmul hritérib quc sc cstnecfcín hblb vcranac. (HIWIKIS@ c WBUQIKNUI, 5774, p.>=)>> Kb hnlpb ab acsimk cktckac-sc n lctbabfbmin prboctunf hblb b cstuab abs prbhcailcktbs lctbabfømihbs pnrn b acsckvbfvilcktb ac ul prboctb? Ns lbanfianacs ac níèb cl ul actcrliknab hnlpb ans sbfuíócs ac prbefclns. B quc sc cspcrn an lctbabfbmin é uln nouan pnrn actcrliknr n suhcssèb ac níócs c scus hbktcÿabs c pnrn ackir bs prbhcailcktbs cspchìhbs quc sc tïl quc utifiznr. (EBKXICWC, >9=:, p.>19)>5 Sln pnrtc ilpbrtnktc an ntivianac ab acsckjb c hbkhcpíèb prboctunf sc anvn kn BCNKD hbl n nprcscktníèb an sbfuíèb prbpbstn, kb knf ans nufns. Wrctckain-sc hbl issb quc bs nfukbs sbuecsscl nrtihufnr suns iacins, sc dnzckab cktckacr. Kb hnlpb ab acsimk, cssn tnleél é uln ctnpn dukanlcktnf ab prbhcssb ac prboctb. Acssn dbrln, bs nfukbs an BCNKD pbainl trbhnr cxpcriïkhins c nprckacr uks hbl bs butrbs, oî quc n lbktnmcl c caihníèb ac ul prboctb ac cspctîhufb iktcraishipfiknr, hblb b an BCNKD, kèb pbacrin cxistir kuln vin ac lèb ÿkihn. Ns trbhns nhnenvnl pbr sc anr cl lÿftipfns aircíócs, hbkstruikab cspníbs ac aiîfbmbs visìvcis ckvbfvckab aivcrsbs ntbrcs, c aivcrsbs snecrcs, cruaitbs c pbpufnrcs. Qbrknkab tbab b prbhcssb hbkstnktclcktc pcanmømihb, hbfctivb c hblpnrtifjnab. n h i f e ÿ p s c t r n c a n f b h s c n l u c a b t i e l å b k k m i s c A B :
Dimurn > Nufn ac Hufturn Wbpufnr nufn ab hursb ac hufturn pbpufnr. Xberc n lcsn cstèb aispbstbs aivcrsbs lntcrinis utifiznabs pnrn n hbkstruíèb ac erikqucabs. Nb dukab sc vï b pnfhb ac tcntrb c ebkchbs/dnktbhjcs hbkstruìabs cl snfn ac nufn.
Dimurn 5 Erikqucabs hrintivbs hbkdchhibknabs kn nufn ac Hufturn Wbpufnr Nfmulns lècs rcfntnvnl quc bs fjbs (kbssbs nfukbs) jnvinl acixnab ac erikhnr hbl scus erikqucabs dnerihnabs ikaustrinflcktc, pnssnkab nmbrn n erikhnr hbl bs quc fcvnvnl pnrn hnsn
Wbac-sc aizcr quc n hnan kbvn cxpcriïkhin rcnfiznan, b hnlpb ab Acsimk é nlpfinab c, pbr hbkscmuiktc, ns pbssieifianacs ac ntuníèb ab acsimkcr sèb nfnrmnans. Cstc lbvilcktb ac pcrlnkcktc nlpfiníèb ac enrrcirns, ac filitcs, tcl pbsihibknab b Acsimk hblb uln îrcn iktcraishipfiknr. N iktcraishipfiknrianac pnrn Hbutb (>99=), kèb é lnis quc n iktckíèb ac pcsquisnr n rcnfianac, cl tbans ns suns rcfníócs c iktcrhbkcxócs ntrnvés ac ul létbab iktcmrnf ac ikvcstimníèb c ab cstuab hbkouktb, bkac b hbkjchilcktb knshc iktcrntivnlcktc, mcrnab cl ul kìvcf qunfitntivnlcktc aidcrcktc anqucfc cxistcktc cl hnan aishipfikn. B hbkhcitb ac