Aquí la manera más fácil de entender el problema de los verbos en Inglés. 1.The Four English Structures: La mayoría de oraciones en Inglés presenta el siguiente formato : Sujeto
Verbo
Complemen to
¡ Concéntrate en el verbo ! En Inglés sólo existen 04 sistemas verbales, o estructuras El verbo de cualquier oración en Inglés sólo podrá pertenecer a uno de esos 04 sistemas verbales o estructuras. Los 04 únicos sistemas verbales o estructuras en Inglés son: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Be Verb Verbo o de de Acc Acció ión n Modal Verbo erbo Hav Have
1.1.Estructura Be (01/ 04):
He is is an accountant He’s He’s an accountant She is a designer She’s She’s a designer
It is not useful It’s It’s not useful It isn’t useful
We are here We’re We’re here
We are not here We’re We’re not here We aren’t here
They are programmers They’re They’re programmers
They are not programmers They’re They’re not programmers They aren’t programmers
You are customers You’re You’re customers
You are not customers You’re You’re not customers You aren’t customers
Wealth Tips: 1. Be en afir afirmat mativo ivo sólo sólo pued puede e ser am is are 2. Se niega ega Be agregándole NOT al verbo. 3. Las preguntas preguntas en en cualqui cualquier er estructu estructura ra pueden ser de dos tipos Yes/No Questions Wh Questions
Veamos cada uno:
¿Cómo es Be en afirmativo? I am professional. professional. I’m I’m professional You are in class You’re You’re in class
It is useful It’s It’s useful
4. Yes/No Questions son aquellas cuyas respuestas son Si o No, por ejemplo: ejemplo:
¿Cómo es Be en negativo? Are You happy at Wealth? I am not a professional I’m I’m not a professional Yes, I am. You are not in class No, I’m not. You’re You’re not in class You aren’t in class He is is not an accountant5. Wh Questions son aquellas preguntas He’s He’s not an accountant que me piden información, por ejemplo: He isn’t isn’t an accountant She is not a designer She’s She’s not a designer She isn’t a designer
What is your name? Where are You from? Who are You?
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¿Cómo es Be en y/n questions?
Is She in Class? Are They sad? Am I your friend?
¿Cómo es Be en Wh questions?
Yes, I’m from Wealth Sac. o Yes, I am.
Why are You here? What Time is the class? What colour is your car? 5. Repa Repase semo moss Wh questions: When are the classes? What is your surname? How often are the classes ??What time is the conference? What colour is the cover? Wealth Tips: Where is the meeting? When is the presentation? 1. Be va adelante del sujeto en Who is the chairman? pregunta. Whose van is that? 2. A vec vece es las las Wh questions son Whose PC is that? complementadas, por ejemplo : Why is it so expensive? Which is your mobile? The samsumg or What Colour the nokia.? What Time How is business? How often How many people are here? How deep How much is it in dollars? How big How wide How far is the business centre? How wide is this room? How often are the sales meetings? 3. Una y/n question puede tener How old are You? respuestas cortas y largas, How tall are You? ambas significan los mismo, por How long is the table? ejemplo: How long is the exam? What is the business like? like? Is the class interesting? Where are You from? from? yes, it is. Who are You with? with? No, it isn’t. Who is this document for? for? o yes, it is interesting. Wealth Tips: No, it isn’t interesting. 1. Tant Tanto o la preg pregun unta ta What…like? como la pregunta How significan Cómo, Cómo, 4. No se pue puede de usar usar una una veamos la diferencia: diferencia: contracción en una respuesta corta en afirmativo; las What….. like? , apunta a la descripción contracciones se usan si viene física, fíjate en las respuestas siguientes una o más palabras después, por (éstas son 100% descriptivas, objetivas): ejemplo: What is the business like? like? Are You from Wealth Sac? You get a 30% commission per client. Yes, I’m (WRONG) What is the weather like? like? debe decir: It’s cold and cloudy.
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¿Cómo es Be en y/n questions?
Is She in Class? Are They sad? Am I your friend?
¿Cómo es Be en Wh questions?
Yes, I’m from Wealth Sac. o Yes, I am.
Why are You here? What Time is the class? What colour is your car? 5. Repa Repase semo moss Wh questions: When are the classes? What is your surname? How often are the classes ??What time is the conference? What colour is the cover? Wealth Tips: Where is the meeting? When is the presentation? 1. Be va adelante del sujeto en Who is the chairman? pregunta. Whose van is that? 2. A vec vece es las las Wh questions son Whose PC is that? complementadas, por ejemplo : Why is it so expensive? Which is your mobile? The samsumg or What Colour the nokia.? What Time How is business? How often How many people are here? How deep How much is it in dollars? How big How wide How far is the business centre? How wide is this room? How often are the sales meetings? 3. Una y/n question puede tener How old are You? respuestas cortas y largas, How tall are You? ambas significan los mismo, por How long is the table? ejemplo: How long is the exam? What is the business like? like? Is the class interesting? Where are You from? from? yes, it is. Who are You with? with? No, it isn’t. Who is this document for? for? o yes, it is interesting. Wealth Tips: No, it isn’t interesting. 1. Tant Tanto o la preg pregun unta ta What…like? como la pregunta How significan Cómo, Cómo, 4. No se pue puede de usar usar una una veamos la diferencia: diferencia: contracción en una respuesta corta en afirmativo; las What….. like? , apunta a la descripción contracciones se usan si viene física, fíjate en las respuestas siguientes una o más palabras después, por (éstas son 100% descriptivas, objetivas): ejemplo: What is the business like? like? Are You from Wealth Sac? You get a 30% commission per client. Yes, I’m (WRONG) What is the weather like? like? debe decir: It’s cold and cloudy.
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What are You like? like? I am tall and fat. How apunta a la opinión, a lo subjetivo, la respuesta es más variable (la respuesta es más subjetiva que descriptiva), fíjate en las respuestas siguientes: How is the business? It’s fine. How is the weather? It’s ok How are You? Not bad, thanks, and You? 2. Recuerd Recuerda a que que la palabra palabra like tiene dos significados: Gustar: I like Rock. we like Peruvian food. y Cómo Walk like an Egyptian like a virgin 3. Entonc Entonces es cuan cuando do pregu pregunte ntess What…like? Estarás preguntando “Como qué o similar a qué es tal o cual cosa” – What is the car like? Como qué es el carro? Cómo es el carro descriptivamente? 4. Which y What significan ambos Cuál, la diferencia es que Which requiere que se mencionen o se sobrentiendan las opciones, What asume las opciones como
muchas y por lo tal no las menciona, veamos unos ejemplos: Which is your car? The Nissan or the Toyota. Which is your mobile? The nokia, the Motorola or the Kyocera Which is your surname?. Caldin, Mason or Smith. What is your name? What’s What’s your mobile? What’s What’s your surname? 5. Preg Pregun unta tass con con How much, much, How many y Whose van siempre complementadas, veamos : How much sugar …? How much money…? How many students… ? How many programs…? Whose PC…? Whose bag…? 6. Siempr Siempre e que tenga tengass una pregu pregunta nta Wh con una preposición al final, debes leerla al revés, por ejemplo: Where are You from? from? What is it like? like? Who are You with? with? When is it for? for? How long are You here for? for? 1.2.Estructura Action Verbs (02/ 04) : Es aquella que incluye a los verbos en sí menos “Be”, por ejemplo: I work in work in Lima Aquí no se está usando “Be” estamos en otra estructura, muchos alumnos mal formados usan la frase : Página 3
I’m work La cual significa “Yo soy o Yo estoy trabajo” la cual no tiene sentido amenos que nuestro nombre sea en efecto “Work”. ¿Cómo es Action Verbs en afirmativo? I work in Lima You work in Lima He works works in Lima She works works in Lima It works works in Lima We work in Lima They work in Lima You work in Lima ¿Cómo es Action Verbs en negativo? I don’t work in Lima You don’t work in Lima He doesn’t work in Lima She doesn’t work in Lima It doesn’t work in Lima We don’t work in Lima They don’t work in Lima You don’t work in Lima ¿Cómo es Action Verbs en y/n questions? Do I work in Lima ? Do You Do You work in Lima ? Does He work in Lima ? Does She work in Lima ? Does It work in Lima ? Do We work in Lima ? Do They Do They work in Lima ? ¿Cómo es Action Verbs en w/n questions? Where do I work ? Why do You do You work in Lima ? When does He work in Lima ? How often does She work in Lima ? How long does It work in Lima ?
Who do They work for ? What time do They do They work? Wealth Tips: 1. Action Verbs en tercera persona implica que el verbo lleve una “s” al final. 2. Action Verbs requiere auxiliares para el negativo y las preguntas. 3. Action Verbs en en tercera persona (He,She, It) It) requiere del auxiliar “does”, “does”, cuando se usa “does” el verbo ya no lleva “s”. “s”. 4. Si el verbo verbo tiene tiene una una tercera tercera perso persona na como sujeto y termina en –o/-ch/-s/-x/sh/-z se debe agregar “es”, por ejemplo: go-goes catch-catches pass-passes mix-mixes push-pushes buzz-buzzes Kiss-kisses My son goes to school on Saturdays That woman always passes her courses 5. Cuand uando o un Action verb termine en consonante e “- y”, y”, se cambiará la “y” por “i” y se agregará “es”: study-studies worry-worries qualify-qualifies 6. Así como como en toda toda estruc estructur tura, a, existe existen n respuestas cortas y largas, veamos: Does your brother work with You? Yes, He does. o Yes, He works with me.
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7. El verb verbo o de acci acción ón “ten “tener” er” o “have” no se convierte en “haves” (x) sino en”has” en ”has”,, veamos algunos ejemplos: I have a good class. She has problems at work. My car has a new hi-fi. They have some relatives in Canada. My father doesn’t have a yatch. Sue doesn’t have a plan for that. Do You have a title in Business? Does She have a good position in that company? Do They have backgoround on that? 8. Esta Esta estruct estructura ura es aque aquella lla de de los verbos en sí, aquellos que no son ni Be, ni modales, ni Have 1.3.Estructura Modals ( 03/ 04) : Los modales siempre van de a dos, el modal y el verbo modificado, modificado , cada modal le da una modificación distinta al significado del verbo, sólo son los siguientes: : Modal Verb Traducción o Can Yo puedo Will trabajar Woul Yo trabajaré trabajaré d Yo trabajaría trabajaría I Could work Yo podríatrabajar podríatrabajar Yo podía trabajar Might Yo podría trabajar May Yo podría Shoul trabajar d Yo debería Must trabajar Shall Yo debo trabajar Yo he de trabajar
¿Cómo es el afirmativo de los Modales? I Can You Will He Woul She d It Could work We Might You May The Shoul y d Must Shall Wealth Tips: 1. No se le agre agrega ga “s” al Modal cuando el sujeto es tercera persona (He,, She, it). ¿Cómo es el negativo de los Modales?
