REVIEWER - Philosophical Foundation of Education

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LET Reviewer in Professional Education

INFINITHINK LET Reviewer in Professional Education

Philosophical Foundation of Education ORIGINAL PHILOSOPHY  School of Thought ►

REALISM

Thinkers: ► Aristotle ► Harris

Broudy

► John

Locke

► John

Comenius

► Johann ► Jean

Henrich Pestalozzi

Jacques Rosseu

 Assumptions ► Reality

is what we observe.

► Experience ► Mind

exists only in the physical world.

is like a mirror receiving images only from the physical world.

► Nature

is a primary self-evident reality, a starting point in philosophizing.

► Investigating

and reasoning are important in any effective adjustment to the real world

in the control of experience.

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Downloaded from: http://infinithinkit.blogspot.com Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/beyondinfinithink  Role of Teachers ► Help

develop initiative and ability to control experiences.

► Help

realize that they can enter into the meaning of their experiences

► The

students would be taught factual information for mastery.

Models/Strategies ► The

use of Scientific Methods

► Defining

the problem

► Observing

factors related to problem

► Hypothesizing ► Testing

the hypothesis

Educational Aim ► Gives

direction and form to individual’s basic potentialities.

► Determines ► Provide

the direction of the individual’s inherited tendencies.

an education that could produce a good individual and a good society by

meeting 4 principal need of an individual. ► Aptitude

needs

► Self-determination

needs

► Self-realization

needs.

► Self-integration

needs

Curriculum Emphasis ► Study

habits

► Research ► Library

skills

skills

► Evaluation ► Observation ► Experimentation ► Analytical

and critical thinking

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Downloaded from: http://infinithinkit.blogspot.com Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/beyondinfinithink  School of Thought ► IDEALISM

Thinkers: ► Plato ► Socrates ► Rene

Decartes

 Assumptions ► Emphasize ► Believes

the importance of mind, soul and spirit.

in refined wisdom. Based on the view that reality is a world within a person’s

mind. ► Schools ► One

exist to sharpen the mind and intellectual processes.

of the oldest school of thoughts with its origin traced back to Plato’s ideas.

Role of Teachers ► Transmitter ► Chief

of knowledge

source of inspiration

► Creator

of educational environment (teacher-centered).

Models/Strategies ► Lecture-Discussion

Method

► Excursion ► Question ► Project

Method

Method

Educational Aim ► To

develop the individual spiritually, mentally, and morally.

Curriculum Emphasis ► Subject

Matter of mind:

► literature ► history ► philosophy ► mathematics ► arts

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Downloaded from: http://infinithinkit.blogspot.com Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/beyondinfinithink  School of Thought ►

PRAGMATISM / EXPERIMENTALISM / EMPERICISM

Thinkers: ► John

Dewey

► Charles

Sanders Peirce

► William

James

► Richard

Rorty

 Assumptions ► Conservative ► Primarily ► Focuses

philosophy

an American philosophy.

on reflective thinking. The knowledge process, the relationship of ideas

into action. ► Encourages ► Makes

people to find processes that work in order to attain desired goals.

use of experience as a source of knowledge

Role of Teachers ► Keeps

order in the class

► Facilitates

group work

► Encourages ► Curriculum

and offers suggestions, questions and help in planning

planner.

Models/Strategies ► Experimental ► Statement

Methods

of the problem

► Hypothesizing ► Investigating ► Testing

or data gathering

hypothesis

► Forming

conclusions

► Creative

and constructive projects

► Field

trips

► Laboratory

work

► Activity-centered ► Student-centered

activities

Educational Aim ► For

social efficiency.

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Downloaded from: http://infinithinkit.blogspot.com Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/beyondinfinithink  ► Train

the students to continuously and actively quest for information and production of

new ideas needed to adjust to the ever-changing society. Curriculum Emphasis ► Creation

of new social order

► Integrated ► Subjects

and based on the problem of society (NCBTS based).

are interdisciplinary.

TRADITIONAL/CONSERVATIVE PHILOSOPHY  School of Thought ►

PERENNIALISM

Thinkers: ► Robert

Maynard Hutchins

► Mortimer ► Jacques

Jerome Adler

Maritain

 Assumptions ► Most

Conservative philosophy

► Education

focuses on developing rationality.

► Education

is preparation for life, and the students should be taught of the world’s

permanencies through structured studies. ► Truths

are constant and universal.

► Students

must acquire knowledge of unchanging principles.

Role of Teachers ► Known

Master of Discipline.