iktcraishipfiknrianac kcstc cstuab cstî rcfnhibknab n ul cstuab quc ukc Acsimk c Cauhníèb ac uln lnkcirn lnis nernkmcktc, quc ikhfui n iktckíèb ac pcsquisnr n rcnfianac sbe vnrinabs lntizcs. Tikab nb ckhbktrb acssc pcksnlcktb, kbs vnfclbs lnis uln vcz ac Hbutb (>99=), quc nrln quc lcslb ckhbktrnkab hbkſtitb sberc n tcrlikbfbmin cl cstuabs sberc iktcraishipfiknrianac, hn hfnrb b iktcrcssc sbhin f quc ns vîrins dbrlns ac trnenfjb iktcraishipfiknr nprcscktnl kns csdcrns an pcsquisn, ab cksikb, c an prîtihn prbssibknf, istb é, kn hbkstruíèb, trnkslissèb c npfihníèb ab hbkjchilcktb. Npcsnr ans aidcrckíns ac cktckailcktb nhcrhn abs rcquisitbs ikaispcksîvcis pnrn b cshfnrchilcktb ans rcfníócs iktcraishipfiknrcs, Hbutb hbkstntbu ul hbkscksb pbr pnrtc abs nutbrcs cstuanabs sberc n ilpbrtåkhin ac prblbvcr tnis rcfníócs. Cshfnrchc, nikan, quc n ntituac iktcraishipfiknr é b rblpilcktb ac uln dbrlnfianac pré-hbkhceian ab quc é n hiïkhin c ab scu usb.
Acsimk c n Cauhníèb hbktclpbråkcn
Dimurn 8 Cksnib ac prboctb ckvbfvckab nfukbs ac Enffct , Qcntrb, Lÿsihn c Dimurikb. cksnib rcnfiznab kn snfn ac ankín pnrn b prboctb ‖Wrbhurnkab Ublcu c Oufictn“. Kn dbtb vclbs uln nfukn ac enffct, tnktb cfn qunktb suns hblpnkjcirns cstnvnl aispbstns kn lnrhníèb an hckn. Nb dukab sc vï bs nfukbs/lÿsihbs hbl scus ikstrulcktbs c cstnktcs ac pnrtiturn.
Cstn hbkstntníèb é ul pbktb ilpbrtnktc cl rcfníèb nb hbktcxtb ackiab kcstc cstuab, quc prbpóc uln nfinkín cktrc trïs îrcns, cl trnenfjbs acsckvbfviabs kb åleitb an fikjn ac pcsquisn iktitufnan Acsimk cl Xituníócs ac Cksikb-nprckaiznmcl, uln vcz quc, nikan scmukab Hbutb? N iktcraishipfiknrianac kèb é npckns ul lbaislb. É uln dbrln ac supcrníèb an aivisèb cktrc b ablìkib ab pcksnlcktb tcørihb c an níèb ikdbrlnan (.). Hbkvél snficktnr quc bs prbefclns hbkhcrkcktcs nb hbkdrbktb, n nprbxilníèb c n pbssìvcf iktcmrníèb ac lÿftipfbs ablìkibs an ntivianac julnkn, kèb sc hbfbhnl npckns kb pfnkb ab hbkjchilcktb bu an tcbrizníèb, lns tnleél, c tnfvcz, sberctuab, kb ablìkib an níèb bu an iktcrvckíèb cdctivn kb hnlpb an rcnfianac sbhinf c julnkn. (HBSQB, >99=, p. 89) Kns tckaïkhins hbktclpbråkcns ab cksikb ab acsimk, ns knfianacs an cauhníèb vèb nfél ab acsckvbfvilcktb an hrintivianac, an pcrhcpíèb cstétihn, an hbktclpfníèb, an fciturn dbrlnf. Kns tckaïkhins pcanmømihns hbktclpbråkcns cl nrtc, quc nernkmc b Acsimk, ns knfianacs ab cksikb tbrknl-sc lnis nlpfns c hblpfcxns c lnis nfikjnans hbl bs beoctivbs ac tban n cauhníèb cshbfnr cl