Relationship Between Body Image and Self Esteem

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM

College of Home Economics and Management Sciences F-7/2, Islamabad & Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2013

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM

By:

A research submitted to the College of Home Economics & Management Sciences F-7/2, Islamabad & Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the DEGREE of B.S. Home Economics

2014

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM

By

Approved by

 ____________________ Supervisor

 _______________  ____________________ _____ External Examiner

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CERTIFICATE

Certified that Research Report on “Relationship between body image and self esteem”  presented by ---------------has ---------------has been approved for submission.

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Contents

Introduction .............................................. ...................................................... ....................................................................................... ................................. 7 Two major self-esteem drops d rops : ................................................. ................................................... 8 Growing Concern .............................................. ...................................................... .............................................................................. ........................ 9 Introduction: .................................................. ...................................................... ............................................................................ ...................... 10 Body Image: .............................................. ...................................................... ............................................................................ ...................... 10 Self Esteem: .......................................................................................................................... 12 Definition: ................................................. ...................................................... ............................................................................ ...................... 12 Positive Self-esteem: .............................................. ..................................................... ................................................................... .............. 12  Negative/low Self-esteem: ........................................................ ........................................................................................................ ................................................ 13 Relationship between Body image ima ge and Self-esteem: ........................................................ .................................................................... ............ 13 Factors affecting Body image and Self-esteem and results: ................................................ ..... 15 Parents and peers: ................................................................................................................. 16 Societal pressure: .................................................................................................................. 16 Teasing: ..................................................... ........................................................................................................... ............................................................................ ...................... 16 Mass Media and Culture: ...................................................................................................... 17 Individual psychological factors: ...................................................... .............................................................................................. ........................................ 17 Socio-economic status: ......................................................................................................... 18 Genetic links: ........................................................................................................................ 18 Cosmetic surgery: ................................................................................................................. 18 Suicide: ................................................................................................................................. 19 Health behaviors: .................................................................................................................. 19 Eating Disorder: ................................................. ..................................................... ................................................................... .............. 20 Cultural aspect of the relationship between self esteem and body image..................................... 21 Rationale: ...................................................................................................................................... 22 Objective. Hypothesis, Operational Definitions and Research design. ........................................ 24 Objective: ...................................................... ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................ ...................... 24 Hypothesis: ............................................................................................................................... 24 Operational Definitions:............................................................................................................ 24 Self esteem: ............................................... ...................................................... ............................................................................ ...................... 24 Body image: .......................................................................................................................... 24 5

Instruments:............................................................................................................................... 24 Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale: .............................................................................................. 24 Figure Rating Scale: ..................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................... ..... 24 Research design: ....................................................................................................................... 25 Sample: ................................................................................................................................. 25 Procedure: ............................................................................................................................. 25 Results ...................................................... ............................................................................................................ ..................................................................................... ............................... 26 Table 1: ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Table 2: ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Table 3: ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Discussion: ............................................... ...................................................... ..................................................................................... ............................... 28 Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................... 28 Limitations: ............................................... ...................................................... ............................................................................ ...................... 28 Suggestion: ................................................ ...................................................... ............................................................................ ...................... 29 References ................................................ ...................................................... ..................................................................................... ............................... 30 Consent Form .................................................... .......................................................................................................... ............................................................................ ...................... 32 Rosenberg‘s Self esteem scale ...................................................... ...................................................................................................... ................................................ 33 Figure Rating Scale .................................................... ......................................................................................................... ................................................................... .............. 34

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CHAPTER I Introduction

Body image refers to a person's feelings of the aesthetics and sexual attractiveness of their own  body. The phrase body image was first coined by the Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst Paul Schilder in Schilder in his book The Image and Appearance of the Human Body (1935). Human society has at all times placed great value on beauty of the human body, but a person's perception of their own body may not correspond to society's standards. The first pure psychological use of the term can be traced back to 1890 and the work of William James who is generally seen as the father of modern psychology. James had a very simple definition of self-esteem: success divided by pretension. According to James the more success we have and the lower our expectations or pretensions then the higher our self-esteem. To raise self-esteem, therefore, we have two options: lower our expectations of ourselves or increase our achievements. Throughout history it has been extremely difficult for people to live up to the standards of society and what they they believe the ideal body is. There are many factors that lead to a person‘s  body image, some of these include: family dynamics, biological predispositions (e.g., depression and anxiety), and cultural expectations (e.g., media and politics). People are constantly told and shown the cosmetic appeal of weight loss and are warned about the risks of obesity; this is something that can lead to a change in a person‘s body image. (Nordqvist, 20) Some people struggle with their self-esteem and body image when they begin puberty because it's a time when the body goes through many changes. These changes, combined with wanting to feel accepted by their friends, means it can be tempting to compare themselves with others. The trouble with that is, not everyone grows or d evelops at the same time or in the same way. (New, 2012) Teens and early teens are a time when both become more aware of celebrities and media images  —  as  as well as how other kids look and how to fit in. They might start to compare themselves with other people or media images ("ideals" that are a re frequently airbrushed). All of this can affect how they feel about themselves and their bodies even as they grow into their teens. te ens. Family life can sometimes influence body image. S ome parents or coaches might be too focused on looking a certain way wa y or "making weight" for a sports team. Family Famil y members might struggle with their own body image or criticize their kids' looks ("why do you wear your hair h air so long?" or "how come you can't wear w ear pants that fit you?"). This can all influence a person's self-esteem, especially if they're sensitive to others peoples' comments. (body image, 2013) not proper reference

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Self-esteem is all about how much you feel worth —  worth —  and  and how much you feel other people value you. Self-esteem is important because feeling good abou t yourself can affect your mental health and how you behave. Body image is how you view your physical self —  self —  including  including whether you feel you are attractive and whether others like your looks. For many people, especially people in their early teens, body image can be closely linked to self-esteem. People also may experience negative comments and hurtful teasing about the way they look from classmates and peers. Although these often come from ignorance, sometimes they can affect  body image and self-esteem. If people have a positive body image, they probably like and accept themselves the way they are, even if they don't fit some media "ideal." This healthy attitude allows them to ex plore other aspects of growing up, such as developing developin g good friendships, becoming more independent from their parents, and challenging themselves physically and mentally. Developing these parts of themselves can help boost their self-esteem. Two major self-esteem drops : The first drop occurs at the outset in early adolescence (ages 9-13) when the th e young person's separation from childhood creates a loss of contentment with being defined and treated any longer as just a child. In this process, many man y components of self-definition now considered "childish" - beloved interests, activities, and relationships that supported self-esteem - may be sacrificed for the sake of future growth and actin g older. A lot of "kid stuff" of significant  psychological value can be thrown away. Old toys and hobbies can be abando ned, and even cherished grandparents can be put at a distance.

