Quatre études de rythme 2.1
“Ile “Ile de feu I”
The title refers to Papua to Papua New Guinea, Guinea , and the thematic material of this movement has “all the violence of the magic rites of this country” (Messiaen ( Messiaen 1994). 1994). The piece consists of five sections, in alternating pairs of musical ideas. The first part of each section section is a melodic theme with accompaniment, the second is a departure which Messiaen Messiaen calls a trait (“episode”). (“episode”). The first section consists of a thematic statement and trait . The first first half half of the next three develop develop the initial theme. The fifth and final section introduces a new, longer theme in two periods which are immediately repeated before the etude is conBaining firedancers, Papua New Guinea cluded by a final trait amounting amounting to a short coda (Barash (Barash 2002, 2002 , 18–19). Quatre études de rythme (Four Rhythm Studies) is a set of four piano compositions compositions by Olivier by Olivier Messiaen, Messiaen , written in 1949 and 1950. A performance performance of them lasts between 15 and 20 minutes. 2.2
1
Histor tory This movement is the most-discussed of the four, as the first work by a European composer to apply numerical organisation to pitch, duration, dynamics, and mode of attack (timbre) (Toop (Toop 1974, 1974, 142). Because the treatment treatment of the parameters is modal and not serial (that is, the elements are treated simply as a scale, without any implications for how they are to be ordered), there is no question of the material determining the work’s form (Toop ( Toop 1974, 1974, 148). Accor According ding to the composer’ composer’ss own descrip description tion,, there there aresep are separa arate te modes modes compo composed sedof of 36 pitch pitches, es, 24 durati durations ons,, 12 attacks, and 7 dynamics. The duration scale is separated into three overlapping overlapping scales, called “tempi” by the composer, which correspond to the high, middle, and low registers of the piano, and occur in simultaneous superimposition. The first tempo uses 12 chromatic durations applied to the semidemiquaver, the second does the same with the semiquaver unit quaver, and the third with the quaver (Sherla (Sherlaw w Johnson 1989 1989,, 105).
The four pieces which the composer collectively termed Études de rythme are not a “cycle” like Messiaen’s earlier Vingt regards sur l'enfant-Jésus (1944) or Visions de l’Amen (1943). (1943). Messiaen Messiaen composed “Neumes “Neumes rythmiques” and “Mode de valeurs et d’intensités” in 1949 (the (the latte latterr at Darms Darmstad tadt) t) andad and addedthe dedthe other other two two étude étudess in the following year, when he was at Tanglewood ( Sherlaw Johnson 1989, 1989, 104; Toop 104; Toop 1974, 1974, 142). The four four movemovements were premiered premiered on 6 November November 1950 in Tunis Tunis (at (at that that time time under under the Fren French ch prot protecto ectorate rate of Tuni Tunisia sia)bythe )bythe composer himself, who shortly afterward made the first recording of the études. The French premiere premiere was given in Toulouse in Toulouse on on 7 June 1951 by Yvonne Loriod ( Loriod (Anon. Anon. n.d.). n.d. ).
2
“Mode “Mode de de vale valeurs urs et d'inten d'intensit sités” és”
Anal nalysis
“The durations, intensities and attacks operate on the same plane as the pitches; the combination of modes reveals colors of durations and intensity; each pitch of the same name has a different duration, attack and intensity for each register in which it appears; the influence of register upon the quantitative, phonetic, and dynamic sounscape, and the division into three temporal regions imbues bues the passag passagee with with the spiri spiritt of the sound soundss that that trave traverse rse them, creating the potential for new variations of colors” (Messiae Messiaenn 1994 1994). ).