mcrnf. N iacin ac hurrìhufb hblb uln rcac jipcrtcxtunf kbrtcin b cksikb hbktclpbråkcb0 Xcmukab Cſtnka, Drcalnk c Xtjur (5778), n tcbrin pøs-lbacrkn nenfbu n cstneifianac ans aishipfikns, hblb tnleél, n iacin ac hbkjchilcktb. N kbvn dbrln ac cktckacr b hbkjchilcktb trbuxc hbksimb uln kbvn nkîfisc hrìtihn abs létbabs ac ikvcstimníèb c ac cksikb-nprckaiznmcl, nssil hblb, b hbktcÿab ans aishipfikns. N hbkhcpíèb hbktclpbråkcn ab hurrìhufb cstipufn hbktcÿabs luftiaishipfiknrcs c b cstuab ac ul nlpfb cspchtrb ac hufturns visunis. N cxtrnbraikîrin ilpbrtåkhin ab hbktcxtb søhibhufturnf pnrn n cauhníèb hbktclpbråkcn tcl
prbvbhnab uln prbmrcssivn tblnan ac hbkshiïkhin ab pbacr hblukihntivb abs lcibs ac hblukihníèb ac lnssn c butrns tchkbfbmins cfctrñkihns, nssil hblb ns rcprcscktníócs ac tclns rnhinis, ac hfnssc c ac mïkcrb tïl siab beoctb ac uln prbdukan nkîfisc hrìtihn. N BCNKD tikjn hblb prclissn pnutnr ns níócs c ntivianacs nrtìstihns n pnrtir ac ul aiîfbmb cktrc n prîtihn c n rcſtcxèb hbl n knfianac ac nlpfinr b hbkhcitb ac nprckaiznmcl. C cl hcrtb scktiab, prctckain-sc kn prîtihn, rblpcr hbl ns cstruturns ac ul cksikb ac nrtc pnutnab kuln hbkhcpíèb ac ecfczn quc rcstrikmc n prbauíèb nrtìstihn ç silpfcs rcprbauíèb ab rcnf, nikan tèb lnrhnktc kb ilnmikîrib hbfctivb. Iktcrcssnvn quc dbssc nlpfinab b rcpcrtørib ac scktiabs c simkihnabs ab nfukb ac lnkcirn n prbvbhî-fb. C hbl issb, scu ‖dnzcr“ puacssc cxprcssnr b hbktcÿab nprcckaiab c fiab sberc butrn pcrspchtivn. Hblb suefikjn Lirinl Hcfcstc (>99:)>8, qunkab aiz quc hbktcÿab c dbrln cl nrtc sèb ikscpnrîvcis, ul kèb vivc scl b butrb, ‖P..\ sèb prbhcssbs siluftåkcbs. Xc nb hbktcÿab cstî nssbhinan ç tclîtihn, ç dbrln cstî nssbhinan ç lnrhn ab nutbr, n sun pbétihn, b scu lbab ac dnzcr/lbstrnr/cxprcssnr cssc hbktcÿab.“ (LNUQIKX, >99:, p.3=). Qrntnvn-sc, pbrtnktb, ac mnrnktir nbs nfukbs - suocitbs acstc kbvb tclpb - quc ntrnvés ab hbkjchilcktb cfcs puacsscl hbkjchcr, hrinr, hblprcckacr c tcr uln visèb hrìtihn - étihn c cstétihn - dnzckab pbktcs c fimníócs hbl b scu cstnr kb lukab, hbl suns cxpcriïkhins hufturnis. ^uc puacsscl dbrlnr hbkhcitbs, rchbkjchcr nutbrin ntrnvés ab hbktntb hbl butrns berns c supbrtcs, hbl prbauíócs hufturnis pfurnis - hikcln, ilnmcks aimitnis, Qv, obmbs, fitcrnturn - c hbl issb, sc tbrknsscl suocitbs hrintivbs c, pbr quc kèb, lnis ndctubsbs, rcsmntnkab uln nutbkblin tèb kchcssîrin nb sc hbkstruir uln prîtihn ac nrtc. Wnrn npbinr cstc prboctb acsckvbfviab kn BCNKD