Rangkuman Ips Smp 7 8 9

ontoh Fungsi permintaan suatu barang ditunjukkan oleh persamaan P " $0 # !, sedangkan penaaraannya P " < & *.0 !. Pemerintah memberikan subsidi sebesar $.0 terhadap barang yang diproduksi. Berapa harga keseimbangan dan jumlahnya tanpa dan dengan subsidi. aab @anpa subsidi, Pe " 2 dan !e "  (pada ;ontoh kasus di atas 5engan subsidi , harga jual yang ditaarkan oleh produsen menjadi lebih rendah, persamaan penaaran berubah dan kurvanya turun. Penaaran tanpa subsidi  P " < & *.0 ! Penaaran dengan subsidi  P " < & *.0 ! # $.0 P " $.0 & *.0 ! ! " -< & 6 P 1eseimbangan pasar setelah ada subsidi !d " !s $0 # P " -< & 6P

$ " < P P"3 ! " $0 # P ! " $0 # 3 "  adi, dengan adanya subsidi  PeC " 3 dan !eC "  Entuk lebih memperjelas tentang fungsi permintaan dan penaaran, mari kita bahas beberapa soal olimpiade sains ekonomi yang ada kaitannya dengan fungsi permintaan dan penaaran  oal pertama  (Olimpiade Sains Propinsi (OSP) Ekonomi 2006) Permintaan akan durian di :edan ditunjukkan oleh persamaan ! " * # 6P, sedangkan penaarannya di;erminkan oleh persamaan ! " -$6* & P. ?arga keseimbangan dan jumlah keseimbangan pasar durian di medan adalah aab 1eseimbangan terjadi pada saat !d " !s, adi * # 6P " -$6* & P P & 6P " $6* & * $*P " 6** P " 6** % $* P " 6* Gilai P kita masukan kedalam fungsi permintaan atau penaaran untuk men;ari berapa jumlah harga keseimbangan  !s " -$6* & (6*) !s " -$6* & $3* !s " 9* adi umlah barang dan harga keseimbangan masing-masing adalah 9* dan 6*. oal kedua  (Soal Olimpiade Sains Kabupaten (OSK) Ekonomi 2006)  Hhen the pri;e is /p. $0.***,** the reIuest of lamp is to 9.*** for ea;h goods of, and for every in;rease of pri;e of /p. $.***,** the reIuest of lamp going don 0** for ea;h goods of. Pursuant to the data, the demand fun;tion is 1etika harganya /p. $0.***,** permintaan lampu adalah 9.*** untuk setiap barang, dan untuk setiap kenaikan harga sebesar /p. $.***,** permintaan lampu turun 0** untuk setiap barang. Berdasarkan data, fungsi permintaan adalah  aab dari data diatas diperoleh data-data sebagai berikut  P$ " $0.*** !$"9***  jika kenaikan harga perunit ('P) " $.*** maka harga barang (!) akan turun 0** perunit.  jadi apabila P6 " $3.*** maka !6"<0** etelah itu data-data diatas kita masukan kedalam fungsi persamaannya P # P$ ! # !$ 888- " 888#

P6 # P$ !6 # !$ P # $0.*** ! # 9.*** 88888# " 88888$3.*** # $0.*** <.0** # 9.*** P # $0.*** ! # 9.*** 88888# " 88888$.*** -0** (P # $0.***)(-0**) " (! # 9.***)($.***) -0**P & 2.0**.*** " $.***! # 9.***.*** $***! " 9.***.*** & 2.0**.*** # 0**P ! " $%$*** ($$.0**.*** # 0**P) ! " $$.0** # *,0P """""""""""""" adi fungsi permintaan dari soal diatas adalah ! " $$.0** # *,0P atau ! " -$%6P & $$.0** oal ketiga  (Soal Olimpiade Sains Kabupaten (OSK) Ekonomi 2008) 5alam suatu pasar diketahui fungsi permintaannya !d " 9* # 6P dan fungsi penaarannya Ps " ! & 0, berdasarkan informasi tersebut maka harga keseimbangan terjadi pada aaban keseimbangan pasar terjadi apabila !d " !s atau Pd " Ps, adi karena pada soal diketahui !d dan Ps, maka kita dapat mensubtitusikan kedua persamaan tersebut untuk memperoleh harga keseimbangan. !d " 9* # 6P dan Ps " ! & 0, 1ita subtitusikan menjadi  ! " 9* # 6(! & 0) ! " 9* # 6! - $* ! " 9*-$*-6! ! " <* # 6! ! & 6! " <*
adalah  aaban dari data diatas diperoleh data-data sebagai berikut P$ " 0.***.*** !$ " * ika harga naik $*M (P6 " ($*M 7 0.***.***) & 0.***.*** " 0.0**.***) maka !6 " 3* langkah selanjutnya, kita masukan data-data diatas kedalam persamaan fungsi permintaannya P # P$ ! # !$ 888- " 888# P6 # P$ !6 # !$ P # 0.***.*** ! # * 88888888- " 888888 0.0**.*** # 0.***.*** 3* # * P # 0.***.*** ! # * 88888888- " 888888 0**.*** -6* (P # 0.***.***)(-6*) " (! # *)(0**.***) -6*P & $**.***.*** " 0**.***! # 9*.***.*** 0**.***! " $**.***.*** & 9*.***.*** # 6*P 0**.***! " $9*.***.*** # 6*P ! " $%0**.*** ($9*.***.*** # 6*P) ! " 6*.*** # *,****9P atau ! " 6* # *,*9P """"""""""""""""""""""""""


)umus diatas daat dinatakan dengan 2 0 8 1 ]  RRR8 RR1 1 < ( RRRRRR8 ( RRR8  "0 8 "1 ]"  RRRRR8  "1 "1 "1 ] < ( R- . RR  1 ]" )umus diatas berlaku untuk menghitung elastisitas ermintan dan juga elastisitas  enaaran. ada elastisitas enerimaan disimbolkan dengan !
^ !tak hingga$

"ermintaan atau "enaaran dikatakan
nilai < ( ; untuk lebih memerjelas emahaman anda tentang elastisitas dibaah ini kami sajikan ontoh soal dan embahasan ang berkaitan dengan elastisitas ermintan dan elstisitas  enaaran 2 Soa% "ertama  2 /Soal limpiade Sains Kabupaten /SK "konomi 24 "asa saat harga ). 5.;;;;; er unit jumlah barang ang ditaarkan 0; unit. 3emudian harga turun menjadi ). 4.5;;;; erunit dan jumlah barang ang ditaarkan menjadi 1; unit. berdasarkan data tersebut besarna koe,isien elastisitas  enaaranna adalahP. 7aab 2 'ari data diatas diketahui 2 "1 ( 5.;;; 1 ( 0; "0 ( 4.5;; 0 ( 1; langkah ertama kita menentukan erubahan jumlah enaaran dan harga ] ( 0 -1 ( 1;-0; ( -1; ]" ( 4.5;; 8 5.;;; ( -5;; Langkah selanjutna kita masukan data-data diatas kedalam rumus elastisitas 2 "1 ]
0; -5;; gt? -" menun4ukan penaaran elastis. Soa% ked#a  2 /Soal limpiade Sains Kabupaten /SK "konomi 25

)euest tables o, rie in an area in one month2  RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR  "rie "er 3g &mount o, )euest  RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR  ). 4.;;;;; 1; ton ). 4.5;;;;  ton  RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR  "ursuant to reuest tables o, rie abo>e hat kind o, reuest te inludingP.. 7aab 2 dari soal diatas dieroleh data-data sebagai berikut 2 "1 ( 4.;;; 1 ( 1; ton "0 ( 4.5;; 0 (  ton Langkah ertama kita menghintung erubahan jumlah barang dan hargaP ] ( 0 8 1 (  8 1; ( -0 ]" ( "0 - "1 ( 4.5;; 8 5;;;( -5;; Langkah selanjutna kita masukan data diatas kedalam rumus elastisitas ermintaan2
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MENGHITUNG HARGA KESEIMBANGAN DENGAN GRA2IK DAN TABEL

a. Pendekatan Tae% =ontoh ermintaan dan enaaran asar atas komoditi telur sebagaimana telah diuraikan di dean akan kita gunakan lagi sebagai ilustrasi ketiga maam endekatan.

"ada endekatan tabel harga dan jumlah keseimbangan daat diari dengan menusun tabel harga !"$ jumlah  enaaran !s$ dan jumlah ermintaanna !d$. 'engan endekatan tabel kalau terlihat suatu keadaan di mana ada harga tertentu jumlah ang ditaarkan sama dengan jumlah ang diminta maka ada saat tersebut terjadi harga keseimbangan dan jumlah keseimbangan. 'ari tabel .: terlihat baha s ( d terjadi ada >olume sebesar 15 kg telur dan hargana sebesar ) :.5;;;; er kilogram. 7adi dari kasus di atas harga keseimbangan ada ):.5;;;;?kg dan jumlah?outut keseimbanganna ada 15 kg telur er bulan. "endekatan ini hana bisa digunakan kalau dari data?tabel ang kita miliki ada angka-angka ang sama ada s dan d.

. Pendekatan GrafikK#r6a

'ari data ada Tabel .: jika digambar gra,ikna akan daat diketahui /arga 3eseimbangan dan 7umlah?kuantitas 3eseimbanganna. "enaaran akan telur er bulan dari Indi>idu dan "asar 

'ari endekatan gra,ik atau kur>a di atas titik otong antara kur>a ermintaan dan kur>a enaaran terjadi di titik <. Titik < inilah ang disebut dengan titik keseimbangan sedangkan harga kese imbangan terjadi ada saat " ( ) :.5;;;; dan jumlah? kuantitas keseimbanganna ada saat  ( 15 kg.