The work consists of four movements 1. “Ile de feu feu I” (Fire Island Island I) 2. “Mode de valeurs et d'intensités” (Mode of Durations and Intensities) 3. “Neumes rythmiques” rythmiques” (Rhythmic (Rhythmic Neumes) Neumes) 4. “Ile de feu feu II” (Fire Island Island II) 1
2
4 DISCOGRAPHY
a mode of twelve durations, twelve sounds, four attacks and five intensities (Sherlaw Johnson 1989, 108). The The first of the four to be composed, this étude alternates rhythmic focus in this piece concerns a symmetrical pertwo separate sets of refrains with longer strophes given mutation scheme for a duration scale initially given in deover to the rhythmic neumes of the title. The first set of scending order of durations. The elements are reordered refrains is marked “rythme en ligne triple: 1 à 5, 6 à 10, according to a wedge-shaped process, which Messiaen 11 à 15”, which means there are three durations, short, elsewhere called “permutation in the form of an open medium, and long, which are progressively expanded, fan”. The first permutation produces an new ordering upon each repetition, by the addition of a semiquaver which Messiaen called “Interversion I”. The samepermuunit. tation scheme applied to this first interversion produces The second set of refrains is marked “Nombre pre- “Interversion II”, and so on (Sherlaw Johnson 1989, 109): mier en rythme non rétrogradable” (A prime number A peculiarity is that the successive applications of this in non-retrogradable rhythm) and, like the first set of permutation do not yield the twelve permutations which refrains with which they alternate, are expanded upon might be expected. This is because the values 10 and 5 repetition—in this case by a series of progressively larger map into each other under this operation—which can be prime numbers: 41, 43, 47, and 53 semiquavers. seen byscanning down columns 3 and 8 in the table. ConThe strophes which occur between the refrains are sequently, the original order returns once the remaining marked “neumes rythmiques, avec résonances et inten- ten values have circulated. This unexpected restriction sités fixes” (rhythmic neumes, with fixed resonances and has been cited as an example of what Messiaen called the intensities). From his studies of the neumatic notation “charm of impossibilities” (Sherlaw Johnson 1989, 109). 2.3
“Neumes rythmiques”
symbols of plainchant, Messiaen had formed the idea of exploring the rhythms corresponding to them. “In an interplay of transposition, the neumatic symbol as an indication of a sinuous melodic entity is now applied to a rhythmic motive. Each rhythmic neume is assigned a fixed dynamic and resonances of shimmering colours, more or less bright or somber, always contrasting” (Messiaen 1994).
Messiaen later applied such permutation schemes in works of larger scale, such as the orchestral work Chronochromie , completed in 1960 (Bauer 2008, 149– 50).
3
Reception
The collage-like rhythmic structure grows from the iambic rhythm found at the beginning of the first strophe. As in the refrains, there is a process of augmentation upon repetition, in which new duration units are added in order to form more complex rhythmic cells. The pitches grow out of the major seventh and the tritone found at the beginning of the first strophe and in its third bar, respectively. Five basic dynamic-envelope patterns are applied to different groups, while at the same time the melodic motives constantly re-emerge in different rhythms (Sherlaw Johnson 1989, 104–105).
The second of the études, “Mode de valeurs et d'intensités”, overshadows all the others for having become the model for composers interested in the serialisation of musical parameters other than pitch. Initially, this influence occurred through works composed in 1950 and 1951 by two of Messiaen’s pupils, Karel Goeyvaerts and Michel Fano. Messiaen’s composition and one of the works inspired by it, Goeyvaerts’s Sonata for Two Pianos, impressed Karlheinz Stockhausen at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse in 1951, prompting him to compose Kreuzspiel —his first acknowledged work (Toop 1974, 142–43). Pierre Boulez, after a period of estrangement from Messiaen caused by what Boulez viewed as 2.4 “Ile de feu II” the excessively sensual Turangalîla-Symphonie, belatedly discovered the “Mode de valeurs” in 1951 and composed Although Messiaen’s programme note for this étude says his Structures, Book I as a gesture of conciliation to his that it is, like the first étude, “also dedicated to Papua or former teacher, transforming the twelve “triplum” eleNew Guinea”, his posthumously published analysis em- ments of the Mode’s first division into ordered series and phatically states that it refers only to the former, not the composed Structures 1a in a single night (Gather 2003, latter (Messiaen 1996, 165). "[T]he principal theme, fe- 78–79, 81–82). rocious and violent, has the same character as the themes of the first étude; the variations on this theme alternate with permutations, successively permuted according to 4 Discography the same process and superimposed two by two; the piece closes with a cross-handed perpetual motion in the depths Olivier Messiaen: Quatre études de rythme . Olivier of the keyboard” (Messiaen 1994). Messiaen, piano. Sound Recording 2 discs, 78rpm, •
The opening strophe from Île de feu I is modified to become the cyclic theme of this étude. As in the other pieces, this alternates with episodes, in this case based on
30 cm. Columbia LFX 998/9 (CLX 2843; CLX 2844; CLX 2845; CLX 2846) [France]: Columbia, 1951. Presumably the same recording reissued in:
3
•
•
•
Premier festival de l'art d'avant-garde . Anton Webern: Cinq mélodies, op. 4; Variations pour piano, opus 27; Trois chants, op. 23; Olivier Messiaen: Quatre études de rythmes ; Pierre Boulez: Etude II (“Etude sur septsons”); JeanBarraqué: Etude. Ethel Semser, soprano; Paul Jacobs, piano. Musique sur bande. LP recording, 1 disc, 33rpm, 30 cm. Barclay 89005. [N.p.]: Barclay Records, 1959.
