Research: Horse Manure Paper

THE FEASIBILITY OF HORSE (equus ferus caballus) MANURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF PAPER
An Investigatory Project Presented to the Science Department of Cebu City Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial National High School
C. PadillaSt. Cebu City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements
In Research II
S.Y.2013-2014
By:
ROBINSON G. CABARDO JR.
MICHELLE L. DAÑO
FARRAH I. EQUIPELAG
MARA K. GABILAN
SUWANEE GONZALES
MARA K. GABILAN
RICHIE B. SOLOMON

September 2013
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The investigatory project entitled "THE FEASIBILITY OF HORSE (equus ferus caballus) MANURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF PAPER" is prepared and submitted by Group 3 in partial fulfillment of the course requirements in Research II and has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination.

THE SCIENTIFIC REVIEW COMMITTEE:

______________________
CHAIRMAN


______________________
Member
______________________
Member

Accepted an approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course RESEARCH II

ROMMEL C. VILLAHERMOSA
Science Department Head Teacher

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PANEL OF ORAL EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with grade of _______


______________________
CHAIRMAN


______________________
Member
______________________
Member


Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course Research II

ROMMEL C.VILLAHERMOSA
Science Department Head Teacher

Date of Oral Defense:September 19, 2013

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers want to express their gratitude to the following persons who contributed a part of this piece of work:
Mr. Calessa Driver, for providing the needed amount of horse manure which was the raw material of the study.
Mr. John Paul Lesondato, for letting the researchers borrow the book "Papermaking Techniques", for being a good research adviser, the understanding and patience in helping the researchers with their write-ups.
Ms. Fe Valderama, for letting the researchers use her classroom where the researchers conducted their experiment.
Mr. Albert Encorporado, for letting the researchers borrow his laptop to encode their research paper and make their PowerPoint presentation.
Ms. Doraine Nicole Sarino, for the procurement of camias which were used in the whitening process of the experiment.
Mrs. Delia Gonzales, for her generosity in providing the mold and deckle which are necessary for papermaking.
Mr. Jimmy Villamor, for the time he willingly gave to the researchers in encoding their research paper.
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Mrs. Dinna Carangue, for unselfishly helping the researchers as their English adviser, in providing the needed materials, moral support and for checking the researchers` write-ups.
Mrs. Rosario Fuego, for letting the researchers make their display board and finishing touches during her time.
IV- Science classmates of the researchers, for the everlasting support and company.
Researcher's parents, for the understanding and time they have given for the accomplishment of this work.
GOD, for the wisdom and hope He has given to the researchers to achieve the success they are aiming for in their investigatory project.

THE RESEARCHERS





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ABSTRACT
In areas where horses abound in livelihood use, horse manure is one of the abundant solid wastes, while trees are critically threatened due to their uses in industry especially in paper companies. In response, this study intends to help solve these problems by utilizing horse manure as an alternative source of paper instead of trees. The study was conducted at the Cebu City Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial National High School during the months of July to August 2013.
Experiments were conducted by preparing set-ups of horse manure. These were soaked in a liter of alkaline solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). With this, each was added with different amount of chlorine with 50, 100, and 150 grams for the three set-ups respectively. The sheets were pressed using different materials, one pressed with hand, the second with iron and the other with rolling pin. The sheets were then tested for durability by using 5 peso coins as weight on the paper.
It was concluded that horse manure is a suitable alternative source of paper aside from trees. Adding a large amount of chlorine will produce whiter results. Using hand, rolling pin or iron as primary equipments for flatting does not improve the texture of the paper. Mass production is recommended to determine the feasibility of the developed products in large scale production. Commercialization of these products may solve the trees-threatening problems and even create job.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
PANEL OF ORAL EXAMINATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
Rationale 1
Objectives of the Study 2
Significance of the Study 3
vii
Scope and Delimitation 3
Definition of Terms 3
Review of Related Literature 4
Conceptual Framework 17
CHAPTER II:
METHODOLOGY
Materials 19
Procedures 20
CHAPTERIII:
Results and Discussions 24
CHAPTER IV:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion 28
Recommendations 30
Bibliography 31



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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1 The effect of chlorine to the color of the Horse Manure Paper 23
2 The effect of camias extract to the color of the Horse Manure Paper 24
3 Effect of camias and chlorine solution to the color of the
Horse Manure Paper 24
4 The effect of different number of 5 peso coins to the durability
of the Horse Manure Paper 25
5 The effect of different materials in pressing to the texture of the Horse Manure Paper 26