&. Pendekatan Matematis

Seara matematis titik keseimbangan terjadi ketika kur>a ermintaan !d$ berotongan dengan kur>a  enaaran !s$. 'ua kur>a akan berotongan kalau ersamaan kur>a ermintaan akan sama dengan  ersamaan kur>a enaaranna atau daat dikatakan baha keseimbangan akan terjadi ketika d !kuantitas ang diminta$ ( s !kuantitas ang ditaarkan$ atau ada saat "d !harga ang diminta embeli$ ( "s !/arga ang ditaarkan oleh enjual$. 'engan menggunakan data ada tabel .: kita daat menari ersamaan kur>a  ermintaan dan juga ersamaan kur>a enaaran. 3arena kedua kur>a berua garis lurus !kur>a linier$ maka kita daat menggunakan rumus untuk menari ersamaan garis lurus ang diketahui 0 !dua$ titik. )umus tersebut sebagai berikut 2 *isal titik & !Y1J H1$ dan titik B !Y0 J H0$ maka rumus ersamaan garis ang melalui 0 !dua$ titik 2

3arena dalam ekonomi sumbu H ( sumbu " !harga$ dan sumbu Y ( sumbu  !kuantitas$ maka rumus di atas daat dirubah menjadi2

'ari kasus data ada tabel .: misal kita hendak menari ersamaan kur>a ermintaan dengan memakai 0 !dua$ titik aitu titik & !6 9;;;$ dan titik + !04 6;;;$ maka ersamaan kur>a ermintaanna2

Untuk menari ersamaan kur>a enaaranna dengan memakai 0 !dua$ titik aitu titik & !0:9;;;$ dan titik  + !  6;;;$ maka ersamaan kur>a enaarana daat diari aitu 2

'ari hasil erhitungan di atas ternata dengan ketiga endekatan aitu endekatan tabel gra,ik dan  endekatan matematis dieroleh hasil ang sama.

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ELASTISITAS PERMINTAAN DAN PENAARAN DAN )ARA  MENGHITUNGN*A 
"<)*I%T&&%

'&%

"<%&#&)&%

'alam kegiatan ekonomi ang dilakukan oleh suatu masarakat atau negara menunjukkan baha kegiatan  ermintaan dan enaaran sangat diengaruhi oleh tinggi rendahna harga barang ang berlaku. 'engan demikian erubahan harga akan memengaruhi besarna jumlah barang ang diminta !ermintaan$ dan jumlah  barang ang ditaarkan !enaaran$. Seberaa besar engaruh erubahan harga terhada jumlah barang daat dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus elastisitas. 7a'asan "konomi 

/arga adalah nilai barang ang ditentukan dengan uang atau alat tukar lain ang senilai ang harus dibaarkan untuk barang dan jasa ada aktu tertentu di asar tertentu.

1.

7efinisi

E%astisitas


a.
2.

E%astisitas

Permintaan


2

2

2

erubahan erubahan

harga

jumlah harga

ermintaan barang mula-mula

 2
jumlah

ermintaan

mula-mula

=ontoh2 "ada saat harga )4;;;; jumlah barang ang diminta ; unit kemudian harga turun menjadi )6;;;  jumlah barang ang diminta 6; unit. /itunglah besar koe,isien elastisitasna 7aab2 a. *aam-*aam

3eterangan2 _ d ( "ersentase erubahan _ "d ( "ersentase erubahan harga barang  b. 3ur>a
jumlah

"ermintaan

barang

ang

diminta

3ur>a
. *enghitung
1?0

!;$ 4;

=ontoh 'iketahui ,ungsi ermintaan " ( 1;; 8 0. /itung elastisitas ermintaan ada tingkat harga " ( 5; 7aab2

02

&.

"

(

(

;

maka

 5;

E%astisitas

(

5;

8

8

Pena-aran


harga barang. &daun ang dimaksud koe,isien elastisitas enaaran adalah angka ang menunjukkan  erbandingan antara erubahan jumlah barang ang ditaarkan dengan erubahan hargana. Besar keilna koe,isien elastisitas enaaran daat dihitung daat dengan rumus sebagai berkut. 3eterangan2  2 " 2 " 2  2
erubahan erubahan harga jumlah

jumlah harga barang enaaran

enaaran barang mula-mula mula-mula

=ontoh2 "ada saat harga )5;;;; jumlah barang ang ditaarkan 4; unit kemudian harga turun menjadi );;;;  jumlah barang ang ditaarkan 0 unit. /itunglah besarna koe,isien elastisitas enaaranna 7aab2 a. *aam-*aam
3eterangan2 _ s 2 "ersentase erubahan _ "s 2 "ersentase erubahan harga barang  b. 3ur>a
jumlah

barang

ang

"enaaran

ditaarkan

3ur>a
=ara raktis menentukan besarna elastisitas tana menari turunan  atau 1 aitu2 1$ 7ika ersamaan ,ungsi menunjukkan " ( a 8 b !,ungsi ermintaan$ dan " ( a O b !,ungsi "enaaran$ maka rumus elastisitasna adalah sebagai berikut. =ontoh 'iketahui ,ungsi ermintaan " ( 1;; 8 0. /itung elastisitas ermintaan ada tingkat harga " ( 5; 7aab2 'engan ara biasa 7ika " ( 5; maka 5; ( 1;; 8 0 (  ( 05

12

0 5;

=ontoh 'iketahui ,ungsi enaaran " ( 1;; O 0. /itunglah elastisitas enaaran ada tingkat harga " ( 5;; 7aab2 'engan ara biasa 7ika " ( 5;; maka 5;; ( -0  ( 0;;

1;; (

O

02

0 -4;;

=ontoh 'iketahui ungsi enaaran " ( -1;; O 0. /itung elastisitas enaaran ada tingkat harga " ( 4;; 7aab2 'engan ara biasa 7ika " ( 4;; maka 4;; ( -1;; O -0 (  ( 05;

2

0 -5;;

0$ 7ika ersamaan ,ungsi menunjukkan  ( a 8 b" !,ungsi ermintaan$ dan  ( a O b" !,ungsi enaaran$ maka rumus elastisitasna adalah sebagai berkut. =ontoh ungsi ermintaan suatu barang ditunjukkan oleh Tentukan besar elastisitas ermintaan ada tingkat harga " ( ; 7aab2 'engan ara 7ika " ( ; maka   ( 5;  ( 1;

ersamaan

(5;



8

8

(5;

8

1?0

1?0

12 ". biasa !;$ 4;

=ontoh 02 ungsi enaaran suatu barang ditunjukkan oleh ersamaan  ( 5; O 0". Tentukan besar elastisitas enaaran  ada tingkat harga " ( 5; 7aab2 'engan ara biasa 7ika " ( 5; maka  ( 5; O 0!5;$  ( 5; O 1;;  ( 15;

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TE1RI PERILAKU K1NSUMEN &1RDINAL DAN KARDINAL( Sebelum kita memelajari aa ang dimaksud teori "erilaku konsumen baik seara ordinal mauun ardinalang ertama-tama kita bahas aitu aa ang dimaksud dari "erilaku konsumenterdahulu. &a ang dimaksud "erilaku 3onsumenQQ 3onsumen adalah setia orang emakai barang dan?atau jasa ang tersedia dalam masarakat baik bagi keentingan diri sendiri keluarga orang lain mauun makhluk hidu lain dan tidak untuk dierdagangkan. "engertian erilaku konsumen menurut "hili 3otler adalah hasil ang dirasakan oleh embeli ang mengalami kinerja sebuah erusahaan ang sesuai dengan haraanna. Sedangkan menurut aluasi seara sadar atau enilaian kogniti, menangkut aakah kinerja roduk relati, bagus atau jelek atau aakah roduk bersangkutan ook  atau tidak ook dengan tujuan?emakaianna "elanggan merasa uas kalau haraan mereka terenuhi dan merasa amat gembira kalau haraan mereka terlamaui. "elanggan ang uas enderung teta loal lebih lama membeli lebih banak kurang eka terhada  erubahan harga dan embiaraanna menguntungkan erusahaan. Seorang konsumen dalam memilih sesuatu memunai beberaa ,ator enting untuk memilih suatu  barang?benda ang akan diilihnabeberaa ,aktorna sebagai berikut 2 1. 0. . 4.

1.

tingkatendaatan seseorang jenis?ukuran g dibutuhkan tingkat kebutuhan <,ekti,itas endekatan konsumen

Teori terdaat 0 maan aitu 2 1."endekatan 3onsumen ridinal "endekatan konsumen rdinal adalah endekatan ang daa guna suatu barang tidak erlu diukur uku untuk diketahui dan konsumen mamu membuat urutan tinggi rendahna daa guna ang dieroleh dari mengkonsumsi sekelomok barang. 'alam teori erilaku konsumen dengan endekatan ordinal asumsi dasar seorang konsumen adalah 2 dimilikina

3onsumen rasional memunai skala re,erensi dan mamu merangking kebutuhan ang

0. .

3euasan konsumen daat diurutkan ordering 3onsumen lebih menukai ang lebih banak dibandingkan lebih sedikit artina semakin  banak barang ang dikonsumsi menunjukkan semakin tinggina tingkat keuasan ang dimilikina. 3elemahan endekatan konsumen ordinal aitu terletak ada anggaan ang digunakan baha keuasan konsumen dari mengkonsumsi suatu barang daat diukur dari satu keuasan. 0."endekatan 3onsumen 3ardinal

4.

"endekatan konsumen 3ardinal adalah daa guna daat diukur dengan satuan uang atau utilitas dan tinggi rendahna nilai atau daa guna tergantung keada subek ang menilai. "endekatan ini juga mengandung anggaan baha semakin berguna suatu barang bagi seseorang maka akan semakin diminati "endekatan kardinal biasa disebut sebagai 'aa guna marginal. "ada endekatan 3ardinal terdaat beberaa asumsi ang daat digunakan untuk menunjukan baha tingka konsumennaaitu 2

1.

 endaatanna.

3onsumen )asional konsumen bertujuan memaksimalkan keuasanna dengan batasan

0.