The second drop in self-esteem occurs during the end of adolescence, trial independence (ages 18-23), when the young person is confronted with the daunting reality of independence and feels overwhelmed and diminished by the future shock. Feeling not up to this challenge and sometimes acting this way, it is easy to feel disappointed in themselves, to get down on themselves, and even to punish to punish themselves, esteem falling in the process. "Here I am 22 years old, still messing up, and I can't get m y life together!" Just as solving a problem may be considered evidence of intelligence of intelligence,, or acting in accord with one's ethical beliefs may be considered evidence of conscience of conscience,, insisting on being dealt with fairly or respectfully may be considered evidence of self-esteem, the young person acting as though they are worth treating well. More specifically, "self-esteem" is two words compounded into one. Se parate them, and the meaning of the larger term comes clear. "Self" is a descriptive concept: By what specific characteristics do I identify who I am? "Esteem" is an evaluative concept: How do I judge the value of who I am? Self-esteem has to do with how a person identifies and evaluates his or her 8

definition of self. (Pickhardt, 2010) Self-esteem as evaluation:  When the adolescent is routinely hard ha rd on him or herself - from insisting on excellence, from criticizing failings, from punishing mistakes - then when expectations are unmet, when imperfections become apparent, when human errors occur, esteem comes crashing down. "I'm so stupid!" "What's wrong with me? " "I can't do anything right!" To maintain constancy of wellbeing during the trials of adolescence, it really helps when life goes  badly to treat oneself with tolerance and understanding. and understanding.

Particularly in the response to a bad experience where impulsive where impulsive or unwise decision unwise decision making led to error, disappointment, or trouble, an adolescent can get into some pretty harsh self-evaluation, descending common steps that systematically lower self-esteem. (Pickhardt, 2010) Growing Concern Statistics reveal an alarming preoccupation with body image in adolescents and children. Recent studies have found that the number nu mber one wish of girls between the ages a ges of eleven and seventeen is to be thinner, and girls as young as five years old have voiced concerns about gaining weight. (Daniel Clay1, 2005). According to the Council on Size and Weight Discrimination, young girls are more afraid of becoming fat than they th ey are of nuclear war, cancer, canc er, or losing their parents. More than 90 percent of high h igh school junior and senior women diet regularly, even though only 10 to 15 percent are considered overweight according to standard height-weight charts. (Riccardelli, 2006)

This preoccupation with weight and body image puts many teens at risk for developing an eating disorder. According to the Eating Disorders Association, "Eating disorders develop as outward signs of inner emotional or psychological distress or problems. They beco me the way that people cope with difficulties in their life. Eating, or not eating, is used to help block out painful feelings. Without appropriate help and treatment, eating problems ma y persist throughout life." Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa (self-induced starvation), bulimia nervosa (binge e ating followed by purging), and binge or compulsive eating (consuming large quantities of food in a short period of time). People with borderline eating disorders exhibit risky eating habits a nd an unhealthy preoccupation with food, but b ut to a lesser extent than people with full-blown eating disorders. Anorexics and bulimics adopt dangerous practices to cont rol their weight, such as smoking or taking drugs to control their appetites, v omiting or taking laxatives to purge their  bodies, and over-exercising. Over long periods of time, eating disorders can result in irregular irregular or loss of menstruation, skin problems, irregular heartbeats, kidney and liver damage, loss of bone mass, hair loss, infertility, cardiac arrest, and death. (Feldman, 2007 ) Teenage boys are also affected by body image concerns, although althou gh they primarily strive to build muscle mass and gain weight. Some boys struggle with weight loss issues, especially if they are teased for being overweight or if they participate p articipate in weight-restrictive sports, such as wrestling or gymnastics. Experts estimate that more than 1 million bo ys and men struggle with eating 9

disorders and borderline conditions. Many boys try to sculpt their b odies to fit a "buff" ideal, and some go to dangerous lengths to achieve this look. Some boys take anabolic steroids —   — synthetic synthetic compounds that mimic the action of the male sex hormone testosterone — to to increase their muscle mass and improve their athletic performance. If taken in excess, anabolic steroids can cause impotence; shrunken testicles; breast enlargement, halted bone growth, and damage to the heart, he art, kidneys, and liver. These practices are particularly p articularly risky during adolescence because of the dramatic physical changes that take place during d uring puberty. ("Body Image." Current Issues: Macmillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context., 2013.) recheck reference reporting Introduction: Much has been written about body image over the past decades –  decades –  almost  almost all of it suggesting that  both men and an d women are growing increasingly dissatisfied with their physical selves. The 1997 1 997  Psychology Today Body Image Survey of 4,000 men and women asked participants about weight and attitudes towards their physiques and specific body parts. Fifty-six percent of women revealed that they were dissatisfied with their overall appearance, and an astounding 89% of women wanted to lose weight. Fifty-four percent of girls aged 13-19 were dissatisfied, and 41% of boys in the same age bracket reported overall dissatisfaction. These figures were much higher than those reported in previous surveys conducted by the same magazine in 1972 and 1985. Body Image: The ‗body image‘ literature generally incorporates two themes. 

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Body perception. This is an individual‘s assessment of the physical aspects of their body and the extent to which this assessment is accurate. In extreme cases individuals suffer from body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a psychological disorder related to eating disorders whereby individuals have very inaccurate perceptions of their body size. Body satisfaction. This is the extent to which an individual is content with their body size and shape. Incorporated into this theme are terms such as body confidence, body esteem, and body dissatisfaction.

Body image is a person's inner conception of his or her own physical appearance. This conception may or may not correlate with objective reality. Each person holds an image of the  physically perfect person in mind and evaluates his or her appearance against this ideal. A person who is pleased with his or her body shape and appearance is said to have a positive self-image. The psychological construct of body image includes cognitive and emotional aspects as well as sensory input. For instance, we modify our ideas of our own bodies according to our emotional state as well as the reactions of others in the environment. Definition:

Body Image reflects how one feel one‘s body bod y is aesthetically and how attractive one  perceives oneself. Throughout history, humans have regarded the beauty of the human body as important. What we regard as society's standards may not a lways correspond to our

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 perception of our own body.

Body image, in medicine and psychology refers to a person's emotional attitudes, beliefs and  perceptions of their own body. The term is used when discussing various disorders and illnesses, such as body dysmorphic disorder, body integrity identity disorder, eating disorders, and somatoparaphrenia. According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, Body Image is:  

The cerebral representation of all body sensation organized in the parietal cortex. Personal conception of one's own body as distinct from one's actual anatomic body or the conception other people have of it.