I You He She It We You They
Can’t/Cann ot Won’t Wouldn’t Couldn’t work Might not May not Shouldn’t Mustn’t Shan’t
Wealth Tips: 1. Los moda modales les se nieg niegan an agregan agregando do “not” al final del mismo. 2. Recuer Recuerda da los los irregul irregulares ares “shan’t” y “won’t”. ¿Cómo es el interrogativo de los Modales?
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Can Will Would Could Might May Should Must Shall
I You He She It We You They
Si “have o has” significan “he o ha”, ya no serán Action verbs. Estaremos en la estructura “have”. work ?
Wealth Tips: 1. Modals en preguntas van adelante del sujeto. 2. Recuerda que en Modals no se agrega “s” ni al verbo ni al modal. 1.4.Estructura Have ( 04/ 04 ) La palabra “have” puede tener dos significados: Significado 01: El Verbo de acción Tener
(+) You have problems at work. She has many projects. They have little time for that.
(-) You don´t have problems at work. She doesn´t have many projects. They don´t havelittle time for that. (?) Do You have problems at work? Does She have many projects? Do They have little time for that? Significado 02: El verbo auxiliar He /Ha Si “have o has” significan “he o ha” el verbo que le sigue terminará en “ado o ido “.
Wealth tips_ 1.En la estructura “have”,“have o has” significan “he o ha” y son seguidos de un verbo en participio (los que terminan en “ado” o “ido”). 2.Veamos: recuerda que “have” aquí ya no significa “tener”, leamos: I have finished my homework. You have reduced weight. He has gone home early. She has sent the fax. It has been my Pc for years. We have been here for 01 hour. They have written the documents. You have understood. 3. Como se llama estructura “have”, eso implica que juego con “have” para contracciones en el afirmativo, negativo y preguntas. 4. En afirmativo puedo contraer “have”: I’ve read all the book. He’s been here all the afternoon. She´s lost her passport. They´ve flown to Miami. 5. En negativo, “have” recibe al negador “not” OJO! Solo cuando “have” significa “he o ha” I haven’t finished yet. You haven’t done it. She hasn’t travelled yet. We haven’t been promoted. 6. En pregunta, cuando “have” significa “he o ha”, “have” pasa adelante del sujeto: Have You finished? Has he done it? has She been here lately? Hast it exceeded the USD.10000? Página 6
Have We met before? have They launched the product? 7. Entonces cuando veas la palabra have Esa palabra podrá significar tener y será un verbo de acción. She has problems. O podrá significar he o ha Y estarás en la estructura “have” She has finished. 8. Loe verbos tiene 03 tiempos: presente: go (ir) pasado: went (fue) participio: gone (ido) 9. Entonces la estructura “have” tiene la siguiente fórmula: have/has + participio 10. Los británicos cuando dicen “tener” usan la estructura “have” acompañándola del verbo “got”. Veamos: ¿Cómo se dice “tener” en Inglés británico? I have got a new project I ‘ve got a new project You have got a good English service. You‘ve got a good English service. It has got a non-integrated mainboard. It ‘s got a non-integrated mainboard
She’s got a new supervisor. We have got new workstations. We‘ve got new workstations They have got the passwords. They’ve got the passwords.
¿Cómo se dice “no tengo “ en Inglés británico? I haven’t got a new project You haven’t got a good English service. It hasn’t got a non-integrated mainboard. He hasn’t got experience in networking. She hasn’t got a new supervisor. We haven’t got new workstations. They haven’t got the passwords. ¿Cómo se pregunta? Have I got a new project ? Have You got a good English service ?. Has It got a non-integrated mainboard ?. Has He got experience in networking. ?
He has got experience in networking. He ‘s got experience in networking
Has She got a new supervisor ?.
She has got a new supervisor.
Have We got new workstations ?. Página 7
Have They got the passwords. ?
Wealth Tips: 1. Asociando las 04 estructuras vemos que hay dos maneras de decir “tener” : La primera con el verbo de acción “have” y “ has” para la tercera persona, veamos: He has a good team. He doesn’t have a good team. Does He have a good team? Yes, He does. No, He doesn’t. Why does He Have a good team? La segunda con la nueva estructura que hemos aprendido, la estructura “Have”: He has got a good team. He’s got a good team. He hasn’t got a good team. Has He got a ggod Team? Yes, he has. No, He hasn’t. Why has He got a good team? Significando ambas lo mismo 2.Personal Pronouns. Son: 2.1.Subject pronouns: Son aquellos que reemplazan al que hace la acción, son los siguientes: Subject Pronouns I
Pronombres del sujeto Yo
You He She It We You They
Tu El Ella Esto - Esta Nosotros Ustedes Ellos
Task: Reemplace con el correspondiente pronombre del sujeto: Work isn’t ready yet. My exams are next week Your boss is quite exigent. Your secretary speaks English well My sisters and I love red wine. The engineers can do that. Music is fascinating 2.2.Object Pronouns: Son aquellos que reemplazan al que recibe la acción, son los siguientes: Object Pronouns Me You Him Her It Us You Them
Pronombres del objeto a mi a ti a el a ella a esto a nosotros a ustedes a allos
Task: Reemplace con el correspondiente pronombre del objeto: Buy that product! Put the diskettes on the table . Do You know my wife? Doctor Lee checks my personnel every year My boss loves his son. Página 8
I know your MD, She’s great. Could You call Tommy , please? 2.3.Reflexive Pronouns: Son aquellos que reemplazan tanto al que hace como al que recibe la acción, son los siguientes: Object Pronouns Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself ourselves Yourselves Themselves
Pronombres del objeto a mi mismos a ti mismo a el mismo a ella misma a esto mismo a nosotros mismos a ustedes mismos a ellos mismos
Veamos los siguientes ejemplos:
Do it yourself! They are developing the programme by themselves. 3.El pronombre reflexivo sirve también para enfatizar quien lo hizo o lo hará, va adelante del sujeto, veamos The president himself congratulated us. I myself prepared it for You, my love. My daughter herserf tidies his room.
3.The Possessive 3.1.General Possessive: La formula general del posesivo se forma agregando ‘ s al final del sustantivo, veamos: The doctor’s office The secretary’s desk
Men understand themselves. Women love themselves. I love myself. She cut herself yesterday. Be yourself. Do You really know yourself ?
¿Cómo se hace con “students”, “news” o “James”?
Wealth Tips: 1.Un caso que se da con los pronombre reflexivos es cómo se diría :
Si son nombres propios cualquiera de las dos formas, veamos:
“uno debe preocuparse por uno mismo” one must worry about oneself 2.El pronombre reflexivo también sirve para dar a entender que uno lo hizo sólo, en este caso se puede o no usar la preposición”by”, veamos: I will solve it by myself . I will try it myself.
¿Cuándo los sustantivos acaban en “s” se les agrega apóstrofe y “s” o sólo el apóstrofe?
James’s car James’ car Ines’s notebook Ines’ notebook Si son sustantivos en general tanto en singular como plural, ya no va la “s” después del apóstrofe, veamos: Boss’ office Students’ room Página 9
3.2.Possessive Adjectives: En este caso se reemplaza al poseedor, son los siguientes:: Possessive Adjectives My Your His Her Its Our Your Their
Adjetivos Posesivos Mi Vuestro (de Tú) Su (de él) Su (de ella) Su (de eso) Nuestro Vuestro de ustedes Su ( de ellos)
Wealth Tips: 1. Debes recordar que en Inglés los adjetivos no tienen ni plural ni singular, ni masculino ni femenino, así, “our” por ejemplo, significa: nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras 2. Yo no digo: : that is my. porque significaría ese es “mi”, ¿mi qué?, le falta algo. Debo decir: That’s my office y aquí si estoy dando una información completa. 3. Entonces recuerda los “adjetivos posesivos” necesitan un sustantivo 4. Algunos ejemplos: She’s my new assistant.