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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
1 Papermaking Process- Alkaline Solution 10
2 Papermaking Process- Sheet forming 13
3 Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical- 16
Conceptual Framework of the Study
4.1 Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper-
effect of chlorine to the horse manure paper 20
4.2 Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper-
effect of camias extract and chlorine-camias
solution to the Horse Manure Paper 20

5 Texture Quality of the Horse Manure Paper 22

6 Durability Test of the Horse Manure Paper 22
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1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Paper is an important thing not only to people because of its contribution to History, Science, Literature and other branches of knowledge .It is commonly used by people in data gathering as well as data preservation, in making researchers and expressing people`s thoughts. It became an important medium in our communication and serves as a connection between past and present events. Not only students are the ones using papers but also the educators, businessmen, doctors and even normal citizens. It becomes a great demand for everyone.
In recent times, the economic state of each country is already developing. But this development requires many changes in the environment. One of these changes observed is the rapid decreasing numbers of trees due to their uses for business specifically its use as a main source of paper. Even some are illegally cutting trees for money.
The illegal way of using trees such as kaingin, deforestation and illegal logging may lead to certain calamities which will surely affect people's daily living. Even with tree planting, it is hard to restore lost resources and has to wait for centuries for these trees to grow.
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One of the uses of trees is paper production. To help conserve nature, alternative source of paper instead of trees should be used. The research study was conducted to examine the potential of horse manure as an alternative source of paper and control ecological threat of trees. Horse manure is a good source of fiber, which is the main ingredient for papermaking.
The researches chose horse manure because it is ecologically friendly and isfinancially affordable. Aside from these, horse manure is freely available in the environment and is easy to get due to the improper defecation of horses in the community.

Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to determine the feasibility of horse manure as an alternative source of paper.
Specifically, this research aimed to determine the following properties of the horse manure paper.
A. Color
B. Texture
C. Durability

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Significance of the Study
It is needed and important to search for alternative source of paper, which is not only affordable but is also ecological friendly and not harmful to our nature nor threatening to its rich biodiversity. The biological method of using horse manure as an alternative source of paper can be a promising strategy to control the unlawful destruction of our environment and the ecological harming of trees. This study will help businessmen in engaging a new product in their business. This study also will help the residents of Barangay San Nicolas in lessening waste brought about by the improper defecation of horse in their community.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study was conducted at the Cebu City Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial National High School during the months of August to September, 2013 to determine the efficacy of horse manure as paper.

Definition of Terms
Manure- waste secreted by an animal
Alkaline Solution- a basic solution which is necessary for papermaking, used to make fibers soften and disperse

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Chlorine- an element commonly used as a bleaching agent; a chemical used to kill germs
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)- a basic compound used as an alkaline solution for papermaking
Camias- a fruit distinguished for its sour and acidic and bleaching properties
Bleaching Agent- a chemical that removes or whitens color
Defecation- the process of secreting waste of animals
Texture- the feel and appearance of a surface, especially how rough or smooth it is ; the structure of a substance or material when touched
Durability- the property of a material to resist pressure and last for a long time
Commercialization- the process by which a product was sold in the local market or used as a business
Herbivore- an animal that feeds only or mainly on grass and other plants
Procurement- supplement or addition
Review of Related Literature
Cattle, sheep, horse, deer and other herbivores house a special community of the bacteria. These have large digestive organ, the rumen, in which tough cellulose fibers and other plant materials are digested. The rumen is an anaerobic setting, where temperatures are at a constant 39( C. It supports cellulose decomposers of the genus Clostridium, starch decomposers auch as Streptococcus and Selenomonas, and methane producers (methanobacteria). Food entering the rumen becomes mixed with its microbial residents, some of which have enzymes that can hydrolyze cellulose into disaccharides
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and monosaccharides. The organic acids resulting from microbial fermentation of these and other sugars are the main source of energy for the animal host. Also, the enormous numbers of bacterial cells moving with partially digested plant material through the gastro-intestinal tract undergo digestion, too. When they do, the fibers in the manure were much more finer and are thread-like structures compared to its original state. (Starr, C., et al., 1987)
The word "paper" comes from the word "papyrus". Papyrus was into really paper. It was Egyptians, from the fibers of the papyrus plant. The paper is made of millions of tiny fibers. The fibers are cellulose, a substance from the cell walls of the plants. The average length of the cellulose fiber is about 1/20 inch (1.3 mm). The fibers have been mixed in water and treated with chemicals, matted into sheet and dried to form paper. (The New Book of Knowledge, 2007)
A sheet of paper, whether made by the hands or in large mill is a mass of interlocking fibers held together by cellulose which is naturally occurring substance found in plant fibers. A sheet of paper is formed by suspending these fibers in water and immersing a mold with deckle on top into the water. As it is lifted out, a layer of interlocking fibers is left on the surface of the mold. The water enables the cellulose in the fibers to expand, so aiding their bonding together. When using plant fiber, first task is to cook it in an alkaline solution; this facilitates the breaking down of the fibers, enabling them to absorb water and remove impurities. (Plowman, 2001)

