KURSUS ‘ADVANCE ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
KURSUS “ADVANCE “ADVANCE EMERGENCY MEDICAL AND TRAUMA CARE” KEMENTERIAN KESIHAT KESIHATAN MALAYSIA MALAYSIA
PENGETAHUAN IBUBAPA/PENJAGA MENGENAI PENYAKIT ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS DI UNIT KECEMASAN DAN TRAUMA HOSPITAL KUDAT SABAH
NAMA : SITI HUSNI BINTI ENTOH 79021012!!22 NO" MATRIK MATRIK : PB 1/2011 1/2011 1#07
KOLEJ SAINS KESIHATAN BERSEKUTU KUCHING SARA$AK
UNTUK MEMENUHI SEBAHAGIAN DARIPADA KEHENDAK KEHENDAK KURSUS %ADVANCE %ADVANCE EMERGENCY MEDICAL MEDICA L AND A ND TRAUMA CARE&
1 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
ISI KANDUNGAN
PERKAR PER KARA A
MUKA MUK A SURAT
Penghargaan …………………………………………………………….3
Abstrak ………………………… ……………………………………………………… ………………………………………..4 …………..4
BAB 1
1.1
Pengenaan ………………………… …………………………………...…………………… ………...……………………!"# !"#
1.2
Ob$ekt%& ………………………… …………………………… …………………………………' ……'
1.3
Pern(ataan Masaah ………………………… …………………………….………………….) ….………………….)
BAB 2
*%terat+re ,e-%e ………………………… ……………………………………………………… …………………………….. ..
BAB ' Methg%…………………. …………………………..…………….13"1! …………………………..…………….13"1!
BAB # Pene+an …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………….1#"4' ………….1#"4'
BAB ! !.1 Perb%nangan ………………………… ……………………………………………..………..4)"!0 …………………..………..4)"!0
!.2 Caangan an saranan ………………………… ……………………………………………..!1 …………………..!1
!.3 es%5+an …………………………… ………………………………………………...……….!2 …………………...……….!2
6%b%gra&% …………………………… ………………………………………………….……… …………………….……………!3"!4 ……!3"!4
*a5%ran
2 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
PENGHARGAAN
Ter%a kas%h sa(a +a5kan ke5aa entr sa(a %a%t+ En.*%ang 7+eh kerana ban(ak eber% t+n$+k a$ar ke5aa sa(a %aa 5rses en(%a5kan 5r$ek %n%. Tan5a bant+an ar%5aa be%a+8sa(a +ngk%n t%ak a5at en(%a5kan 5r$ek 5en(e%%kan %n%. T%ak +5a $+ga sa(a +a5kan ke5aa 5enget+a ke$ es%hatan 6ersek+t+ +h%ng %a%t+ En. S(a&%9 Teh Ab+ah kerana teah eber%kan seangat ke5aa se+a 5eserta 5s bas%k k+rs+s :A-an :A-anee Eerg Eergen( en( Me%a Me%a an Tra+a ra+a Care; Care; +nt+k +nt+k ener+ ener+ska skan n 5en(e 5en(e%% %%kan kan %n%. %n%. Ter%a kas%h $+ga sa(a +a5kan ke5aa Pen(earas 5s bas%k %n% %a%t+ En. 6egge% Ak *%nggang. *%nggang. In% kerana8 kerana8 be%a+ ban(ak eber%kan eber%kan t+n$+k a$ar ke5aa sa(a an(a an $+ga ke5aa 5ara 5eserta 5s bas%k (ang a%n kh+s+sn(a. Penghargaan %n% $+ga sa(a t+$+kan ke5aa En.Chr%st5her A 6+k%ng seak+ 5enga$ar % S6 (ang bertangg+ng$aab aa eber t+$+k t+$+k a$ar ke5aa sa(a %aa 5rses 5rses en(%a5kan en(%a5kan kertas ker$a %n%. <+ga ke5aa rakan"r rakan"rakan akan se5er$ se5er$+ang +angan an sa(a sa(a (ang teah teah eber eber%ka %kan n bant+ka bant+kan n ke5aa ke5aa sa(a sa(a engan engan eber%kan t+n$+k a$ar seasa aa 5rses en(%a5kan 5r$ek 5en(e%%kan %n%. T%ak +5a +5a $+ga $+ga ke5aa ke5aa Pengara Pengarah h Hs5%t Hs5%ta a +at +at 7r.Pr 7r.Prabak abakara aran n kerana kerana eber eber%% kebenar kebenaran an ke5aa sa(a +nt+k eak+kan ka$%an %n% % Hs5%ta +at +a5an ter%a kas%h %n% $+ga sa(a t+$+kan ke5aa ket+a +n%t eeasan an Tra+a Hs5%ta +at En.*n% *% serta se+a sta&& +n%t keaangan an tra+a Hs5%ta +at. T%ak $+ga sa(a +5akan +a5an $+taan ter%a kas%h sa(a ke5aa ke+arga sa(a ter+taan(a ke5aa %ster% ter%nta an $+ga anak"anak kerana eaha% stat+s sa(a sebaga% 5ea$ar 5s bas% . Serta ban(ak ebant+ sa(a an enrng sa(a se5an$ang k+rs+s %n%. %n%. Sek%an an ter%a ter%a kas%h.
3 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
ABSTRAK
BAB 1"1 : PENGENALAN
Pen(ak%t (ang en(erang seara ak+t 5aa bahag%an gaster serta sa+ran +s+s %kena% sebaga% =astrentr%t%s Ak+t >A=E? b%asan(a engak%batkan seserang %t+ engaa% eh%ras%>kek+rangan a%r aa baan? %serta% engan an+tr%s%. Masaah %n% seak%n en%ngkat ter+taa % kaangan kanak"kanak (ang atang e%nta raatan % Un%t eeasan an Tra+a Hs5%ta +at Sabah ar% tah+n ke Tah+n . Paa tah+n 200( )*+,-,. 7! kes kanak"kanak (ang engaa% asaah %n% anakaa 5aa tah+n 2009 *) .. )*-,. -*.,3 *4,5, 972 *) AGE . In% en+n$+kkan 5en%ngkatan (ang ketara
serta eb%bangkan ter+taan(a ke5aa eenter%an es%hatan.
=e$aa an tana (ang $eas ke%hatan 5aa kanak"kanak (ang engaa% 5en(ak%t ak+t gastrenter%r%s b%asan(a engaa% %r%t"b%r%t (ang kera5 > eb%h ar%5aa 3 ka% sehar%?8 +ntah8 rasa ha+s ak%bat k+rang a%r %baan serta 5eb+angan +r%n (ang k+rang. Sea%n %t+8 tera5at $+ga tana an ge$aa (ang a%n beh %%hat antaran(a se5ert% ata ek+ng 8 +b+n"+b+n tenggea8 keker%ngan 5aa %ah an b%b%r8 ket%aaan a%r ata a5ab%a enang%s8 5erna&asan (ang e5at an $+ga keh%angan berat baan (ang ketara.
4 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
-%r+s en(erang seara t%ba"t%ba 8engan e5at an b%asan(a seb+h engan sen%r%n(a . @aktr 5eakanan $+ga beh en(ebabkan berak+n(a A=E. In% kerana8 akanan (ang %se%akan k+rang en%t%kberatkan tentang kebers%han an ara 5en(e%aan(a (ang t%ak se5+rna. Ha %n% $+ga8 beh en(ebabkan an en(+bang ke5aa berak+n(a %r%t"b%r%t ter+taan(a % kaangan kanak"kanak.