I am your instructor They are his dogs Their head office is in Istanbul He is her new controller Our father loves seafood 3.3.Possessive Pronouns : En este caso se reemplaza al poseedor y a lo poseído, son los siguientes:: Possessive Pronouns Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs
Pronombres Posesivos Mío Tuyo Suyo (de él) Suya (de ella) Suyo (de eso) Nuestro Vuestro Suyo (de ellos)
Wealth Tips: 1. Debes recordar que en Inglés los pronombres no tienen ni plural ni singular, ni masculino ni femenino, así, “ours” por ejemplo, significa: nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras 2. Yo no digo: : that is mine office. porque significaría ese es la “mía oficina”, Debo decir:
That’s mine That office is mine 3. Entonces recuerda los “pronombres posesivos” no necesitan un sustantivo, van solos. 4. Veamos algunos ejemplos: Cars?, Mine is the best. Página 10
I don’t like your eyes, I like hers The job is yours. This land is theirs 3.4.The Possessive with Of : Este posesivo usa la preposición “of” que significa “de”. Esta forma de posesivo tiene dos posibilidades, veamos: 3.4.1.Que el poseedor sea una cosa o un grupo de cosas : Aquí no hay nada de qué preocuparse ya que es igual al español, veamos: The screen of the computer The cover of the magazine The length of the show The arrival of the plane The knob of the door The lord of the rings 3.4.2.Que el poseedor sea una persona o un grupo de personas : Aquí el poseedor deberá ir o con apóstrofe y “s” o con pronombre posesivo, veamos: The job of Mary’s The job of hers The office of mine The problem of the engineers’s The problem of theirs Veamos algunos ejemplos: That friend of yours is a bit strange. Son of mine! It’s time for your independence Friends of mine! Cheers! This is the house of my sister’s
4.The Plural 4.1.Final “-s” 4.1.2 .La forma más sencilla del plural es cuando se le agrega “s” al final del sustantivo, veamos: accountants – accountants bay – bays engineer – engineers holiday – holidays lawyer – lawyers nurse – nurses assistant – assistants programmer – programmers attorney – attorneys student – students survey –surveys valley – valleys 4.1.2.Una variante de la forma anterior es cuando el sustantivo acaba en “consonante e Y”, en este caso la “Y” se cambia por “i” y se agrega “es”, veamos: Lorry - lorries (grúa) Body – bodies Memory – memories Story – stories Dictionary – dictionaries Mistery – misteries Company – companies 4.1.3. Otra variante es cuando el sustantivo acaba en sonido “f”, en este caso se quita la letra “-f” y se agrega “ves”, veamos: knife – knives (cuchillo) life – lives wife – wives half – halves scarf - scarves shelf – shelves (repisa) 4.2.Final “-es” Cuando el sustantivo recibe una “-s” al final y termina en : Página 11
“-s”, “z”, “ ch”, “sh”, “-x” u “o” se le agregará el sufijo “-es” Por ejemplo: Bus – busses Church – churches Sandwich – sandwiches Ash –ashes Box – boxes Class – classes Quiz – quizzes Tomato –tomatoes Mosquito – mosquitoes Hero – heroes 4.3.Sustantivo no cambia Otro caso es cuando el sustantivo es el mismo tanto para el singular como para el plural. Ejemplos: Sheep-sheep Deer – deer Fish – fish Means – means (medio de) Series – series (serie de ) Species – species (especie de ) Plurales Irregulares 4.4.1.Algunos sustantivos sólo van en plural, veamos: trousers – trousers pants pants shorts – shorts pyjamas – pyjamas glasses – glasses scissors – sicssors Algunos ejemplos: My new pants are cool. Those glasses are the latest. Her tights are so sexy.
4.4.2.Otro caso es de algunos sustantivos que terminan en “-s” pero son singulares, veamos :: economics mathemathics physics genetics electronics ethics linguistics politics statistics dynamics gymnastics news Algunos ejemplos: Economics is a quite difficult career There is good news for You!, Mathematics is always important 4.4.3. Algunos sustantivos cambian totalmente en plural, veamos: child – children mouse – mice ox- oxen (buey) person – people foot – feet (pies) goose – geese (ganso) man – men woman – women 4.4.4. Los siguientes sustantivos son grupales, veamos: the government the staff the team the family the audience the police the committee The army The class The enemy
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The cheering crowd (la barra – la multitud que grita) the committee Estos sustantivos grupales pueden ser usados para referirse al grupo en si, veamos: The government is in charge of the education politics The government is determined to beat recesion The team is ready for that challenge (reto) The police has the obligation of protecting citizens My family is big, We are 45 relatives O para referirse a los integrantes del grupo, en este caso el verbo ya no irá en singular sino en plural, aquí la traducción debe ser “los del...”, veamos: The government are peruvian The team are worried The police are badly paid My family are big, we are all fat and tall The gabinet are discussing a new law package File 05 The Countable and The Uncountable Los sustantivos se clasifican en dos tipos contables y no-contables, veamos: 5.1.The Uncountable Aquellas sustancias o materiales en bruto que no se pueden contar , las producciones y los conceptos, ejemplos : Money
Homework Information News Peace Poverty Mathematics Fire Beer Paper Sugar Milk Wood Wool Plastic Love Hate Pollution (contaminación) Oil Petroleum Furniture Estos no contables se vuelven contables con unidades de medida, veamos: A piece of news A piece of furniture 02 bottles of red wine 01 litre of milk 300 grams of ham half a kilo of meat a glass of wine a cup of coffee 100 sheets of paper three cans of beer a teaspoon of sugar 20 galloons of petrol 5.1.1.La pregunta para los No-Contables es How Much (Cuánto de ..) Veamos algunos ejemplos: How much money have You got? How much beer do You usually drink ? How much wine does it need? How much sugar do You take ? Página 13
How much corruption is there in politics?
an urn an umbrella
5.2.The Countable. Todo aquello que tiene plural y puede contarse.
6.1.2. Se usa “a” cuando la siguiente palabra empiece en letra o sonido consonante, veamos:
5.2..1.La pregunta para los Contables es How many (Cuántos ..)
a car a budget a hotel a house a hospital a hope a horrible thing a university a unification a uniform a union a unique institute a universal language a usual thing a unit a utopia a union a european country a urban problem a computer Wealth Tips: 1. Recuerda que “a” o “ an” significan “uno” o “una”, por lo tanto sólo pueden ser usados en singular. 2. En función a lo anterior no se puede utilizar “a” o “an” en plurales o en nocontables, por ejemplo: a sugar a people a beer
How many people are in class? How many business men love the country? How many branches does the company have? How many hours a day would You like to work? Wealth Tips: 1. Recuerda que “people” es “personas” y es plural, se dice: How many people are there in class now? Los artículos se dividen en dos : Undefinite Definite 6.1. Undefinite Articles: Son : a an 6.1.1. Se usa “an” cuando la siguiente palabra empiece en vocal o sonido vocal, veamos: an orange an apple an hour an honorable man an hourly session
6.2. Definite Article Es el Artículo The (el, la, los, las) Veamos algunos ejemplos: The project is feasible The people are here Página 14
The instructors at Wealth are perfect Wealth Tips: 1. ¿Cuál es la diferencia? I want a job I want the job 2. ¿Cuándo se obvia “the”? Un primer caso es cuando se usa un nombre propio, aquí el artículo es innecesario, veamos: Niko’s office Tom’s assistant Un Segundo caso es la diferencia entre “last year” y “the last year”, veamos: Usaré “last year” para referirme a el año pasado, no es necesario el artículo, si te digo el año pasado es obvio que sabes a cuál nos referimos, veamos: Last year was my graduation Last year was more profitable for me I went to London last year Usaré “The last year” cuando me refiera al último año de una temporada o período, veamos: The last year of university is the heaviest The last year of school is very sad The last year of my master was hard. Cuando se usa un plural o un incontable sin artículo te refieres a lo general, veamos: Love is necessary for men Peru makes excellent coffee
English is vital for your purposes Babies need milk Secretaries need to be understood Sin embargo si se pone artículo se particulariza, se refiere a un sector ya definido, veamos los mismos sustantivos: The love of the mother is endless Please, We are waiting for the coffee The English of Scotland is a bit different The babies need dehydrated milk Oh! yes, I remember the secretaries File 07 Some, Any and No 7.1.Some. Some significa : Algo de , algunos Algunos ejemplos: I know some members of the club She has some friends in Italy We are drinking some beer They want some wine I will see some clients this afternoon We have got some problems She needs some love Wealth Tips 1. Some tiene pronombres compuestos como: somebody – someone (alguien) somewhere (algún lugar) something (algo) sometime – sometimes someway – somehow (de algún modo) 2. Algunos ejemplos con pronombres compuestos : I know somebody who can help You There is somewhere nice in that city She will buy something for the flu (gripe) You can do something for me We will eat somewhere. Página 15
3. Some no va en negativo. 4. Se hacen preguntas con “Some” cuando se suponga que la respuesta será “si”, esto es cuando hayan indicios o cuando se ofrezca algo, veamos: is there some beer? (en un pub) Have You got some sugar? (en una cafeteria) Do You want some Pizza? (una invitación) Do You want to go somewhere? (a alguien que goza de tu compañía) 7.2. Any Any en afirmativo significa : cualquier Veamos algunos ejemplos: Any student deserves (merece) respect Any doctor here is a specialist Any instructor at Wealth is a leader Any woman has love to give You can do anything, my love. Let’s go anywhere. You can call anybody Anybody in Germany speaks English Anywhere in London is wonderful Anything of You is special Wealth Tips: 1. En preguntas “any” significará Algún Algunos algo de
2. Las preguntas con any no asumen nada con respecto a la respuesta, las preguntas con any son las más usada, veamos: Do You have any questions? Will You go anywhere after work? Do You need anything from me? is there any sugar? Have You got any money? 3. En negativo any significa nada de ningún o ningunos, siempre y cuando el verbo vaya en negativo. 4. Recuerda que para el negativo se niega el verbo y se agrega any, veamos algunos ejemplos: I don’t need any money There aren’t any people at the conference You haven’t got any experience on that business I won’t go anywhere tonight He doesn’t know anybody here There isn’t any sugar in my coffee I don’t understand anything 7.3.No No significa cero, es un adjetivo nulo, se usa con el verbo en afirmativo, veamos algunos casos: I know nowhere in Mexico She loves nobody I have no problems with You I like nothing in this shop I can say nothing about it They have no projects on that The program needs no more reviews The tank has got no gas We want to go nowhere I understand nothing
File 08 Action Verbs in Present Tense