Body image is the dynamic perception of one‘s body how it looks, feels, and a nd moves. It is shaped by perception, emotions, physical ph ysical sensations, and is not static, but can change in relation to mood, physical experience, and environment. Because adolescents experience significant physical changes in their bodies during pub erty, they are likely to experience highly dynamic perceptions of body image. It is an evaluative element of how a person values, supports, approves or disapproves him or herself (Frost & McK elvie, elvie, 2005). Also, body image refers to the picture that individual‘s form of their bodies in their minds. A person's body image is influenced by their beliefs and attitudes. There are different aspects of body image; 

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The way we see our own body (Perceptual):Our body image is not always an accurate reflection of what our body actually looks like. For example; many people in our society perceive their body to be larger or fatter than it really is. Perceptual body image is the difference between what you perceive your body to look like and what your body actually looks like The way we feel about our body’s appearance (affective):We all feel a certain way about the way we look and aspects of our appearance. Affective body image refers to the amount of satisfaction or dissatisfaction we feel about our general appearance, our weight or shape and even about specific body parts The thoughts and beliefs we have about our own body (Cognitive): The feelings that we have about our body and its appearance are often associated with certain thoughts or beliefs. When we feel dissatisfied with some aspect of our body it is usually we believe that it is not the right shape, size or color. For instance, the many boys in our society who are dissatisfied with their body shape think that they should be larger or thinner The things we do because we are dissatisfied with our body (Behavioral): Often, feelings of dissatisfaction with the body can lead a person to avoid doing certain things that might evoke those concerns. For instance, many people who have body dissatisfaction avoid doing physical exercise with their peers. (Body Image (information sheet), 2012)

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Self Esteem: There are two concepts about self-esteem as under: 

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The term self-esteem comes from a Greek word meaning "reverence for self." The "self"  part of self-esteem pertains to the values, beliefs and attitudes that we hold about ourselves. The "esteem" part of self-esteem describes the value and worth that one gives oneself. Simplistically self-esteem is the acceptance of us for whom and what we are at any given time in our lives. (Dr Andrew Page and Cindy Page 1995). The "esteem" part of self -esteem comes from the Latin verb aestimare, aestimare, meaning to value. The "self" part is self-explanatory, referring to you, yourself.

Definition: 

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Self-esteem is how we value ourselves; it is how we perceive our value to the world and how valuable we think we are to others. Self-esteem affects our trust in others, our relationships, and our work nearly every part of our lives. Self-esteem Self-esteem is usually broadly defined as a person‘s overall evaluation of, or attitude toward, her or himself (James, 1890; Leary & MacDonald, 2003; Pyszczynski, Greenberg, Solomon, Arndt, & Schimel, 2004). Self-esteem has been generally defined as the evaluation of the self; it is an effective response to one‘s self -description. The evaluation refers to a judgment of one‘s worth and what is being judged is one‘s perception of who one is, or one‘s self - concept. In every day terms, self-esteem self-esteem can be expressed in ―I like who I am,‖ ―I don‘t like who I am,‖ or someplace in between these two end points. In this sense, related words such as selfconfidence. (Baumeister, (Baumeister, 1998)

There are two levels of self-esteem: 1. Positive self esteem 2.  Negative self esteem Positive Self-esteem: Positive self-esteem gives us the strength and flexibility to take charge of our lives and grow from our mistakes without the fear of rejection.

Following are some outward signs of positive self-esteem: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Confidence Self-direction  Non-blaming behaviour An awareness of personal strengths An ability to make mistakes and learn from them 12

6. An ability to accept mistakes from others 7. Optimism 8. An ability to solve problems 9. An independent and cooperative attitude 10. Feeling comfortable with a wide range of emotions 11. An ability to trust others 12. A good sense of personal limitations 13. Good self-care 14. The ability to say no Negative/low Self-esteem: Low self-esteem is a debilitating condition that keeps individuals from realizing their full  potential.

A person with low self-esteem feel unworthy, incapable, and incompetent. In fact, because the  person with low self-esteem feels so poorly about him or herself, these feelings may actually cause the person‘s continued low self -esteem. -esteem. Here are some signs of low self-esteem: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

 Negative view of life Perfectionist attitude Mistrusting others –  others –  even  even those who show signs of affection Blaming behaviour Fear of taking risks Feelings of being unloved and unlovable Dependence –  Dependence –  letting  letting others make decisions Fear of being ridiculed

Relationship between Body image and Self-esteem: The age of physical development during adolescence plays a role in the emotional and social development of an adolescent and has an effect on their body image satisfaction. Girls are usually encouraged to look ―pretty‖ at a very early age to enhance their self -worth and boys on the other hand are encouraged to be ―strong‖.

Petersen and Crockett (1985) believe that adjustment during the adolescent years is affected by the timing of pubertal changes. Girls who mature early, have more academic and behavioural  problems than their peers who mature later but they are more popular among the boys during early adolescence (Spencer, Dupree, Swanson,& Cunningham, 2007). On the other hand, boys  benefit socially from the increased growth spurt and muscle development at the onset of puberty (Coyl, 2009). During late adolescence, the early-maturing girls have lower self-esteem than those who mature later and weigh more and are shorter when their pubertal growth is complete 13

(Spencer et al.). Drewnowski & Yee (1987) write that men's desire to gain weight and increase muscle size is a direct result of the pressures society places on males to be physically fit and athletically successful. According to the Deviance hypothesis, early or late maturation places the adolescent in a socially "deviant" category, because of their status to the rest of the peer group, and confers either social advantages or disadvantages (Petersen & Crockett, 1985). Body image has a great influence on self-esteem. Satisfaction towards body image will definitely lead to positive self-esteem while on other hand dissatisfaction will cause low self-esteem. At this stage of life girls appear to be more conscious about their looks and how are they seen by others. While the ratio among boys is low then girls they are more satisfied with their looks or  physical appearance. This is due to the reason that girls at this level are more m ore concerned towards thinness, they want themselves to look slim as they think it would make them more attractive. At adolescent many physical changes occur in body. Major sex difference starts at this level, girls start accumulating fat on lower body while bo ys are towards muscle gain. Our environment more or less plays a great role in regard to lowering or enhancing self-esteem with reference to one‘s body image. How others look and conclude your looks is a thing that is sometimes quite offensive for anyone. Everyone is created in their own perfect circle but if one is de-graded for how he/she looks it will cause low self-esteem in personality of that person which will lead to many other problems, while encouragement will raise self-confidence and the  person will be able to withstand with every situation he/she faces. Parents are the role model of a child they are the one who can make their child grow up as such that he/she have the ability to be confident and to make his way go along with the environment he/she is living. They are the one who can build the personality of their child to be stronger, social, confident, happier and healthier by making their child satisfied with how he/she looks. And if they are struggling hard in raise the personality of their child it will cause positivity in the  personality of the child and the child will have satisfaction along with positive self-esteem. But if  parents are more concerned toward the reason that their child is not up to mark or not having  perfect body or physical appearance it will be very disturbing for the child as he/she is not having support from the one who are there with him/her all the time. And he/she will feel degraded and will be discouraged, it will cause low self-esteem and will not be able to survive in the environment with confidence as he/she won‘t value himself/herself. There are other reasons that are also influencing the body image and self-esteem it may be social circle, media, peers and family. There are certain causes that lead to body image dis-satisfaction and finally to lowering of selfesteem. Clearly, adolescent females who subjectively distort their body image, or those for whom there is a mismatch between their image and the environment, are at risk for several serious psychiatric disorders. Chief among these are the eating disorders –  disorders –  anorexia   anorexia nervosa and  bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM IV) is an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, 14