1976. Reissued as part of The Legendary Busoni Recordings & Works by Bach, Bartók, Brahms, Messiaen, Stravinsky. Paul Jacobs, piano. Compact disc, 2 sound discs: digital, stereo, 12 cm. Arbiter 124. New York: Arbiter, 2000. •
•
•
•
Olivier Messiaen: Huit préludes ; Quatre études de rythme. Yvonne Loriod, piano. LP recording, 1 disc, 33rpm, stereo, 30 cm. Erato STU 70433. Paris: Éditions Costallat, 1968. Reissued as part of: •
•
•
Les rarissimes de Olivier Messiaen . CD 1: Trois petites liturgies de la présence divine ; Les offrandes oubliées ; Vingt regards sur l'enfant Jésus; Trois préludes ; CD 2: Visions de l'amen pour deux pianos; Quatre études de rythme . Olivier Messiaen and Yvonne Loriod, piano; Jeanne Loriod, ondes Martenot; Ensemble Vocal Marcel Couraud; Orchestre de Chambre André Girard; Orchestre de l'Association des Concerts Pierné; Marcel Couraud and Roger Désormière, conds. Recorded: Paris, Théâtre Apollo und Studio Albert, between 1942 and 1954. Audio restoration by EMI Music France. Compact disc, 2 sound discs: monaural, 12 cm. EMI Classics 0946 385275 2 7. [France]: EMI Music France, 2007.
Messiaen: Petites esquisses d'oiseaux , Huit Préludes ; Quatre études de rythme. Yvonne Loriod, piano. Erato 2292-45505-2/5 ECD 71589 (+). Previously released in 1968 (2nd– 3rd works) and in 1988; Yvonne Loriod, piano./ Recorded at the Eglise Notre-Dame du Liban, Paris, October 1987 (1st work) and January 1968 (2nd and 3rd works). Compact disc, 1 sound disc: digital; 12 cm. [Paris]: Erato, n.d. Olivier Messiaen: Vingt regards sur l'Enfant Jésus; Petites esquisses d'oiseaux ; Huit préludes; Quatre études de rythme . Yvonne Loriod, piano. Recorded at the Eglise Notre-Dame du Liban, Paris, October 1973 (CD 1 & CD 2); October 1987 & October 1968 (CD 3). Compact disc, 3 sound discs: analog/digital, stereo, 12 cm. Series: Piano français. Erato 4509-96222-2. France: Erato, 1987.
