QUESTION BANK FOR PHARMACOLOGY I (as per MG university Kerala)
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
1) DEFINE THE FOLLOWIN WITH EXAMPLES
2-2.5 MARKS
Pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug, pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacogenetics, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy**, o rphan drugs, teratogenicity**, idiosyncrasy,** iatrogenic iatrogenic diseases**, tolerance, tachyphylaxis**, tachyphylaxis**, placebo effect, pro drugs**, Carrier mediated transport system, drug antagonism, drug interaction, first pass metabolism, TDDS, second messengers**, drug dependence, synergism**, passive diffusion, therapeutic index, facilitated diffusion, bio availability,distribution, Vd, redistribution, biotransformation, receptors, spare receptors, agonist, partial agonist, inverse agonist, antagonist, dose, initial dose, total dose, loading dose, maintenance dose,efficacy, potency
2) LONG QUESTIONS
5-10 MARKS
1) Diff: routes routes of drug drug administra administration tion with egs egs of drugs given given by that route route and its adv & dis adv?*** 2) Explain Explain the factors factors governing governing route route on administr administration ation with with examples? examples? 3) Write Write a note note on variou variouss recept receptors ors?? 4) Various Various signali signaling ng mech: mech: involved involved in drug drug action?* action?*** ** 5) Explain Explain the import importance ance of PPB and distribu distribution? tion?*** *** 6) Factors Factors influenci influencing ng biotrans biotransforma formation tion of of drugs? drugs? 7) Compare Compare competitive competitive and noncompe noncompetiti titive ve antagonism antagonism with suitab suitable le egs?*** egs?*** 8) Write Write a note on toxicity toxicity studies/pr studies/preclin eclinical ical studies***?( studies***?(acute, acute, sub acute, acute, chronic, chronic, & specialized toxicity studies) 9) Write Write a note on physiological physiological barrier barriers? s? ( BBB**, blood blood placental placental & blood testis testis barriers barriers)) 10) Explain microsomal enzyme system?** system?** 11) Explain the phase I and phase II biotransformation biotransformation reactions with with egs?** 12) A note on enterohepatic cycling and its significance?** 13) A note on clinical trials?*** trials?*** 14) A note on factors governing passive passive diffusion of drugs? 15) Explain bio availability and factors factors affecting it?** 16) Theories of drug action / D-R interaction?* 17) Explain first pass metabolism and its significance?** significance?** 18) Briefly write on channels of excretion of drugs? 19) Write on genetic factors influencing drug action? 20) Explain plasma protein binding and add a note on its significance?*** 21) Write a note on dose response relation ship?** ( DRC, LDR, EC50, LD50, therapeutic index*, therapeutic window* etc) 22) Dose calculations for child dose? Prepared by Mr. Arun K Thomas Sr. lecturer Nirmala college of Pharmacy Muvattupuzha
23) Factors modifying modifying drug action? action? 24) Combined Combined drug action?** 25) A note on modified modified drug actions? 26) Write a detail note on second messengers? messengers?