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Los verbos de acción poseen una única estructura en común, ya la conocemos, pero a la vez, de ellos se podría decir que de acuerdo a su significado se dividen en dos grupos: 8.1.Verbos Rutinarios: Cuando el sujeto ejecuta al verbo. Aquí el verbo expresa una acción en sí. Estos verbos aceptan adverbios de frecuencia como: Always Usually Often Frequently Sometimes Rarely Scarcely Barely Occasionally Never Veamos algunos ejemplos (date cuenta que el sujeto “ejecuta ” al verbo): I always work She never arrives at the office on time They sometimes visit the distributors She rarely e-mails me We occasionally see our chairman 8.2. Verbos no – rutinarios : Aquí el sujeto no ejecuta al verbo. El verbo sólo describe (no expresa acción) y no suelen necesitar adverbios de frecuencia salvo casos excepcionales, veamos: We love Music My dog has a white spot. They like seafood
I prefer Wealth Wealth Tips 1. Los adverbios de frecuencia van antes de los verbos de acción, veamos: I always pray She never pays taxes They usually travel to the highlands 2. Los adverbios de frecuencia van después de las otras tres estructuras, veamos: You can always be better (modals) They are never late (be) It has always got the best price (have) 3. Recuerda que siempre que uses una expresión de tiempo , ésta debe ir al final. We work from monday to saturday She has classes in the evenings They run in the mornings 4. Si deseas colocar la expresión de tiempo al inicio, síguela de una coma, veamos: From monday to saturday, We work In the evenings, She has classes In the mornings, They run 5. Finalmente debes recordar que para preguntar por frecuencias debes hacerlo con How often, veamos: How often do You go to the church? How often do You do You attend a conference? How often do eat Italian food? File 09.The Progressive El progresivo se forma de la siguiente manera: Be + Verb (ing) La terminación “ing” al final del verbo equivale a “ando” o “endo”, así: I am speaking English You are paying attention to me We are having a class now Página 17
Wealth Tips 1. Si se agrega ing a un monosílabo, se duplica la última consonante de ese monosílabo, veamos: hit – hitting put – putting clap – clapping get – getting run – running 2. Si acaba en sílaba acentuada , duplica la última consonante, veamos: begin – beginning refer – referring regret – regretting 3. Si acaba en consonante + vocal + “L” , se duplica la “L”, veamos: travel – travelling model – modelling 4. Si el verbo termina en consonante e “y”, se agrega ing sin cambio alguno, veamos:: tidy – tidying study – studying worry – worrying cry – crying fry - frying 5. Si se trata de una palabra que termina en consonante e ie se cambia la ie por ying, veamos: die – dying lie – lying El Progresivo tiene tres funciones básicas: 9.1.Right Now (justo ahora) Se usa para describir lo que está ocurriendo ahora, justo en este momento: We are having classes at this moment
You are listening to me I am speaking English Look! They are coming Excuse me, are You waiting for me? He is not working now. Are You thinking of me? Are We having a good time? What are You doing? Hey1Where are You going? Look! She is coming here. Listen! somebody is opening the door. Why is She crying? 9.2. This period (en este período) Se usa el progresivo también para hablar de hechos que están ocurriendo durante una temporada, veamos:: I‘m taking Yoga classes She’s learning to drive We are planning to get married They are visiting Cuzco She is working better You are preparing for the exam Is She enjoying her trip? Are They discussing that these days? What are You doing these days? 9.3.Future Plans (planes para el futuro) El progresivo se usa para describir lo que ya has planificado (con anterioridad. Lectura de tu agenda) para el futuro, veamos: We are working tomorrow She is coming back from Holliday next week We are finishing classes in 01 hour time They are flying to Istanbul in two days time. I am eating some Italian food this Sunday I’m not going there tonight. They are not going to the conference next year. Are You coming tomorrow? Página 18
What are You doing tonight? Where are You going after class? When are You taking vacations? Who are You hiring finally? File 10 Prepositions 1 File 11 Stative Verbs Analicemos las siguientes oraciones: I like Wealth Sac I’m liking Wealth Sac ¿Cuál es la diferencia? I like Wealth Sac Aquí la idea ya está posicionada, estas convencido que Wealth Sac es lo que necesitas si de Inglés se trata. I’m liking Wealth Sac Aquí al ver que todo lo que Wealth Sac se comprometió a darte se está cumpliendo y que en verdad se está satisfaciendo tu necesidad de Inglés, vas haciéndote de una idea clara sobre Wealth Sac, algo como que está empezando a gustarte. Caso 2 My Boss understands Computing El entiende de computo. My Boss is understanding computing Recién está entendiendo. Caso 3 I think I can pass Estás convencido de que sí puedes pasar
I am thinking I can pass Wealth Sac ya te está convenciendo que sí puedes pasar y en corto tiempo. Caso 4 I need the medicine Un caso normal de necesidad de un medicamento I am needing the medicine!!!!!! Si no se le provee al paciente de esa medicina en la brevedad del caso habrá problemas. Caso 5 I believe in Jesus Christ Un creyente I am believing in Jesus Christ Alguien que antes no creía y ahora empieza a creer en el poder de la palabra de nuestro señor Jesús Cristo Caso n SI usas el verbo en presente simple implica regularidad, algo normal. SI usas el verbo en progresivo implica algo reciente, un cambio, algo que recién se está dando. Wealth Tips: 1.No hay incorrecto, cada cual en cada situación. 2. Se llaman Stative Verbs cuando no van en progresivo, si Yo digo “I need money” la necesidad sigue hasta que consiga el dinero, no es necesario ponerlo en progresivo, el verbo sólo se da a basto para expresar continuidad, pero si dices “I am needing money” es un caso de exaltación, estás al filo.
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File 12 The Future Muchos alumnos de Inglés usan fórmulas de futuro inapropiadas,
Future
analiza el siguiente cuadro y detecta qué forma es para qué objetivo:
Examples
Future Progressive
I am working tomorrow They are getting married next moth. We are going on Holliday next month I am not traveling next week planes personales I’m not having lunch today, I’m having classes. lo que está en tu Are You coming tomorrow? What are You doing tomorrow? agenda Where are You going after classes? I work tomorrow Present for future They get married next moth. I don’t work tomorrow Planes personales Do You come tomorrow? Planes What do You do tomorrow? Organizacionales The bank opens at 10 am today The plane arrives at 6:00pm this friday. The banks doesn’t open at 10 am today Does the bank open at 10 am today? What time does the bank open today? I will work tomorrow, Yes I’ll come for two hours. Modal Will I’ll have the roast lamb, it looks delicious. They will get married, They are one for the other. Intenciones recién I won’t work tomorrow, I’m so tired. decididas Will You work tomorrow? I won’t. decisiones Where will You go now? Nobody is at home. What will You do ? Now that You are out of work. inmediatas
futuro no planificado corazonadas Modal Shall
compromisos morales
I shall work tomorrow. It’s my responsibility. I shall live by the rules of my religion. We shall cooperate, They really need us.. We shall raise our voice for those who cannot speak. I shan’t work tomorrow, We never do it.
Translations Trabajo mañana Ellos se casan el próximo mes Vamos de vacaciones el prox.mes No viajo la próxima semana. No almuerzo hoy tengo clases Vienes mañana? Qué haces mañana? Dónde irás después de clases? Trabajo mañana. Ellos se casan el prox.,mes No trabajo mañana. Vienes mañana. Qué haces mañana? El banco abre a las 10 hoy. El vuelo arriba alas 6 este viernes. El banco no abre a las 10 hoy. El banco abre a las 10 hoy? A Qué hora abre el banco hoy? Trabajaré mañana. Si, vendré por dos horas. Comeré el codero al horno, luce rico. Ellos se casarán, son el uno para el otro. No trabajaré mañana, estoy tan cansado Trabajarás mañana?, Yo no. Dónde irás ahora? Nadie está en casa,. Qué harás ahora? que estás sin trabajo. He de trabajar mañana, es mi responsabilidad. He de vivir por las reglas de mi religión. Hemos de cooperar, Ellos realmente nos necesitan. Hemos de alzar nuestras voces por aquellos que no pueden hablar. No he de trabajar mañana, Nunca lo hacemos.
En pregunta está restringido a I o We. En pregunta es una sugerencia.
Shall I help You? Oh, sorry!, Shall I leave? Shall I call You after work? Shall We stop and have some coffee? What shall We do now? Where shall We go?
Te ayudo? Lo siento, Me voy? Te llamo después de trabajar? Paramos y nos tomamos un café? Qué hacemos ahora? Dónde vamos?
Future Be going to
I am going to work tomorrow, You won’t stop me. We are going to buy our car next week. We have
Voy a trabajar mañana, No me detendrás. Vamos a comprar nuestro carro la Página 20
Decisión al futuro Predicciones con sustento
próxima semana. Tenemos el the money. dinero. I’m going to eat spaghetti tonight. Mom promised Voy a comer spaghetti esta noche. so. Mi mamá lo prometió así. We are going to take vacations in January. Vamos a tomar vacaciones en I’m not going to do that, It’s against my enero. principles. Are You going to finish it on time? No voy a hacer eso, está contra mis principios. Vas a acabarlo a tiempo?
File 13 .The Past Tense of Be: Veamos: Present I am … You are… He is… She is… It … We are… They are… You are…
Past I was… You were… He was… She was… It was… We were… They were… You were…
La estructura es la misma, sólo que el verbo cambia al pasado, veamos: I was at home yesterday. You weren’t here yesterday. My boss was in a meeting all morning. Her sister was sick last week. The conference was excellent. We were tired after the ceremony. The children were amazed at the show. Was the conference centre clean? Were the documents complete? Was there a soccer match yesterday? There weren’t any people in the streets Where were You at the weekend? How was your flight? How many people were there with You? When was your anniversary?
File 14 .Commands and Suggestions: Los imperativo s se dividen en dos grupos : 14.1. Commands (Ordenes): Sólo va le verbo, no el sujeto. Open the door, please! Please, type this! Call me tonight! Just Do it! Do it like this! Don’t do that! Don’t think so much about it! Don’t be ridiculous! Don’t do it like that! Don’t be like that! 14.2. Suggestions(Sugerenecias): Tres formas: Let’s (verbo) Es el sufijo” emos” ”amos”, veamos: Let’s stop now! Let’s do that! Let’s dance! Let’s have a drink! Let’s not do that! Let’s not go there! Let’s not go! Why don’t ……….! Why don’t You come tomorrow ! Página 21
Why don’t You study for the exam! Why don’t You resign! Shall….? Shall I help You? (¿te ayudo?) Shall I repeat it? (¿repito?) Shall We dance? (¿bailamos?) Shall We have something to eat? (¿comemos algo? Wealth Tips: Lo único que debes recordar es que “Shall” se usa sólo con “I” o “We”. File 15 .Adjectives: ¿Cómo hago con los adjectivos? ¿Cómo los ordeno? Aquí las famosísimas reglas de descarte Wealth - sigue los siguientes pasos: 1. El sustantivo debe ir siempre al final de la cadena: a) Fast an aluminum black sports car b) Fast aluminum sport car a c) A black fast aluminum sports car d) A fast black aluminum sports car Wealth Tip: Aquí vemos que la opción b) no cumple la regla.
2. Si hay un determinante (presentador), éste debe ir al inicio de todas maneras: a) Fast an aluminum black sports car b) Fast aluminum sport car a c) A black fast aluminum sports car d) A fast black aluminum sports car Wealth Tip: 1. Determiner es todo aquél que determina o que presenta algo, por ejemplo:
lot of
Artículos: The, a, an Cuantificadores: Many, some, a Posesivos: My, Your, His, Her.. Números: One, Two..