Piano Etudes by Bartók, Busoni, Messiaen, Stravinsky. Olivier Messiaen: Quatre etudes de rythme ; Béla Bartók: Studies for Piano, op. 18; Ferruccio Benvenuto Busoni: Klavierübung (selections); Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky, Etudes for Piano, no. 7. Paul Jacobs, piano. LP recording, 1 disc: stereophonic. Nonesuch H-71334. Nonesuch Records,
•
•
•
Olivier Messiaen: Cantéyodjayâ; “Neumes rythmiques; "Île de feu” I and II. Robert Sherlaw Johnson: PianoSonataNo. 1; Seven Short Pieces. Robert Sherlaw Johnson, piano. LP recording, sound disc: analog, 33⅓rpm, stereo. Argo ZRG 694. London: Argo, 1972. Olivier Messiaen: Préludes & études. Michel Béroff, piano. LP recording, 1 disc, 33rpm, 30 cm. La voix de son maître 2 C 06916229. France: Pathé Marconi, 1978. Iannis Xenakis: Evryali 1973; Herma: 1962; Olivier Messiaen: Quatre etudes de rythme. Yuji Takahashi, piano. Recorded at Arakawa Public Hall, Tokyo 21–22 May 1976. Compact disc, 1 sound disc: digital, stereo. ; 4 3/4 in. Denon 33CO-1052. [Japan]: Denon, 1986. César Franck: Prélude, choral et fugue; Olivier Messiaen: Quatre études de rythme ; Edvard Grieg: Sonata in E Minor, op. 7; Sergei Rachmaninov: Variations on a Theme by Arcangelo Corelli, op. 42. Shura Cherkassky, piano. Compact disc, sound disc, digital, stereo, 12 cm. Nimbus Records NI5090. Monmouth: Nimbus records Ltd., 1988. The Piano Music of Olivier Messiaen . Préludes; Quatre études de rythme ; Cantéyodjayâ . Peter Hill, piano. Previously released on analog discs in 1985 (1st work) and 1986 (remainder). Recorded in Rosslyn Hill Unitarian Chapel, 21–22 February 1984 and 25–26 September 1985. Compact disc, 1 sound disc: digital, stereo, 12 cm. London: Unicorn-Kanchana, 1989. Also packaged as part of Messiaen Edition vol. 1: Organ Works; Piano Works; Songs. Willem Tanke; Peter Hill, piano; Ingrid Kappelle; Håkon Austbø, piano. Compact disc, 17 sound discs: digital, stereo, 12 cm. Brilliant Classics 8949/1–17. [Leeuwarden, The Netherlands]: Brilliant Classics, 2008.
Messiaen: Petites esquisses d’oiseaux ; Cantéyodjayâ; Quatre eetudes de rhythme ; Pièce pour le tombeau de Paul Dukas . Gloria Cheng, piano. Recorded 20–21 December 1993 at SUNY Purchase Recital Hall. Compact disc recording: digital, stereo, 12 cm. Koch International Classics 3-7267-2 H1. Port Washington, NY: Koch International L. P., 1994. Études pour piano, vol. 1: Strawinsky, Bartók, Messiaen, Ligeti . Igor Strawinsky: Quatre études op. 7; Béla Bartók: Studies, op. 18; Olivier Messiaen: Quatre études de rythme . György Ligeti: Etudes pour piano, premier livre et deuxième livre. Erika
4
5 REFERENCES
Haase, piano. Recorded Frankfurt am Main, Festeburgkirche, 1997. Compact disc, sound disc: digital, stereo, 12 cm. Tacet 53. [Germany]: Tacet, 1997. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Olivier Messiaen: Piano Music. Håkon Austbø, piano. Vol. 3; Préludes [1–8]; Four rhythmic studies [Quatre études de rythme]; Cantéyodjayâ.; Vol. 4; Les offrandes oubliées; Fantaisie burlesque; Pièce pour le tombeau de Paul Dukas; Rondeau; Prélude (1964); La fauvette des jardins. Compact disc, 4 sound discs Vol. 1– . [S.l.]: HNH International, 1999 Angela Hewitt Plays Olivier Messiaen. Préludes (selections): La colombe; Chant d'extase dans un paysage triste; Le nombre léger; Instants défunts; Les sons impalpables du rêve; Cloches d'angoisse et larmes d'adieu; Plainte calme; Un reflet dans le vent ...; Quatre études de rythme (selections): Île de feu 1; Île de feu 2; Vingt regards sur l'enfant Jésus (selections): Regardde la Vierge; Le baiserde l'EnfantJésus; Regard de l'esprit de joie. Angela Hewitt, piano. Recorded in the Reitstadel, Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Germany, 21–23 January 1998. Compact disc; 1 sound disc: digital, stereo, 12 cm. Hyperion CDA67054. London: Hyperion, 1998. Composizioni per pianoforte . Maurice Ravel: Le tombeau de Couperin ; Claude Debussy: Cinq preludes; Jeux d'eau; Olivier Messiaen: Quatre études de rythme. Luca Trabucco, pianist. Twentieth Century French Piano Music. Compact disc, 1 sound disc: stereo, digital, 12 cm. Sony PH 99504. [Austria]: Sony, 1999.