7% hs5%ta8 5eer%ksaan (ang %ak+kan bag% en(kng %agns%s %aah 5eer%ksaan keatas na$%s 5esak%t. Peer%ksaan %b+at +nt+k east%kan saaa tera5atn(a e+ks%t8 te+r a%ng an 5rta. Manakaa bag% $angk%tan -%r+s 5+a akan %5ast%kan ea+% kaeah serg%.
,aatan +nt+k 5en(ak%t %n% b%asan(a aaah engan ara 5engab%an ea%r bag% enggant%kan ea%r (ang teah h%ang. 7% k%n%k ata+ hs5%ta 5esak%t b%asan(a %be%kan O,S > Ora ,eh(rat%n Sat ? +nt+k enggant%kan ea%r (ang h%ang +nt+k ebant+ aa engaa eh%ras%. Sea%n ar%5aa %t+8 5esak%t $+ga %s(rkan +nt+k eakan akanan (ang eb+t se5ert% b+b+r8 b%$%ran8 a%r s+5 serta $+s b+ah"b+ahan. Peber%an +bat ant% ta%t%>eng+rangkan 5ergerakan +s+s? $+ga beh eng+rangkan %r%t b%r%t an rasa senak teta5% t%ak %gaakkan +nt+k 5esak%t (ang engaa% ea an %sentr%.
Maka sebaga% %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga8 $anganah k%ta engab% r%ngan tentang baha(an(a 5en(ak%t gastrenter%t%s ak+t %n%8 kerana sek%ran(a t%ak %raat ata+ t%ak %kaa ter+taan(a %kaangan kanak"kanak akan en(ebabkan 5rgns%s (ang t%ak
! SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
ba%k. Ib+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga henakah har+s eb%h 5eka an sent%asa eber%kan 5erhat%an (ang eb%h terhaa5 anak"anak ata+ kanak"kanak %baah $agaan ereka.
1"2 : OBJEKTI6
O8*3. A
Mengena 5ast% taha5 5engetah+an %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga engena% 5en(ak%t A+te gastrenter%t%s.
O8*3. S4*)..
%.
Menent+kan ss% egra&% res5nen
%%. Mengena5ast% taha5 5engetah+an res5nen tentang 5en(ak%t A=E %%%. Mengena5ast% aaan an 5enegahan res5nen tentang 5en(ak%t A=E
# SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
1"' : PERNYATAAN MASALAH
Masaah %n% ketara en%ngkat ter+taan(a % kaangan kanak"kanak % +n%t keeasan an tra+a hs5%ta +at. Paa tah+n 200) kes A=E seraa% 34! an en%ngkat seban(ak !43 5aa tah+n 200. In% en+n$+kan 5en%ngkatan (ang eb%bangkan % se+r+h +n%a kh+s+sn(a % Hs5%ta +at.
7aa stat%st%k K*-*3*+., K*).,3, M,;,<)., =2000> seraa% 0"10? keat%an %sebabkan eh A=E (ang ana t%ak ena5at raatan engan segera % hs5%ta. Aat en(e%hkan aa ke5esatan ekn% an keangg%han b%ang 5er+batan negara k%ta $%ka kes %n% t%ak ena5at raatan engan segera an se5+rna. Na+n beg%t+ negara k%ta as%h ag% enatatkan keat%an % kaangan kanak"kanak ak%bat 5en(ak%t"5en(ak%t %n% aa+5+n stat%st%kn(a han(a en+n$+kkan 0"10? keat%an.
<%ka t%aa raatan aa (ang %ber%kan serta asaah kek+rangan a%r aa baan >eh%ras%? (ang ter+k en(ebabkan keat%an.7engan %n% aaah aat 5ent%ng +nt+k en%a% se$a+h ana taha5 5engetah+an %b+ba5a/5en$aga res5nen engena% 5en(ak%t A=E %n%.
' SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
BAB 2 : LITERATURE REVIE$
D*, *3" ,; =199> ene&%n%s%kan A=E > =astrenter%t%s Ak+t? sebaga%
5en(ak%t gaster (ang en(ebabkan 5esak%t eb+ang a%r besar seban(ak 4 ka% ata+ eb%h (ang a%r aa sehar%. ,aatan (ang %s(rkan %aah engg+nakan 5ean 6 %a%t+ O,S > Ora ,eh(rat%n Sat ? har+s %ber%kan kerana %a engan+ng% B5(eetr%(te (ang beh enggant%kan eektr%t (ang h%ang.
M*@+@3 H);*< =19(2> 5+a engatakan 5esak%t (ang eb+ang a%r
besar eb%h ar% ! ka% sehar% akan en(ebabkan k5s%s% 5aa ea%r +ar se engan 5en+r+nan %n 5tass%+ knsenteras% bersaaan engan 1)/* an %n% eb%h t%ngg% ar% !/* ea%r aa +ar se.
Manakaa eng%k+t L**
=19(9> engatakan bahaa seserang %t+
%katakan engh%a5% 5en(ak%t A=E a5ab%a en+n$+kkan tana"tana se5ert% berak a%r (ang eb%h ar%5aa 3 ka% sehar%8 keka$angan aben8 ea an +ntah (ang berar+tan. 6e%a+ $+ga en(atakan bahaa a%r renah gara (ang teah %5ekkan aaah
) SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
ba%k +nt+k eng+rangkan eh%ras% %kaangan kanak"kanak kerana %a engan+ng% bahan"bahan eektr%t +nt+k enggant%kan bahan"bahan (ang teah h%anh ar% baan.
$.;.,-
=1990> 5+a eber%kan e&%n%s% A=E sebaga% 5en(ak%t (ang
ser%ng %aa% eh kanak"kanak (ang %sebabkan eh %n&eks% %krrgan%sa terhaa5 gaster. ,aatan (ang %s(rkan eh be%a+ aaah engan eber%kan ea%r (ang engan+ng% s%+ an 5tass%+ +nt+k enggant%kan eektr%t (ang h%ang. Sea%n %t+8 5eber%an ant%b%t%k ata+ ant%s5as%k $+ga beh %ber%kan teta5% bergant+ng ke5aa 5+nan(a.
es%5+an (ang a5at %b+at ar%5aa ket%ga"t%ga 5et%kan (ang %ber%kan eh 5en+%s (ang berbea aaah saa %a%t+ 5en(ak%t A=E %n% en(erang s(ste a%entar( ter+taan(a gaster. Penggant%an ea%r (ang h%ang aaah raatan (ang saa %s(rkan eh ket%ga"t%ga 5en+%s terseb+t.
M;*< =1997> (ang ene&%n%s%kan 5en(ak%t A=E aaah sat+ 5en(ak%t
gaster (ang engak%batkan $angk%tan %krrgan%sa (ang en(ebabkan keh%angan ea%r eektr%t (ang ban(ak. Cara raatan (ang %ber%kan %aah engan eber%kan ea%r seara ra (ang engan+ng% eektr%t se5ert% gara8 g+ks an a%n"a%n bag% engaa eh%ras%. In% kerana8 sek%ran(a eh%ras% t%ak %kaa %an(a beh en(ebabkan keat%an % kaangan kanak"kanak.a A+re+s8 Cstr%%+ Per&r%nges8 Eshar%%a C%8 sh%gea D%br%s Cherae se+a %n% aa k+5+an bater%a. Manakaa aa k+5+an D%r+s (ang en(ebabkan 5en(ak%t %n% %aah se5ert% ,ta-%r+s %ana
SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
%n&eks% %n% b%asan(a berak+ 5aa kanak"kanak %baah +a tah+n8 (ang ana eer+kan keas+kan ke hs5%ta %sebabkan eh%ras%.