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Pulp is the fiber source which makes a sheet of paper. Fibrous plants make a good paper as well as fiber readily available. It can be already mixed up or digested. You can also dry beaten plant fiber for long-term storage. When adding the fibers, stir first and leave for a while for these fibers to separate and disperse equally, avoiding lumps of pulp embedded on the surface. (The New Book of Knowledge, 2007)
Horses are non-ruminant herbivores of a type known as a "hindgut fermenter." This means that horses have only one stomach, as do humans. However, unlike humans, they also have to digest plant fiber (largely cellulose) that comes from grass and hay. Therefore, unlike ruminants, which digest fiber in plant matter by use of a multi-chambered stomach, horses use microbial fermentation in a part of the digestive system known as the cecum (or caecum) to break down the cellulose. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food)
Alkaline solution is a great factor in papermaking when using about plant fiber as your source. This will help in separating clustered fibers as well as in fabricating these fibers. In using this, high basicity should be implied. Alkaline solution can be made by dissolving sodium carbonate in water with a specific ratio or by simply the soaking pulp in sodium hydroxide. (Plowman, 2007)
Herbivores are animals with herbaceous and fibrous plants as their only food. These plants pass through their digestive system but secreting the undigested fiber. (The New Book of Knowledge, 2007)

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In practical terms, horses prefer to eat small amounts of food steadily throughout the day, as they do in nature when grazing on pasture. [2] Although this is not always possible with modern stabling practices and human schedules that favor feeding horses twice a day, it is important to remember the underlying biology of the animal when determining what to feed, how often, and in what quantities. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food)
Different types of fibers can be used for producing paper. The most well-known is the wood fiber. In the beginning of papermaking mostly fibers from cotton and silk were used. A notorious fiber that at one time was used for producing a specific paper grade was asbestos. Pulp from wood is the most important raw material for paper. Another, less correct name, which is used for pulp is cellulose. (/en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Papermaking/Fibres_for_paper)
Paper can only be made with this fiber if it's soft enough to be beaten into pulp. To get the fiber ready for the next stage of pulping, it is cooked in water for over 4-5 hours with salt and then washed with hydrogen peroxide to complete the first stage of making the paper bacteria free.Once it's dry, it is sorted and any non-usable fiber is removed. The fiber goes through the process of being beaten into very fine pulp and also being washed again. (Elephantpoopaper.com/making.htmL)
Foods derived from plants, including fruits, vegetables and grains; contain fiber, the portion of the plant the human body cannot digest. The stomach produces enzymes and acid that continue the chemical digestion, and enzymes in the small intestine
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complete the process. Foods that contain fiber go through this digestive process, but the actual fiber molecules remain intact. Insoluble fiber, such as lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, found in the cell walls of plants, cannot dissolve in water. Because insoluble fiber remains undigested, it adds bulk to your stool. Insoluble fiber attracts water, making stool softer so it can move through the colon with ease. (http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/can-fiber-digested-body-4829.htmL)
Chlorine-based bleaches are found in many household cleaners. The concentration of chlorine-based bleaches is often expressed as percent active chlorine where one gram of 100% active chlorine bleach has the same bleaching power as one gram of chlorine. These bleaches can react with other common household chemicals like vinegar and ammonia to produce toxic gases. Labels on sodium hypochlorite bleach warn about these interactions.
Chlorine is used to prepare sodium and calcium hypochlorite. It is used as a disinfectant in water treatment, especially to make drinking water and in large public swimming pools. Chlorine was used extensively to bleach wood pulp, but this use has decreased significantly due to environmental concerns.
The bleaching process has been known for thousands of years,[1] but the chemicals currently used for bleaching resulted from the work of several 18th century scientists. Chlorine is the basic for the most commonly used bleaches, for example, the solution of sodium hypochlorite, which is so ubiquitous that many people just call it "bleach", and calcium hypochlorite, the major compound in "bleaching powder".
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Sunlight acts as a bleach through a process leading to similar results: high energy photons of light, often in the violet or ultraviolet range, can disrupt the bonds in the chromospheres, rendering the resulting substance colorless. Extended exposure often leads to massive discoloration usually reducing the colors to white and typically very faded blue spectrums. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach#Chlorine-based_bleaches)
Formed from wood pulp or plant fiber, paper is chiefly used for written communication. The earliest paper was papyrus, made from reeds by the ancient Egyptians. Paper was made by the Chinese in the second century, probably by a Chinese court official named Cai Lun. His paper was made from such things as tree bark and old fish netting. Recognized almost immediately as a valuable secret, it was 500 years before the Japanese acquired knowledge of the method. Papermaking was known in the Islamic world from the end of the eighth century A.D.
Paper, whether produced in the modern factory or by the most careful, delicate hand methods, is made up of connected fibers. The fibers can come from a number of sources including cloth rags, cellulose fibers from plants, and, most notably, trees. The use of cloth in the process has always produced high-quality paper. Today, a large proportion of cotton and linen fibers in the mix create many excellent papers for special uses, from wedding invitation paper stock to special paper for pen and ink drawings.
The method of making paper is essentially a simple one—mix up vegetable fibers, and cooks them in hot water until the fibers are soft but not dissolved. The hot water also contains a base chemical such as lye, which softens the fibers as they are cooking. Then,
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pass a screen-like material through the mixture, let the water drip off and/or evaporate, and then squeeze or blot out additional water. A layer of paper is left behind. Essential to the process are the fibers, which are never totally destroyed, and, when mixed and softened, form an interlaced pattern within the paper itself. Modern papermaking methods, although significantly more complicated than the older ways, are developmental improvements rather than entirely new methods of making paper.
Raw Materials