2. Revisando mis tres restantes alternativas, elimino la opción a) ya que no tiene un presentador o determinante al inicio. 3. Me quedan la opción c) y d). 4. Lo más constatable debe estar más cerca del sustantivo (más a la derecha), lo menos constatable más alejado (más a la izquierda): a) Fast an aluminum black sports car b) Fast aluminum sport car a c) A black fast aluminum sports car d) A fast black aluminum sports car Wealth Tip: 1.Entonces debo preguntarme qué es más constatable que sea negro o que sea rápido, definitivamente el color es más constatable que la rapidez, la rapidez es más relativa.
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¡EL Sr.Kudo puede ser un genio y Wealth lo máximo, pero esto no me convence! OK, aquí algunas reglas adicionales. Recuerda: TAMAÑO – ANTIGÜEDAD – COLOR NACIONALIDAD – MATERIAL – ESENCIA T – A – CN–M-E
Ok! Aplicando las reglas de descarte Wealth, la primera forma debe ser: A pair of beautiful/……………/boots. Ok, vamos a lo Segundo, ¿Cómo era la segunda regla? T–A–C
Recuerda!
N–M-E
T–A–C
¿Cómo, cómo?
N–M-E
T–A–C
En rima :
N–M–E
T–A–C
¿Qué significaba?
N–M-E
¿Qué significaba? TAMAÑO – ANTIGÜEDAD – COLOR NACIONALIDAD – MATERIAL – ESENCIA
¿un ejercicio? Ok, here We go! The words are : brown/boots/a pair of/enormous/ leather/cowboy/ antique/ American/beautiful. ¿mmmhhh? Procesando......…..
TAMAÑO – ANTIGÜEDAD – COLOR NACIONALIDAD – MATERIAL – ESENCIA enormous antique brown american leather cowboy boots
Conjugando ambas reglas resultaría: A pair of beautiful enormous antique brown american leather cowboy boots
File 16 .Adjectives into Adverbs: Analizemos las siguientes frases: Mary looks beautiful. Mary dances beautifully.
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En la primera oración Mary no hace acción alguna, el verbo “look” sólo la describe pero no dice nada que ella haga; sin embargo en la segunda oración Mary sí hace una acción. En la primera oración, el verbo no expresa acción y como tal requiere de un adjetivo. En la segunda el verbo si expresa acción y como tal para referirse a esa acción se necesita de un adverbio. Los Adverbios se refieren a los verbos que expresan acción. Veamos más ejemplos: My boss programs slowly. Your secretary works perfectly. My CEO speaks loudly. Wealth explains clearly. Wealth Tips: 1. Los adverbios se forman agregando la terminación “ly” al final del adjetivo. 2. Los siguientes adjetivos no reciben una “ly” al final, son los siguientes: Hard She has a hard character (adj) She works hard (adv) * Fast It’s a fast server Do it fast! Rare It was a rare situation You speak rare Good This is a good course
Wealth does it well Quick You must be a quick worker. Work quick, please ! Work quickly, please ! Veamos ejemplos en general: You are acting strangely. We work hard everyday. She is speaking sincerely. Do it accurately. Do your things well. Come here quickly 3. Este tema se debería llamar “Adverbios de manera” ya que indican la manera como un verbo realiza su acción. 4. Los adverbios de manera responden a la pregunta “How?”(¿Cömo?) 5. Cuando un verbo no expresa acción y no requiere de adverbios de manera, se llama “linking verb” o verbo de enlace. Veamos la oración inicial: Mary looks beautiful Aquí “look” no expresa acción, es un verbo que enlaza a “Mary” con “beautiful”, en otras palabras es un verbo descriptivo y para describir requiere de un adjetivo. Otros ejemplos: The wine tastes delicious. The pizza smells good. Your skin feels soft. That sounds perfect. You appear a bit surprised
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6. Entonces los verbos pueden expresar Acción, y requerirán un adverbio de manera que nos diga la manera como la acción se realiza, por ejemplo: Mary dances beautifully o dicho verbo podría expresar Descripción, que pida un adjetivo para describir al sujeto y no al verbo, por ejemplo:. Mary looks beautiful File 17 Prepositions 2
When I go to a conference, I always sit at the front . at the end of the street at the end of the avenue at the end of the road at the end of the highway) My hometown is at the end of Wealth road. at the top at the bottom Sign the contract at the bottom of the page.
Prepositions of Place At (1) at the door at your desk at the window at the the computer He's at the window talking on the telephone. at the traffic lights st the roundabouts) Turn left at the traffic lights. at the bus stop at the bus station at the train station at the airport She works at the airport. at the front at the back
at reception at a company Verónica WEALTH.
works
at
reception
at
On (1) on a platform on the the roof on the ceiling on the wall on the floor on the board on one side The marketing staff are at a meeting on the third floor. Our new target markets are indicated on the electronic board. That innovating board is on the wall. on the left on the right on the left-hand side) Página 25
Here are some London features, on the left You see The Big Ben, which is a big clock, in the middle a tipical guard, and on the right-hand side , the coach, which is a two-story bus. Remember that there, people drive on the left. on a chair on a bench on a table on a platform) The patient is on a bench, being examined by the doctor. on page Uff! I'm very tired, I'm going to bed, I am on page 50 of a book of a hundred, that's ok! on the coast on the river on the ocean Tacna is on the south coast of Perú. Perú is on the south pacific, its capital, Lima, is on the Rimac river. on the way Tortugas beach is on the way to Chimbote. In (2)
At (2) at school at university at work at home My nephew Renato is still at school. at an event at a place where an event takes place) First we were at a conference at the boardroom, and then at a party at the tennis court. at the seaside Miami is at the seaside . On (2) On a farm On the field On the prairie) Uncle Joe used to work on a farm. ¿ In = At ? We feel happy at the cinema. (We like the pictures) We feel happy in the cinema. (We like the place)
Arrive In / At
in bed In hospital In prison
arrive in a city arrive in a country
She will be in hospital for two more weeks.
I arrived in the states in 1991, I waited in Miami for two hours and then I arrived in Washington. Página 26
arrive at work arrive at the office arrive at school arrive at any place but city/country) Niko always arrives late at work, at university, at the meetings, at anywhere.
We traveled on a ship in the Caribbean on foot Fiona "The terrrible" goes to work on foot.
By general by car by taxi
In / At / On a corner on the corner of a street
at the corner of a street There's usually a cop on/at the corner of that street.
on the corner of ___and _____ There's a monument on the corner of San Borja Norte and Quiñones Avenue.
I always go to work by taxi. by bicycle by public transport by Train by bus by plane by boat by ship We traveled Caribbean
in the corner of a room
Means of transport in my car in a taxi) I always go to work in a taxi.
On on a bicycle on a Train on the bus on the 8:00 am plane on a boat on a ship
ship
in
the
by air by sea by rail by road by underground
He's installing a video set in the corner of our room.
In
by
Command "alpha" will go by sea, "beta" will travel by rail, "gamma" will do it by road, and We "delta" will travel by air. Means of Communication
On on the telephone on the mobile He's calling WEALTH on the phone.
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on television on the radio on the internet
4. In the end (finally) it was nothing serious.
We always watch "Friends" on TV.
By (general) by internet by radio by phone by satellite
File 18 Quantifiers Los Cuantificadores varían de acuerdo a si las cantidades a cuantificar son : Contables o No-contables
We communicate by e-mail. Time (2)
¿On time / In time ? It's 11:00 am On time A: Finally We are here. B: The meeting is at 11:00, We are on time. In time A: Finally We are here. B: The meeting is at 11:30, We are in time. Let's have some coffee!
¿At the end / In the end? 1. At the beginning of the day (period/ something), he said he was feeling bad. 2. Then at the end of the day (period/something), he said he was feeling worse. 3. So We called for an ambulance.
18.1.Cantidades Grandes + ¿
contable a lot (of) many many many
No-contable a lot (of) much much
Ejemplos: Contables We will sell many products We will sell a lot of products We won’t sell many products Will We sell many products? No-Contables: We will need a lot of money. We won’t need much money. Will Wee need much money? 18.2. Pequeñas cantidades: Ideas positivas Ideas negativas
contable a few
No-contable a little
few
little
Ideas Positivas:
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Quiere decir que lo poco que tengo me permitirá cumplir con mi objetivo, veamos: I have a few dollars, We can buy that. I have a little money, We can buy that Ideas Negativas Quiere decir que lo poco que tengo no me permitirá cumplir con mi objetivo, veamos: I have few dollars, We can’t buy that. I have little money, We can’t buy that File 19 Another, Other or Others? Analicemos la siguiente palabra:
another se usa con “contables en singular”. Para los “contables en plural “ y los “no contables” osea el resto, se usa “other”, veamos: It’s another problem at work I need another computer, this is too slow. We need other sugar to make that cake For that product other plastic is required. There are other products on the market. We love business, other people don’t. Recuerda el siguiente cuadro:
another ahora separémosla en sus dos componentes:
INDEFINITE another day
an other Wealth Tips 1. “an” significa : un-uno –una 2.”other” significa : “otro” ¿Cuál es correcto? a. another sugar b. another students. c. another day. La respuesta es obvia : (c) La razón es muy sencilla:
other
days
Singular Plural
sugar others
------
Plural
Countabl e NonCount Countabl e
Wealth Tips: 1. “Others” se usa solo, veamos: We are catholic, others are protestants. Our cars are new, others are old. We have goals, others do not. 2. Se llaman “indefinite” por lo indefinido, si digo “deme otra azúcar, esta no”, no estoy siendo Página 29
definido, sólo quiero otra azúcar, pudiendo ser ésta blanca, rubia, impalpable, etc... 3. Puedo ser definido simplemente anteponiendo el artículo definido “the”, veamos: DEFINITE day
Singula r
Th other e days
Plural
sugar other -----s
Countabl e
Plural
NonCount Countabl e
4. SI digo “deme la otra”, ya estoy definiendo, veamos algunos ejemplos: The other shops are more expensive. Buy from us, not form the others. For that Cake We will need the other sugar. The other medicines are more natural, buy them. The other students are from England. File 20 Past Tense of Action Verbs El pasado de los verbos de acción requiere dos anotaciones: Anotación 01. En vez de “do o does” deberás usar: “did”
Anotación 02. En afirmativo los verbos serán : 20.1.Regulares Aquellos que para formar su pasado en afirmativo reciben una “ed” al final, veamos: She passed the exam with Wealth yesterday.. We stopped two hours ago. Last Saturday She visited me. They called me three days ago. He traveled after the exam. 20.2..Irregulares Son aquellos que para el pasado en afirmativo cambian y para eso debes memorizarte la siguiente lista: PONER LISTA
be - was/were become – llegar a ser - became begin – empezar - began break- romper - broke bring – traer - brought build – construir - built buy – comprar - bought catch – coger - caught choose – elegir - chose come – venir - came cost – costar - cost cut – cortar - cut deal – negociar - dealt do – hacer - did draw – dibujar - drew drink – beber - drank drive – manejar - drove eat – comer - ate fall – caer - fell feel – sentir - felt find – encontrar - found fly – volar - flew forbid – prohibir - forbade forget – olvidar - forgot get – conseguir - got Página 30
give – dar - gave go – ir - went grow – crecer - grew have – tener - had hear - oir - heard hide – esconder - hid hit – golpear - hit hold – coger - held hurt – herir - hurt keep – mantener - kept know – saber - knew lay – echarse - laid lead – liderar - led learn – aprender - learnt leave – dejar, partir - left lend – prestar - lent Let - permitir - let Lie –mentir - Lay Lose – perder - lost Make – hacer - made Mean - significar - meant Meet – conocer - met Pay – pagar - paid Quit – irse de - quit Read – leer - read Ride – montar - rode Ring – timbrar - rang Rise – subir - rose Run – corer - ran Say – decir - said See – ver - saw Sell – vender - sold Send – enviar - sent Set – establecer - set Shake – sacudir - shook Shoot – disparar - shot
Show – mostrar - showed Shut – cerrar - shut Sing – cantar - sang Sit – sentar - sat Sleep – dormir - slept Speak – hablar - spoke Spend – gastar/pasar el tiempo - spent Spread – esparcir - spread Stand – parar/soportar - stood Steal – robar - stole Stick – pegar - stuck Swim – nadar - swam Take – tomar/llevar - took Teach – enseñar - taught Tell – contar - told Think – pensar - thought Throw – lanzar - threw Understand – entender - understood Wear – usar - wore Win – ganar una competencia - won Write – escribir - wrote Veamos algunos ejemplos, tradúcelos: He became CEO at the age of fifty one.