Manakaa R.,+5 E3 ,; =200> ene&%n%s%kan A+te =astrenter%t%s sebaga% 5en(ak%t (ang %tana% engan %arrhea8 sak%t 5er+t e+as8 rasa (a an agen 5en(ebab b%asan(a kera+nan akanan ar% Sta5h(%.
Men+r+t E" L *3",; =199#> 5en(ak%t A=E ser%ng berak+ % negara"negara (ang seang ebang+n. %n% kerana8A=E berak+ %sebabkan eh 5eakanan (ang terear ak%bat ss%"ekn% (ang t%ak enent+. A=E ber5+na ar%5aa $angk%tan bater%a8 5rta ata+ -%r+s terhaa5 gaster kanak"kanak en(ebankann(a keh%angan eektr%t ar% baan ea+% kekera5an eb+ang a%r besar8 +ntah"+ntah an sebaga%n(a. Mereka enges(rkan bahaa sat+ raatan (ang ses+a% %aah 5eber%an O,S ea+% ra. In% kerana8 O,S engan+ng% ban(ak k5nen"k5nen eektr%t se5ert% % aa baan (ang a5at engant%kan eektr%t (ang h%ang ar% baan.
B;- =19!'> ene&%n%s%kan 5en(ak%t A=E %ak%batkan eh %n&eks% bakter%a
se5ert% sanea8 sh%gea ata+ -%r+s se5ert% rta-%r+s terhaa5 gaster. In&eks% %n% en(ebabkan 5esak%t berak a%r (ang eeb%h% t%ga ka% sehar% %%k+t% +ntah8 5er5e+han an sebaga%n(a. ,aatann(a $+ga engan 5eber%an ea%r (ang engan+ng% eektr%t (ang h%ang.
10 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
J*;;.* =199!> teah ene&%n%s%kan bahaa 5en(ak%t A=E aaah sat+
5en(ak%t %ana 5esak%t teah berak a%r seban(ak t%ga ka% ata+ eb%h aa asa sehar% an %an(a er+5akan saah sat+ 5+na +taa keat%an % kaangan kanak"kanak % +n%a. 6e%a+ en(atakan bahaa kes%bangan eektr%t aaah 5ent%ng aa 5eraatan 5en(ak%t A=E %a%t+ O,S har+s %ber%kan aa a5a"a5a taha5 5en(ak%t %n%.
Manakaa en+r+t N,) =199!> entakr%&kan 5en(ak%t A=E %aah gangg+an 5aa gaster (ang %sebabkan tersaah akan8 $angk%tan bakter%a ata+ kera+nan akanan. 6e%a+ enges(rkan bahaa ara 5eraatan (ang 5er+ %ak+kan aaah se5ert% ara tera5%8 5er+batan herba8 Bhe5ath( an Bnat+ra5th(.
R.) *3",; =199# ? 5+a ene&%n%s%kan 5en(ak%t A=E aaah sat+
5en(ak%t %n&aas% gaster (ang %sebabkan eh %n&eks% -%r+s ata+ %krrgan%sa an 5rta. 6e%a+ $+ga en(atakan bahaa serb+k (ang engan+ng% ban(ak g+ksa eektr%t >O,S? aaah ba%k +nt+k eraat eh%ras% (ang %sebabkan eh %area sea%n engan e%n+ a%r (ang ban(ak. Ata+5+n aa kes (ang t%ak bera5a ser%+s 5esak%t %s(rkan e%n+ ea%r se5ert% s+5 ata+5+n $+s b+ah"b+ahan kerana %n% bert+$+an +nt+k enggant%kan ea%r (ang h%ang aa baan 5esak%t.
Seteah ka$%an se+a %b+at keatas se+a 5et%kan8 %a5at% bahaa 5en(ak%t A=E er+5akan 5en(ak%t (ang en+n$+kkan tana (ang saa %a%t+ %r%t"b%r%t. 6eg%t+ $+ga raatan (ang %s(rkan %a%t+ O,S8 %ana keban(akkan 5en+%s en(atakan 5eber%an O,S ata+5+n 5enggant%an eektr%t (ang h%ang er+5akan raatan +nt+k
11 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
5en(ak%t %n%. aa+5+n tera5at $+ga 5en+%s (ang en(atakan raatan +nt+k 5en(ak%t %n% aaah ea+% tera5% ara8 5er+batan herba8 Bhe5ath( an Bnat+ra5ath(. aa+a5a5+n a5a $+ga
saranan ar% 5ara 5en+%s teta5% t+$+an raatan aaah +nt+k
enggant%kan ea%r (ang h%ang aa baan 5esak%t seasa 5esak%t %r%t"b%r%t.
PENYEBAB DAN PUNCA GASTROENTERITIS AKUT (AGE)
Makanan an %n+an (ang terear akan enatangkan baha(a ke5aa kes%hatan %r% a5atah ag% s(ste a(a 5ertahanan baan (ang eah se5ert% kanak"kanak. Men+r+t B**) =19(!> 5en(ak%t A=E %n%
beh %sebabkan eh
$angk%tan agen
5en(ak%t se5ert% 5aras%t b%asa (ang sea+ tera5at aa +$%ka$% %krb%g% %a%t+ Sh%ges%s8 Saes%s8 Esher%hra C%8 C5(batr Enter-%r+s8 ,ta-%r+s? Prta >Entaeba H%st(t%a8 =%ar%a *ab%a? an a%ng >a%ng rab+?.
T*++,, $" B;,* P"A"=197(> 5+a engatakan aaah s+kar enta&s%rkan
kera+nan akanan ata+ %r%t"b%r%t kerana $%ka t%ak %te%t% akan %saah angga5 sebaga% 5en(ak%t (ang saa .aha kera+nan akanan aaah sat+ keaaan (ang ak+t an %an(a bergant+ng
ke5aa
$+ah
tks%n
(ang
%ke+arkan
eh
bakter%a"bakter%a
an
%krrgan%sa (ang a%n sebaga% nth Sta5h(%8 Cstr%+ 6t+%n+ an a%n" a%n ag% anakaa %r%t"b%r%t beh t%b+ $+ga ak%bat ar%
terakan akanan (ang
terear8 tana"tana serangan 5ebaga% 5en(ak%t an a%n"a%n &aktr. en(ataan %n% $+ga %skng eh B@+*33 $.3* *3 ,; =1990> en(atakan keas+kan %krrgan%sa
12 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
aa t+b+h an+s%a an enge+arkan tks%n
2011
en(ebabkan 5ebaga% $angk%tan serta
5en(ak%t aaah %sebabkan ar% s%ka5 an aaan %n%-%+ %t+ sen%r%.