Figure 1: Papermaking Process- Alkaline Solution
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Probably half of the fiber used for paper today comes from wood that has been purposely harvested. The remaining material comes from wood fiber from sawmills, recycled newspaper, some vegetable matter, and recycled cloth. Coniferous trees, such as spruce and fir, used to be preferred for papermaking because the cellulose fibers in the pulp of these species are longer, therefore making for stronger paper. These trees are called "softwood" by the paper industry. Deciduous trees (leafy trees such as poplar and elm) are called "hardwood." Because of increasing demand for paper, and improvements in pulp processing technology, almost any species of tree can now be harvested for paper.
Some plants other than trees are suitable for paper-making. In areas without significant forests, bamboo has been used for paper pulp, as has straw and sugarcane. Flax, Most paper is made by a mechanical or chemical process.
hemp, and jute fibers are commonly used for textiles and rope making, but they can also be used for paper. Some high-grade cigarette paper is made from flax.
Cotton and linen rags are used in fine-grade papers such as letterhead and resume paper, and for bank notes and security certificates. The rags are usually cuttings and waste from textile and garment mills. The rags must be cut and cleaned, boiled, and beaten before they can be used by the paper mill.
Other materials used in paper manufacture include bleaches and dyes, fillers such as chalk, clay, or titanium oxide, and sizings such as rosin, gum, and starch.

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The Manufacturing Process
Making pulp
Several processes are commonly used to convert logs to wood pulp. In the mechanical process, logs are first tumbled in drums to remove the bark. The logs are then sent to grinders, which break the wood down into pulp by pressing it between huge revolving slabs. The pulp is filtered to remove foreign objects. In the chemical process, wood chips from de-barked logs are cooked in a chemical solution. This is done in huge vats called digesters. The chips are fed into the digester, and then boiled at high pressure in a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. The chips dissolve into pulp in the solution. Next the pulp is sent through filters. Bleach may be added at this stage, or colorings. The pulp is sent to the paper plant.