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
LONG QUESTIONS
2.5-10 MARKS
1) Explain Explain the organizatio organization n and functio functions ns of ANS?* 2) Explain Explain autonomic autonomic transmi transmission ssion and co-trans co-transmiss mission? ion? 3) Explain Explain neuro neuro humora humorall transmi transmissi ssion? on?* * 4) Biosynthes Biosynthesis, is, storage, storage, release and degradation degradation of cholinergic cholinergic neurotransmi neurotransmitter? tter?** ** 5) Write Write a note note on choline cholinergi rgicc recepto receptors? rs?** ** 6) Classify Classify cholinerg cholinergic ic drugs with with egs and and explain explain the pharmacolog pharmacology y of Ach?* 7) Role of various various enzymes enzymes involved involved in cholin cholinergic ergic transmi transmissio ssion?* n?* 8) Classify Classify anticholi anticholinergic nergic drugs drugs with egs and and explain the pharmaco pharmacology logy of Atropine?* Atropine?* 9) Add anote anote on atro atropin pinee substit substitute utes?* s?* 10) Classify anticholinesterase drugs with egs and explain the pharmacology of neostigmine neostigmine and physostigmine?* 11) Explain the mechanism of action of anticholinesterase anticholinesterase drugs? 12) Give egs for cholinesterase reactivator reactivator and explain the mechanism of action action of them? 13) Signs and symptoms symptoms and management of organophosporous poisoning?** 14) Write a note on belladonna poisoning/ mushroom mushroom poisoning? 15) Write a note on gangionic stimulants stimulants and depressants? 16) Classify non depolarizing depolarizing NM blocking agents with egs and explain the the pharmacology of d-TC? 17) Explain the MOA MOA of pancuronium?* 18) Explain the MOA MOA dantrolene sodium?* sodium?* 19) Classify depolarizing NM blocking blocking agents with egs and explain the pharmacology of succinylchloine? 20) Write a note on biosynthesis, biosynthesis, storage, release and degradation of adrenergic neurotransmitter? 21) Write a note on adrenergic receptors?** 22) Role of various enzymes involved in adrenergic transmission?** 23) Classify adrenergic drugs with with egs and explain the pharmacology of adrenaline?** 24) Explain the termination termination of actions of nor-adr? 25) Explain Dales Vasomotor reversal of adrenaline with its reason? 26) Write anote on adrenergic receptors and their agonist and antagonist?*** 27) Explain the therapeutic uses of beta blockers?** 28) Add anote on selective selective beta 2 stimulants? stimulants? 29) Add anote on beta receptors? receptors? Prepared by Mr. Arun K Thomas Sr. lecturer Nirmala college of Pharmacy Muvattupuzha
30) Add anote on beta 2 stimulants ands its indications? 31) Add anote on alfa blockers and its indications? 32) Classify with egs the alpha blockers, write the pharmacology of alpha blockers and enumerate their therapeutic indications?** 33) Combined Combined uses adrenergic drugs? 34) Classify with egs the beta blockers, write the pharmacology of beta blockers and enumerate their therapeutic indications?**
RATIONALES (explain the pharmacological basis of the following statements) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Use of beta beta blocke blockers rs in pheochr pheochromo omocyt cytoma oma.* .* Use of nonselectiv nonselectivee alpha blockers blockers in pheochromocy pheochromocytoma. toma. Use of neosti neostigmine gmine or pyridosti pyridostigmine gmine in in myastheni myastheniaa gravis.* gravis.* Atropine Atropine in organophosphor organophosphorous ous poisoning.* poisoning.* Oximes Oximes in organophosphor organophosphorous ous poisoning. poisoning. But not not useful in reversi reversible ble anticholine anticholine esterase overdose. 6) Local anesthe anesthetic tic (lignoca (lignocaine) ine) is combined combined with with adrenaline. adrenaline.* * 7) Levo dopa dopa but not dopamine dopamine is given given in Parkinsonis Parkinsonism.* m.* 8) Penicilli Penicillin n are combined combined with probenec probenecid id in anti microb microbial ial therapy* therapy*.. 9) Ipratropium Ipratropium bromid bromidee in bronchial bronchial asthma asthma but not atropine.* atropine.* 10) Sodium bicarbonate in barbiturate poisoning.* 11) Tetracycline should not be administered administered with dairy products.* 12) Certain drugs are administered administered by sublingual route.* 13) Thalidomide is CI in pregnancy.* 14) Anticholinergics in preanesthetic medication.* 15) Tacrine Tacrine in alziemers. alziemers. 16) Benzhexol Benzhexol in Parkinsoni Parkinsonism. sm. 17) Pirenzipine in peptic ulcer. 18) Prazosin therapy is started at low doses at bed time time only. 19) Cardioselective beta blocker is safe safe antihypertensive in pregnancy. 20) Amphetamine causes tachyphylaxis. 21) Trimethoprim is combined with sulphamethoxazole. Compare and contrast 1) d-TC and succinlychiline*
CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
LONG QUESTION Prepared by Mr. Arun K Thomas Sr. lecturer Nirmala college of Pharmacy Muvattupuzha
3-10 marks