even though underweight. Bulimia nervosa, felt to be a related disorder, is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour (such as purging) in order to prevent weight gain. The pathophysiology of these disorders, including a myriad of possible causes, is a separate area of inquiry beyond the scope of the  present discussion. Most researchers and clinicians agree upon the fact that both of these disorders involve disturbances of perception, attitudes and behaviour. Catherine Steiner-Adair sums up some of the research into the causes of eating disorders, against a backdrop of female adolescent development and societal values, as follows: "Girls who are able to identify contemporary cultural values and ideal images of women that are unsupportive unsuppo rtive of core female adolescent developmental needs and who are also able to reject these values in choosing their own female ideal image are not prone to eating disorders. Girls who are unable to identify the social values that are detriment to their developmental needs, and who identify with the ideal image that is projected by these values, are at risk for developing eating disorders." Research into the biologic and genetic causes of eating disorders is presently being conducted, and it appears that certain individuals have a biologic predisposition to develop these illnesses. Both anorexia and bulimia can have serious medical, as well as psychiatric consequences. A teen with anorexia that is severely underweight may require hospitalization for malnutrition. Although a teen with bulimia nervosa might appear healthier than one with anorexia, there are serious potential medical complications of bulimia including electrolyte imbalance as a result of frequent vomiting, gastrointestinal as well as dental problems, irregular heartbeat and even cardiac arrest. (Huebscher, 2010) (Olivardia Roberto, 2004) Factors affecting Body image and Self-esteem and results: There are some factors that are the reason to cause positivity or lowering the satisfaction of body image and self-esteem.

Some children are more likely than others to feel unhappy about their bodies. Children might be more at risk of developing an unhealthy body image if they: 1. Feel pressure from family, peers or media to conform to a narrow social ideal of beauty and attractiveness 2. Get teased about their appearance by b y family members or peers 3. Take more notice of external standards of beauty and body image –  image –  for   for example, images in music videos and magazines –  magazines –  than  than other children 4. Are perfectionists 5. look at themselves from the ‗outside‘ and worry abo ut how others see them 6. have low self-esteem 7. experience symptoms of depression 8. compare themselves with others 9. have a different body shape or weight from many of their peers, or a body shape that‘s obviously different from the ‗ideal‘ shapes seen in the media 15

10. are adolescents –  adolescents  –  this   this age group is more likely to be affected by unhealthy body image issues than younger children 11. are female –  female –  adolescent  adolescent girls are more likely to develop body image issues than boys, and are more likely to feel pressure to conform to ‗ideal‘ body images (but many boys also feel this way) 12. are overweight –  overweight  –  young   young people who are overweight are more unhappy with their bodies than peers of healthy weight 13. belong 13. belong to a subculture, such as a friendship, sport or dance group that emphasises a certain body type 14. have a physical disability Parents and peers: In a study that explored the interaction between parental and peer relationships with body satisfaction Holsen et al. (2012) found that good quality relationships with parents and peers were associated with higher body satisfaction whereas poor quality relationships with parents and peers were associated with lower body satisfaction. The quality of these relationships also  predicted body satisfaction over time, with individuals who had good quality relationships in childhood also experiencing higher body satisfaction in adulthood.

Many authors highlight the importance of the role of parents when considering any attempts to improve body image amongst young people. Mothers and fathers are able to influence body image in positive directions through words of encouragement and negative directions through criticism (Rodgers et al., 2009). This is especially the case for girls (Crespo et al., 2010; van den Berg et al., 2010). In a study focusing on the impact of mothers‘ attitudes towards their own  bodies van den Berg et al. (2010) found that mothers who are concerned about their weight are more likely to have daughters who are dissatisfied with their bodies and more likely to have both daughters and sons who try to control cont rol their weight. Societal pressure: A general sense that society society will only accept you if you have an ‗ideal‘ body shape is also related to low body satisfaction. Individuals who feel pressurized by society to achieve an ideal body are more likely to have lower body satisfaction than individuals who do not feel pressurized (Cafri et al., 2005). Girls appear to be more likely to feel pressurized to have an ideal body than boys (Esnaola et al., 2010) and will often ‗internalize ‗internalize‘‘ this pressure so that they are placing pressure on themselves rather than simply responding to p erceived pressure from others. Teasing: Individuals who have low body satisfaction are likely to say that they have been teased about their bodies. Children are more likely to say they have been teased than adults, and females are more likely to say they have been teased than males. However, it is not clear whether children and females experience more teasing than others, or whether they are more affected by the teasing they experience (Lunde et al., 2007; Menzel et al., 2010).

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Mass Media and Culture: One of the areas that have received a great deal of research attention is the impact of the media on body image. This area typically explores the impact of images of thin and attractive women, or men with well-defined muscles, on those viewing them.

The majority of research indicates that exposure to idealized body images can result in a small to moderate reduction in body satisfaction and body perception (e.g. Grabe, Ward, & Hyde 2008). This is a finding that has been reproduced in many studies using both male and female  participants (e.g. Barlett, Vowels, & Saucier, 2008). However, this finding is not universal. Some studies have failed to replicate the finding and have instead found that exposure to idealized  body images has the same impact as being exposed to images of o f inanimate objects (e.g. pictures of homes and gardens, Holmstrom, 2004). For women who are only slightly bigger than the models used in the media, exposure to media images improved their body satisfaction (Holstrom, 2004). It is suggested that for these women exposure to thin images may act as a s a motivational factor to help maintain lower weight. Another important factor is the extremity of the images used. Barlett et al. (2008) only found a relationship between idealised body images and low body satisfaction when extreme images were used (e.g. very muscular men). In addition, any pre-existing low body satisfaction in the participants appears to have an impact on the results. Individuals who already have low body satisfaction are likely to be negatively affected by images of idealised body shapes whereas individuals who have high body satisfaction are unlikely to be affected by images of idealised body shapes (Blond, 2008; Want, 2009). Individual psychological factors: Many of the studies that found a link between negative body image (both body satisfaction and  body perception) and depression were conducted with adolescents. The relationship between depression and body image was found for both girls (Pesa et al., 2000) and boys (Cohane et al., 2001), although girls are more likely to experience depression along with negative body image than boys (e.g. Sujoldzić, et al., 2007).