7aa kes%b+kan enge$ar ar+s 5ebang+nan an keh%+5an (ang seak%n enabar 8 keban(akan 5en++k % kaasan %n% ter+taan(a %b+ba5a (ang beker$a $arang en(e%akan akanan %r+ah seba%kn(a ereka eb%h gear ebe% akanan an %n+an %+ar se5ert% gera%8 restran an sebaga%n(a. eaaan %n% $+ga beh en$a% saah sat+ &aktr 5en(+bang ke5aa serangan A=E ke5aa ah% ke+arga khasn(a kanak" kanak (ang ana %an(a ber5+na ar% taha5 kebers%han 5engena% akanan. Maka engan %t+8 D,3 L** K.- S,. =1990> engatakan aaan kebers%han aat 5er+ %tekankan ke5aa se+a 5eng+saha akanan ba%k 5eng%ang akanan ah+5+n ke5aa 5en$a$a akanan.
KOMPLIKASI
Ak%bat ar% 5en(ak%t A=E %n%8 $HO =2000> ea5rkan 2.! $+ta kanak"kanak % +n%a en%ngga set%a5 tah+n. S+s+an 5en(ak%t %r%t"b%r%t (ang berter+san beh engak%batkan kek+rangan at 5eakanan (ang 5aa $angka 5an$angn(a en(ebabkan an+tr%s% an gangg+an t+besaran &%%ka. Sea%n ar% %t+8 B,,+@55. O-,+ =199(> teah engatakan tentang kanak"kanak ter+taan(a ba(% (ang engaa% %r%t"b%r%t eer+kan 5erhat%an (ang ser%+s ar% ke+arga an 5er+ ena5atkan raatan engan segera. Tabahan 5+a8 5aa $angka asa (ang s%ngkat ereka +ah engaa% keaaan %r%t"b%r%t (ang ter+k8 keh%angan ea%r an eektr%t aa baan serta ren$atan aahan beh en(ebabkan keat%an $%ka t%ak ena5atkan raatan engan segera.
13 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
PENDIDIKAN KESIHATAN
Pen%%kan kes%hatan aaah sat+ 5rses 5ebea$aran % ana ebant+ en%ngkatkan %nat as(arakat bag% enabah 5engetah+an ke arah 5en(eesa%an asaah"asaah kes%hatan. Men+r+t M*,5 S"R"=19(7> 5en%%kan
kes%hatan
%ber%kan
ke5aa
as(arakat
aa 5ebaga% kaeah
engena%
5en(ak%t
A=E
.
K,5.+ *3 ,; =199'> en(atakan 5en%%kan kes%hatan 5ent%ng +nt+k eng+bah s%ka5 an
aaan t%ak bet+ % sa5%ng eber% %+ engena% taha5 kes%hatan8 raatan an 5e+%han engan eber% ak+at s5es%&%k an teranang serta berkesan engena% 5en(ak%t %r%t"b%r%t.
G**, =1990> en+n$+kan 5en%a%an taha5 eh%ras% 5ent%ng ke5aa %b+ba5a ata+
5en$aga s+5a(a a5at eak+kan raatan aa %r%t"b%r%t % r+ah. Mea+% 5en%a%an %n%8 %b+ba5a ata+ 5en$aga tah+ a5a t%nakan (ang 5er+ ereka ak+kan.
14 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
PROMOSI PENYUSUAN SUSU IBU.
Prs% 5en(+s+an s+s+ %b+ 5aa asa k%n% sea+ %5erkatakan % set%a5 hs5%ta kera$aan an seb%angan hs5%ta sasta. In% aaah kerana s+s+ %b+ sangat ses+a% sebaga% akanan +taa ba(%8 % sa5%ng %t+8 s+s+ %n% engan+ng% ant%b% se+a$a% (ang terkan+ng aa kstr+. 7an %n% seara t%ak angs+ng %b% eber% %+n%t% ke5aa ba(% ar% ena5at $angk%tan sa+ran 5erna&asan an $angk%tan Ak+t gastrenter%t%s >A=E?. . M,, =199!> $+ga berset+$+ engan ken(ataan % atas an Manan engatakan
eber% s+s+ %b+ en$%atkan keangan an asa serta a5at en$a%nkan h+b+ngan kas%h sa(ang antara ba(% an %b+. Seserang ba(% har+s %s+s+% sek+rang"k+rangn(a 4 h%ngga # b+an an %ter+skan seh%ngga 2 tah+n8 $%ka %b+ t%aa asaah 5en(+s+an s+s+ %b+. en(ataan %n% a5at %r+$+k ea+% t+%san S3+-*+ *3 ,; =199'>"
R,-, =199(> engatakan s+s+ %b+ beh eng+rangkan ke$a%an berat baan
t%ak terkaa aahan an 5en%ngkatan 5en(ak%t a%n % kaangan kanak"kanak. Sea%n ba(% ena5at keba%kan % ana eber% s+s+ %b+8 %b+"%b+ bar+ bersa%n beh engeakkan berak+ t+5ah arah kerana seasa ba(% en(+s+ seara t%ak angs+ng erangsang 5enge+aran F%tks%n ar% kean$ar 5%t+%tar% (ang ana %n% enggaakkan 5enge+tan rah%. Maka $easah %b+ an ba(% ena5at keba%kan bersaa.
1! SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
BAB ' : METHODOLOGI
M*35;. berasa ar%5aa 5erkataan G+nan% %a%t+ gab+ngan antara ets
an gs an ke+%an %%nger%skan en$a% ethg( . Mets ert%n(a 5enga$aran %+ an gs ert%n(a sa%ns. Akh%rn(a en$a% %st%ah ethg( ebaa ert% sebaga% sa%ns 5enga$aran %+ en+r+t U)3,F M@), J,<<.5 =200(>" Men+r+t b+k+ ,-@) D*, B,,), 5, 4@)3,, =*3,, * ;.-, 2001> en%&%nas%kan ethg% sebaga% ka$%an (ang e%5+t% 5rses an kaeah (ang %$aankan bag% ena5a% b$ekt%& (ang teah %teta5kan . 7%sa5%ng %t+8 %an(a $+ga en$easkan s+ber an ata"ata (ang %5ereh% +nt+k eengka5kan ka$%an %n%. S+ber"s+ber ata (ang %5ereh% ea+% ka$%an %terat+re an e5%r%a %5rses an %ana%s%s +nt+k ena5atkan ak+at (ang eb%h te5at an $%t+. Manakaa ethg% $+ga aaah sebaga% 5eng+5+an 85enatatan an 5enk+entas%an tekng% as(arakat8 seba%kn(a eng%k+t ara an 5rse+r tertent+ (ang s%steat%k. 6er%k+t %n% aaah 5et+n$+k ++ tentang keg%atan8 at+ran an 5rse+r (ang 5er+ %%k+t% agar 5eng+5+an 8 5enatatan an 5enk+entas%an tekng% as(arakat a5at %aksanakan engan ba%k en+r+t P@+- =200(>
7aa 5en(e%%kan %n%8 tera5at bebera5a bent+k ka$%an an ethg% (ang %g+nakan.
1# SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
'"1 " D*).
a$%an %n% bert+$+an +nt+k en%a% se$a+h ana taha5 5engetah+an %b+ ba5a/5en$aga engena% 5en(ak%t A+te =astrentera%t%s. a$%an akan %ak+kan seara sa se%%k >+est%nna%re? %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga res5nen.
a$%an sa(a %b+at % +n%t keeasan an tra+a Hs5%ta +at Sabah. Seraa% 2! rang res5nen akan en$a% sa5e ka$%an sa(a %n%.In% er+5akan &k+s t+5+an ka$%an kh+s+sn(a res5nen (ang enghantar anak ereka ke +n%t keeasan an tra+a Hs5%ta +at.