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They bought it on sale last time. Engineers had to contact Headquarters. It cost USD.250,000 including tax We made it together. I heard that in the corridor this morning. I spoke about the new fares. People believed in him. The concert started on time. We arrived in time, so We drank some coffee and talked about our future. I played soccer last weekend. We liked the show We grew at wealth, as professionals nd as human beings.. Veamos más ejemplos en negativo y preguntas: I didn’t do that. They didn’t go to the conference, They didn’t want. I didn’t call her on her birthday, I forgot. She didn’t understand the explanation I gave her. It didn’t cost that much, It was cheap. They didn’t have the money to buy that, so They lost the opportunity. I didn’t love You, I just worried about You. Sorry, Could You repeat that I didn’t catch your name.
Did You lose the address? Did You catch that ? Did You understand me? Did the meeting finish late? Did the students pass the exam? Did the machine work well? Yes, it did. No, It didn’t. Where did You go yesterday? What did You do this morning? How did You travel there? Why didn’t You call me? How many clients did You have last year? How much did You pay for that? When did You arrive? Whose PC did You use? Wealth Tips: 1. Verás que cuando va el auxiliar “did” el verbo va en su forma simple. 2. En afirmativo no se suele usar el auxiliar, pero si se usa es para enfatizar el significado del verbo, veamos: I work everyday. Yo trabajo cada día. I do work everyday Yo SI trabajo cada día I worked yesterday. Yo trabajé ayer. I did work yesterday. Yo SI trabajé ayer 3. Recuerda para los verbos de acción tanto en presente como en pasado, en negativo y preguntas es el auxiliar el que indica el tiempo: You don’t speak Greek. You didn’t speak Greek. Do You study English? Yes, I do. Página 32
Did You study English ?Yes, I did. File 21 The Comparative and Superlative El comparativo se divide en tres temas: 21.1. Igualdad. Se usa : as..................as..... (tan.......como) Wealth tips: 1. Entre “as.........as” pueden ir : Adjetivos: Audi is as good as Ford This is as old as that She looks as pretty as her Wealth is as excellent as Oxford Adjetivos con sustantivo I am as good professional as You This is as fast car as that Cindy is as competent lawyer as Jean
Adverbs She drives as carefully as Him We speak as clearly as native speakers They work as quickly as us I work as hard as usual 21.2. Uno más que el otro 1. Se agregará al adjetivo el sufijo “er” sólo si el adjetivo es monosílabo o
bisilábico (cuya segunda sílaba sea “consonante” e “y”) veamos:
hot – hotter Today is hotter than yesterday
small – smaller My last car looks smaller than my new one nice - nicer She is nicer than her or heavy – heavier This screen is heavier than that happy - happier Today I’m happier than yesterday 2. Un caso particular es el de el adjetivo angosto, su comparativo es : narrower 3. Si no es ni monosílabo, ni un bisilábico que termine en consonante e “y”, se antepondrá la palabra : 4. more Wealth is more accurate than the others This pizza tastes more delicious than that Student A is more intelligent than student B. This site is more modern than the former one. Our service is more serious than that. Página 33
Peter drives more carefully than his brother I drive more slowly than my father My secretary speaks more clearly than me 5. Los adjetivos que no coinciden con ninguna de las reglas son los siguientes: good - better You are doing better now bad – worse Today was the worse day in my life far – further From home, my job is further than my school 21.3.Uno menos que el otro: Tres casos: Adjetivos y Adverbios Se Usa “less” Last year was less profitable than this year An Audi is less expensive than a Ferrari It’s less cold than yesterday They are less good than Us You work less hard than Me I speak English less clearly than my secretary Contables Se usa “fewer” Last year We had fewer students than this There are fewer cops in the streets nowadays Fewer people now use an stationery phone
Non-Countables Se usa “less” This sweet coffee requires less sugar My new car needs less oil than my old one Now, It takes me less time to finish my tasks We are making less money than in the past Wealth Tips 1. Antes del comparative se pueden usar intensificadores como : a bit a little much a lot far Veamos: That hotel is a bit more expensive than this. EMERGENCY “Inglés Urgente” is much more expensive then GOLD “Comunícate con el Inglés adecuado”. Our English programs are far more serious than the competence. This year We are working a lot harder than last. 2. El Superlativo implica que ya no se compara en vista de que uno es el supremo, por eso siempre se requiere del artículo “The”. 3. Se agregará al adjetivo el sufijo “est” sólo si el adjetivo es
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monosílabo o bisilábico (cuya segunda sílaba sea “consonante” e “y”) veamos:
“less” se usará “The least” donde se usaba “fewer” se usará “The fewest” veamos:
The twin towers are no the tallest buildings in the world anymore. This mobile is the thinnest in its category Today was the heaviest day in my life I am the happiest man in the world 4. Si no es ni monosílabo, ni un bisilábico que termine en consonante e “y”, se antepondrá la palabra “the most” This is the most exciting course on the market She is the most beautiful woman in the office He acts the most naturally of all She cooks the most deliciously of all 5. Los casos irregulares del superlativo son los siguientes: good – the best The Smiths is one of the best groups of the 80’s Bad-the worst That is the worst turnover of our existence Far – the furthest We as professionals should always try to go the furthest possible
This is the least expensive mainboard on the market If You travel, take the fewest things possible Try to eat the least sugar possible You always smile the least naturally You always answer the most easily File 22 The Present Perfect El Presente Perfecto presenta la siguiente fórmula: Have + Verb (participle form) Wealth Tips: 1. Los Verbos tiene tres formas de acuerdo al tiempo, veamos: Forma Presente MVLL writes books (MVLL escribe libros) Forma Pasada : MVLL wrote “La tía Julia” in the 70’s. (MVLL escribió “La tía Julia “ en los 70’s” Forma Participia MVLL has written many books (MVLL ha escrito muchos libros) En castellano el participio es aquel que termina en “ado” o “ido” .
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Los verbos en pasado y participio se clasifican en regulares (los cuales terminan en “ed” o “d” ) e irregulares (los cuales cambian del presnte al pasado) según lsa siguiente lista: INSERTAR LISTA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES EN PARTICIPIO El presente perfecto me sirve para hablar de periodos de tiempo que tienen conexión con le presente o se siguen dando, no confundir con el pasado simple o Past Simple, veamos 05 situaciones de diferenciación: Situation 01 She has been here for two hours. Ella ha estado aquí por dos horas, aún está aquí, su conexión con el presente es obvia, compárala con la siguiente She was here yesterday. Este es el pasado, YA PASO, NO HAY CONEXIÓN CON EL PRESENTE. Situation 02 Profits have fallen dramatically Aquí, te están diciendo que las utilidades han caído dramáticamente y aún siguen cayendo, se siguen sintiendo los efectos – hay una total conexión al presente.