Adolescents who are overweight are more likely to experience low body satisfaction and depression (Chaiton et al., 2009). Research indicates that low body satisfaction may be the link that explains this association between weight and depression. Pesa et al. (2000) found that there was no statistical relationship between weight and depression when the influence of body satisfaction scores was controlled, implying that body image is important in understanding the relationship between weight and depression. In terms of other psychological factors that are related to body image, Izgiç, Akyüz, Dogcaron, and Kugcaron (2004) found that individuals who had previously suffered from a social phobia 17

were at increased risk of suffering from lower body image. Cafri, Yamamiya, Brannick, and Thompson (2005) found that ‗internalising the thin idea‘ (taking on board on board societal thin ideals as standards for yourself) were key components of negative body image. Increased levels of social comparison (an increased tendency to evaluate yourself by comparing yourself to others) is linked to an increased risk of low body satisfaction (Myers and Crowther, 2009). Socio-economic status: Children with lower socio-economic status are more likely to be overweight than children from middle to higher socio-economic status groups but are also more likely to perceive themselves as weighing less than they actually do (O‘Dea et al., 2001). This suggests that children of lower socio-economic status groups may be more likely to misperceive their body image in a way that encourages them to remain over-weight. over-weight. O‘Dea et al. found that the group the group with the lowest body satisfaction overall were girls from middle to upper socio-economic status groups. Genetic links: Twin studies compare data from monozygotic twins (identical twins with approximate 99% gene match) and dizygotic twins (non-identical twins with approximately 50% genetic match) to identify the impact of genetic match over environmental factors such as parenting styles. These studies can indicate whether a trait is associated with ‗nature‘ (genes –   assessed using monozygotic twins) or ‗nurture‘ (the environment –  assessed  assessed using dizygotic twins).

Studies using twins to explore the link between genes and body image found that females appear to have a stronger genetic link to body image than males. Specifically the ability to accurately estimate your own body size appears to be associated with a genetic link to body image. However, when asked to identify an ideal body shape participants were more influenced by environmental factors (such as the media or pressure from other people) than genes. This implies that body perception is perhaps more linked to genetic factors than overall body image. Given the small number of studies that have explored the genetic link with body image and the mixed findings of these studies, overall it is unclear whether there is a genetic component to  body image. Cosmetic surgery: People are more likely to be interested in having cosmetic surgery if they have low body satisfaction (Javo & Sørlie, 2010; Menzel et al., 2011). The relationship between body satisfaction and interest in cosmetic surgery appears to vary depending on the nature of the cosmetic surgery. Individuals who are interested in cosmetic procedures to reduce body size (e.g. liposuction) tend to be of higher weight and report lower body satisfaction than those who favour other types of cosmetic surgery (e.g. rhinoplasty) (Frederick, Lever, & Pep lau, 2007).

There appears to be a relationship between reality TV cosmetic surgery shows and body image with viewers of these programmes more likely to have low body satisfaction and more favourable attitudes towards cosmetic surgery (Sperry, Thompson, Sarwer, & Cash, 2009). The 18

correlation nature of this study means that it is not possible to determine whether viewing these  programmes changed body bod y image and attitudes to cosmetic surgery, or whether people choose to watch these types of programmes because they already have negative body image and a positive attitude to cosmetic surgery. Certain religious practices may limit the desire for cosmetic surgery. In a study exploring the relationship between veil wearing and body image Islamic women who regularly wear a veil have improved body image and lower interest in cosmetic surgery than Islamic women who wear veils less often (Tastmanesh, Gluck, & Shadman, 2009). Suicide: There is a mixture of findings relating body image to suicide. Some studies have found no relationship between body satisfaction and suicide (e.g. Crow, Eisenberg, Story, & NeumarkSztainer, 20081). Other studies have found a link between reduced body satisfaction and reported suicide attempts (Crow, Eisenberg, Story, & Neumark-Sztainer, 20082; Rodríguez-Cano, BeatoFernández, & Llario, 2006).

An important factor in the relationship between body satisfaction and suicide may be the  presence of extreme weight control behaviours (such as vomiting). Both of the studies that explored the relationship between extreme weight control behaviours and suicide found that an increase in extreme weight control behaviours was associated with an increase in reported suicide attempts. One study (Crow et al. 20082) found a similar relationship between body satisfaction and reported suicide attempts. Body dissatisfaction and suicidal thoughts have been shown to progressively increase during adolescence, peaking at mid-adolescence and slightly decreasing thereafter (Kim & Kim, 2009). Body dissatisfaction has also been found to predict the risk of suicidal thoughts in earlyadolescent girls and mid-adolescent boys, but not in early-adolescent boys or mid-adolescent girls. This finding suggests that any relationship between body satisfaction and suicide may vary depending on gender and stage of adolescence. Health behaviors: Girls who mis-perceive their actual body shape or size, and estimate that they are heavier than their actual weight, are more likely to use extreme weight control behaviors such as vomiting (Liechty, 2010). Lower body satisfaction appears to increase the chances of adolescents using unhealthy weight control behaviors (such as crash dieting) that are likely to result in weight gain and poorer overall health (Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2006). These papers all indicate that body image may have a key role in predicting risk of eating disorder behavior.

Smokers are more pre-occupied with their weight than non-smokers. Fear of weight gain may  prevent people from trying to quit smoking therefore body image (both body perception and  body satisfaction) may ma y play a role in supporting continued smoking (Clark et al., 2005). (Body Image and Self Esteem) 19

Eating Disorder: Dissatisfaction with one‘s body image is often seen as a correlate of eating disorders. This has  been demonstrated by the high prevalence of eating disorders in groups in which there is an increased emphasis on maintaining a thin, ―ideal‖ body (e.g., ballet dancers and models; Garner & Garfinkel, 1980) as well as athletes (Sundgot-Borgen, 1993). The link between body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders is not clearly apparent in men. However, there is tentative evidence to suggest that the incidence of eating disorders in men may be increasing and that current prevalence rates for men may be underestimated (Carlot & Camargo, 1991). The considerable amount of research and popular writing focusing on women and eating disorders may discourage men from admitting to what they classify as a female disorder. There have also  been gender differences noted in the labelling of behaviour; for example, men do not label the ingestion of a large quantity of food as bingeing (Franco, Tamburrino, Carroll, & Bernal, 1988). Men appear to be more interested in shape than weight, although the two are clearly related (Anderson& Di Domenico, 1992). This difference between the desires for a shape change in men, as opposed to weight loss through dieting in women, may be a function of the different male and female ideals. The male ideal is a V-shaped figure with an emphasis placed on large  biceps, chest, and an d shoulders; whereas the female ideal i deal is to be extremely thin, with the emphasis  placed on slim hips, bottom, and thighs. Men‘s de sire for weight gain would fit with the desire to achieve the male ideal V-shaped figure and to gain additional muscle. Women are more likely than men to describe themselves as fat, to weight themselves often, and to diet frequently. They are also generally more dissatisfied with their physical appearance than are men (Cooper & Fairburn, 1983; Furnham & Calnan, 1998). The most marked difference in body-image  perceptions between the sexes is dissatisfaction with weight and, to a lesser extent, with shape,  particularly the hips (Berscheid, Walster, & Bohrnstedt, 1973). Franco et al. (1988), and Miller, Coffman, and Linke (1980) have shown that many men are dissatisfied with their weight and shape, although somewhat less so than women; yet some researchers have indicated that men are as dissatisfied as women with their body shape and weight (Drewnowski & Yee, 1987; Silberstein, Striegel-Moore, Timko, & Rodin, 1988). The nature of body weight dissatisfaction is, however, slightly different in men and women. Women are more likely to judge they overweight when by objective standards they are not, whereas men are more likely to perceive themselves as underweight with respect to objective standards (Furnham & Calnan, 1998). These  perceptions suggest that both genders misperceive their weighin comparison with others of their gender, or they make judgments about their weight using an unhealthy standard. ―Underweight‖ appears to have a different meaning for men and women. Men see being underweight as bad; women see it as good (Cash, Winstead, & Janda, 1986).