'"2 K,8., S**,+
6ag% east%kan 5en(e%%kan %n% ber$aan anar8 serta ena5at ana%s%s (ang ba%k serta eb%h
s%steat%k8 tera5at bebera5a 5enekanan
(ang har+s
%t%t%kberatkan teah %ber%kan antaran(a %aah
1. Te5at an kas% ka$%an 2. =ngan sasaran
1' SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
'"' T*-4,3 5, ;,). ,8.,
Un%t eeasan an Tra+a Hs5%ta +at Sabah8 er+5akan kas% (ang %5%%h +nt+k eb+at ka$%an %n% . Pe%%han %n% berte5atan kerana +n%t %n% er+5akan te5at sa(a berker$a an sa(a a5at% 5en%ngkatan keatangan kes A=E % +n%t %n% seak%n en%ngkat.
'"# G;, S,),+,
Sasaran +taa +nt+k ka$%an %n% %aah %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga (ang ebaa anak ereka (ang engaa% 5en(ak%t A=E (ang ana ereka atang +nt+k e%nta raatan % Un%t eeasan an Tra+a Hs5%ta +at.
'"! P.;3 S@5<
Mer+5akan saah sat+ ara +nt+k en%a% keberkesanan brang sa se%%k (ang teah sa(a b+at. 6ert+$+an +nt+k eng+$% brang saan se%%k terhaa5 %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga8 saaa ereka &aha ata+ t%ak terhaa5 san (ang %ber%kan. Seraa% 2 rang res5nan +nt+k sa5e (ang akan %g+nakan +nt+k 5%t st+( sebe+ %earkan ke5aa 2! rang res5nen (ang sebenar.
1) SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
%ber%kan eh sa5e %n% %rahs%akan an $aa5an terseb+t aaah +nt+k 5engetah+an sa(a sen%r% saha$a.
'" K,*5, K,8.,
Tera5at 2 >+a? kaeah (ang sa(a b+at +nt+k en(%a5kan 5en(e%%kan %n%. aeah terseb+t se5ert% J
A" S,; )*;.5. =@*)3.,.+*>
Seraa% 2! rang res5nen (ang ter%r% ar%5aa %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga %ana anak ereka %as+kkan ke a 5e%atr%k kerana asaah A=E. 6rang sa se%%k teah %earkan tereb%h ah++ ke5aa 2 rang res5nen se5ert% (ang tera5at 5aa 5%t st+(. Per+bahan teah %b+at keatas brang sa se%%k terseb+t. Seter+sn(a brang terseb+t %earkan ke5aa 2! res5nen (ang akan %ka$%. 7aa brang sa se%%k terseb+t engan+ng% 3 bahag%an %a%t+ bahag%an A86 an C. 6ahag%an A erangk+% sa se%%k engena% atar beakang 5esak%t8 bahag%an 6 engena% ka$%an tentang ke&ahaan res5nen tentang 5en(ak%t A=E an bahag%an C engan+ng% saan engena% raatan an ara 5enegahann(a.
B" P*@+,., =D.)+.43.>
Pengg+naan kaeah %n% %aah sa(a eber%tah+ ah++ ke5aa res5nen tentang saan (ang %earkan eng%k+t set%a5 saan (ang k+rang ereka &aha%. 7ar% %t+8 sa(a engh+ra%kan a5a (ang ereka tah+ engena% 5en(ak%t %n%. Mereka $+ga eb%h +ah &aha seteah %ber%kan 5engh+ra%an tentang asaah %n%. ese+a res5nen
1 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
en+n$+kkan ak+baas (ang 5s%t%&. er$asaa an 5eahaan (ang teah %b+ ba5a ber%kan e+ahkan ag% ka$%an %n% %ak+kan.
BAB # :PENEMUAN MELALUI DATA DAN STATISTIK
T,@ J@-;,
200( 7!9
2009 972
D,3, 5, S3,3.)3. 5.,3,) -*@8@, *5,3,, 4*),.3 AGE 5. @.3 K**-,), 5, T+,@-, H)4.3,; K@5,3 S,, )*4,8, 3,@ 200( 5, 2009"
20 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
6angsa Mea(+ ,+ng+s Ub%an C%na *a%n"a%n Per%b+% arga As%ng <+ah
*eak%
Pere5+an
<+ah ese+r+han
#4 24! 101 '1 20 3# !4'
#2 1!2 112 '0 21 21 42!
12# 32 213 141 41 !' '2
21 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
C,+3, 5.,3,) -*@8@, .;,, 4*),.3 AGE 5. U.3 K**-,), 5, T+,@-, H)4.3,; K@5,3 -*.@3 ,), ,. 3,@ 2009
#"2 : PENEMUAN =*+5,),+, +, ),; )*;.5.>
Seraa% 2! rang res5nen teah %ber%kan brang sa se%%k. ese+a res5nen %n% ter%r% ar%5aa ereka (ang engaa% 5en(ak%t ak+t =astr enter%t%s. Tera5at 3 >t%ga? bahag%an saan (ang ter%r% ar%5aa bahag%an A8 6 an C. 6er%k+t aaah ke5+t+san ka$%an eng%k+t 5erat+san an $+ah rang (ang en$aab saan sa se%%k.
B,,., A >*atar beakang res5nen?
1. Saan 1 >U+r?
U+r res5nen 1# tah+n ke 2! tah+n 2# tah+n ke 3! tah+n 3# tah+n ke 4! tah+n 4# tah+n ke atas <+ah
,es5nen 4 4 ! '
Perat+san 20K 20K 2!K 3!K
20
100K
22 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
4
Seraa% 4 res5nen (ang ber++r 1# tah+n ke 2! tah+n aaah 20K
!
4 rang res5nen (ang br+s%a %antara 2# tah+n ke 3! tah+n %aah 20K
#
2!K res5nen %a%t+ ! res5nen (ang ber+s%a 3# tah+n ke 4! tah+n
'
U+r 4! tah+n keatas %aah ' eak%% 3!K
2011
2. Saan 2 >Peker$aan? U+r res5nen era$aan Sasta 6erkan+n *a%n"a%n <+ah
,es5nen ! 2 2 11
Perat+san 2!K 10K 10K !!K
20
100K
23 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
7% aa $abatan kera$aan seraa% ! res5nen %a%t+ 2!K
Sasta 5+a seraa% 2 res5nen $+ga 10K
Manakaa 2 res5nen bag% baan 6erkan+n %a%t+ 10K
*a%n"a%n 5+a seraa% 11 res5nen eak%% !!K
2011
3. Saan 3 >6angsa? U+r res5nen Mea(+ ,+ng+s C%na *a%n"a%n <+ah
,es5nen 3 13 3 1 20
Perat+san 1!K #!K 1!K !K 100K
6angsa 5+a %kategr%kan se5ert% ber%k+tJ
3 rang res5nen berbangsa ea(+ %a%t+ seraa% 1!K
13 res5nen berbangsa ,+ng+s %a%t+ #!K
3 rang berbangsa C%na engan 5erat+san 1!K 24 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Manakaa seeb%hn(a 5+a 1 res5nen %a%t+ *a%n"a%n !K8 an berbangsa 7+s+n.