Profits fell last semestre Aquí, te están diciendo que las utilidades cayeron el semestre anterior, pero no hay conexión alguna con el presente. A lo mejor ahora les está yendo muy bien. Situation 03 I have been in this company for years. Aquí, la persona te está diciendo que desde que empezó a trabajar en esa empresa no ha dejado de hacerlo. Lo sigue haciendo y hay la probabilidad que siga así en el futuro. I was in that company three years ago. Aquí, la persona te está contando una experiencia del pasado, no necesariamente hay conexión con el presente. Situation 04 They have gone . Aquí dices que ellos se han ido, ósea que ya no están, han partido. Aquí lo que se está diciendo realmente es que YA NO ESTAN. They went to Italy three years ago. Aquí, vemos que el uso del pasado no tiene ninguna conexión con el presente.,Acá te refieres a un hecho concreto del pasado SIN NINGUNA CONEXIÓN CON EL PRESENTE. Situation 05 Mr.Toledo has been our president for more than a year. La referencia aquí es que desde hace más de un año el Sr.Toledo asumió el poder y desde ese momento hasta la fecha no ha dejado de hacerlo y hay la Página 36
total probabilidad de que continúe haciéndolo. Mr.Odría was our president between 1948 and 1956. Aquí nos están diciendo que el Sr.Odría fue nuestro presidente, demás está mencionar su mínima relación con el presente. Wealth Tips: 1. Concluimos que el Presente Perfecto se usa para eventos que empezaron en el pasado y que tiene una total conexión con el presente y el Pasado justo para eso: hablar del pasado, veamos: Yo digo “Mario vargas Llosa has writen many books”, pero no puedo decir “Shakespeare has writen Hamlet” 2. Con el Presente perfecto se puede usar la preposición de tiempo for para referirme a periodos de tiempo, veamos algunos ejemplos: I have lived here for two years. 3. También se puede usar la preposición de tiempo since para referirme a las fechas exactas del inicio de u periodo, veamos algunos ejemplos:
I have lived here since the year 2000 4. El presente perfecto usa también la expresión : yet “Yet” se usa siempre al final de oraciones negativas y preguntas. En Oraciones Negativas significa aún Por ejemplo: I haven’t finished yet. You haven’t graduated yet. They haven’t gone to Miami yet. En preguntas significa: yá? Veamos: Have You finished yet? Has She called You yet? Have They become professionals yet? 5. Con el Presente Perfecto se usa también la expresión: already “Already” se usa principalmente en afirmativo, y pregunta, veamos: Afirmativo: They have already left They have left already (Ya se han ido) I have already told You twice I have told You twice already (Ya te lo he dicho dos veces) She has already finished the project She has finished the project already (Ella ya ha acabado el proyecto) You’ve already understood this topic You’ve understood this topic already (Ya has entendido este tema) Pregunta
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Have You already heard about it? Have You heard about it already? Have You already understood ? Have You understood already? Has She already finished ? Has She finished already? 6. Otra expresión que se usa con el presente perfecto es : just Cuyo significado es “recientemente”, “acaba de...”, y se usa principalmente en el afirmativo y las preguntas, veamos: Afirmativo: I’ve just passed my English Exam thanks to Wealth. I’m very happy with them. (Acabo de pasar mi examen de Inglés gracias a Wealth. Estoy muy contento con ellos) She’s just come from the Caribbean, She’s looking an excellent tan. (Ella acaba del caribe, luce un excelente bronceado) I’ve just finished. Let’s go! (Acabo de terminar, Vamos!) Preguntas: She’s not here?. Has She just left? She was here a few minutes ago. (No esta aquí?, Se acaba de ir?, Estaba aquí unos minutos atrás) Have They just come back from work? They really look tired. (Acaban de regresar del trabajo? Realmente lucen cansados)
Has She just changed her job? I thought She was still in the same company. (Ella acaba de cambiar de trabajo?, pensé que seguía en el mismo trabajo) 7. Otra expresión que se usa con el presente perfecto es : ever “Ever” se puede usar en afirmativo significando “que haya ..”(se suele usar con el superlativo), en negativo (significando “nunca”) y en pregunta cuyo significado es “alguna vez?”, veamos: Afirmativo: This is the best course I’ve ever taken This is the best English instructor I’ve ever met You are the best woman I’ve ever loved. This is the most active company I’ve ever worked for. Negativo I haven’t ever worked under so much pressure. She hasn’t ever eaten in such a fine restaurant. You haven’t ever had a service like this before. We haven’t ever talked about that really. It hasn’t ever been so difficult to get a title. Pregunta: Have You ever loved somebody? Has She ever used that system? Has He ever dealt with those figures? Has He ever liaised with such businessmen? Have You ever been trained this way? Has there ever been a good president in Peru? Página 38
Has there been an earthquake? In Lima Have there ever been good soccer players in Peru? Have there ever been good business people from The PUCP? 8. Finalmente queda mencionar que con el presente perfecto se puede usar también el adverbio de frecuencia: never
veamos: You’ve never seen something like this. She’s never gone there. It’s her first time. We’ve never given so many examples . 9. ¿Qué significa la siguiente oración? I have been reading this book for two weeks Significa que has estado leyendo de manera continua el citado libro por dos semanas, veamos más ejemplos: I’ve been trying to call You. They’ve been calling me all week. We’ve been working on this for a month . I haven’t been doing that. Have You been studying, son? Have You been reading this, student? ¿y Cómo se llama este tema? Obvio, El Presente Perfecto Progresivo.
File 23 The Past Perfect Tense El pasado perfecto se usa cuando se tiene dos tiempos pasados y se desea indicar cual de ellos sucedió antes que el otro. Veamos dos hechos en pasado: 1. You called me on the phone. 2. I came home. Supongamos que cuando Yo llegué, Tú ya habías llamado antes, para estos casos se dirá lo siguiente: You had called when I came home (Tú habías llamado cuando Yo llegué a casa) Wealth Tips: 1. El hecho que se dio antes va con el auxiliar “Had” que significa “había”. 2. Como “Had” está en estructura “Have” requiere de un verbo adicional en pasado participio. 3. “Had” no cambia para la tercera persona He, She o It. 4. “Had” puede contraerse como” ‘d”, veamos: She’d worked here before I did. They ‘d gone there before I did. Veamos algunos ejemplos: You had finished school by 1995. You had already passed the exam when We called You. We had been The Niko León group before We started Wealth Sac.
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We hadn’t ever finished a work behind schedule until You started to run the company. We hadn’t ever sold English materials until one of our clients gave us the idea. The Incas hadn’t heard about Catholicism until the Spaniards conquerors came to these lands. Had You done that before I did? Had You had a previous working experience before You joined this company? Had the students had enough preparation before They took the exams? Where had The Huns lived before They invaded Europe? Who had been the president before Mr. García? File 24 The conditionals Los condicionales se pueden dividir en 04 tipos principales, aprendámoslos!: Condicional 1: If I do, I will. Aquí el antecedente es muy posible de ocurrir. Fórmula If I do, I will do If I study, I will pass. If I get that job, I will buy my car in a year. If She loves me, I will marry her. We won’t pay You, if You don’t give us an invoice. I am not going to pass If I don’t study hard now.
You shall lose your job if You do that. Will You make a profit if You invest in that? Will You take it if I make You a rather considerable discount? Will it be enough if I stop here? Condicional 2: If I did, I would. Aquí el antecedente es algo remoto de ocurrir. Implica “si tal cosa ocurriese...” Fórmula: If I did, I would do If I knew English, I would be studying for my title now. If She loved me , I would be happy. If I had a new PC, I could work faster. You could charge more for your services if You had your professional title. If You spoke more slowly I could understand You. All my money would go on taxies If I didn’t have a car . Would You keep a secret if I told You one? Would You let me kiss You if I tried? Would You be my wife if I asked You? What would You do if You had AIDS? What would You do if You lost your job now? Where would You go if You started holidays today? What would You sell in the states if You had customers there? Wealth Tips: 1. En este condicional el verbo be es “were” para todos los sujetos, Página 40
no se suele usar “was”, veamos: If You were here, I would kiss You. If He were here , he wouldn’t permit that. If You were in the European market what would You export? Condicional 3 : If I had done, I would have done En este condicional se dicen cosas como “Qué hubiera pasado si las cosas hubiesen sido o no hubiesen sido de tal o cual manera”, Fórmula: If I had done, I would have done. If I had saved, I would have bought my car. If You had told me , I would have understood. If They hadn’t come, We wouldn’t have talked about it. You wouldn’t have got that post if Your boss hadn’t seen You working hard. We wouldn’t have grown if We hadn’t been successful in our Bach programme. You wouldn’t have known how to deal with that post if You hadn’t had enough previous management experience. If You had considered the idea of studying English in university times, wouldn’t You have passed the exam?
If that company had offered 10% more, would They have got the contract? If sales had grown by a half more We would have increased our share in the market this year. If The Companía Peruana de teléfonos hadn’t been taken over by Telefónica de España, telecommunications services in Peru wouldn’t have developed as They have. If You had saved, You would have bought a new car. You would have already got your title if You had studied English before. Wealth Tips: 1. Como consecuencia del condiconal 03 If I had done, I would have done se podría agregar un tercer consecuente . …so I would do completando la saga: If I had done, I would have done, so I would do Un ejemplo? Ok! Si El hubiese ahorrado, El habría comprado ese carro, entonces El tendría ese carro ahora. Saltemos la premisa intermedia.
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Si El hubiese ahorrado, El tendría ese carro ahora If He had saved, He would have that car now.
Aquí se habla de la realidad en función al pasado, algo como “si las cosas hubiesen sido de otra forma, yo estaría o no estaría haciendo tal o cual cosa”, veamos: If I had done, I would do If I had passed my English Exam, I would be a lawyer now. If I had studied English before, I would speak it now. If We had overcome our target in the local market , We would be exporting now. If I hadn’t heard about Wealth, I wouldn’t be here taking classes. If I hadn’t had those previous posts before, I couldn’t afford to run my own business. You couldn’t take this programme if You hadn’t studied English before. Could You pass your exam now if You hadn’t studied at Wealth? . I guess not. What could You do now if You hadn’t saved that much? Where could You go now if You hadn’t bought your things when You were single?