'iminshing marginal utilit tambahan u tilitas ang d ieroleh konsumen makin menurun dengan bertambahna konsumsi dari komoditas tersebut . "endaatan konsumen teta 4. Uang memunai nilai subekti, ang teta 'an juga asumsi dasar dari "endekatan 3onsumen 3ardinal adalah 2 1. 0. . 4.

satuan

3euasan konsumsi daat diukur dengan satuan ukur. *akin banak barang dikonsumsi makin besar keuasan Terjadi hukum The la o, deminishing *arginal Utilit ada tambahan keuasan setia satu

Tambahan keuasan untuk tambahan konsumsi 1 unit barang bisa dihargai dengan uang sehingga makin besar keuasan makin mahal hargana. 7ika konsumen memeroleh tingkat keuasan ang  besar maka dia akan mau membaar mahal sebalikna jika keuasan ang dirasakan konsumen redah maka dia hana akan mau membaar dengan harga murah. DMAHMUDI 'ioskan :th ebruar 0;15 oleh WAHI

;

Tambahkan komentar 

• FEB

6

PATERN. P1LA KALIMAT BAHASA INGGRIS

KUMPULAN M@7UL ,A(ASA INGGRIS KELAS & SMA TENSES

PRESENT TENSES 1. Sim"%e Present Tense Simle "resent Tense digunakan untuk mengungkakan ,akta !,ats$ kebenaran umum !general truth$ dan kebiasaan !habitual ations$. 1. 3alimat %ominal !3alimat ang tidak mengandung kata kerja$ !O$ S O to be !am?is?are$ O % ?&dj ? ad> !--$ S O to be O %T O % ? &dj ? &d> !Q$ To be O S O % ? &dj ? &d> =ontoh2

1. 0. . 4.

the earth is round These buildings are not aross m house. &re ou okQ samsul is >er rih erson

2. Ka%imat 8era% 4Ka%imat yang mengand#ng kata ker!a5 !O$ S O D1 s?es O P. !--$ S O do?does O %T O D1 O P. !Q$ 'o?does O S O D1 O ... =ontoh2 1. the sun rises in the east 0. The hildren donWt go to shool e>erda. . #ater boils at 1;;c. 4. #h does iron rustQ  %Terb o, ,reuen seerti usuall seldom dsb. umumna munul sesudah &uMiliaries !&tauun$ namun sebelum D1 s?es.  Time marker ang biasa digunakan ialah2 seldom usuall alas ne>er o,ten etimes rarel e>er .. one? tie? ... a da? in a eek ? a month ? a ear ... et.

2. Present
"resent =ontinuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkakan kejadian ang sedang berlangsung sekarang! &t the time? around o, seaking$ !O$ S O to be !am?is?are$ O D1 O ing O P. !--$ S O to be O %T O D1 O ing O P.

!Q$ To be O S O D1 O ing O ...  =ontoh2 1.

* ,ather is sleeing no

0.

Hou are not studing
.

#hat are ou doingQ &re ou riting a letterQ.

 %Te Derbs$ dan kata kerja mental !*ental Derbs$ misalna see hear like hate lo>e dislike  belie>e on ha>e !memunai$ think kno smell onsider understand aear seem look ant remember ,orget belong re,er et. 

Time marker ang biasa digunakan ialah2 no right no toda at the moment at the resent et

 3alimat imerati>e ! Be uiet 'onWt make so muh noise Look
&. Present Perfe*t Tense "resent "er,et Tense digunakan untuk mengungkakan kejadian ang baru saja selesai namun masih ada akibat atau hubungan dengan masa sekarang. Hang dientingkan adalah ation bukan aktu dimulaina. !O$ S O /a>e?has O D?been O P. !--$ S O /a>e?has O %T O D?been O P.

)?SI%=
!Q$ /a>e?has O S O D?been O P. =ontoh2 1. *r. Is9ni has just alread eaten. 0. * ,ather and m mother ha>e gone to *ea sine to das ago.

. #h has &minah deided to stud at UnilaQ /as she onsulted ith her arentsQ )! selama$ O 'uration o, time?eriod o, time =ontoh2 or to das ,or to eeks ,or a eek ,or three monts et. SI%=< ! sejak$ O artiular time in the ast =ontoh2 Sine esterda sine to das ago sine last ear et.  %Te?hasG  Time marker ang biasa digunakan ialah2 ,orPsineP just alread et reentl latel so ,ar u to no u to resent et

). Present Perfe*t e stud! sekolah$. Sebaikna kita menggunakan "resent "er,et =ontinuous kalau ang kita inginkan adalah menekankan ada  berlangsungna ?durasi eristia. !O$ S O /a>e?has O been O DingP. !--$ S O /a>e?has O %T O been O Ding... !Q$ /a>e?has O S O been O DingP.

)P..

=ontoh2 1. *r. Is9ni has been orking in this oman ,or three ears. ( *r. Is9ni has orkedP. 0. #e ha>e been li>ing in "ringseu sine 1999 ( #e ha>e li>edP..

 %Te?hasG 

Time marker ang biasa digunakan ialah2 ,orPsineP just alread et reentl latel so ,ar u

to no u to resent et

PAST TENSES 1. Simle "ast Tense Simle "ast Tense digunakan untuk mengungkakan kejadian ang terjadi ada aktu lamau ! ast$ 3alimat %ominal !3alimat ang tidak mengandung kata kerja$ !O$ S O to be !as?ere$ O % ?&dj ? ad> !--$ S O to be !as?ere$ O %T O % ? &dj ? &d> !Q$ To be !as?ere$ O S O % ? &dj ? &d>

=ontoh2 1.

/e as a teaher.! /e is not a teaher anmore$

0.

The erenWt in the same lass.

.

#as our ,ather at home esterdaQ

Ka%imat 8era% 4Ka%imat yang mengand#ng kata ker!a5 !O$ S O D0 O P. !--$ S O did O %T O D1 O P. !Q$ 'id O S O D1 O P. =ontoh2 1.

*rs. %ur taught me
0.

The hildren didnWt go to shool esterda.

.

#hat did ou doQ 'id ou enjo our dinner last nightQ

 %T
Time marker ang biasa digunakan ialah2 esterda lastP Pago one uon time et.

2. Past
,. 7#a #a$ ke!adian yang ter!adi ersamaan "ada masa %am"a# 4 #nt#k meng$##ngkan d#a #a$ ke!adian terse#t kita mengg#nakan "eng$##ng H?$en?$i%e "ast =ontinuous O #/<% O Simle "ast Simle "ast O #/IL< O "ast =ontinuous Simle "ast O #/<% O "ast =ontinuous =ontoh2 1. I as studing
0. .

* ,ather ame hile )ina as eating I ,ell don hen I as alking

 %T
Time marker ang biasa digunakan ialah2 Hesterda at 1;.;; at that time last night then! ast$.

&. Past Perfe*t Tense "ast "er,et Tense digunakan untuk mengungkakan kejadian ang sudah s elesai sebelum kejadian lain di masa lamau terjadi. !3ejadian ang sudah selesai duluan berbentuk "ast "er,et Tense dan kejadian ang selanjutna berbentuk Simle "ast$. !O$ S O /ad O D?been O P. !--$ S O /ad O %T O D?been O P. !Q$ /ad O S O D?been O P

)?SI%=
=ontoh2 1. *r. Is9ni had just alread eaten be,ore ou ame 0. * ,ather and m mother ent to hometon a,ter the had been alled b m grandma.

N@TES= Simle "ast O &,ter O "ast "er,et   Beause "ast "er,et O Be,ore O Simle "ast   #hen

). Past Perfe*t
"ast "er,et =ontinuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkakan kejadian ang sudah dimulai ada masa lamau namun masih berlangsung samai dengan kejadian lain di masa lamau. Sebaikna kita menggunakan "ast "er,et =ontinuousRbukan ast er,et-- kalau ang kita inginkan adalah menekankan ada  berlangsungna ?durasi eristia.

!O$ S O /ad O been O DingP. !--$ S O /ad O %T O been O Ding...

)P..

!Q$ /ad O S O been O DI%+ .... =ontoh2 *r. Is9ni had been orking in this oman ,or three ears #/<% &ndi joined in this oman.

>UTURE TENSES 1. Present >#t#re Tense

"resent uture Tense digunakan untuk mengungkakan suatu kegiatan ang akan berlangsung di masa ang akan datang. !O$ S O #ill?shall D1?be O P. !--$ S O ill?shall O %T O D1?be O P !Q$ #ill?shall O S O D1?be O P.

=ontoh2 1.

I ill go to shool tomorro morning.

0.

)oni ill not go to Bali neMt month

.

#h onWt ou go to shool tomorroQ

 %T
 Sebaikna 3ita menggunakan T Be going to D1! "resent =ontinuous Tense$ untuk sebuah kejadian ang sudah kita renanakan dari aal  'alam membentuk kalimat tana aabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tana dengan menggunakan #/ uestion! hat h hat hen here ho$ letakkan #h uestion aling aal sebelum &uMiliaries Fill?shallG 

#ill umum untuk semua subjek sedangkan shall untuk subjek F I and #eG

 Time marker ang biasa digunakan ialah2 tomorro neMtP. soon later tonight the da a,ter tomorro

0. "resent uture =ontinuous Tense

"resent =ontinuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkakan kejadian ang sedang berlangsung di masa ang akan datang. !O$ S O #ill?shall O be O D1 O ing O P. !--$ S O #ill?shall O %T O be O D1 O ing O P. !Q$ #ill?shall O S O be O D1 O ing O P.  =ontoh2 1.

* ,ather ill not be teahing
0.