hitnlbs Cſtnka Drccalnk c Xtjur (5778), quc sumcrcl pbssìvcis dbrlns ac trntnr tclîtihns hbktclpbråkcns cl snfn ac nufn. B tcln an pfurnfianac hufturnf tcl rcfcvåkhin cspchinf kb cksikb ac nrtc c tnleél kb cksikb ac acsimk, pbis pcrlitc nb nfukb fianr hbl n aivcrsianac ac lbab pbsitivb tnktb kn nrtc qunktb kn vian. Kn snfn ac nufn iktcr-rcfnhibknl-sc ikaivìaubs ac aidcrcktcs hufturns quc pbacl scr iacktihnabs pbr ctkin, mïkcrb, ianac, fbhníèb mcbmrîhn, hfnssc sbhinf, bhupníèb, cauhníèb, rcfimièb, cth. Nprcscktnlbs nfmuks rcsuftnabs ans ntivianacs nrtìstihns iktcraishipfiknrcs>1 an BCNKD. Kns murns quc rctrntnl ns nufns c ntivianacs kn Bhikn-Cshbfn dbrnl utifiznabs rchursbs téhkihbs, hblb n ilnmcl acsdbhnan, hbl n iktckíèb ac prcscrvnr n iacktianac c n iktcmrianac ans hrinkíns c nabfcshcktcs. N snfn nleicktc ac Hufturn Wbpufnr hbktikjn lntcrinf nrrchnanab pcfbs nfukbs? mnrrndns pfîstihns, hnixns ac fcitc vnzins, hnixns ac hrclc acktnf vnzins, ebfikjns, tnlpns, pbtcs ac xnlpu, hneiacs ac nrnlc, lcins vcfjns, obrknf, rcvistns, cth. ^unkab bs nfukbs vbftnvnl pnrn hnsn acpbis an
Z 4 9 > 8 : 9 > K X X I
9
nufn, fcvnvnl - ab ‖fixb“ ac usb abléstihb quc jnvinl trnziab ac hnsn - hnrrikjbs, dnktbhjc, erikqucabs nesbfutnlcktc brimiknis c ikvcktivbs, nfél ac luitns jistørins hbktnans c vivians. C fcvnvnl hbksimb tban uln nrtcsnkin acsckvbfvian kn dnerihníèb ab erikqucab hrinab, nfél an rcſtcxèb sberc vnfbrcs c scktiabs acsckvbfvian kb hbktntb hbl bs lntcrinis c hbl suns ikvckíócs. Wbssivcflcktc pnrn nqucfn hrinkín b erikqucab dcitb kn BCNKD pbssuin uln ailcksèb cspchinf, knshiab ac uln ‚ikvckhibkihc’ quc dnz ac uln tnlpn qunfqucr, rbans pnrn b hnrrikjb, c ac uln hnixn ac snpntbs, b pnfhb, hnixn lîmihn ab tcntrb. Bs cspctîhufbs, hblb huflikåkhin abs prboctbs, ckvbfvinl luitbs nfukbs cl hckn? Nfukbs enifnrikbs, hnktbrcs, ntbrcs, lÿsihbs, murikistns, hckbtéhkihbs c nrtistns visunis. C sc hbkstituìrnl cl uln bpbrtukianac ac pcsquisn. Cl uln lcsln snfn ac nufn an Bhikn-Cshbfn ac Nrtcs, hnvnl bs mrupbs ac enffct, hbrb, lÿsihbs c ntbrcs, tbabs cksninkab uln hckn, bu lbktnkab bs csquclns ans hckns, cxcrhitnkab butrns dbrlns ac pcksnr c ac sc rcfnhibknr. Lns cssn pnssnmcl sc anvn hbl luitb trnenfjb c rcqucrin ul cxtrclb rimbr. Nfél ab cktrbsnlcktb c rcspcitb, cxtrclnlcktc kchcssîribs, pbr pnrtc ac tbabs bs lclerbs an cquipc. N cxpcriïkhin rcfntnan ab trnenfjb an BCNKD vcib hbkrlnr n jipøtcsc ac Cſtnka, Drccaclnk c Xtjur (5778), qunkab nrlnl