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Figure 2: Papermaking Process- Sheet forming
Beating
The pulp is next put through a pounding and squeezing process called, appropriately enough, beating. Inside a large tub, the pulp is subjected to the effect of machine beaters. At this point, various filler materials can be added such as chalks, clays, or chemicals such as titanium oxide. These additives will influence the opacity and other qualities of the final product. Sizings are also added at this point. Sizing affects the way the paper will react with various inks. Without any sizing at all, a paper will be too absorbent for most uses except as a desk blotter. A sizing such as starch makes the paper
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resistant to water-based ink (inks actually sit on top of a sheet of paper, rather than sinking in). A variety of sizings, generally rosins and gums, is available depending on the eventual use of the paper. Paper that will receive a printed design, such as gift wrapping, requires a particular formula of sizing that will make the paper accept the printing properly.
Pulp to paper
In order to finally turn the pulp into paper, the pulp is fed or pumped into giant, automated machines. One common type is called the Fourdrinier machine, which was invented in England in 1807. Pulp is fed into the Fourdrinier machine on a moving belt of fine mesh screening. The pulp is squeezed through a series of rollers, while suction devices below the belt drain off water. If the paper is to receive a water-mark, a device called a dandy moves across the sheet of pulp and presses a design into it.
The paper then moves onto the press section of the machine, where it is pressed between rollers of wool felt. The paper then passes over a series of steam-heated cylinders to remove the remaining water. A large machine may have from 40 to 70 drying cylinders.
Finishing
Finally, the dried paper is wound onto large reels, where it will be further processed depending on its ultimate use. Paper is smoothed and compacted further by

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passing through metal rollers called calendars. A particular finish, whether soft and dull or hard and shiny, can be imparted by the calendars.
The paper may be further finished by passing through a vat of sizing material. It may also receive a coating, which is either brushed on or rolled on. Coating adds chemicals or pigments to the paper's surface, supplementing the sizings and fillers from earlier in the process. Fine clay is often used as a coating. The paper may next be super calendered, that is, run through extremely smooth calendar rollers, for a final time. Then the paper is cut to the desired size. (http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html)
In the Philippines, where it is commonly found in backyards, the fruits are eaten either raw or dipped on rock salt. It can be either curried or added as a souring agent for the common Filipino dish sinigang. The uncooked bilimbi is prepared as relish and served with rice and beans in Costa Rica. In the Far East, where the tree originated, it is sometimes added to curry. Bilimbi juice (with a pH of about 4.47) is made into a cooling beverage. In Indonesia, it is added to some dishes, substituting for tamarind or tomato.
Additionally, the fruit can be preserved by pickling,[1] which reduces its acidity. The flowers are also sometimes preserved in sugar.
In another part of Indonesia, Aceh, it is preserved by sun-drying, the sun-dried bilimbi is called asam sunti. Bilimbi and asam sunti are popular inAcehnese culinary. It can replace mango in making chutney. In Malaysia, it also is made into a rather sweet jam.
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In Kerala, India, it is used for making pickles, while around Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa the fruit is commonly eaten raw with salt and spice.
In Seychelles, it is often used as an ingredient to give a tangy flavor to many Seychellois creole dishes, especially fish dishes. It is often used in grilled fish and also (almost always) in a shark-meat dish, called satini reken.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averrhoa_bilimbi)


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Conceptual Framework
Community Problems
Community Problems



DeforestationImproper defecation of horses
Deforestation

Improper defecation of horses

Utilization of Horse manure as alternative source of paper
Utilization of Horse manure as alternative source of paper





Lessening of waste brought about by improper defecation of horses
Lessening of waste brought about by improper defecation of horses

Conservation of treesProduction of a new product in business
Conservation of trees

Production of a new product in business



Figure 3: Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical-Conceptual Framework of the Study


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This aimed to help solve the environmental problems specifically with deforestation and waste brought by the improper defecation of horses. Through utilizing horse manure as an alternative source of paper, conservation of trees, lessening of wastes and production of products which will be engaged will be the benefits assured.













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CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY

Materials
The horse manure which was one of the study's experimentalunit was obtained from a calessa driver near Colon. The horse manure was still fresh and moist. Before it was used, it was dried first. The manure was fine in texture and has threads of undigested grass. Through analysis, the horse manure was composed mainly of fiber, making it a good source of paper. Waste product, organic impurities and cellulose-decomposing bacteria were also present in its composition. Thus, it was dark in color in the raw form.