Hou ill be studing
 %T<2 Time marker ang biasa digunakan ialah2 tomorro at 1;.;; this time neMt eek then !,uture$

. "resent uture "er,et Tense

"resent uture "er,et Tense digunakan untuk mengungkakan kejadian ang sudah dimulai ada masa lamau sekarang masih berlangsung dan belum selesai dan akan selesai di aktu tertentu ang akan datang. !Un,inished &tions$

!O$ S O #ill /a>e O D?been O P. !--$ S O #ill /a>e O %T O D?been O P.

B The timeP..

!Q$ #ill O S O /a>e O D?been O P.

=ontoh2 1.

*r. 'han ill ha>e gone b the time tomorro

0.

* ,ather ill ha>e studied be,ore )ina omes to m house

 %T
4. "resent uture "er,et =ontinuous Tense

"resent uture "er,et =ontinuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkakan kejadian ang sudah mulai  berlangsung sebelum aktu tertentu atau kejadian lain di aktu ang akan datang dan akan masih berlangsung  ada saat tersebut.

!O$ S O #ill /a>e O been O DingP. !--$ S O #ill /a>e O %T O been O Ding... !Q$ #ill O S O /a>e O been O DingP.

)P..

=ontoh2 1.

*r. Is9ni ill ha>e been orking in this oman ,or three ears b the time ou join in this oman

 %T
")S
&m bak 

B.

/a>e been bak 

=.

#ould be bak 

'.

*a be bak 

<.

#ill ha>e been bak 

;0.

I kno that one o, m studentsPin our oman sine he graduated.

&.

ork 

B.

orking

=.

to ork 

'.

has been orking

<.

ha>e orked

;.

/adi looks >er tiredJ heP,or hours no.

&.

dro>e

B.

had dri>en

=.

as dri>ing

'.

had been dri>ing

<.

has been dri>ing

;4.

I hoe that b the time m ,ather retires I Pa job.

&.

get

B.

am getting

=.

ha>e got

'.

got

<.

ill ha>e got

;4. I ha>e ritten three letters. It meansP &. I am still riting no B.

I am not riting anmore

=.

I ha>enWt ,inished riting et

'.

I hoe to ,inish this morning

<.

I ha>e to rite no

;5.

Ian the national tennis hamion P.tennis sine he as nine.

&.

laed

B.

has been laing

=.

las

'.

is laing

<.

had laed

;6. /eru had a lot o, ork to do. /e ,inished his ork ,i>e minutes ago. /e ried2 I am ,ree no beause I ... all m ork. &.

,inished

B.

ha>e ,inished

=.

ill ,inish

'.

ill ha>e ,inished

<.

am ,inishing

;:. Tara ... a letter in his room hen his mother ame in. &.

rote

B.

has ritten

=.

rites

'.

as riting

<.

is riting

;. &rina ...... to Hoga last ear. It as her ,irst >isit there. &.

has gone

B.

has been gone

=.

ent

'.

as going

<.

had gone

;9. F/a>e the bos had their break,astQG F%ot et theP &.

ha>e taken a bath

B.

are still taking a bath

=.

ill take a bath

'.

ere taking a bath

<.

ould still take a bath

1;. The ... the matter b tel>e olok &.

disuss

B.

ill disuss

=.

ill ha>e disussed

'.

ha>e disussed

<.

ill be disussing

tomorro.

11. <>er night the athman turns on all the lights and Paround the building e>er hal, an hour. &.

alks

B.

is alking

=.

to be alking

'.

alking

<.

to alk 

10. F/o long has been the rinile o, our shoolQG FSine I Pthis shoolG &.

as entering

B.

ha>e entered

=.

ould enter 

'.

entered

<.

had been entering

1. )aihan ...... the nasid >er ell in his ,riendWs edding art last eek. &.

as singing

B.

is singing

=.

has sung

'.

had sung

<.

sang

14. The students ..... the toi in the big hall ,or one hour hen the teaher ame. &.

ere disussing

B.

disussed

=.

ha>e disussed

'.

had been disussing

<.

disuss

15. B nine olok tonight IP read to go to &.

ha>e been

B.

ill ha>e been-.

=.

ill be

'.

am

<.

as

16. &t this moment she ... her dress. &.

ill se

B.

se

=.

is seing

'.

seed

<.

ses

1:. +ood students alas ...... rules. a.

ill obe

 b.

ha>e obeed

.

obes

d.

obe

e.

are obeing

7akarta.

1. She ... in 7akarta this time tomorro. &.

ill be arri>ing

B.

ill ha>e arri>e

=.

ill ha>e been arri>ing

'.

ill arri>e

<.

ha>e been arri>ing

19. The bus ame a,ter I P,or about tent minutes. &.

ha>e been aiting

B.

ha>e aited

=.

am aiting

'.

had been aiting

<.

as aiting

0;. #hen I ame in the dogP under the table. &.

as sleeing

B.

ha>e been sleeing

=.

is sleeing

'.

sleeing

<.

ill be sleeing

01. <>er ear SheP.m holida in Bali

&.

is sending

B.

send

=.

sends

'.

ill send

<.

sent

00. 3ee uiet ePto musi. &.

listen

B.

am listening

=.

listened

'.

ill listen

<.

ha>e listened

0. IP.outside the restaurant this time neMt &.

am aiting

B.

ill ait

=.

ill be aiting

'.

ill been aited

<.

ait

#ednesda.

14. & guest ants to see ou. /e ...... ,or more than to hours &. aited B. has been aiting

=. aiting '. ait <.

ha>e to ait

05. Foh dear. I ,orget to bring m ditionar.G FThatWs all right. I Pou mine. &.

am lending

B.

am going to lend

=.

ill lend

'.

lend

<.

ill be lending

&. L&S/ LI+/T  *'&L <)<=T *odal er,et biasana diakai untuk mengungkakan kejadian ada masa lamau. *odal er,et diakai dalam kondisi ang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan bentuk modal aalna aakah menggunakan modal2 =an?ould !abilit$ ma?might !ossibilit$ dll. B. SU**&)H

*'&LS

1.

*odal "resent !*1$2 =an ma shall ill dll.

0.

*odal "ast !*0$2 ould might should ould dll

.

*odal "er,et !*$2 ould ha>e D might?ma ha>e D should ha>e D and ould ha>e D.

*'&L "<)<=T a.

*UST /&D< D

3ita menggunakan modal er,et *ust /a>e D untuk menggungkakan kesimulan akan kejadian ang telah terjadi di masa lamau. Sebuah kesimulan berarti kita akin 95_ baha sesuatu itu "&STIP

e been thie>es stealing in our houseW  b.

*I+/T /&D< D

3ita menggunakan modal er,et *ight /a>e D untuk mengungkakan kemungkinan akan sebuah kejadian ang terjadi di masa lamau. 3emungkinan di sini berarti masih ,i,t-,i,t baha seseuatu itu *U%+3I%P ontoh2 eral times esterda but there as no anserW V/e might ha>e been out o, ton.W . S/UL' ?U+/T T /&D< D

3ita menggunakan modal er,et er,et Should /a>e D untuk mengungkakan sebuah saran ang seharusna dilakukan oleh seseorang di masa lamau namun saran tersebut asti tidak dilakukan. *odal  er,et jenis ini lebih endrung ada sebuah enesalan. 3ita mengungkakan dalam bahasa Indonesia S
e told him.W d. =UL' /&D< D

3ita menggunakan modal er,et =ould /a>e D untuk mengungkakan kemamuan seseorang melakukan sesuatu di masa lamau namun tidak dilakukan. Bisa kita analogikan dengan 'aatP.namunP.

e ome to m art.

")BL<* S
;1. I ould not ,ind the museum ou told me about. I P..the rong bus. !&$ must ha>e taken

!=$ ought to take

!B$ ould ha>e taken

!<$ should take

!=$ should ha>e taken

;0.

I did not kno there as a test esterda. HouPme about it.

!&$ ould ha>e told

!'$ must ha>e

!B$ ould tell

!<$.should ha>e told

!=$ should tell

;. VI am sorr I as not able to ,inish ting our aer.W V#ell it as m ,ault IPou ith so muh ork  !&$ might not ha>e burdened !B$ had not burdened !=$ should not ha>e burdened !'$ ould not burden !<$

ould not ha>e burdened

;4. V#as 7ohn aeted at &straQW V /e might ha>e been. I ha>enWt seen him around ,or some time.W The underlined ords mean that heP !&$ re,uses to ork ,or &stra !B$ is not orking ,or &stra !=$ is still unemloed !'$ as ertainl aeted !<$

as robabl aeted

;5. VI ha>e heard that &leM as ,ined [1;; ,or littering hen he as in Singaore.W

V)eallQ /e Pthat there is la against littering in ubli laes. !&$ might ha>e knon !B$ should not ha>e knon !=$ ould ha>e knon !'$ ought to ha>e knon !<$

must not ha>e knon

;6. VI anWt ,ind m handhone in m bagW V #ell ouPin the ar. LetWs take a lookW !&$ ma ha>e to lea>e it !B$ ma ha>e le,t it !=$ had to lea>e it !'$ should ha>e le,t !<$

must lea>e it

;:. VI ,inall bought a omuter but IWm not satis,ied ith it.W VThatWs too bad. HouP'arno our omuter tehniian ,or ad>ie.W !&$ should ha>e asked !B$ ma ha>e asked !=$ ought to ask  !'$ must ha>e asked !<$

ould ask 

;. V#hen I arri>ed at this o,,ie at .;; Indra as not there.W V#ell heP.earl.W !&$ should go home !B$ must ha>e gone home !=$ might go home !'$ ould ha>e gone home !<$

had better go home

;9. VIW>e lost a lot o, mone b in>esting it in our ,riendWs business.W VI am sorr ouPabout his business.W !&$ had better onsult me !B$ should ha>e onsulted me !=$ ould rather onsult me !'$ must ha>e onsulted me !<$

ought to onsult me

1;. VIt as a long and tiring ,light ,rom London.W V#ell let me sho ou to our room thenJ ouPb no. !&$ an be eMhausted !B$ must be eMhausted !=$ ould be eMhausted !'$ ould ha>e been eMhausted !<$

might ha>e been eMhausted

11. VThis is the last ,light ,rom 7akarta but I donWt see m daughter among the assengers.W VShe P.the ,light.W !&$ must miss !B$ must ha>e missed !=$ should miss !'$ should ha>e missed !<$

ought to ha>e missed

10. I am tired o, athing that mo>ieJ there is too muh >iolene.W VI agreeJ P.the hannelQ !&$ I should hange !B$ #ould e rather hange !=$ I must hange !'$ Shall I hange !<$