Researchers comparing men‘s and women‘s dissatisfaction with their weight need to take into account the direction of the dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction with body image in women is normally shown by their desire to lose weight, whereas as many men want to gain weight as lose it. Silberstein et al. (1988) found that only 4.4% of the women they studied wanted to become  bigger compared with 46.8% of the men. In fact, men seemed to be approximately equally 20

divided between those desiring weight gain and those desiring weight loss. Drewnowski and Yee (1987) agreed with these findings; they showed that 18-year-old boys were more or less evenly split between those who wished to lose and those who wished to gain body weight. The greater  body dissatisfaction (discrepancy between current and ideal figures) displayed by adult females has since been replicated in adolescents (Tigger man & Pennington, 1990) and in women who displayed particular eating abnormalities (Zellner, Harner, & Adler, 1989) such as bulimia (Williamson, Davis, Goreczny, & Blouin, 1989). These measures of weight dissatisfaction —  including desired versus perceived body size (Fallon & Rozin, 1985) and desired versus actual weight (Silberstein et al., 1988) —   — showed showed no difference between men and women on the absolute values of their weight dissatisfaction scores but revealed gender differences in the direction of weight dissatisfaction. Twice as many women as men desired to be thinner, whereas only two women, as opposed to half of the men, wanted to be heavier. In the present study, we examined the relationships among these different measures of weight dissatisfaction and self-esteem in young adolescent boys and girls. Research on the relationship between body satisfaction and self-esteem in both genders has produced conflicting results, although a relationship between  body satisfaction and self-esteem has been documented for both b oth (Lerner, Karabenick, & Stuart, 1973; Lerner, Orlos, & Knapp, 1976). Research on the relationship between self-esteem and the weight concern factor of the Body Esteem Scale ((BES) in women has produced inconsistent results (Franzoi & Herzog, 1986; Franzoi & Shields, 1984). Silberstein et al. (1988) found that men‘s self -esteem -esteem was also affected by the degree of body dissatisfaction, regardless of the direction of the dissatisfaction (i.e., under- or overweight) In the present study we investigated the following hypotheses: (a) Women wish to be thinner, but men are equally divided between those who wish to be thinner and those who wish to be heavier; (b) those who are dissatisfied with their bodies have lower self-esteem, regardless of the direction of body image dissatisfaction; (c) negative reasons for exercise (weight control, attractiveness, and tone) are associated with disordered eating and low self-esteem, whereas other reasons for exercise (mood, health, enjoyment, and fitness) are not related to disordered eating and are, in fact, related to high self-esteem.

Cultural aspect of the relationship between self esteem and body image According to cultural point of view relationship between body image and self esteem has two aims. First aim describes the existing literature of the dissatisfaction of body image in different cultures. This aspect is describe in terms of their lifestyles i.e. the way individual live their life this includes their eating habit, physical activity etc. The seco nd aim highlights the problem due du e to body dissatisfaction and how individual can improve his body image and build self esteem. Different suggestion were given to improve body dissatisfaction in different cultures, these culture also help satisfy their body image. Traditions a nd cultures have great influence on body image and self esteem of an individual. individua l. Cultural aspect shows that women are more affected then men in terms of their body image. They Th ey are more noticed then men in the society and for this

21

they have to take care of themselves more due to this they suffer with a lot of health problems. They avoid eating and skip sk ip their meals so that they look thinner and smarter than others this will create a different disease among themselves for example Anorexia Nervosa  is an eating disorder  problem. Data from Playboy Centerfolds and Miss American pageant contestants indicated a significant trend towards thinner standard. Over the same period there w as a significant increase in diet articles in six popular magazines. Another theory and research suggests that cultural norms for appe arance present unrealistic standards of beauty which may contribute contribute to women's body dissatisfaction. dissatisfaction. In Study 1, women described their appearance more negatively than men and made more upward social comparisons about their bodies, but not about other domains. Women also compared more than men with unrealistic targets (e.g., models). In Study 2, we explored the role of cultural norms for appearance in social comparisons with relevant (peer) or irrelevant (mode l) superior targets. When cultural norms were not salient, participants judged a peer to be more relevant, compared comp ared more with the peer, and were more negatively affected by the peer. However, when cultural norms were salient, participants judged a professional model to be equally relevant, compared more with the model and felt worse after exposure to the model. We discuss the p owerful role of cultural norms in determining social comparison processes and self-appraisals. (Anne E Wilson, 2006)

Rationale: Worldwide researches and statistics reveal a growing preoccupation with bod y image in adolescent girls and boys. Body image has h as an influence on self esteem. Satisfaction towards  body image will definitely lead to positive self-esteem while on other hand dissatisfaction dissatisfaction will cause low self-esteem. At this stage of life girls appear to be more conscious about their looks and how are they seen by others. While the ratio among boys is low then girls they are more satisfied with their looks or physical appearance. We have selected this stage of life because girls as well as boys undergo major bodily bodil y changes during this stage and hence they are more conscious of their bodies.

Our environment more or less plays a great role in regard to lowering or enhancing self-esteem with reference to one‘s body image. How others look and conclude our o ur looks is a thing that is sometimes quite offensive for anyone. Everyone is created in their own perfect circle but if one is de-graded for how he/she looks it will cause low self-esteem in personality of that person which will lead to many other problems, while encouragement will raise self-confidence and the  person will be able to withstand with every situation he/she faces. Some researchers sum up this research into the causes of eating disorders, bulimia, anorexia, depression etc. There have also been many researches that explore the causes for this dissatisfaction with body and the low self esteem. Pressure from family and peers is one of them. In a study that explored the interaction between parental and peer relationships with bo dy 22

satisfaction Holsen et al. (2012) found that good quality relationships with parents and peers were associated with higher body satisfaction whereas poor quality relations hips with parents and peers were associated with lower bod y satisfaction. One of the areas that have received a great deal of research attention is the impact of the media on body bod y image. This area typically explores the impact of images of thin and attractive women, or men with well-defined muscles, on those viewing them. The majority ma jority of research indicates that exposure to idealised body images can result in a small to moderate reduction in body satisfaction and body perception pe rception (e.g. Grabe, Ward, & Hyde 2008). Hence, there is a definite need to explore and determine the reasons for the ever-growing  problem of low self esteem due to dissatisfaction with with body image. The purpose of this report is, thus, to investigate whether a relationship exists between bod y image and self esteem among adolescents.