One kilogram of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was used in making alkaline solution and was commercially available and obtained from Far Eastern Drugstore. Chlorine and bleach for the whitening process were obtained from a sari-sari store near their school.
Camias which was extracted and used in the whitening process was obtained from a student living near the school. The mold and deckle used in sheet forming are procured through improvising two silk screens, one with silk and the other with silkless frame. These were later used in the sheet forming and drying of the product.
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Procedure
Two hundred fifty grams of horse manure was dried first to lessen bacteria and to avoid moisture. After drying, the manure was filtered by using an unused cloth to remove organic impurities and waste products, leaving the fiber alone.
The researchers then made an alkaline solution by dissolving 250 grams of sodium carbonate (NaCo3) in one liter of water. The manure was then soaked in the solution for one day to soften the fibers and to hasten its separation process. This was an important part of papermaking for the fibers to be equally dispersed for it to be interlocked when formed into sheets.

Whitening Process
The researchers prepared five set-ups of horse manure. Three of which are soaked in chlorine solutions with 50g: 200 mL, 100g: 200 mL and 150g: 200 mL chlorine to water ratio on the first, second and third set-ups, each having 250 grams of horse manure. One set-up was composed of camias extract of 200 mL, while the remaining set-up was composed of two solutions: 100 mL of camias extract and 100 mL of chlorine solution, made by mixing 100 grams of chlorine in 100 mL of water. Each the solution was then added with 250 grams of horse manure to determine their effects at different variations.


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b
100g chlorine: 200 mL water + 250 g manure
c
150 g chlorine: 200 mL water + 250 g manurea
50g chlorine: 200 mL water + 250 g manure
b
100g chlorine: 200 mL water + 250 g manure


c
150 g chlorine: 200 mL water + 250 g manure

a
50g chlorine: 200 mL water + 250 g manure




Figure 4.1: Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper- effect of chlorine to the horse manure paper


b
100 mL camias + 100 g chlorine: 100 mL water +250g manurea
200 mL camias extract + 250 g manure
b
100 mL camias + 100 g chlorine: 100 mL water +250g manure

a
200 mL camias extract + 250 g manure





Figure 4.2: Color Quality of the Horse Manure Paper- effect of camias extract and chlorine-camias solution to the horse manure paper


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Sheet Forming
The pulp was then transferred to the basin filled with water and was left for a few minutes for the fibers to disperse equally. Sheet forming was done by placing the deckle with the mold at the top at the bottom of the basin with the pulp dispersed. The mold and deckle were gradually risen up, scraping the pulp. The mold and the deckle where then moved back and forth for the fibers to spread equally on the screen. The mold was then removed, leaving the sheet on the deckle.

Drying
The sheet was transferred to a felt cloth and was dried under the sun's heat for one day. The sun serves as a natural bleaching agent which can add to the paper's white color.

Rolling and Pressuring
Pressing and rolling are the last steps in papermaking. The researchers used three set-ups of horse manure paper and pressing devices: iron, rolling pin and hand. Each was used manually to test their efficacy in improving the sheets' texture and quality as a writing paper. Pressure is needed in doing these steps for the fibers to be compact and durable enough for it not to be torn easily.

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c
by ironb
by rolling pina
by hand
c
by iron

b
by rolling pin

a
by hand



Figure 5: Texture Quality of the Horse Manure Paper

Durability Testing:
The researchers prepared four sheets of the horse manure paper to test its durability and quality. Using the dimensions 10x20x.3 cm, each f the two ends was flattened using two books to make it elevated 5 cm above the ground. 5 peso coins were placed on the sheet at the ratio 4:6:8:10 coins for the four set-ups respectively. Results were then recorded.

d
10x20x.3 cm paper +10 5-peso coinsc
10x20x.3 cm paper +8 5-peso coinsb
10x20x.3 cm paper +6 5-peso coinsa
10x20x.3 cm paper +4 5-peso coins
d
10x20x.3 cm paper +10 5-peso coins

c
10x20x.3 cm paper +8 5-peso coins

b
10x20x.3 cm paper +6 5-peso coins

a
10x20x.3 cm paper +4 5-peso coins



Figure 6: Durability Test of the Horse Manure Paper

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Chapter III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Color of the paper
Table 1: The effect of chlorine to the color of the horse manure paper
Amount of Chlorine
Amount of Water
Amount of Manure
Color
50 grams
200 mL
250 grams
Brown
100 grams
200 mL
250 grams
Light Brown
150 grams
200 mL
250 grams
White

The researchers found out that when more chlorine was used, the more the color of the manure whitened. The researchers used 50g: 200 mL, 100g: 200 mL and 150g: 200 mL chlorine to water ratio on the first, second and third samples of 250 grams horse manure respectively. The effect of the 50g: 200 mL chlorine to water solution to the 250 grams of horse manure made its color brown while light white to the set-up containing 100 g: 200 mL chlorine to water solution while the 150 g: 200 mL chlorine to water solution made its color white.