► Source

of knowledge (teacher-centered).

Models/Strategies ► Subject-centered. ► Methods

of disciplining the mind through reading and discussion

► Memorization

to develop mastery.

Educational Aim ► To

develop power of thought, internalize truths that are universal and constant.

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Curriculum Emphasis ► Great

ideas or universal principles.

► Focused

on arts and sciences.

School of Thought ►

ESSENTIALISM / TRADITIONALISM / CONSERVATISM

Thinkers: ► Plato ► Karl

Popper

► John

Stuart Mill

► William

Bagley

 Assumptions ► Assumes

that values are embedded in the universe waiting to be discovered and

understood. ► Learning

is relatively static, since there is only one way to understand the world that is

already written in the book (textbook approach to learning). ► Study

of knowledge and skills based on the book is imperative to become productive

member of the society. Role of Teachers ► Base

the lesson to the book.

► Prepare

well-organized lesson to prove that he is an authority of instruction.

Models/Strategies ► Deductive ► Drill

method

method

► Recitation ► Memorization

Educational Aim ► Provide ► Develop

sound training of the fundamental skills. individual to perform justly, skillfully and magnanimously.

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Curriculum Emphasis ► Emphasis ► Hard

on essential skills in reading, writing and counting.

sciences and vocational courses.

CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY  School of Thought ► PROGRESSIVISM

Thinkers: ► William ► John

Heard Kilpatrick

Dewey

 Assumptions ► Exactly

opposite of perennialism.

► Assumes ► Learner

that the world changes.

must be taught to be independent, self-reliant thinker, learn to discipline

himself, be responsible for the consequences of his actions. ► Emphasize

on the concept of progress which asserts that human beings are capable of

improving and perfecting their environment. ► Curriculum

must be derived from the needs and interests of the students.

Role of Teachers ► Acts

as a resource person

► Guide

or facilitator of learning (student-centered).

► Teaches

students how to learn and become active problem solvers.

► Teachers

provide experiences that will make students active and not passive.

Models/Strategies ► Cooperative ► Reflective ► Problem

learning strategies.

strategies

solving strategies.

Educational Aim ► To

provide the learner the necessary skills to be able to interact with his ever changing

environment.

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Downloaded from: http://infinithinkit.blogspot.com Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/beyondinfinithink  Curriculum Emphasis ► Activity

and experience centered on life functions.

School of Thought ►

EXISTENTIALISM / EXPERIMENTALISM

Thinkers: ► Soren

Aabye Kierkegaard

► Jean-Paul

Sartre

 Assumptions ► Man

has no fixed nature and he shapes his being as he lives.

► Man

exists of his own choice.

► Reality

is what you experience.

► School

exists to discover and expand society we live in. Students study

► social

experiments and solve problems.

► Existence

precedes essence.

Role of Teachers ► Good

provider of experiences.

► Effective ► Mental

questioner.

disciplinarian.

► Creates

an atmosphere for active interaction.

► Discuss

the different situations based on each individual experiences.

Models/Strategies ► Inquiry

Approach

► Question-Answer

Method

Educational Aim ► To

train an individual for significant and meaningful existence.

Curriculum Emphasis ► Subject-centered. ► Arts

for aesthetic expression

► Humanities

for ethical values.

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Downloaded from: http://infinithinkit.blogspot.com Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/beyondinfinithink  School of Thought ►

RECONSTRUCTIONALISM

Thinkers: ► Theodore ► George ► Paulo ► Ivan

Brameld

Sylvester Counts

Reglus Neves Freire

Illich

 Assumptions ► Man

to a significant degree plan and control his society.

► Society ► Social

is in need of constant reconstruction.

change involves a reconstruction of education and the use of education in

reconstructing society. ► Mankind

has the intellectual, technological, and moral potential to create a world

civilization of abundance, health and human capacity. Role of Teachers ► Lead

the learners in designing programs for social, educational, practical and economic

change. ► Primary

agent of social change.

► Initiates

lively discussions on controversial issues, political and educational.

► Enables

the learners to critically examine their cultural heritage.

Models/Strategies ► Community-based ► Problem-oriented

projects

method

Educational Aim ► Education

is based on the quest for better society.

► Education

enlivens the students’ awareness of different societal problems.

Curriculum Emphasis ► Stresses

learning that enable the individual to live in a global milieu.

► Controversial ► Emphasis

national and international issues.

on social sciences and social research methods; examination of social,

economic and political problems. ► Focused

on present and future trends.

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