Olivier Messiaen: Visions de l'amen ; Quatre études de rythme; Cantéyodjayâ. Paul S. Kim, piano; Matthew Kim, 2nd piano (in 1st and 2nd [ sic ] works). Compact disc. Recorded Armonk, New York August 2002, (1st work); New York City, September 2002 (remaining works). Compact disc 1 sound disc: digital; 12 cm. Centaur Records CRC 2668. [Baton Rouge, La.]: Centaur Records, 2003. Olivier Messiaen: Préludes; Quatre études de rythme ; Cantéyodjayâ. Martin Zehn, piano. Recorded in Cologne (Klaus-von-Bismarck-Saal). Compact disc 1 sound disc: digital, stereo, 12 cm. Arte Nova 82876 57833 2; [Europe] : BMG ; [France] : distrib. BMG, 2004 Hommage à Messiaen . Pierre-Laurent Aimard, piano. Compact disc, sound disc: digital, stereo, 12 cm. Deutsche Grammophon 477 7452 GH. Contents: Préludes pour piano (selection): “La bouscarle"; Catalogue d'oiseaux (selection): “L'alouette Lulu"; Quatre études de rythme (selections): “Ile de feu 1 et 2”. Hamburg: Deutsche Grammophon, 2008.
•
5
Olivier Messiaen, 1908–1992. The Anniversary Edition, vol. 7. Visions de l'amen ; Quatre études de rythme; Cantéyodjayâ. In the 1st work: Alexandre Rabinovitch, Martha Argerich, pianos; 2nd work: Michel Béroff, piano ; 3rd work: John Ogdon, piano. 1 sound disc: digital, 12 cm. EMI Classics 2174732. 2008
Complete edition. Olivier Messiaen; Roger Muraro; Olivier Latry. Compact disc 32 sound discs: digital; 12 cm. Deutsche Grammophon (set) 480 1333; Deutsche Grammophon 480 1365-480 1334. CD 2: Petites esquisses d'oiseaux ; Quatre études de rythme; Cantéyodjayâ; Rondeau; Fantasie burlesque ; Prélude pour piano ; Piéce pour le tombeau de Paul Dukas. Roger Muraro, piano. Germany: Deutsche Grammophon, 2008.
References •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anon. n.d. " Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992): Quatre Études de rythme (1949-1950), pour piano". Brahms.ircam.fr (accessed 27 October 2012). Barash, Amari Pepper. 2002. “Cadential Gestures in Post-tonal Music: The Constitution of Cadences in Messiaen’s 'Île de feu I' and Boulez' Première sonate, First Movement”. DMA thesis. New York: City University of New York, Graduate Center. Bauer, Amy. 2008. “The Impossible Charm of Messiaen’s Chronochromie ". In Messiaen Studies, edited by Robert Sholl, 145–67. Cambridge Composer Studies. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-52183981-5. Covington, Kate R. 1980. “Visual Perception vs. Aural Perception: A Look at 'Mode de valeurs et d'intensités’". Indiana Theory Review 3, no. 2:4– 11. Gather, John-Philipp. 2003. “The Origins of Synthetic Timbre Serialism and the Parisian Confluence, 1949–1952”. PhD diss. Buffalo: State University of New York at Buffalo. Hufschmidt, Wolfgang. 1981. “Musik aus Zahlen. Prinzipien der musikalischen Formgestaltung in der seriellen Kompositionspraxis”. In Reflexionen über Musik heute: Texte und Analysen , edited by Wilfried Gruhn, 24–57. Mainz: Schott Musik International. Kämper, Dietrich. 2004. “Olivier Messiaen und die musikalische Avantgarde der fünfziger Jahre: Zur Rezeption der Etüde 'Mode de valeurs et d'intensités’". In Kompositorische Stationen des 20. Jahrhunderts: Debussy, Webern, Messiaen, Boulez, Cage, Ligeti, Stockhausen, Höller, Bayle , edited by
5 Christoph von Blumröder and Tobias Hünermann, 24–34. Signale aus Köln 7. Münster: Lit Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8258-7212-0. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kämper, Dietrich. 2006. “Messiaen und die Darmstädter Ferienkurse: eine Begegnung”. In 6 La cité céleste: Olivier Messiaen zum Gedächtnis— Dokumentation einer Symposienreihe, edited by Christine Wassermann Beirão, 181–90. Berlin: Weidler. ISBN 978-3-89693-473-4. Kinzler, Hartmuth. 1997. “Viereinhalb Marginalien zum ersten Stadium von Stockhausens Kreuzspiel ". Musiktheorie 12, no. 1 (Analysieren und Hören neuer Musik): 71–86.