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Table 2: The effect of camias extract to the color of the horse manure paper
Amount of camias
Amount of manure
Color
200 mL
250 grams
Dark Brown

Using the extract of the camias which was of the same volume compared to the chlorine solution does not greatly affect the color of the paper.

Table 3: Effect of camias and chlorine solution to the color of the horse manure paper
Amount of camias extract
Amount of Chlorine
Amount of Water
Amount of Manure
Color
100 mL
100 grams
100 mL
250 grams
White

Results show that the 100 mL of the camias extract combined with 100 mL of chlorine solution containing 100 grams chlorine made the color of the paper white which was similar to the effect of the 150g: 200mL ratio of chlorine and water to the same amount of horse manure.


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Durability of the paper
Table 4: The effect of different number of 5 peso coins to the durability of the paper

No. of books

Dimension of the paper

No. of five peso

Effect

2:2

10" x 20" x .3" cm

4

Nothing happened

2:2

10" x 20" x .3" mm

6

Nothing happened

2:2

10" x 20" x .3" mm

8

Nothing happened

2:2

10" x 20" x .3" mm

10

Torn apart


With the results indicated, the paper can only resist the pressure exerted by the ten pieces of 5-peso coins. The number of 5-peso coins less than this will not affect the paper.


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Texture of the Paper
Table 5: The effect of different materials in pressing

Materials used in pressing

Effect

Iron

Rough

Rolling pin

Rough

By hand

Rough

Using different materials in pressing did not change the texture of the paper for it is still rough. The pressure contributes to the effect of the paper's texture. The materials used in this experiment gave insufficient pressure for the paper to be smoother.



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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
With the process, alkaline solution and chlorine are good factors in papermaking. Alkaline solution is used to separate clusters of undigested fibers from the manure, making it fine and applicable for paper making.
Adding 150 grams of chlorine for obtaining white and good quality of paper from horse manure is a good implication. Adding less than this amount of chlorine will produce product of darker color.
At the same volume, camias extract does a less effect on the whiteness of the paper. However, when added with chlorine, the effect is much more transparent and is comparable to the chlorine solution's effect to the horse manure.
The use of camias extract and the chlorine solutions are of good insinuation in whitening the color of the horse manure and thus improving its quality as a writing material usable for the students.
Using hand, rolling pin nor iron as pressing devices does not affect the texture of the paper. The pressure exerted by the said materials was not enough to enhance the paper's texture and writing potential. Using materials of vast pressure is highly recommended.
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With the data indicated, it could therefore be concluded that horse manure was a suitable alternative source of paper aside from trees. The horse manure paper was also applicable in terms of color, durability, texture as well as in writing ability.
If realized, this product may engage locally and will help the students in having an educational which is financially available and ecologically friendly.












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Recommendations
The researchers recommend the future researchers who will use this investigatory project as their basis to use a binding agent to make the paper more durable and compact.
The researchers also recommend using a calendaring machine to enhance its texture hence, improving its potential as a writing paper.
Using another source of herbivore manure which is of a common problem to the society is also recommended.
The future researchers can also add some designs or colors while in the stage of sheet-forming to be able to produce a product which can be used as designing papers which can be commercially available.
Mass production is highly recommended to determine the feasibility of the developed products in large scale production
Commercialization of these products is also a good implication to help solve trees-threatening problems and even create job




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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Plowman J. (2001).Papermaking Techniques Book. Blundell, London: Quatro Publishing Plc.
Starr C., et al. (1984). Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life. 3rd ed. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Online sources
http://Suite101.com/article/make-handmade-paper-textured-with-horsemanure-a268537 Retrieved on August 29, 2013
http://Elephantpoopaper.com/making.htmL Retrieved on August 29, 2013
http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/can-fiber-digested-body-4829.htmL Retrieved on September 2, 2013
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_food Retrieved on September 2, 2013
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Papermaking/Fibres_for_paper Retrieved on September 2, 2013


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach#Chlorine-based_bleaches Retrieved on September 3, 2013
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Paper.html Retrieved on September 15, 2013
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averrhoa_bilimbi Retrieved on September 15, 2013