quc bs prbdcssbrcs c nfukbs acvcrinl trnenfjnr ouktbs kns hbkstruíócs ac simkihnabs dbrn an cxpcriïkhin drnmlcktnan abs cstuabs, c cssn tnrcdn hbkouktn pbac scr dnhifitnan hbl ul ckdbquc hurrihufnr quc nenrquc aishipfikns dbrn ab åleitb ac hblpctïkhins trnaihibknis an cauhníèb. Bs nutbrcs hblpnrnl n cauhníèb n uln hbfnmcl, cktckackab quc n cauhníèb hbktclpbråkcn cstî rcpfctn ac simkihnabs lÿftipfbs, hblpfcxbs c acshbktìkubs. Kcssc scktiab bs lbacfbs ac hurrìhufb ntunf acvcl cvitnr n brmnkizníèb jicrîrquihn ac hbktcÿabs. Wnrn Misecrt (577:), prbdcssbr an Skivcrsianac ac Xcvifjn, n aiaîtihn ans nrtcs visunis, c nqui pbaclbs ikhfuir b Acsimk kn Cauhníèb, kèb sc prbpóc n aizcr nb prbdcssbr hblb cfc acvc cksiknr, lns sil, hblb cfc acvc hbkjchcr, nprckacr c hblprcckacr ns pcanmbmins hbktclpbråkcns c scus lbacfbs cauhntivbs pnrn n nfdnectizníèb visunf bu pnrn n achbaihníèb ans visunfianacs ab tclpb prcscktc. Hbl ensc kb cxpbstb, b nutbr aiz quc kb hbktcxtb an pøs-lbacrkianac n sistclntizníèb c n prbpbsiíèb an aiaîtihn ans Nrtcs Tisunis rcsuftnrnl cl uln nprbxilníèb hbl n Cauhníèb. Wbr lcib acstn nprbxilníèb, vcl bhbrrckab uln hbkstnktc rcbrmnkizníèb ans cxpcriïkhins julnkns, bkac sun lnis scksìvcf hrckín rcsiac kb dntb ac quc tban ntivianac julnkn hblcín kn bescrvníèb. Ab lcslb lbab, n nprckaiznmcl bu hbkstruíèb ac kbvbs hbkjchilcktbs hblcín hbl n bescrvníèb ac nhbktchilcktbs, beoctbs bu iacins n pnrtir abs hbkhcitbs prévibs quc pbssuìlbs. B cksikb trntnrî, pbrtnktb, ac hbkstruir n trnln cstruturnf ab hbkjchilcktb n pnrtir ans prbpbsiíócs quc dbrlnl bs hbkhcitbs c cstcs, pbr sun vcz, b simkihnab. Wbrtnktb, hn hfnrb n kchcssianac ac sc nabtnr uln pbsturn iktcraishipfiknr pnrn cstn ikvcstimníèb, anan n nernkmïkhin ab Acsimk hblb dckñlckb sbhinf. Dihn pnrn køs b acsnb ac eushnr dbrlns cdctivns ac ikscríèb ab Acsimk kn Cauhníèb, istb pbrquc, oî kèb pbaclbs acshbkjchcr n ilpbrtåkhin ans cxpcriïkhins quc nlpfinl b hnlpb ab Acsimk.
Hbkhfusèb
WBUQSMNF H. c HBSQB, U. Acsimk cl situníócs ac cksikb-nprckaiznmcl. Cstuabs cl Acsimk Uib ac onkcirb v0 5 kb>:, 57>7. >.
5. n h i f e ÿ p s c t r n c a n f b h s c n l u c a b t i e l å b k k m i s c A B >7
B rchbrtc an pcsquisn vni ab nkb ac 577> n 577:.
@UNLCU, Xbkin c FCIQC, L.Isnecf D.W. (Brms.). Ikdåkhin c Wrbauíèb Hufturnf. Hnlpikns/XW? Wnpirus, >99:. 8.
BQQBKI, Uihnrab Tnz. W br quc kèb ‖nprckacr n nprckacr“ PAispbkìvcf cl? jttp?//www.ukce.er/rcvistnandnccen/ fcs/57>>/73/kulcrb57.pad, 5774\ 1.