1) Pharmacolog Pharmacological ical basis basis of treatin treating g hypertens hypertension? ion? 2) Classify Classify and enumerate enumerate antihyperten antihypertensive sive and explain explain the pharmacology pharmacology of hydralazine? hydralazine? 3) Explain Explain the Physiological Physiological signifi significance cance of renninrennin- angiotensinangiotensin- aldosterone aldosterone system system and classify the drugs acting on it with examples?* 4) Classify Classify with with egs and Explain Explain the pharmacologi pharmacological cal actions actions of the following following antihypertensives: a) Center Centerall ally y acting acting sympat sympathom homime imetic ticss b) Beta Beta adren adrenerg ergic ic antago antagonis nist* t* c) Alpha Alpha adre adrener nergic gic antagon antagonist ist * d) Arte Arteri rial al dila dilato tors rs e) Arteri Arterial al and venous venous dilato dilators rs f) Calc Calciu ium m chann channel el block blocker ers* s* g) Diuretics h) Adrene Adrenergi rgicc neuro neuronal nal blocker blockerss 5) Write Write brief briefly ly on Ca Ca channel channel bloc blocker kers? s? 6) Explain Explain the pharm pharmacol acology ogy of the foll followi owing: ng: a) Captopr opril b) Losart artan c) Aliskiren d) Epl Epleren erenon onee 7) Explain Explain the mechanism mechanism of action action of the follow following: ing: Lisinopril*, valsartan*, clonidine, furosemide, spironolactone, reserpine, hydralazine, minoxidil, Na-nitroprusside, verapamil, aliskiren 8) A brief brief note on Digoxin Digoxin toxici toxicity ty and its managem management?* ent?* 9) Pharmacolog Pharmacological ical basis basis of treating treating angina angina pectoris pectoris?? 10) Classify and enumerate antianginals antianginals and explain the pharmacology of organic nitrates?* nitrates?* 11) Justify the use of Ca channel blockers, organic nitrates and K channel openers in anginapectoris?* 12) Explain cardiac action potential? 13) Classify and enumerate anti arrhythmics and explain the pharmacology of qunidine and lidocaine?* 14) Classify and enumerate drugs used in CCF and explain the pharmacology pharmacology of digoxin? 15) Classify and enumerate hypo lipidaemics and explain the pharmacology of statins?* statins?*
ENUMERATE THE INDICATION AND CHARACTERISTIC ADVERSE EFFECT OF THE FOLLOWING:* 3-5marks Captopril, losartan, Na nitoprusside, minoxidil, organic nitrates, digoxin, quinidine Rosuvastatin, ezitimibe, cholestyramine, gemfibrosil.
EXPALIN THE MECHANISM OF ACTION ACTION OF THE FOLLOWING 2.5-3 marks Prepared by Mr. Arun K Thomas Sr. lecturer Nirmala college of Pharmacy Muvattupuzha
Enalpril,* episartan*, clonidine, aliskrien, GTN, amrinone, simvastatin,* ezitimibe, cholestyramine, gemfibrosil*, digoxin**, quinidine RATIONALES (explain the pharmacological basis of the following statements) 1) Enal Enalap apri rill use used d in in ess essent entia iall hyp hyper erte tens nsio ion* n*.. 2) Non select selective ive beta beta block blockers ers should should not be with withdra drawn wn sudde suddenly nly.* .* 3) Non selec selecti tive ve beta bloc blocker kerss should should be cauti cautiousl ously y given given to diabet diabetic ic patien patientt on insuli insulin. n. 4) GTN GTN is is giv given en by subl sublin ingu gual al rout route. e. 5) Thiazi Thiazide de diuret diuretics ics are are alway alwayss given given in combi combinat nation ion with with K+ spar sparrin ring g diureti diuretics* cs*.. 6) Nitr Nitrog ogly lyce ceri rine ne in in used used in in cyani cyanide de poi poiso soni ning. ng.* * 7) Lidoca Lidocaine ine for LA purpos purposee shou should ld not be used used for arrhyt arrhythmi hmia. a. 8) ACE ACE inh: inh: is CI duri during ng preg pregna nanc ncy. y. 9) ACE ACE inhs nhs: caus causes es dry dry coug cough. h. 10) NSAIDs NSAIDs attenu attenuate ate the the antihy antihyperten pertensive sive effect effect of ACE inhs:* inhs:* 11) Prazos Prazosin in thera therapy py is star started ted at bed bed time time at low low doses. doses. 12) Indapamide Indapamide is the preferred preferred diuretic diuretic in stroke stroke patients. patients. 13) Along Along with with methyl methyl dopa dopa & clonidi clonidine ne diureti diuretics cs are given given.. 14) Prazosin Prazosin is preffer preffered ed in hypertensi hypertensive ve patients patients with with diabetics diabetics and with with abnormal abnormal lipid lipid profile. 15) Along with with hydrala hydralazine& zine& minoxidi minoxidill diuretics diuretics and an adre: adre: beta blocker is given. given. 16) Verapam Verapamil il should should not not be given given with with adre: adre: beta beta blocker blockers. s. 17) 17) Vera Verapa pami mill & digo digoxi xin n are are CI. CI. 18) Organi Organicc nitrat nitratee should should not not withdr withdraw aw sudden suddenly ly.. 19) Dipyridamo Dipyridamole le in in anginap anginapectori ectoriss is is a therapeutic therapeutic failure. failure. 20) Mg ion ion in in emerge emergency ncy control control of arrh arrhyt ythmi hmia. a. 21) Stati Statins ns are prefe preferab rably ly admini administe stered red at bed bed time. time.
HAEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM
1. Classify Classify anti anti coagulant coagulantss and explain explain the pharmac pharmacology ology of of heparin?* heparin?* 2. Classify Classify fibrinol fibrinolytic ytic agents agents and explain explain the pharmacology pharmacology of strept streptokinas okinase?* e?* 3. Classify Classify anti anti thromboti thrombotics cs and explain explain the the pharmacolog pharmacology y of aspirin aspirin?? 4. Explain Explain the the mechani mechanism sm of action action of the the follow following ing?? a) Alteplase* Alteplase*,, streptoki streptokinase,* nase,* heparin,*warf heparin,*warfarin, arin,* * aspirin aspirin 5. Wr Writ itee not notes es on: on: a) Oral anti coagulants* coagulants*,, haemetini haemetinics, cs, parentera parenterall iron therapy, therapy, variou variouss iron iron preparation, coagulants,* Prepared by Mr. Arun K Thomas Sr. lecturer Nirmala college of Pharmacy Muvattupuzha
6. Explain Explain the pharmacologi pharmacological cal basis basis of the the follow following ing a) Clopid Clopidogr ogrel el in CAD patien patients* ts* b) Desfer Desferri rioxam oxamine ine in iron iron poison poisoning ing c) Hepari Heparin n should should not be be adminis administer tered ed by im route route d) Oral anticoa anticoagulant gulantss are CI with with broad broad spectrum spectrum anti anti biotics biotics.. e) Phytan Phytanadi adione one in in warfari warfarin n overdos overdosage age* * f) Protam Protamine ine sulf sulfate ate in in heparin heparin over overdos dosage* age* g) Anti platelet plateletss are more useful useful in arterial arterial thrombosis thrombosis but anticoa anticoagulant gulantss in venous thrombosis. 7. Comp Compar aree and and cont contra rast st a) warf warfar arin in and and hep hepar arin in* *
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Classify Classify drugs drugs for for asthma asthma and explain explain the the pharmacolog pharmacology y of any one drug?* drug?* 2. Explain Explain the the mechani mechanism sm of action action of the the follow following ing?? a) Theophylli Theophylline, ne, zileuton, zileuton, montel monteleukast eukast*, *, loratidi loratidine, ne, bromhexine bromhexine 3. Wr Writ itee not notes es on: on: a) Inhaled Inhaled steroids, steroids, expectorants expectorants*, *, Mucolytics* Mucolytics* , antitussiv antitussives*, es*, bronchodila bronchodilators tors,,
4. Explain Explain the pharmacologi pharmacological cal basis basis of the the follow following ing a) b) c) d)
Deriph Deriphyll ylline ine in in bronch bronchial ial asthma asthma Ipratropium Ipratropium bromide bromide in bronchial bronchial asthma* asthma* Salbutamol Salbutamol is preferred preferred over isoprenali isoprenaline ne in bronchial bronchial asthma asthma Salbutamol Salbutamol is is preferred preferred over salmeterol salmeterol during during asthmati asthmaticc attack.