2. Otro sub-caso del condicional es el considerado Condicional Fáctico o de Hecho, este condicional se da para las reglas o cosas ya establecidas donde no hay nada que predecir, veamos: If You heat water, It boils. ¿Acaso no se puede usar el condicional 01 y decir? If You heat water, It will boil Si, pero el sub-caso mencionado sólo se usa cuando se habla de reglas como la mencionada, con Will es más general como consecuencia es más usado. 3. Finalmente recordemos las 03 fórmulas del condicional Condicional 1 Si estudio, pasaré. If I study, I will pass. Sub-caso If You heat water, It boils Condicional 2 Si estudiase, pasaría If I studied, I would pass Condicional 3 Si hubiese estudiado, habría pasado If I had studied, I would have passed Sub-caso Si hubiese estudiado, Hoy sería abogado If I had studied, I would be a lawyer now
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File 25 The Passive Voice La voz pasiva es la inversa de la voz activa, en la “voz activa” alguien hace algo, en cambio en la “voz pasiva” algo es hecho por alguien, veamos su fórmula: Be + Verbo en participio Wealth Tips: 1. “Be” indicará el tiempo. 2. La oración debe expresar lo mismo que la voz activa. 3. Veamos la siguientes secuencias:
Peter teaches programming Programming is taught by Peter Peter taught programming Programming was taught by Peter Peter has taught programming Programming has been taught by Peter Peter had taught programming Programming had been taught by Peter Peter is teaching programming Programming is being taught by Peter Peter is going to teach programming Programming is going to be taught by Peter Peter was teaching programming Programming was being taught by Peter
Peter was going to teach programming Programming was going to be taught by Peter Peter will teach programming Programming will be taught by Peter Peter can teach programming Programming can be taught by Peter Peter could teach programming Programming could be taught by Peter Peter shall teach programming Programming shall be taught by Peter Peter may teach programming Programming may be taught by Peter 4. Como habrás visto el significado es el mismo, sólo que en la voz pasiva el objeto del verbo pasa a ser el nuevo sujeto. 5. Así mismo el tiempo de la oración en voz activa es el mismo en la voz pasiva, aquí manda el verbo Be. 6. Al verbo BE se le agrega la versión participia del verbo, veamos: Teaches=is taught Taught=was taught has taught=has been taught had taught=had been taught is teaching=is being taught is going to teach=is going to be taught was teaching=was being taught was going to teach=was going to be taught will teach=will be taught Página 43
can teach=can be taught could teach=could be taught shall teach=shall be taught may teach=may be taught 7. Para el negativo y las preguntas sólo debes las 04 únicas formas de preguntas que existen, ya que sólo hay 04 estructuras. 8. Tanto en Be, modals o have , el verbo se pasa a delante del sujeto y punto : Is the cheque going to be paid tomorrow? was She examined by the doctor? Have We been invited? Is the bank closed? Will I be hired? Will it be done by the end of December? Had Peru been invaded before that? When is the conference going to be given? Where was the collection bought? How many people are going to be invited? Why will it be done like that? When will it be sold? How long has it been done ? File 26 The Reported speech Sólo se pueden reportar oraciones o preguntas, para poder reportar es necesario tener dos elementos 1. Un introductor . 2. Una oración a reportar El introductor no es mas que aquel que introduce la oración, por ejemplo: Mary says
John always tells me Sue told me Peter said She asked me Peter asked Tommy I wonder Reportar requiere de : un conector Este conector varía de acuerdo a si se trata de oraciones o preguntas, entonces el reporte se divide en dos sub-temas: 26.1. Reporte de Oraciones En el reporte de oraciones el conector es: That En el caso de el reporte de oraciones no es necesario poner el conector, veamos las siguientes oraciones: Mary says “ I love my boyfriend” (action verb) Mary says “ I will love my boyfriend”(modals) Mary says “ I am in love with my boyfriend”(BE) Mary says “ I have loved my boyfriend all my life” (have) Ahora reportemos, recordemos que acá el conector es “that” y no es indispensable: Mary says She loves her boyfriend (action verb) Mary says She will love her boyfriend(modals) Mary says She is in love with her boyfriend(BE)
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Mary says She has loved her boyfriend all her life (have) Con conector? Mary says that She loves her boyfriend (action verb) Mary says that She will love her boyfriend(modals) Mary says that She is in love with her boyfriend(BE) Mary says that She has loved her boyfriend all her life (have) Bien, ahora veamos las mismas oraciones a ser reportadas pero esta vez con un introductor en pasado, veamos: Mary said “ I love my boyfriend” (action verb) Mary said “ I will love my boyfriend”(modals) Mary said “ I am in love with my boyfriend”(BE) Mary said “ I have loved my boyfriend all my life” (have) Bien, reportemos sin conector: Mary said She loved her boyfriend (action verb) Mary said She would love her boyfriend(modals) Mary said She was in love with her boyfriend(BE) Mary said She had loved her boyfriend all her life (have) Con conector: Mary said that She loved her boyfriend (action verb) Mary said that She would love her boyfriend(modals)
Mary said that She was in love with her boyfriend(BE) Mary said that She had loved her boyfriend all her life (have) Wealth Tips: 1. Notarás que cuando se reporta en pasado el modal cambia a una forma pasada, así: Will cambia a Would May cambia a Might Shall cambia a Might Can cambia a Could 2. Notarás también que sólo hay 04 tipos de reporte tanto en presente como en pasado ya que sólo HAY CUATRO ESTRUCTURAS. 26.2. Reporte de Preguntas Las preguntas se dividen en dos tipos : a) Y/n questions Do You love me? Are You in love with me? Will You love me? Have You loved me? Did You call me? Were You in my class yesterday ? Could You remember my name? Had You had a previous job before the last? Cuando reportas una Yes no question debes seguir los siguientes tres pasos: 1. Empieza con el introductor. 2. El conector debe ser “if” sólo si es “y/n questions”. 3. agregar: Sujeto + verbo + complemento (los mismos de la y/n question) 4. El tiempo del introductor y el del reporte deben coincidir. Página 45
¿Reportamos? Ok! “Do You love me?”(tell me)
“Do You think I love You?”(Sue asks his husband)
“Are You in love with me?”(I need to know)
“Had You finished university by1995”(Tom asks his colleague Rose)
“Have You finished your task?”(Peter) ______________________________________
“Were You in my mother’s house yesterday?(Nick asks Clare)
“Do You understand my report?” (I wonder) ______________________________________ “Will You explain the project for me tonight?” (Tell me) ______________________________________ “Can Your lawyers deal with that situation?” (I need to know) “Will You tell me your results?” (Dr.Jones asks his secretary) “Are You ready to start your speech?”(Mrs. Jones aks his assistant-Mary?) “Have You always loved me?”(John asks his wife) “Do You remember my last boss?”(Mr.Roberts asks Ms.Wong)
________________________________ “Will You tell me your results?” (Dr.Jones asked his secretary) “Are You ready to start your speech?”(Mrs. Jones asked his assistant-Mary?) “Have You always loved me?”(John asked his wife) “Do You remember my last boss?”(Mr.Roberts asked Ms.Wong)
“Do You think I love You?”(Sue asked his husband)
“Had You finished university by1995”(Tom asked his colleague Rose)
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“Were You in my mother’s house yesterday?(Nick asked Clare) ________________________________ b)Las preguntas pueden ser “Wh” también, para este caso sigue las siguientes reglas: 1. Empieza con el introductor. 2. El conector debe ser “Wh” ¡la misma pregunta! 3. agregar: Sujeto + verbo + complemento (los mismos de la Wh-question) 4. El tiempo del introductor y el del reporte deben coincidir. ¿Reportamos? Ok! “Where are You?” (Tell me) “Why weren’t You in class yesterday?”(I wonder)
“How much do You pay for your English classes?” (I need You to tell me) “Why do always come late to your office?”(Mr. Thomas asks his son) “When are We going to get married?”(Jane her fiancé) “When did You finish your classes?”(Uncle Joe asks Timmy) “How long have You lived in this city?”(Customs Officer asks Mary) “What is it for”(Mary asks her sister) ______________________________________ “How much have your prices decreased lately?”(The creditor asks me) “How long ago did You finish school?”(He asks me )
“Who is that girl?”(I need to know) “Where were You when I called You?”(I asked my daughter) “How many courses are You taking ?”(Tell me) “Who do You report to?” (I want You to tell me) ______________________________________ “When will finish your task” (Tell me)
“Who will You invite to your graduation party?”(They asks me) “What can I do for You?”(I ask Mr. Wilson) _____________________________________
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“Why do always come late to your office?”(Mr. Thomas asked his son) “When are We going to get married?”(Jane asked her fiancé) “When did You finish your classes?”(Uncle Joe asked Timmy)
FILE 29
Prepositions of Place
been in / been to
“How long have You lived in this city?”(Customs Officer asked Mary) “What is it for”(Mary asked her sister) ______________________________________ “How much have your prices decreased lately?”(The creditor asked me) “How long ago did You finish school?”(He asked me )
(I am in London now) I've been in London for two weeks and I don't want to leave. (I am no t in London now) I've been to London two times, and I would go there for a third one. Other prepositions of place
Between(entre dos personas )/ in the middle of
“Where were You when I called You?”(I asked my daughter) “Who will You invite to your graduation party?”(They asked me) “What can I do for You?”(I asked Mr. Wilson) _____________________________________
The Chairman is between our boss and his new secretary.
Among
(entre tres o más personas) We're among the workers.
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In front of/ ahead of/ across from/ *opposite
by
(por, alrededor)
near
(cerca a )
Professor Smith is in front of the students. The sphinx is near the pyramids. Gizeh Pyramids are by the sphinx.
Behind/ in back of
outside
(afuera de)
inside Doctor Bald is behind patientJones
(dentro de)
Over/ above
(encima sin tocar)
below/ under
(debajo tocenado o sin tocar) Astronaut LLaury is outside the shuttle. The other astronauts are inside the shuttle.
Far from Bridge Apache is over river Colorado. River Colorado Apache.
is
below
(lejos de)
bridge
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Around/ round (alrededor de) Mars is far from planet earth.
Across/ crossing (cruzando)
I ride my bike around my house
Beside / next to (al lado de)
to/on the left/right San Francisco is crossing the bridge.
(a la izq/der de)
Beyond
(más allá de)
Soldier Rodriguez is beyond the border with Ecuador.
Against
Professor Smith is next to her desk. She is beside the board. The globe is on the right. The globe is on her left. Prepositions of motion and direction
(contrario a / opuesto a)
To / toward (hacia)
We usually play against institutes.
the other
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Go out of the road at km.45. He's running to the office
Into
(hacia dentro)
Up/ down
The ball is going into the basket
Mr.Jones is going down the stairs.
onto
(sobre)
Through
(a traves de)
She's jumping onto the pool.
From ….to/toward (de…..a)
The warship is going from London to the balkans.
Out of/ off (saliendo de)
People access internet through the phone line.
Along/ up /down/ over (a lo largo de )
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To get to the theatre go along this avenue and turn left at block 33.
Past
Cops go round the city to keep security in it.
(pasando )
No Prepositions
Please, Sir, stop past the bank.
Back to
(de vuelta a)
I go to work on foot. (direction)
But
Mariscal, get back to the office right away!!!!
Across
(cruzando)
*I go home by train *I go downtown by underground.
*home or downtown don't use any preposition Prepositions of pay In cash
In the past to get to America, sailors had to go across the Atlantic.
Round
(alrededor de )
I hate credits , I always pay in cash.
By cheque credit card monthly installments. bank transfer
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