EUNXIF ‘Xchrctnrin ac Cauhníèb Dukanlcktnf (>99=) Wnrålctrbs Hurrihufnrcs Knhibknis? iktrbauíèb nbs pnrålctrbs hurrihufnrcs knhibknis. Likistérib an Cauhníèb. Ernsìfin? LCH/ XCD. Aispbkìvcf cl? jttp?//pbrtnf.lch.mbv.er/sce/nrquivbs/pad/ fivrb7>. Nhcssb cl 7> ac lnríb ac 57>5. :.
@NXQUSW, Tirmikin. Aispbkìvcf cl jttp?//www. nrtckncshbfn.brm.er/pcsquiscRnrtimbsRtcxtb.pjp2iaRl<15. Nhcssb cl 75 ac lnríb ac 5 7>5. 9.
EBLDIL, M. N . Lctbabfbmin pnrn acsckvbfvilcktb ac prboctbs. Obèb Wcssbn? CaitbrnSkivcrsitîrin/SDWE, >993. >7.
N Wrbpbstn Qrinkmuf nr tcl hblb uln ans enscs lnis ikſtucktcs b AENC(Aishipfikc-Ensca Nrt Cauhntibk), bu Cauhníèb Nrtìstihn hblb Aishipfikn. Bs prikhìpibs tcørihbs ab AENC, dbrnl acsckvbfviabs pbr Lnkucf Enr`nk c Cffibt Ciskcr, kn aéhnan ac 47, kbs C.S.N c Ikmfntcrrn rcspchtivnlcktc. Sl cstuab lnis nprbdukanab acstn tcbrin cstî sckab dblcktnab acsac n sun hriníèb cl >9:5, pcfb Mctty Hcktcr dbr Cauhntibk ik Nrts. Aivufmnan kbs nkbs :7 pbr Nkn Lnc Enrebsn, quc iktrbauziu n cxpcriïkhin kb LNH ‘ Luscu ac Nrtc Hbktclpbråkcn an SXW. N Nebranmcl Qrinkmufnr tcvc hblb ens c b AENC (AishipfikcEnsca Nrt Cauhntibk) acsckvbfviabs pbr Lnkucf Enr`nk c Cffibt Ciskcr,kn aéhnan ac 47, kbs CSN c Ikmfntcrrn rcspchtivnlcktc
>>.
ENUEBXN, Nkn Lnc (brm.). Ilnmcl kb cksikb an Nrtc. Xèb Wnufb, Wcrspchtivn, >991.
>1.
3.
4.
ENUEBXN, Nkn Lnc (Brm.). Nebranmcl Qrinkmufnr kb Cksikb ans Nrtcs c Hufturns Tisunis. Xèb Wnufb? Ca. Hbrtcz, 57>7. =.
HJNUQICU, U. Hufturn Cshritn, Fitcrnturn c Jistørin. Wbrtb Nfcmrc? Nrtlca, 577>. HIWIKIS@, Nfecrtb0 WBUQIKNUI, Ackisc E. Xberc Létbabs ac Acsimk. Ik? HBCFJB, Fuiz N. F. (brm.). Acsimk Létbab. Uib ac Onkcirb? Ca. WSH-UIB0 Qcrcsøpbfis? Kbvns Iaéins, 5774. EBKXICWC, Mui. Acsimk, Hufturn c Xbhicanac. Xèb Wnufb? Camnr Efuhjcr, 57>>. >5.
LNUQIKX, L.H., WIHBX^SC, M. c MSCUUN, L.Q.Q. Aiaîtihn ab Cksikb an Nrtc. N Fìkmun ab Lukab. Wbctiznr, Druir c Hbkjchcr Nrtc. Xèb Wnufb, DQA, >99:. >8.
Kn BCNKD, b hbktcÿab/pcsquisn kuhfcnr crn b prboctb nabtnab nkunflcktc kn cshbfn. Cfc pbssieifitnvn n ‖hbkvcrsn“ cktrc ns fikmunmcks an nrtc prcscktcs (tcntrb, ankín, lÿsihn, nrtcs visunis, nr tcsnkntb, fitcrnturn)
Fuis Nktñkib Xbnrcs Ebtcfjb an Hukjn 3H> Q.I.N.? 8>>3383-9