4. Saan 4 >U+r anak ata+ 5esak%t?
U+r res5nen +rang ar% 1 tah+n 1 h%ngga 4 tah+n ! h%ngga 11 tah+n 12 tah+n keatas <+ah
,es5nen ' ' 4 2
Perat+san 3!K 3!K 20K 10K
20
100K
' rang anak res5nen (ang ber++r k+rang ar% 1 tah+n %a%t+ 3!K
' rang e5+n(a% anak (ang ber++r 1 h%ngga 4 tah+n %a%t+ 3!K
4 rang e5+n(a% anak (ang ber++r ! h%ngga 11 tah+n %a%t+ 20K
10K res5nen 5+a e5+n(a% anak/5esak%t (ang ber++r 12 tah+n keatas
!. Saan ! >Taha5 5en%%kan? 2! SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
U+r res5nen I$aah 7%5a S%$% *a%n"a%n <+ah
,es5nen 2 # # # 20
2011
Perat+san 10K 30K 30K 30K 100K
2# SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Taha5 5en%%kan en(atakan J
2 rang res5nen e5+n(a% I$aah %a%t+ 10K
# res5nen e5+n(a% 7%5a eak%% 30K
Seban(ak 30K res5nen %a%t+ # rang e5+n(a% ea(akan S%$%
,es5nen seeb%hn(a t%ak bersekah an han(a setakat sekah renah saha$a $+ga # rang eak%% !K ar%5aa res5nen
#.
2' SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
U+r res5nen *eak% Pere5+an <+ah
,es5nen ) 12 20
2011
Perat+san 40K #0K 100K
eban(akan res5nen aaah 5ere5+an %a%t+ #0K ar% res5nen kese+r+han.
2) SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
'. Agaa U+r res5nen Isa r%st%an 6+ha *a%n"a%n <+ah
,es5nen 4 ) 2 # 20
Perat+san 20K 40K 10K 30K 100K
Ma$r%t( res5nen aaah beragaa kr%st%an .
2 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
). Stat+s 5erkha%nan
U+r res5nen 6+$ang 6erkah%n
,es5nen 2 1# 2 20
Perat+san 10K )0K 10K 100K
eban(akan res5nen teah berkah%n engan 5erat+san seban(ak )0K
30 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
. 6%angan Anak
U+r res5nen T%aa Aa <+ah
,es5nen 2 1) 20
Perat+san 10K 0K 100K
0K ar%5aa res5nen teah e5+n(a% anak.
31 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
10. Pena5atan
U+r res5nen ,M !00 ke baah ,M #00 L 1000 ,M 1000 L 2000 ,M 2000 ke atas <+ah
,es5nen 10 4 2 4 20
Perat+san !0K 20K 10K 40K 100K
32 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Se5ar+h ar% res5nen 8 %a%t+ !0K aaah ber5ena5atan k+rang ar% ,M !00.00 seb+an.
B,,., B >a$%an engena% 5engetah+an res5nen tentang 5en(ak%t? A=E >=astrenter%t%s Ak+t?
Saan 11 Pen(ak%t A=E %aah 5en(ak%t (ang en(erang bahag%an 5er+t (ang b%asa %aa% eh kanak"kanak.
,es5nen 1! 3 2
Ga T%ak T%ak Past%
Perat+san '!K 1!K 10K
33 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
<+ah
20
2011
100K
Seraa% 1! res5nen ar%5aa 20 rang en(atakan set+$+ tentang 5en(ak%t %n% b%asan(a en(erang bahag%an gaster ata+ s(ste a%entar% (ang b%asa %aa% eh kanak"kanak.3 res5nen ata+ 3!K res5nen berkata ereka t%ak tah+ bahaa 5en(ak%t %r%t"b%r%t %n% b%asan(a en(erang kanak"kanak. 2 res5nen %a%t+ 10K t%ak 5ast% akan $aa5an ereka.
Saan 12 6akter%a aaah 5en(ebab +taa 5en(ak%t %n%
,es5nen ) 4
Ga T%ak
Perat+san 40K 20K
34 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
T%ak Past% <+ah
) 20
2011
40K 100K
Seraa% ) res5nen set+$+ engan 5erat+san 40K8 4 rang eak%% 20K engan t%ak berset+$+ bahaa bakter%a aaah 5en(ebab 5en(ak%t %n%. 40K %a%t+ ) rang t%ak 5ast% akan $aa5an ereka.
Saan 13 3! SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
D%r+s $+ga beh en(ebabkan 5en(ak%t %n%
,es5nen ' # ' 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san 3!K 30K 3!K 100K
'
res5nen
>3!K? berset+$+ bahaa -%r+s er+5akan 5en(ebab
5en(ak%t %n%. # rang en(atakan t%ak set+$+ %a%t+ 30K an ' >3!K? res5nen en(atakan t%ak 5ast% .
3# SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Saan 1 4 6ahan k%%a (ang tera5at aa akanan t%n $+ga 5en(ebab 5en(ak%t %n%.
,es5nen # ' ' 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san 30K 3!K 3!K 100K
# res5nen berset+$+ bahaa bahan k%%a aa akanan se5ert% akanan aa t%n en(ebabkan 5en(ak%t %n%. 3!K res5nen %a%t+ ' rang berset+$+ engan ken(ataan %n% anakaa ' res5nen >3!K? t%ak 5ast% akan $aa5an ereka.
3' SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Saan 1! Ca%ng (ang tera5at 5aa +s+s beh en(ebabkan 5en(ak%t %n%.
,es5nen # 10 4 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san 30K !0K 20K 100K
3) SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
30K %a%t+ # rang t%ak 5ast%8 10 >!0K? res5nen t%ak set+$+ an 4 >20K? set+$+ bahaa 5aras%t ata+ %krrgan%sa (ang tera5at 5aa +s+s en(ebabkan 5en(ak%t %n%.
Saan 1# Makanan bas% $+ga beh en(ebabkan 5en(ak%t %n%.
,es5nen 10 4 # 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san !0K 20K 30K 100K
3 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
Se+a 10 >!0K? res5nen
2011
berset+$+ bahaa kera+nan akanan
se5ert% akanan (ang bas%8 entah an eb%h akanan (ang t%ak %s%5an engan se5+rna 5en(ebab 5en(ak%t %n%. 4 >20K? rea5nen t%ak set+$+ an res5nen t%ak 5ast% akan $aa5an ereka %aah 30K ># rang?
Saan 1' 6erak a%r (ang kera5 er+5akan tana ketara en+n$+kan 5en(ak%t %n%.
,es5nen 20 " " 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san 100K " " 100K
40 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Se+a 20 res5nen berset+$+ bahaa %r%t"b%r%t er+5akan tana (ang ketara en+n$+kkan 5en(ak%t %n%. T%aa res5nen (ang t%ak berset+$+ ah+5+n t%ak 5ast%.
Saan 1) M+ntah"+ntah $+ga er+5akan saah sat+ ar%5aa tana 5en(ak%t %n%
41 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
,es5nen 20 " " 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
2011
Perat+san 100K " " 100K
20 res5nen >100K? berset+$+ bahaa +ntah $+ga er+5akan saah sat+ tana (ang ketara en+n$+kkan 5en(ak%t %n%.
42 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Saan 1 anak"kanak (ang engaa% 5en(ak%t %n% akan e5+n(a% tana ea 5anas
,es5nen 1' 1 2 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san )!K !K 10K 100K
1' >)!K? res5nen berset+$+ bahaa ea 5anas $+ga saah sat+ tana 5en(ak% %n%8 !K res5nen t%ak set+$+ an 2 res5nen >10K? engatakan t%ak 5ast%.