/ad I better hange

1. I remember hen e ere hildren )obertPith a big smile that one da he ould be ,amous.W !&$ had to sta !B$ ould rather ha>e said !=$ might ha>e said !'$ used to sta !<$

ought to ha>e said

14. VThereWs a letter stating that Ina has to lea>e ,or the U.S. neMt eek.W V#ell shePthe nes right aa then.W !&$ should tell !B$ should ha>e told !=$ should be telling !'$ should be told !<$

should be telling it

15. I tried to all Tina on her mobile hone esterda but I onl got her mailboM.W V SheP.to bring her hone she o,ten does that.W !&$ had to ,orget !B$ should ha>e ,orgotten !=$ must ,orget !'$ must ha>e ,orgotten !<$

ought to ,orget

&. L&S/LI+/T &djeti>e =lause?)elati>e

&djeti>e =lause?)elati>e lause adalah anak kalimat ang ber,ungsi sebagai adjeti>e !enjelas kata benda$  baik sebagai enjelas orang atauun benda. "ada intina adjeti>e lause meruakan satu enggabungan dari dua buah kalimat !klausa$ dengan menggunakan kata enghubung FangG. B. SU**&)H

)
Untuk menggabungkan 0 buah kalimat kita harus menggunakan relati>e ronoun !ang$ antara lain2

1.

#/

#e use ho to substitute a subjet !he?she?the?e et$ hen the subjet re,ers to a erson?eole.

"a lose attention to the ,olloing illustration2 

The eole ere mostl oung soldiers



The ere killed during the ar.

The eoleRthe ere killed during the arRere mostl oung soldiers. The eole ho ere killed during the ar ere mostl oung soldiers.



&hong lo>es the oman.



She is orking at the Language =enter o, Lamung "ro>ine.

&hong lo>es the omanRshe is orking at the Language =enter o, L amung "ro>ine. &hong lo>es the oman ho is orking at the Language =enter o, Lamung "ro>ine.

0.

#/*

#e use hom to substitute an objet !him her them et$ hen the objet re,ers to a erson?eole.

"a lose attention to the ,olloing illustration2 

The eole are angr



I donWt like them

The eoleRI donWt like themRare angr. The eole hom I donWt like are angr.



&hong ants to meet the oman.



)end lo>es her so muh

&hong ants to meet the omanR)end lo>es her so muh. &hong ants to meet the oman hom )end lo>es so muh.

bjet o, "reositions 

The man is angr



The oman is talking to him

The manRthe oman is talking to himRis angr. The man to hom the oman is talking is angr or The man hom the oman is talking to is angr. 

*r. 'han has to brothers.



&ll o, them are married.

*r. 'han has to brothersRall o, them are married. *r. 'han has to brothers all o, hom are married.

. #/S<

3ita menggunakanna untuk menggantikan keunaan !ossessi>e$ ang biasana mengau ada orang. Bisa  juga untuk benda alau agak jarang enggunaana. 

%urul is in the hosital



/er health is bad

 %urulRher health is badRis in the hosital.  %urul hose health is bad is in the hosital.



She is looking ,or a bo



Hou alas borro his motorle

She is looking ,or a boRhis motorleRou alas borro. She is looking ,or a bo hose motorle ou alas borro.

4. #/I=/

3ita menggunakan hih untuk menggantikan benda sebagai subjet atauun objet. 

I sa a dog



It as beaten b Tono

I sa a dogRit as beaten b Tono. I sa a dog hih as beaten b Tono



The book is best seller 



<>erbod is talking about it

The bookRe>er bod is talking about itRis best seller  The book about hih e>erbod is talking is best seller or The book hih e>erbod is talking about is  bestseller.



* books are ut on the shel>es



*ost o, them are about hild eduation

* booksRmost o, them are about hild eduationRare ut on the shel>es. * books most o, hih are about hild eduation are ut on the shel>es.

5. T/&T

3ita menggunakan that untuk menggantikan ho?hom !orang$ and hih !benda$ namun dalam situasi tertentu tidak daat saling menggantikan. 

The eole 8ho ere killed in the arRere mostl oung soldiers.



The eole that ere killed in the ar ere mostl oung soldiers.

Tai tidak bias berlaku untuk2    

The man to hom I sa is handsome.!benar$ Bukan The man to that I sa is handsome. !salah$

)I%+3&S&%

#ho?That 1. )&%+

0. B<%'&

. T<*"&T

D?"

#hom?That

S

#hose

%

#hih?That

D?"

#hih?That

S

, hih

%

#here

S

in?at?on #hih

S

#hen

S

4. #&3TU

in?at?on hih

5. &L&S&%

#h

S

S

6. S O "re O hom !orang$ ( S O hom O "re S O "re O hih !benda$ ( S O hih O "re

5. &L&S&%

#h

S

6. S O "re O hom !orang$ ( S O hom O "re S O "re O hih !benda$ ( S O hih O "re

")BL<* S
;1.

The student got the highest sores The teahers like him. The abo>e sentenes an be joined as ,ollos2 The studentP.got the highest sores.

!&$ hom the teahers like !B$ hih the teahers like !=$ he is liked b the teahers !'$ is liked b the teahers !<$

the teahers like him

;0.

The bookP.is onl a>ailable in the librar.

!&$ ,rom hih these to haters are taken !B$ these to haters are taken ,rom them !=$ here these to haters are taken

!'$ it as ,rom them the to haters are taken !<$

the to haters are taken

;.

The ladP.this letter is addressed has mo>ed to another it.

!&$ ho !B$ to hih !=$ hom !'$ hih !<$

to hom

;4.

This is the manP.

!&$ hih I told ou !B$ hom I told ou about !=$ I told ou !'$ that I told ou !<$

about hih I told ou

;5.

TomWs ,atherP.health hasnWt been so good latel is in hosital no.

!&$ ho is !B$ hose !=$ his !'$ o, hom !<$

o, hih

;6.

'id I tell ou about the girlPI met during the demonstration last eekQ

!&$ ho !B$ hose !=$ hom !'$ o, hih !<$

ith hom

;:.

The no>els in book storesPare true lo>e stories are best seller.

!&$ hih o, most !B$ most o, hih !=$ o, hih !'$ in hih !<$

that most

;.

V#hom did ou in>ite to this meetingQW VThe managersPreorts ou read this morningW

!&$ hom !B$ o, hom !=$ hih !'$ o, hih !<$

hose

;9.

Teenager delinuenP.eole are no omlaining has beome a oular toi disussed among

 shologists. !&$ hom that !B$ hih !=$ in hih !'$ about hih !<$

hom

1;. The students are olleting mone ,ood and lothes ,or the eolePhouses ere destroed in the ,ire last eek. !&$ ho !B$ hih !=$ hom !'$ that !<$

hose

11.

VI >isited the Uni>ersit o, Lamung last ear.W That is the laeP.m brother is studing no.

!&$ hih !B$ hen !=$ hose !'$ hom !<$

here

10.

Hanto as a oung riterPno>el on the ,irst

!&$ hen

riAe.

!B$ hom !=$ hose !'$ hih !<$

ho

1.

StudentsPill be aarded sholarshi

!&$ ho ass ith eMellent grades !B$ the ass ith eMellent grades !=$ the ho ass ith eMellent grades !'$ ass ith eMellent grades !<$

to ass ith eMellent grades

14. SdneP.is more than three million is &ustraliaWs largest it. !&$ hom the oulation !B$ that the oulation !=$ hether the oulation !'$ the oulation o, it !<$

the oulation o, hih

15.

Is e>erbod graduating ,rom S*& 1 in>ited to the artQW V#ell the art is eMlusi>el ,or thosePW

!&$ the graduated in 199; !B$ ere 199; graduates

!=$ to hom are 199; graduates !'$ ho graduated in 199; !<$

the 199; graduation

16.

The sholarshi ill be gi>en to the studentsP

!&$ hih assed the seletion test !B$ hose seletion test assed !=$ the assed the seletion test !'$ ho ha>e assed the seletion test !<$

ha>e assed the seletion test

1:.

& ,riend o, mineP.,ather is the manager heled me to get the job.

!&$ hose !B$ hih !=$ that !'$ hom !<$

ho

1.

The businessmanPe met is the general manager o, this oman.

!&$ hom !B$ hoe>er  !=$ ho !'$ ith hom

!<$

hih

19.

This is the bookPI got the data ,or m omosition.

!&$ that !B$ in hih !=$ hih !'$ ,rom hih !<$

the lae

0;.

I met the girlP.is in our lass.

!&$ the brother o, hers !B$ her brother  !=$ hoWs brother  !'$ hers brother  !<$

hose brother 

01. V#ho alled ou last nightQW VThe man ....W !&$ hih I borroed the book ,rom !B$ ,rom hih I borroed the book  !=$ I borroed the book ,rom him !'$ ,rom hom I borroed the book  !<$

his book I borroed

01.

'o ou ha>e a boMP.

!&$ that I an ut m letters !B$ here an I ut m letters !=$ in hih I an ut m letters !'$ & and = are right ansers !<$

%o orret anser 

00.

* sisters and m brother ut their mone in the bankPI ork.

!&$ hom !B$ hat !=$ here !'$ hih !<$

ho

0.

/is ,atherPhas been to "aris has just returned

!&$ ho !B$ hih !=$ hom !'$ here !<$

hose

04.