Diuretics and anti diuretics 1] Mechanism of action of the following Spironolactone*,Hydrochlorthiazide, frusemide, acetazolamide, amiloride, mannitol 2] Write short note on a, Osmotic diuretics* Prepared by Mr. Arun K Thomas Sr. lecturer Nirmala college of Pharmacy Muvattupuzha
b, Loop diuretics* c, Potassium sparing diuretics* d, anti diuretics 3] Explain tha following a, Classify Classify anti diuretics with examples and explain the pharmacology of any one drug?* b, Mention the therapeutic indications and adverse effects of diuretics giving suitable examples? 4] Explain the pharmacological basis of the following 1. 2. 3. 4.
Loop diuretics diuretics is CI with with aminogycosi aminogycoside de antibiotics antibiotics (neomyci (neomycin, n, streptomyci streptomycin) n) Probenecid Probenecid is CI with thiazide thiazide and and loop loop diureti diuretics cs NSAIDs NSAIDs attenuate attenuate the the action action of thiazide thiazide and loop loop diureti diuretics cs K sparing sparing diureti diuretics cs are always always given given with with Thiazide Thiazide diureti diuretics cs
HORMONES AND RELATED DRUGS ANTI DIABETICS
1] Mechanism of action of the following Rosiglitazone,* insulin*, glimipride(sulfonyl glimipride(sulfonyl ureas)*, metformin, metformin, megilitol, megilitol, vildagliptin, exenatide
2] Write briefly on 1. Insu Insuli lin n pre prepar parat atio ions ns* * 2. Insu Insuli lin n analo analogu gues es* * 3. Insu Insuli lin n rece recept ptor orss
3] Long question 1) Classify oral anti diabetic drugs with examples and explain the pharmacology of sulfonyl urea?*
4] Explain the pharmacological basis of the following Adrenergic nonselective beta blockers like propranolol should cautiously taken along with insulin Prepared by Mr. Arun K Thomas Sr. lecturer Nirmala college of Pharmacy Muvattupuzha
OXYTOCIC AND TOCOLYTICS
1] Mechanism of action of the following Oxytocin,* ergometrine, ritodrine 2] Brief notes Oxytocin* Uterine relaxants/ tocolytics 3]Compare and contrast oxytocin and ergometrine THYROID HORMONES AND ANTI THYROID DRUGS
1] Mechanism of action of the following Propyl tiouracil, thioamides* 2] Write a note on 1. Classify Anti thyroid drugs with examples and explain their uses and adverse effect?* CORTICOSTEROIDS 1, Enumerate various synthetic corticosteroids* 2, Describe the pharmacological actions, therapeutic indication and adverse effects of corticosteroids and add anote on inhaled steroids?* 3, Corticosteroids in organ transplant patients 4, Corticosteroids in auto immune diseases like myasthenia gravis
GONADAL HORMONES
1] Mechanism of action of the following Tamoxifen*, estrogen, testosterone, ORAL CIONTRACEPTIVES 1, Explain the mechanism of action of oral contraceptives? 2, Write a note on oral contraceptives/ hormonal contraceptives?* DRUGS REGULATING Ca BALANCE
Write briefly the main factors regulating calcium homeostasis? Their therapeutic uses?
AUTOCOIDS
Prepared by Mr. Arun K Thomas Sr. lecturer Nirmala college of Pharmacy Muvattupuzha
Write brief notes on 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Therape Therapeuti uticc importa importance nce of 5-HT 5-HT antago antagonis nistt H2 blocker in peptic ulcer 5-HT 5-HT anta antago goni nist st* * 5-HT 5-HT rec recep epttors ors PG an analogues Substance nce P
1. Explain Explain the physiol physiological ogical role and therapeu therapeutic tic uses uses of PGs? 2. Write on H2 blockers? 3. Substa Substanti ntiate ate the the use of cetri cetrizin zinee in allerg allergy* y* 4. Explain Explain the synthes synthesis, is, releas releasee and pharmac pharmacology ology of of histami histamine? ne? 5. Classi Classify fy and and enumera enumerate te anti anti histam histamine ines?* s?* 6. Therapeutic uses of antihistamines?*
THERAPEUTIC GASES
Write a note on therapeutic gases? Enumerate the adverse effects and therapeutic uses of 02 ?
Note: the stars indicate the importance of the questions
Prepared by Mr. Arun K Thomas Sr. lecturer Nirmala college of Pharmacy Muvattupuzha