43 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Saan 20 Sak%t 5er+t er+5akan tana b%asa berak+ 5aa kanak"kanak (ang Mengaa% asaah %n%.
,es5nen 20 " " 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san 100K " " 100K
44 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
4! SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
B,,., C > 6erka%tan engan raatan aa kek+rangan a%r aa baan?
Saan 21 Mata (ang ek+ng tana +taa kek+rangan a%r aa baan
,es5nen 20 " " 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san 100K " " 100K
ese+a res5nen %a%t+ 20 rang >100K? berset+$+ bahaa k%n%k ata+ hs5%ta er+5akan te5at raatan (ang ses+a%.
Saan 22 4# SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
+%t (ang ker%ng $+ga er+5akan tana kek+rangan a%r aa baan ,es5nen 20 " " 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san 100K " " 100K
100K res5nen berset+$+ bahaa k%n%k sasta aaah te5at (ang %5%%h +nt+k eraat anak ereka. T%aa res5nen (ang t%ak berset+$+ an t%ak 5ast%.
Saan 23. 4' SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
6aan (ang eah $+ga tana aa kek+rangan a%r aa baan
,es5nen 20 " " 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san 100K " " 100K
ese+a 20 res5nen >100K? berset+$+ engan ken(ataan bahaa 6aan (ang eah $+ga tana kek+rangan a%r aa baan. 4) SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Saan 24 *%ah (ang ker%ng $+ga tana kek+rangan a%r aa baan ,es5nen 20 " " 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
Perat+san 100K " " 100
4 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
20 res5nen %a%t+ 100K +nt+k berset+$+ bahaa %ah (ang ker%ng $+ga aaah tana k+rang a%r aa baan.
!0 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Saan 2! Peber%an akanan (ang berter+san beh engeakan kek+rangan a%r aa baan
!1 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
,es5nen 4 ' 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
2011
Perat+san 20K 3!K 4!K 100K
4!K ar%5aa res5nen t%ak 5ast% tentang 5eber%an berter+san akanan a5at engeakkan eh%ras%.
Saan 2# Peber%an s+s+ %b+ (ang berter+san a5at engeakan kek+rangan a%r aa baan
!2 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
,es5nen ) 2 10 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
2011
Perat+san 40K 10K !0K 100K
Seraa% !0K ar%5aa res5nen t%ak 5ast% bahaa 5eber%an s+s+ %b+ seara berter+san a5at engeakkan ar% kek+rangan a%r aa baan.
Saan 2' Peber%an a%r gara ata+ Ora ,eh(rat%n Sat >O,S? er+5akan raatan 5a%ng berkesan +nt+k engeakan kek+rangan a%r aa baan !3 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
!4 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
,es5nen 20 " " 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
2011
Perat+san 20K " " 20
Se+a res5nen tah+ bahaa O,S aaah raatan aa 5a%ng berkesan +nt+k engeakkan kek+rangan a%r aa baan.
Saan 2) 1 5aket a%r gara %ban+h engan 1 aan a%r s+a
!! SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
,es5nen 20 " " 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
2011
Perat+san 100K " " 100K
100K res5nen tah+ ara engg+nakan O,S.
Saan 2 A%r gara beh %ber%kan seara berter+san
!# SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
,es5nen 2 ! 13 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
2011
Perat+san 10K 2!K #!K 100K
#!K ar%5aa res5nen t%ak 5ast% saaa O,S beh %ber% seara berter+san ata+ t%ak.
Saan 30 ,aatan seter+sn(a %aah baa 5esak%t ke hs5%ta $%ka 5eber%an a%r gara t%ak berkesan
!' SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
,es5nen 20 " " 20
Ga T%ak T%ak Past% <+ah
2011
Perat+san 100K " " 100K
Se+a res5nen berset+$+ enghantar anak ke Hs5%ta $%ka t%aa 5er+bahan.
BAB ! :PERBINCANGAN
a$%an sa se%%k ke atas 20 res5nen teah s%a5 %ak+kan eh 5en(e%%k. 6er%k+t er+5akan has% (ang %5ereh% berasarkan $aa5an (ang %ber%kan eh 5ara res5nen
!) SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
B,. ),;, 1 5aa bahag%an 6 %a%t+ engena% 5engetah+an %b+ ba5a tentang
5en(ak%t A=E. Seraa% 1! res5nen engan 5erat+san 7!? en(atakan 5en(ak%t A=E 5en(ak%t (ang en(erang gaster ata+ s(ste 5enghaaan. Pene+an %5erk+k+hkan ag% engan ken(ataan ar% M;*< =1997> (ang ene&%n%s%kan 5en(ak%t A=E %aah sat+ 5en(ak%t gaster (ang engak%batkan %n&eks% %krrgan%sa (ang en(ebabkan keh%angan ea%r (ang ban(ak.
M,,,;, ,. ),;, 2 5, ' %a%t+ saan engena% 5en(ebab asaah %n%.
Perat+san (ang %5ereh% ar%5aa ke+a"+a saan terseb+t (ang en(atakan set+$+ %aah 7!?? $a% a5at %n(atakan bater%a an -%r+s er+5akan 5en(ebab 5en(ak%t %n%. en(ataan %n% %b+kt%kan ea+% ken(ataan B;- =19!'> %ana ene&%n%s%kan 5en(ak%t A=E %ak%batkan eh bater%a se5ert% sanea8 sh%gea an -%r+s se5ert% rta-%r+s terhaa5 gaster.
B,. ),;, # ., (ang eb%h ke5aa kera+nan akanan er+5akan
5en(ebab 5en(ak%t %n%. Mea+% 5erat+san (ang %k+5+ ar% saan terseb+t 100? engatakan kera+nan akanan er+5akan 5en(ebab 5en(ak%t %n%. en(ataan %n% %5erk+k+hkan ag% engan ken(ataan (ang %ber%kan eh N,)=199!> entakr%&kan 5en(ak%t A=E aaah gangg+an 5aa gaster (ang %sebabkan tersaah akan8 %n&eks% bater%a an kera+nan akanan.
S,;, B,,., <, * 7 ., 10 en(a tentang tana 5en(ak%t %n%.
Antara tana"tana (ang %sa eh sa(a %aah %r%t b%r%t8 +ntah8 ea an sak%t 5er+t.
! SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
7%a5at% %s%n% %b% ba5a ata+ 5en$aga keban(akkan berset+$+ engan tana (ang teah %n(atakan. Perat+san +nt+k saan %n% kese+an(a %aah (!?" Perat+san (ang %5ereh% aatah eberangsangkan serta eb+kt%kan %b+ ba5a tah+ engena% tana 5en(ak%t %n%. 7%5erk+k+hkan ag% engan ken(ataan ar% L** C"L =19(9> engatakan sesrang %t+ %katakan engh%a5% 5en(ak%t A=E a5ab%a en+n$+kkan tana"tana se5ert% berak a%r eb%h ar%5aa 3 ka% sehar%8 keke$angan tt 5aa aben8 ea an $+ga +ntah (ang berar+tan.
Unt+k e5erk+k+hkan
ag% ken(ataan
terseb+t D*, *3",; =199>
ene&%n%s%kan 5en(ak%t A=E aaah 5en(ak%t gaster (ang en(ebabkan 5esak%t eb+ang a%r besar seban(ak 4 ka% sehar% ata+ eb%h.