I ha>e lost a iee o, aerP.

!&$ I rote our name on it !B$ our name I rote on it !=$ on it I rote our name !'$ on hih I rote our name !<$

that I rote our name on it.

&. L&S/LI+/T

+<)U%' adalah bentuk kata kerja ertama O ing !D1 O ing$ ang ber,ungsi sebagai kata benda. leh karena itu semua kedudukan atau ,ungsi kata benda !noun$ bisa kita gantikan dengan gerund !D ing$. Selain itu kaan dan dimana kata benda itu munul boleh dan daat juga kita gantikan dengan gerund !D ing$. 'i sisi lain I%I%ITID< disebut juga bentuk kata kerja ertama !D1$ atau kata kerja dasar. I%I%ITID< daat kita kelomokkan menjadi dua aitu in,initi>e ith to?to in,initi>e !T D1$ dan in,initi>e ithout to?bare in,initi>e? simle Derb !D1$ B. SU**&)H

+<)U%' !D-I%+$

ungsi kata benda?+erund2

a.

Sebagai subjek 


makes

me

D



2 Simming S

makes

D

ha

me ha bukan Sim makes me ha



'ari ontoh di atas subjek kata benda !*r. Is9ni$ daat kita gantikan dengan kata kerja FsimG dengan ara menambahkan 8ing ada kata kerja tersebut menjadi FsimmingG karena kata kerja tersebut ber,ungsi sebagai subjek.

 b.

Sebagai objek transiti, 


likes

ie ream

D



2 )eni S

D

likes

going to shool bukan )eni likes go to shool



'ari ontoh di atas objek kata benda !ie ream$ daat kita gantikan dengan kata kerja Fgo to shoolG dengan ara menambahkan 8ing ada kata kerja tersebut menjadi Fgoing to shoolG karena kata kerja tersebut  ber,ungsi sbg objek kalimat.

. Sebagai objek reosisi?setelah kata dean !in at on b ith ithout o, o,, be,ore a,ter ,or about ,rom to u et.$
2 I am interested in
+erund 2 I am interested in singing FTombo &tiG.

+

Biasa

2 *r. 'han is a,raid o, dog. %

+erund 2 *r. 'han is a,raid o, lea>ing this ountr. + d. Setelah "ossessi>e &djeti>e !m our his her their our et$  


  Biasa

2 /er book is onder,ul %

+erund 2 /er earing lothes is onder,ul +

e. Setelah kata-kata kerja tertentu2

admit areiate onsider enjo mind a>oid reall ,inish miss regret dela uit ostone den anWt hel risk suggest ratie ad>ie reent resist imagine kee antiiate reommend tolerate et.
,. Setelah ungkaan-ungkaan tertentu2

ItWs no use itWs orth itWs bus anWt hel?anWt stand?anWt bear ha>e di,,iult ,eel like et.

  ing alone ithout his ,amil. T I%I%ITID< ! T D1 $

a. Untuk mengungkakan tujuan !"urose$. Tujuan disini artina menjaab ertanaan Guntuk aa kita melakukan sesuatu ?#h or #hat ,orQG.
*r. Is9ni goes to shool to stud
 b. Sesudah kata si,at !adjeti>es$ 2 anMious boring dangerous hard eager eas good strange leased read di,,iult et.   e. /e as >er anMious to hear the result.

. Sesudah ungkaan T and <%U+/
2

This boM is eas enough to li,t. This ar is too small to arr eight eole.

d. Sesudah kata-kata kerja tertentu2 agree aear arrange ask attemt beg deide demand eMet ,ail hoe intend learn manage mean need o,,er order romise re,use seem tend tr ait ant et.  
'ea agreed to aoman me to go to arahWs art. I eMet to begin studing
B&)< I%I%ITID< ! D1$

3ita menggunakan D1 untuk2

a. Setelah *'&L ! ill ould ma might shall should an ould et$  
 b. Setelah kata kerja Let dan *ake  
* teaher let me go home beause I as sik. )end has made his i,e r.

&kan tetai berbeda dengan2 This en is made to rite !dalam hal asi, biasana kita menggunakan T D1 karena mengungkakan tujuan$

. Setelah kata-kata kerja ersesi !>erbs o, eretion$ misal2 see hear listen ath obser>e notie ,eel et  
I sa Tina ross the street. Tia alas hels her mother reare meals ,or break,ast

=&T&T&%2 3husus kata kerja ersesi di atas bisa diikuti oleh D ing atau D1 namun maknana berbeda.

/e sa m mother rossing the street. !( * mother as rossing the street and /e sa her.$ /e sa m mother ross the street. !( * mother rossed the street and /e sa her.$

T D1 or D ing

a. T D1 ( D ing

3ata kerja berikut bias di ikuti D ing atau To Di dan artina sama atau tidak berbeda2 begin like lo>e re,er start regret hate.
 b. T D1 Q D ing

3ata kerja berikut bisa diikuti D ing atau T Di namun maknana berbeda2 ,orget remember sto.
To O D ing digunakan dalam ungkaan-ungkaan tertentu. G ToG di sini adalah FtoG sebagai reosisi sehingga itulah sebabna mengaa FtoG bertemu D ing. Ungkaan-ungkaan tersebut antara lain2  be?get? beome O used to  be?get?beome O austomed to look ,orard to on,ess to objet to ad>ane to  be oosed to

adjust to.


")BL<* S
;1.

I am looking ,orard to P.ou neMt eek 

!&$ seeing !B$ see !=$ ill see !'$ be seeing !<$

be seen

;0.

I am no Ptea ithout sugar.

!&$ austomed to drink 

!B$ austomed to drinking !=$ ha>e the austomed to drink  !'$ austomed in drinking !<$

the austomed drinking.

;.

&ll ne students at this uni>ersit are reuiredPan
!&$ taking !B$ ha>ing to take !=$ take !'$ to take !<$

ill take

;4.

V#h do ou ha>e to sta at home tomorroQW

VP. m little brother !&$ takes are o,  !B$ taking are o,  !=$ to take are o,  !'$ ,or taking are o,  !<$

I ill take are o, 

;5.

V#hat do ou need m alulator ,orQW

 P. this math roblem. !&$ In sol>ing

!B$ * sol>ing !=$ sol>ed !'$ to sol>e !<$

I sol>e

;6.

* ,riend is onsideringPshool be,ore ,inishing it beause o, ,inanial reason.

!&$ le,t !B$ to lea>e !=$ lea>es !'$ lea>e !<$

lea>ing

;:.

Little hildren are usuall a,raid o,Pb their mother.

!&$ le,t !B$ to lea>e !=$ being le,t !'$ lea>ing !<$

been le,t

;.

*r. Is9ni delined the o,,er o,P.to Singaore as a reresentati>e o, our oman.

!&$ being trans,erred !B$ is trans,erred !=$ trans,erred

!'$ to trans,er  !<$

be trans,erred

;9.

It is imossible ,or usP. the hole book ithin 0 eeks.

!&$ translate !B$ to translate !=$ translating !'$ being translated !<$

translates

1;.

'id ou thank 7ohan ,or the ditionar he bought ,or ouQW

VHes I did. I reall areiateP.it ,or me. !&$ to bu !B$ bus !=$ buing it !'$ to ha>e bought !<$

his buing

11.

This house needsP.

!&$ reair  !B$ reairing !=$ to be reaired !'$ reaired

!<$

B and = are orret

10.

'esite ritiisms ,rom olitial oonents the ne resident ontinues hisPabroad.

!&$ tra>el !B$ to tra>el !=$ tra>eling !'$ be tra>eling !<$

to be tra>eled

1.

#h are ou taking the ar to the garageQ

 

VP..W

!&$ I ill hek the brakes msel,  !B$ The brakes ill heked !=$ ha>ing heked the brakes !'$ To ha>e the brakes heked !<$

The brakes ill ha>e been heked

14.

P..the broken ar is >er time onsuming i, ou donWt kno about the ar.

!&$ =heking !B$ =heked !=$ To heked !'$ =hek  !<$

=heks

15.

The reason h I am here isPou ,ill in the ,orms ,or the sholarshi.

!&$ hel !B$ to hel !=$ heling !'$ I ill hel !<$

I am heling

16.

V#hat did )ud ,inall deideQW

VP.his masterWs degree in 7aan.W !&$ /e an take !B$ /is taking !=$ taking !'$ be taking !<$

to take

1:.

The ,at that he as ut into rison ,or something he had not done made his i,eP.

!&$ r !B$ to be ring !=$ ried !'$ to r !<$

ring

1.

I donWt meanPour ,eeling.

!&$ hurt !B$ to hurt !=$ hurting !'$ being hurt !<$

I ill hurt

19.

=ould ouPan ee on m bo ,riend hile I go abroadQ

!&$ kee !B$ to kee !=$ be ket !'$ ket !<$

keeing

0;.

VThis
#ell oud betterP. !&$ translating it !B$ translated it !=$ to translate it !'$ translate it !<$

to be translated it

01.

#ould ou mindP.ith me to the inemaQ

!&$ go !B$ goes !=$ going !'$ ent !<$

gone

00.

#hen I alked around m house I sa someonePon the gate.

!&$ stood !B$ stands !=$ to stand !'$ standing !<$

as standing

0.

*other ants meP.ith her.

!&$ going !B$ go !=$ gone !'$ to go !<$

ill go

04.

The thie, deniedPjeelr although the olie ,ore him to admit it.

!&$ steal !B$ stealing

!=$ to steal !'$ in stealing !<$

stolen

05.

#hen did ouP
!&$ begin learned !B$ begin to learning !=$ begin to learn !'$ begin learn !<$

beginning learning

&. L&S/LI+/T "resent "artiile ! D ing$ adalah bentuk kata kerja ertama ditambahkan 8ing !D1 O ing$ ang bisa ber,ungsi sebagai adjeti>e?ad>erb. Sebagai adjeti>es?kata si,at berarti sebagai enjelas kata benda. Sedangkan  ber,ungsi sebagai ad>erb maka resent artiile bereran sebagai enjelas kalimat. "ast artiile !D$adalah bentuk kata kerja ketiga !D$ ang juga ber,ungsi sebagai adjeti>e dan ad>erbR  sama halna dengan "resent "artiile. B. SU**&)H ")e "artiile.

a.