23

CHAPTER II Objective. Hypothesis, Operational Definitions and Research design. Objective: 1. To determine the relationship between body image and self esteem among adolescent males and females. 2. To investigate the effect of body dissatisfaction on self esteem.

Hypothesis: 1. Adolescents with positive body image have higher self esteem. 2. Adolescent males have more positive body image as compared to adolescent females. 3. Adolescent males have higher self esteem as compared to adolescent females.

Operational Definitions: Self esteem: Self-esteem is a widely used concept both in popular language and in psychology. It refers to an individual's sense of his or her value or worth, o r the extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself. The most broad and frequently cited definition of self-esteem within psychology is Rosenberg's (1965), who described it as a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self. (Stewart, 2004)

Dr. Morris Rosenberg defines self-esteem self-esteem as the ―attitude one holds h olds toward themselves as an object. In short Dr. Morris believed that self esteem was measurable via assessing a subject‘s attitude about themselves as a thing. (Schwec, 2012) Body image: Body image is your attitude towards your body - how you see yourself, how you think and feel about the way you look and how you think others perceive you. Your body image can be influenced by your own beliefs and attitudes as well as those of society, the media and peer groups. (what is body image?, 2014) Instruments: Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale: This scale, developed by Dr. Morris Rosenberg (1965), is designed to provide a un idimensional measure of global self esteem. It is a self-report instrument consisting of 10 statements, which the respondent is required to rate on a four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree. The scale has been designed specifically for brevity and ease of administration and has been reported to have high reliability. Figure Rating Scale: The figure rating scale was developed by Stunkard, Sorenson and Schlusonger in 1983. It consists of a series of nine figure drawings, ordered from extremely thin to very obese in

24

appearance. For this study participants are provided with a set of three scales depicting either the male or female for. On the first scale, participants are required to rate what they perceive their current figure to be. On the second, participants are required to rate their ideal figure and on the third figure participants are required to rate how peop le perceive their figure to be. The discrepancy between cognitive and ideal figure (current figure rating minus ideal figure rating) and affective and ideal figures (people‘s rated figure minus ideal figure rating) represents two different expressions of body dissatisfaction. (Gullone, 1998) Research design: Sample: The age group selected for this survey was 12 to 18. A total of 23 boys and 29 girls took the survey, i.e. 44.2 % were male and 55.8 % were female. These students were randomly selected from different private schools and colleges. Procedure: Different students between ages of 12 and 18 were approached. They belonged to different schools and colleges. Army Public School, Roots School System, Rise and Shine School, Lahore Grammar School, P.O.F. Model High School, Sir Syed College, Islamabad Model College for Girls F-7/2 and Pak Turk International School and College. The selection of students was simply  based on their consent. The questionnaires were handed out and the consent forms were filled first. The students were explained what the questionnaires were about and what they demanded. It was a convenient sampling and students were selected were selected on basis of consent.

25

Results Table 1: Mean difference between males and females on concept of self esteem. (N=52) Variables

Self Esteem

Male (n=23) M SD 27.70 3.267

Females (n=29) M SD 28.62 2.884

t

df

p

95% CI

Cohen’s

d -1.083

50

0.284

 LL -2.640

UL 0.790

0.306

Table 1 indicates the mean difference between males and females with respect to self esteem. The result shows little to no significant difference. Table 2: Mean difference between among males and females on concept of Discrepancy between ideal self esteem and people‘s self esteem with one‘s self esteem. (N=52) Variables

Ideal self esteem People‘s self esteem

Male (n=23) M SD 0.0870 1.56417

Female (n=29) M SD 0.0690 1.06674

0.047

37.242

-0.087

0.2759

-0.85 -0.85

50

2.0206

0.9963

t

df

p

95% CI

Cohen’s

d 0.963

 LL -0.75

UL 0.791

0.0154

0.401

-1.22

0.497

0.2395

Table 2 indicates the mean difference between males and females with regards to Discrepancy 1 and Discrepancy 2. The tale shows that the different hardly significant for both discrepancy 1 and Discrepancy 2. Table 3: Mean difference between Age group 1 (12 years –  years –  15  15 years) and Age group 2 (16 years –  years –  19  19 years) on concept of Self esteem. (N=52). Variables

Self Esteem

Age group 1 (n=11) M SD 0.909 1.136 1.30035 0.090 28.64 2.58

Age group 2 (n=41) M SD 0.732 1.348 0.1707 1.5953

0.44 -0.50

18.338 5

28.10

0.514

50

3.200

t

df

p

95% CI

Cohen’s

d 0.965 0.619

LL -0.82 -1.31

UL 0.861 0.789

0.205 0.1414

0.609

-1.56

2.643

0.145

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Table 3 indicates the mean difference between Age group 1 (i.e. from 12 years to 15 years) and Age group 2 (i.e. from 16 years to 19 years) with regard to discrepanc y 1 (difference between  people‘s current self concept and their ideal self concept) , discr epancy 2 (difference between  people‘s self concept and other‘s concept of them) and self esteem. The table shows considerably no difference between age group 1 and age group2 with regard to discrepancy 1 and discrepancy 2. The difference between age groups 1 and 2 in terms of self esteem is also relatively unnoticeable (i.e. 28.64).

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CHAPTER III Discussion: The topic for the report was ―Relationship between Body Image and Self esteem‖. As these two seemed significant matters to be tackled in everyday life. Every child at some age deals with low self esteem and complexity. He may be dissatisfied with his body, particularly during the stage of puberty. This is the reason why many children at during their teens develop low self esteem and are not confident confident in their own self. So this report discusses the factors influencing one‘s  body image and self esteem, and their result. For this purpose survey analysis was used.

For the report first an age group was decided on which the survey was to be conducted. Teen agers from the age of 12 to 19 were selected. This age is perfect phase of life when children are more concerned with their self image, particularly physical. They are observing the changing‘s happening in their body. Then the questionnaires for the survey were selected. One was the Rosenberg self esteem scale and the other was the figure rating scale by Sorensen and Stunkard. These questioners were  based on their relation to body image and self esteem. Then girls and boys from different schools and some colleges were selected on the basis of consent and given the questionnaires to fill. Once the survey was complete the result was analyzed and it showed no relationship between  body image and self esteem. This result shows that children are quite satisfied with their body image and their self esteem is also not affected a ffected due to their body. Conclusion: On the basis of total 52 samples from which two groups were made i.e. age group 1 (12 years -15 years) and age group 2 (16 years- 19 years) the mean difference from the variables on concept of self esteem is 28.64 of age group 1 and 28.10 of age group 2. On the concept of discrepancy 1 and discrepancy 2; 0.909, 0.0909 of age group 1 and 0.732, 0.1707 of age group 2. This shows that the result of the research is neutral, bod y image and self esteem do not affect each other.