B,,., C aaah saan (ang berka%tan engan raatan aa ehears% tentang
asaah %n%. Saan 1 enga$+kan saan ke5aa res5nen engena% te5at %ana res5nen akan ebaa anak ereka sek%ran(a engaa% 5en(ak%t %n%. 7%s%n% %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga akan ebaa anak ereka ke k%n%k ata+ hs5%ta kera$aan ah+5+n sasta. Ib+ ba5a ata+5+n 5en$aga $+ga sear bahaa eraat anak sen%r% ata+ ebaa ber$+5a +k+n beh eng+ngang k5%kas% ke5aa anak ereka.
Saan 2 bahag%an C 5+a %aah berka%tan 5engg+naan O,S >Ora ,eh(rat%n Sat? er+5akan saah sat+ raatan +nt+k 5en(ak%t %n%. 0K res5nen berse+$+ engan ken(ataan saaan terseb+t. 7eanst.a >1#? en(atakan an enges(rkan raatan +nt+k 5en(ak%t %aah engan engg+nakan 5ean L 6 %a%t+ O,S har+s %ber%kan kerana %a engan+ng% 5(eetr%(te (ang beh engant%kan ea%r (ang h%ang. en(ataan %n% %skng ag% engan ken(ataan ar%5aa *ee C.* >1)? (ang en(atakan bahaa a%r
#0 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
renah gara (ang teah %5ekkan aaah ba%k +nt+k eng+rangkan eh%ras% %kaangan kanak"kanak kerana %an(a engan+ng% bahan"bahan eektr%t +nt+k enggant%kan bahan"bahan (ang teah h%ang ar%5aa baan.
Seteah seesa% eb+at 5erb%nangan terhaa5 saan 6ahag%an 68 %a5at% keban(akkan %b+ ba5a e5+n(a% 5engetah+an tentang 5en(ak%t %n%. Na+n beg%t+8 as%h raa% ag% kanak"kanak (ang %as+kkan ke a kerana asaah %n%.
!"2 : CADANGAN DAN SARANAN
Pengetah+an
%b+
ba5a
ata+
5en$aga
tentang
5en(ak%t
%n%
aatah
eberangsangkan. Na+n beg%t+8 sa(a teah en%t%kberatkan saranan s+5a(a rang raa% %b+ ba5a 5en$aga khasn(a engetah+% 5en(ak%t %n% an %hara5 ereka beras5aa s+5a(a anak ereka terh%nar ar%5aa 5en(ak%t %n%. Sebe+ 5en(ak%t %n% en(erang anak
#1 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
ereka ata+ en(erang ereka sen%r% %ngatah 5er%bahasa (ang berb+n(% enegah aaah eb%h ba%k ar%5aa eraat 5en(ak%t %n%. Seh+b+ngan engan %t+8 sa(a en(arankan J
1. As5ek"as5ek 5enegahan A. Mengaakan ke5en engena%n(a se5ert%J
Ceraah
Paeran Pster
Mengearkan r%saah (ang berka%tan
Ta(angan D%e
6. Mngaakan gtng r(ng +nt+k en%ngkatkan taha5 kebers%han an keseesaan Orang aa
2. As5ek"as5ek 5eraatan 5en(ak%t
Anak"anak (ang engaa% tana"tana 5en(ak%t %n% har+sah %baa ke 5+sat kes%hatan (ang berekatan.
Sek%ran(a ber$a+han ar%5aa 5+sat kes%hatan8 ber%kan ea%r ke5aa 5esak%t +nt+k engeakkan eh%ras% berak+.
#2 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
Se5an$ang ka$%an (ang sa(a ak+kan keban(akkan res5nen engetah+% tentang 5en(ak%t A=E. Na+n beg%t+8 tera5at $+ga seb%angan ar%5aa ereka t%ak bera5a 5ast% tentang 5en(ak%t %n%. In% kerana as%h ban(ak kanak"kanak (ang %as+kkan ke a (ang engaa% 5en(ak%t %n%. Sea%n %t+8 %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga sehar+sn(a sent%asa 5er%hat%n terhaa5 5erkebangan ter+taan(a kes%hatan anak ereka.
!"' : KESIMPULAN
7ar%5aa 5en(e%%kan %n%8 a5at %r++skan bahaa taha5 5engetah+an res5nen tentang 5en(ak%t %n% agak e+askan. Na+n beg%t+ tera5at seb%angan/sege%nt%r res5nen (ang t%ak engetah+% tentang 5en(ak%t %n%. 7ar%5aa 5en(e%%kkan %n% $+ga sek%ran(a %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga (ang tah+ tentang 5en(ak%t %n% an e5rakt%kkan a5a (ang %a$ar eh 5ara 5et+gas kes%hatan an
#3 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
sent%asa ber$aga"$aga an s+ah 5ast% 5en(ak%t %n% a5at %kaa. Seter+sn(a a5at eng+rangkan asaah kes%hatan (ang tera5at % Negara %n%.
7a5at %s%5+kan bahaa 5engetah+an %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga tentang 5en(ak%t A=E aatah 5ent%ng kerana ereka er+5akan rang (ang 5a%ng ekat engan 5esak%t %a%t+ anak ereka ata+ kanak"kanak (ang %$aga ata+ %n%-%+ (ang %baah $agaan ereka . Oeh %t+8 %b+ ba5a ata+ 5en$aga har+sah beras5aa engan asaah %n%. 7engan en%t%kberatkan kebers%han $+ga akan a5at engh%narkan %n%-%+ ar% $angk%tan 5en(ak%t %n%.
BIBLIOGRA6I
6arbara N>1!? A" & C5eentar( Heath. erner Serstra8 @%nan&.
7a-% M. >1'? Pear%atr% Pr%r%t%es %n the 7e-e5%ng r. The Eng%sh *ang+age 6k S%et( 6+ter rths8 *nn.
#4 SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011
KURSUS ‘ADVANCE EMERGENCY AND TRAUMA CARE’( PB1/2011-1407)
2011
1)!? Ch% Heath %n the Tr5%. Ear Arn 300 Nrth Chares Street8 USA.
*ee E.* an ,b%nsn M.< >14? Pear%atr% Prbe %n Tr5%a C+ntr%es8 Pean+k P+b%at%ns >M? Sn 6h Seangr8 Maa(s%a.
*ee C.* >1)? On Me%%ne an 7r+gs8 @eera P+b%at%n8 S%nga5re
M%hea H >1)2? 7%srer & the 7%gest%& S(ste8 Ear Arn 5+b%at%n *T7 41 6e&r S9+are8 *nn.
Pa+%ne 7 an Ebrah% 7.< >1)#? Prat%a Care & S%k Ch%ren. The Ma%an Press *t. *nn.
,%har = G C8 *arane H G8 Ng H S8 Mer%an M I >200#? Manageent & Cn =astrenterg%a Prbe8 E(heath >S%nga5re? PTE *T7.
Ste5han ,.6 >1!3? The(s Me%%ne A TeFtbk @r St+ents %n the Heath. Care Pr&ess%n EI6S %th Ch+rh% *%-%ngstne.
%%a G.C.* >10? A Prat%a Man+a n A+te Pea%atr%s. P.= P+b%sh%ng *t8S%nga5re.
#! SITI HUSNI ENTOH AEMTC 1/2011