)edued &djeti>e =lause !"eningkatan ada &djeti>e =lause$

 %oun D ing P.

( %oun ho?hih D1 s?es ( %oun ho?hih

D0

( %oun ho?hih to be O D ing

er imortant ( The ater hih onsistsP.

 b.

)edued Sei,i &d>erbial =lause !"eningkatan ada &d>erbial =lause tertentu$

"eningkatan di sini daat terjadi hana dengan sarat baha Subjek ada ad>erbial lause ( Subjek ada main lause

D ingP S1 D

( #hen?#hile S1 DP S1 D ( Beause?sine?as?,or S1 DP S1 D


Beause I lo>e ou so muh I gi>e e>erthing ou ant. !( Lo>ing ou so muh I gi>e e>erthing ou ant$ Beause *r. Is9ni is le>er /e has man ,ans in this lass. !( Being le>er *r. Is9ni has man ,ans in this lass$

/a>ing O DP. S1 D

( &,ter S1 ha>e?has D S1 D1s?es ( &,ter S1 had D S1 D0

ing eaten I studied ing ome to an agreement e signed the *oU$ &,ter the students had omleted the test the handed in their aers and le,t the room. !( /a>ing omleted the test the handed in their aers and le,t the room.$

"&ST "&)TI=I"L< !D $ untuk kalimat asi, sehingga disebut juga "assi>e "artiile.

a.

)edued &djeti>e =lause !"eningkatan ada &djeti>e =lause$

 %oun D P.( %oun ho?hih to be DP.

egetables hit a tree ( & truk loadedP. 0. The indo hih as broken b
 b.

)edued Sei,i &d>erbial =lause !"eningkatan ada &d>erbial =lause tertentu$

"eningkatan di sini daat terjadi hana dengan sarat baha Subjek ada ad>erbial lause ( Subjek ada main lause DP S1 D

( #hen?#hile S1 to be DP S1 D ( Beause?sine?as?,or S1 to be DP S1 D

er eMited !( sent a ,loer b her bo,riend Shella ,elt >er eMited$ Beause &di as not gi>en muh mone he as >er disaointed. ! ( %ot gi>en muh mone &di as >er disaointed.$ &s it is surrounded b mountains the it has a ool limate. ! ( surrounded b mountains the it has a ool limate.$

/a>ing O Been DP. S1 D

( &,ter S1 ha>e?has been D S1 D1s?es ( &,ter S1 had been D S1 D0

ing been told about hat haened I kne that itWs not her mistake$ /e deided to gi>e u ,ighting a,ter he had been de,eated three times in a ro. !( /a>ing been de,eated three times in a ro he deided to gi>e u ,ighting$

")BL<* S
;1.

=onsuming a reser>ed ,ood 'eb beomes ,at. The underlined ord meansP

!&$ &,ter 'eb had onsumed !B$ #hen 'eb onsumes !=$ #hile 'eb is onsuming !'$ Beause 'eb onsumes !<$

<hough 'eb onsumes

;0.

This house ... b m grand ,ather long time ago is >er antiue.

!&$

had been built

!B$ is built !=$ has been built !'$ ill be built !<$

built

;.

/a>ing a uniue arhitetureP.

!&$ a lot o, tourists ame to see the temle !B$ the temle attrats a lot o, tourists !=$ the go>ernment reneed the temle !'$ the tourists admired the temle !<$

the arhitets ere interested in the temle

;4.

The book ... blue o>er is mine

!&$ has !B$ to ha>e !=$ ha>ing !'$ hih has !<$

= and ' are right

;5.

/a>ing been trained ,or a monthP

!&$ the hemial ,ator hired the emloee !B$ there as no emloees at the ,ator !=$ the emloees ere laed at the hemial ,ator

!'$ no emloee as laed at the hemial ,ator !<$

laing emloees at the ,ator as di,,iult

;6.

....the test suess,ull &d as aeted at the oman.

!&$ /a>ing done !B$ /a>ing been done !=$ Being done !'$ 'one !<$

'o

;:.

Interested in hat the salesman saidP.

!&$ he o,,ered all the things he had !B$ she bought all the things he o,,ered !=$ all the things he o,,ered ere bought !'$ she o,,ered him to bu all the things !<$

he as bought all the things

;.

P.near beauti,ul beah the ton soon beomes a oular tourist resort.

!&$ Situation !B$ It is situated !=$ Situating !'$ Situated !<$

Situates

;9.

P.her mistake the steardess immediatel aologiAed to the assenger.

!&$ )ealiAed !B$ )ealiAing !=$ In realiAing !'$ She realiAed !<$

)ealiAes

1;.

P.a ,e million ruiahs he ent on tour to "aris

!&$ Sa>ed !B$ /a>e sa>ed !=$ /e has sa>ed !'$ /a>ing sa>ed. !<$

/a>ing been sa>ed

11.

/a>ing on the ,irst innerP

!&$ the jur ga>e him a sholarshi !B$ his ,riends ongratulated him !=$ he as gi>en a sholarshi !'$ his mother as so roud o, him !<$

a sholarshi as gi>en to him

10.

P.b the sudden noise the bab oke u and ried.

!&$ Startled !B$ In startling !=$ It is startling !'$ To be startled !<$

Startling

1.

P.that the students ere heating *r. Is9ni as >er angr

!&$ 3non !B$ To kno !=$ 3ne !'$ <hough he kne !<$

3noing

14.

P.his eMlanation the teaher asked the students uestions.

!&$ inished. !B$ /e ,inished. !=$ inishing. !'$ To be ,inished. !<$

/a>ing ,inished.

15.

)unning don the stairs *ia slied and broke her leg. The underlined ords meansP

!&$ #hile *ia as running. !B$ *ia as running.

!=$ &s *ia ould run. !'$ &,ter she had run. !<$

In order that she ould run.

16. %ot anting to take risk o, missing the train e ent to the station >er earl. The underlined ords means2 Pdid not ant to take a risk o, missing the train e ent to the station >er earl. !&$ <hough I !B$ #hen e !=$ Beause e !'$ Beause I !<$

&,ter e

1:.

/a>ing good er,ormane in the re>ious hamionshiP

!&$ the go>ernment ga>e him reard. !B$ 3%I asked him to reresent Indonesia in S<&+&*
eole suggested that he reresent Indonesia in S<&+&*
1.

P.on all stations the nes soon sread to all o>er Bandarlamung areas

!&$ Broadast !B$ It is broadasting !=$ Broadasting

!'$ Broadasts !<$ Broadasted

19.

#alking don the street I ,ound a allet. The underlined ords meansP

!&$ I, I as alking !B$ #hen I as alking !=$ #hen I am alking !'$ <hough I as alking !<$ Beause I as alking

0;.

/a>ing ,inished their eMamsP.

!&$ the books must be returned to the librar !B$ the students must return the books to the librar !=$ it is reuired that the students return the books to the librar !'$ Tuti must return her books to the librar !<$ the librar reuires the students

7ika Sekali 3ita *eminta  %isaa Sulit &kan Terbiasa *emberi

&. L&S/LI+/T

Tidak semua I =lause identik dengan Subjunti>e. Subjunti>e adalah kalimat engandaian ang tidak mungkin terjadi lagi sedangkan ada I, lause te 1 masih ada kemungkinan untuk terjadi di masa ang akan datang. /ana I, =lause te 0 dan te  ang identik atau sama dengan Subjunti>e.

B. SU**&)H

1. "ola dan &rti I =lause

&da tige jenis I, =lause aitu 2

TH"< 1

"ola

2 I O S O D1s?es !amisare$ O S O *1 O D1?be

&rti

2 *asih mungkin terjadi di masa ang akan datang.

=ontoh 2 I, I stud hard I ill ass the eMam. it means that ItWs ossible ,or me to ass the eMam.

3ata kuni untuk arti I, =lause Te 1 aitu ada kata-kata ang berarti mungkin !ossible erhas mabe likel robabl et.$

TH"< 0

"ola

2 I O S O D0 !ere$ O S O *0 O D1?be

&rti

2 Tidak mungkin terjadi di masa sekarang

=ontoh 2 I, I studied hard I ould ass the eMam. it means that I donWt stud hard so I donWt ass the eMam.

3ata kuni untuk arti I, =lause Te 0 aitu ari laan kata dari ernataan sebeluma !kalau negati>e  biasana ada kata-kata 'o?does O not O D1 or am?is?are O not atau kalau ositi, ada D1 s?es or am?is?are.

TH"< 

"ola

2 I O S O had D !had been$ O S O *0 O ha>e O D?been

&rti

2 Tidak mungkin terjadi di masa sekarang

=ontoh 2 I, She had ome to m house She ould ha>e met her ,riend )ita.

it means that She didnWt ome to m house so she didnWt meet )ina.

3ata kuni untuk arti I, =lause Te 0 aitu ari laan kata dari ernataan sebeluma !kalau negati>e  biasana ada kata-kata didnWt O D1 or as?ere O not atau kalau ositi, ada D0 or as?ere.