From this study no relation was found between self esteem and body image. It suggests that an adolescent‘s concept of their body image has little to no effect on their self esteem. Limitations: 



Time was a prominent limitation. Short period of time for the research was a hindrance that possibly had an effect on the study and its result. The size of the samples was also a limitation. The samples were quite short. Larger samples could have provided a bigger b igger result and some of the non significant results may have reached significance if the samples were larger.

28



The number of samples used for the survey surve y was also a limitation faced by the research. If more number of samples was used there could ha ve been a considerable con siderable difference in the result.

Suggestion: Following are the ways or suggestions by which improvements could have made to the report. The limitations addressed in this research could be tak en into consideration for a better study and an improved result in the future. 















A larger sample to study could be beneficial bene ficial for future research. It would bring a wider range to the study and might bring out a more noticeable result. A variety in the questionnaires could also b h elpful. More number of questionnaires would tackle more aspects of the topic and an d present a more detailed and informative conclusion. A difference in the types of surveys used could also bring about a difference to the study. Rather than just using a written questionnaire, verbal interviews, observational methods etc could also be used. Increase in the interval of time would also be useful. More time taken to conduct the survey and study the topic‘s importance and history would help collect a more concrete result. ―Beauty is a state of mind of mind not a state of your body.‖ For a healthy body image one should  be comfortable with the body they have. It does not necessarily mean that they consider their body to be perfect, rather they accept a ccept it and commit to loving lov ing it. Self love and self respect are important for a po sitive body image. To achieve this one can surround him/her self with supportive people. Self esteem can be boosted by b y positive thinking and putting it into action. It enables a  person to change who he is one action at a time. Recognize Recognize and embracing one‘s on e‘s positive qualities helps to really boost the confidence and self esteem.

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References "Body Image." Current Issues: Macmillan Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2 010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. (2013., Context. (2013., dec 19). Retrieved 2010, from http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=9ac  b602db33b6f8039874d4987ce92c5&action=2&catId=GALE%7C00000000 LVVJ&docu mentId=GALE%7CPC3021900025&userGroupName=smithtown&jsid=8d3161e31c533 7fcb7b3f5f1b4bf6e98: http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?zid=9ac  b602db33b6f8039874d4987ce92c5&action=2&catId=GALE%7C00000000 LVVJ&docu mentId=GALE%7CPC3021900025&source=Bookmark&u=smithtown&jsid=a91bad071 17e27f3d790ec589fbf9bf0

Anne E Wilson, K. E. (2006, september). comparing to perfection, how culture norms appe rance affect social comparison and self image. article from body image, 3(3), 3(3), 2011-2027.  Body Image (information sheet). sheet). (2012). Retrieved february 11, 2014, 201 4, from Australian Government: http://www.youth.gov.au/sites/Youth/bodyImage/informationsheets/Documents/BodyIma geFactsheets_webaw1.pdf body image. image. (2013, july o8). Retrieved from kids helpline.com: http://www.kidshelp.com.au/teens/get-info/hot-topics/body-image.php  Body Image and Self Esteem. Esteem. (n.d.). Retrieved february 11, 2014, from Teens Health: http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/body_image/body_image.html Daniel Clay1, V. L. (2005). Bod y Image and Self-Esteem Among Adolescent Girls: Testing the Influence of Sociocultural Factors. Journal Factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence, Adolescence, 451 – 477. 477. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00107.x Feldman, M. &. (2007). Eating disorders in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations.  International Journal of Eating Disorders, Disorders, 218-226. Gullone, M. K. (1998). Adolescent Body Bod y Image Dissatisfaction: Relationships with self esteem, Anxiety and Depression Controlling for Body Mass. Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 39, 255-262. doi:0021-9630/98 Huebscher, B. C. (2010). Relationship (2010). Relationship Between Body Image and Self Esteem Among Adolescent Girls. The Girls. The Graduate School University of Wisconsin S tout, Wisconsin Stout. Retrieved february 12, 2014, from http://www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2010/2010huebscherb.pdf  New, M. J. (2012, march 00). kidsheaith.org . Retrieved from body image and an d self esteem: http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/body_image/body_image.html# 30

 Nordqvist, C. (20, August 2012). What is Body image? Retrieved image? Retrieved february 2014, 10, from Medical News Today: www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/249190.php Olivardia Roberto, P. J. (2004, july). jul y). Bicpes & body image: Relationship between mascularity & self esteem, depression & eating disorder symptoms. Psychology symptoms. Psychology of men and masulinity, 5. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.5.2.112 Pickhardt, C. (2010, september 06). psychologytoday.com 06). psychologytoday.com.. Retrieved from adolscent and self esteem: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/surviving-your-childsadolescence/201009/adolescence-and-self-esteem Riccardelli, L. A. (2006). A longitudinal investigation of the development of weight and muscle concerns among preadolescent boys. Journal boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Adolescence, 177-187. Schwec, J. (2012, january 9). Mass 9). Mass Concept Research: Concept Explication. Explication. Retrieved february 13, 2014, from jschwexportfolio: http://jschwecportfolio.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/masscommresearch_conceptexplication.pdf Stewart, N. A. (2004, march). Research: march). Research: Psychologial Notebook (self esteem). esteem). Retrieved february 13, 2014, from McArthur Reaearch network o n SES and Health: http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/selfesteem.php what is body image? (2014, image? (2014, february 16). Retrieved march 1, 2014, 2 014, from reach out.com: http://au.reachout.com/What-is-body-image

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Appendix A

Consent Form The purpose of this research is to find out ou t the ―Relationship between body image image and self esteem among adolescents‖ for this, we have arranged a rranged different questionnaires. Kindly answer these questions in a sequence and think carefully before answering the questions. Do not leave any question unanswered.

We assure you that the information you write will be kept a secret and will be used for research  purpose only. We appreciate your co-operation.

Consent: I agree to participate in this research. Participant‘s name: Participant‘s signature: Date:

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Appendix B

Rosenberg’s Self esteem scale esteem  scale

STATEMENT

1.

9.

I feel that I am a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others. I feel that I have a number of good qualities. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure. I am able to do things as well as most other people. I feel I do not have much to be proud of. I take a positive attitude toward myself. On the whole, I am satisfied with myself. I wish I could have more respect for myself. I certainly feel useless at times.

10.

At times I think I am no good at all.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Strongly Agree

Agree

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

33

Appendix C

Figure Rating Scale

34

Appendix C Demographic Form Name Age Gender Number of Brothers Number of Sisters Birth Order Mother’s Age Mother’s Education Mother’ Occupation-Title: Occupation -Title: Full Time

Part Time

Father’s Age Father’s Education Father’s Occupation-Title: Occupation -Title: Full Time

Part Time

Number of Family Members Family Type

 Nuclear

Joint

Living with

Both parents

Single parent

Family Income Mother’s Income

Father’s Income

35

36