0. "ola dan &rti Subjunti>e

#ish !resent$ O S O D0?ere?ould D1 O "resent time !no toda et.$ "resent >erb O as i,?as though O S O D0?ere?ould D1 O "resent time! no todaet$ #ished !ast$ O S O had D!had been$?ould ha>e D O "ast time! esterda lastP Pago et.$ "ast >erb O as i,?as though O S O had D!had been$?ould ha>e D O "ast time! esterdalastP Pago et.$ I, onl O S O D0?ere?ould D1 O "resent time! no toda et.$ I, onl O S O had D!had been$?ould ha>e D O "ast time! esterda lastP Pago$ #ould rather O S O D0?ere?ould D1 O "resent time! no toda et.$ #ould rather O S O had D!had been$?ould ha>e D O "ast time !esterda lastP Pago et.$

)I%+3&S&%

I, onl

D0?ere O !resent time$ #ould rather 

  &s i, &s though

/ad D?had been O ! "ast time $

  #ish

akta dari subjunti>e turunkan satu tingkat di baahna namun negati,kan jika kita menggunakan "ast

"er,et dalam Subjunti>e maka ,aktana "ast simle dan aabila kita menggunakan "ast Simle dalam subjunti>e maka ,aktana "resent Simle. 3ata kuni atau ara menari ,akta dari subjunti>e sama ersis dengan I =lause Te 0 dan Te .

F#ould )atherG selain sebagai subjunti>e juga bisa kita akai untuk mengungkakan re,erene atau kesukaan namun ada erbedaan ola enggunaan. #ould rather sebagai re,erene langsung bertemu dengan kata kerja ertama !D1$ sedangkan ada subjunti>e diikuti dengan subjek ."erhatikan erbedaan ontoh  berikut2

Subjunti>e "re,erene

2 /e ould rather m ,ather ere not at home. !ada subjet setelah Vd rather$ 2 /e ould rather sta at home than send his time at disotiue. !no subjet a,ter ould rather 

"<%TI%+

a.

I O S O #<)< P bisa kita ungkakan dengan ola in>ersi aitu 2 #<)< O S P =ontoh 2 I, I ere here ( #ere I here. I, She ere a dentist ( ere she a dentist.

I O S O /&' D?/&' B<<% P bisa juga kita ungkakan dengan menggunakan ola in>ersi aitu 2 /&' O S O D?B<<% P =ontoh 2 I, *ar had ome P ( /ad *ar ome P I, She had been a dotor P ( /ad she been a dotor P

. I P %ot ! I dalam bentuk negati>e $ sama maknana dengan U%L
=ontoh 2 I, *r. 'han didnWt stud ell P ( Unless *r. 'han studied ell P

")BL<* S
;1. I, someone had taken her book she ... the teaher. !&$

ould ha>e told to

!B$ ould ha>e told !=$ ill ha>e told it to !'$ had told it !<$

ould tell it to

;0. /e ... i, I had not reminded him. !&$

ma ,orget

!B$ might ha>e ,orgotten !=$ must ,orget !'$ should ,orget !<$

ma ,orget

;. Hour draing as >er good. I ould ha>e done better i, I ... more time.

!&$

ha>e had

!B$ ill ha>e had !=$ had !'$ ould ha>e !<$

had had

;4. #ere the dotor here he ould immediatel eMamine *ar. This means .... !&$

*ar annot be eMamined beause the dotor is not here.

!B$ The dotor is here and eMamining *ar. !=$ *ar is being eMamined beause the dotor is here. !'$ <hough the dotor is here *ar is not eMamined. !<$

The dotor is not here but *ar has been eMamined.

;5. /e didnt ass his eMam. I, he had studied harder he .... !&$

an ass it

!B$ ould ass it. !=$ ill ass it !'$ an assed it. !<$

ould ha>e assed it.

;6. I, he studies hard Pgood mark  !&$

hed get

!B$ he gets

!=$ hell get !'$ hell ha>e got !<$

hed ha>e got

;:. /ad I knon ou did not ha>e an mone I ... ou mine. !&$

ould lend

!B$ did not lend !=$ ould ha>e lent !'$ had lent !<$

ould not lend

;. I, I had ome earlier I ould ha>e met him. This sentene means .... !&$

I ame earl so that I ould meet him.

!B$ I ame late so I ould not meet him. !=$ <hough I ame earl I ould not meet him. !'$ I did not ome lateJ ne>ertheless I ould not meet him. !<$

I ame earl there,ore I ould not meet him.

;9. I, ou do not hurr the bus ... the stations be,ore ou get there. !&$

has le,t

!B$ is lea>ing !=$ ill be lea>ing

!'$ ill lea>e !<$

ill ha>e le,t

1;. I, it rains ou must ask the hildren ... !&$

ont la ,ootball.

!B$ dont la ,ootball. !=$ not to la ,ootball. !'$ la not ,ootball. !<$

not la ,ootball.

11. I, I had got u earl I should not ha>e ome late to shool. It means .... !&$

I did not slee.

!B$ I got u earl. !=$ I ame to shool on time. !'$ I did not get u late. !<$

I got u late.

10. &ni

2 I, I had studied hard I ha>e graduated.

&na

2 I think P

!&$

&ni has graduated

!B$ &ni did not stud hard !=$ &ni and &na did not stud hard !'$ &na has graduated

!<$

&na did not stud hard

1. P.he here no he ould meet me. !&$

ere

!B$ is !=$ as !'$ had been !<$

i, 

14. I ... m stud i, I ha>e good mark in the eMams. !&$

ontinue

!B$ ontinued !=$ ill ontinue !'$ ould ontinue !<$

ould ha>e ontinued

15. Indah 2 #ill ou go to the ,ootball mathQ Bunga 2 I shall go to the ,ootball i, it ....G !&$

did not rain hea>il.

!B$ does not rain hea>il. !=$ rained hea>il. !'$ raining hea>il. !<$

ill not rain hea>il.

05. *r.Is9ni ... the ne dress i, she had enough mone. !&$

bu

!B$ ill bu !=$ bought !'$ ould bu !<$

ill bought

06. I, ou did our homeork the teaher ... angr ith ou. !&$

ould

!B$ ould not be !=$ ill !'$ ould ha>e been !<$

ill be

0:. She ... our lub i, e ask her. !&$

is going to join

!B$ ould join !=$ ill join !'$ is joining !<$

ould ha>e joined

0. Unless ou returned the book hePith ou. !&$

shall be angr

!B$ should ha>e been angr !=$ shall not be angr !'$ should be angr !<$

should not be angr

09. &nton ould anser the uestion i, he kne it. In ,at he ... the anser. !&$

doesnt kno

!B$ knos !=$ didnt kno !'$ kne !<$

has not knon

;. I, m ,ather had a ar I ould take &ndi to "unak 'idi said. rom the sentene abo>e e an dra a onlusion that .... !&$

'idi took &ndi to "unak.

!B$ 'idi dri>es his ,athers ar. !=$ 'idis ,ather doesnt ha>e a ar. !'$ 'idi ent to "unak ith &ndi. !<$

'idi and &ndi ill go to "unak.

1. I, /arr had ,ailed ... ith himQ !&$

ould his ,ather ha>e been angr

!B$ ill his ,ather ha>e been angr !=$ ould his ,ather be angr !'$ did his ,ather beome angr !<$

as his ,ather angr

0. I, I ... m dri>ing test I shall bu a ar. !&$

bu

!B$ ill bu !=$ bought !'$ ould bu !<$

had bought

. I, ou took an umbrella ou ... et. !&$

ill get

!B$ ould not get !=$ ould get !'$ ill not get !<$

ould ha>e got

4. I, I ...  m ,ather ould ha>e been angr ith me. !&$

,ail

!B$ ould ,ail !=$ ,ailed

!'$ ould ha>e ,ailed !<$

had ,ailed

")BL<* S
;1. I ish the dri>er ouldnt dri>e so ,ast. It makes me ner>ous. This sentene means that .... !&$

the dri>er dri>es his ar >er ,ast.

!B$ the dri>er ill dri>e his ar slol. !=$ the dri>er doesnt dri>e his ar are,ull. !'$ the dri>er ill not dri>e his ar >er ,ast. !<$

the dri>er dro>e his ar >er ,ast.

;0. I, onl I ... more time. I ould ha>e ome to our house. !&$

had had

!B$ had !=$ ha>e had !'$ has !<$

ha>e

;. The stranger ga>e me this note and ent aa be,ore I ould sa anthing. I ish I ... his name. !&$

ask 

!B$ had asked !=$ asked !'$ ould ha>e asked !<$

asking

;4. I ish I ... so I an teah ou no. !&$

am a teaher o, ours

!B$ ere a teaher o, ours !=$ had been our teaher  !'$ ill be our teaher  !<$

as our teaher

;5. * dear ishes she had attended the art last night. It means .... !&$

she doesnt ant to the art.

!B$ she is in the art no. !=$ she is not in the art. !'$ she didnt attend the art. !<$

she as in the art last night.

;6. I, onl his son had studied harder. It means .... !&$

his son did not stud harder.

!B$ his son had studied harder. !=$ his son has studied harder. !'$ his son not stud harder. !<$

his son ill not stud harder.

;:. She ent to the blakboard as i, she kne the "roblem. The underlined ords mean .... !&$

She atuall ouldnt sol>e the roblem.

!B$ She ought to kno ho to sol>e the roblem. !=$ She de,initel kne ho to sol>e the roblem. !'$ She should kno ho to sol>e the roblem. !<$

She sueeded in sol>ing the roblem.

;. #hat a it I ant seak
ould seak 

!B$ seak  !=$ soke !'$ ould ha>e soken !<$

had soken

;9. I donWt kno *r. 'han. I ish I ... him. !&$

kne

!B$ kno !=$ ha>e knon !'$ ill kno !<$

had knon

1;. Its a it ou didnt roll the aret u be,ore ainting the eiling. I ish ouP. !&$

dont roll the aret u be,ore ainting the eiling.

!B$ roll the aret u be,ore ainting the eiling. !=$ rolled the aret u be,ore ainting the eiling. !'$ had rolled the aret u be,ore ainting the eiling. !<$

didnt roll the aret u be,ore ainting the eiling.

11. I, onl I had been there I ould ha>e made se>eral ritiisms. It means .... !&$

I made se>eral ritiism.

!B$ I had been there ,or a long time. !=$ I didnt make se>eral ritiisms