•
Further reading •
•
Krumhansl, Carol L. 1991. “Internal Representations for Music Perception and Performance”. In Cognitive Bases of Musical Communication , edited by Mari Riess Jones and Susan Holleran, 197–211. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. ISBN 1-55798-127-2. Messiaen, Olivier. 1994. Programme note in booklet accompanying Koch International Classics 37267-2 H1. Messiaen, Olivier. 1996. Traité de rythme, de couleur, et d’ornithologie (1949-1992): en sept tomes. vol. 3. Paris: Editions Musicales Alphonse Leduc. ISBN 9782856890493 (br); ISBN 9782858690497. Nichols, Roger. 1975. Messiaen. Oxford Studies of Composers 13. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Schweizer, Klaus. 1973. “Olivier Messiaens Klavieretude Mode de valeurs et d'intensités”. Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 30, no. 2:128–46. Sherlaw Johnson, Robert. 1989. Messiaen, revised and updated edition. London: J. M. Dent & Sons; Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780460126038 (London); ISBN 9780520067349 (Berkeley).
•
•
•
•
•
Stegemann, Michael. 1986. “O. Messiaen: Mode de valeurs et d'intensités”. In Werkanalyse in Beispielen, edited by Siegmund Helms and Helmuth Hopf, 360–69. Regensburg: Gustav Bosse. ISBN 7 37-649-2276-1. Toop, Richard. 1974. “Messiaen/ Goeyvaerts, Fano/ Stockhausen, Boulez”. Perspectives of New Music 13, no. 1 (Fall–Winter): 141–69. Toop, Richard. 2000. “Von der 'Sternenmusik' zur Musik des Weltraums: Karlheinz Stockhausens musikalischer Kosmos”. Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 161, no. 6 (November–December): 38–43.
Trawick, Eleanor F. 1999. “Order, Progression, and Time in the Music of Messiaen”. Ex Tempore 9, no. 2 (Spring–Summer): 64–77.
Bauer, Hans-Joachim. 1983. “Klangkristalle. Zur Analyse einer seriellen Komposition für den Musikunterricht”. Zeitschrift für Musikpädagogik 8, no. 22:48–57. D'âčkova, Lûdmila Sergeevna (Дьячкова, Людмила Сергеевна). 2002. "Парадигма как научный метод познания" [Paradigm as a scholarly method of cognition]. In Музыковедение к началу века: Прошлое и настоящее [Musicology at the Turn of the Century: Past and Present], edited by Tat'âna Ivanovna Naumenko (Татьяна Ивановна Науменко), 24–41. Moscow: Rossijskaâ Akademiâ Muzyki imeni Gnesinyh. ISBN 5-8269-0052-0. Firnkees, Gertrud. 1980. “Improvisation als Einführung in die zeitgenössische Musik”. Zeitschrift für Musikpädagogik 5, no. 12:192–95. Lee, John Madison. 1972. “Harmonic Structures In The 'Quatre études rythmiques’ [ sic ] of Olivier Messiaen”. Ph.D. diss. Tallahassee: The Florida State University. Puspita, Amelia. 2008. “The Influence of Balinese Gamelan on the Music of Olivier Messiaen”. DMA diss. Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati. Song, Sun-ju. 2008. “Music Analysis and the Avant-Garde Compositions of Post–World War II: Four Case Studies”. PhD diss. Nathan: Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University. Zheng, Zhong (). 2005. —— [Messiaen’s Multi-level Serial Composition Technique: On the Example of the Piano Piece 'Mode de valeurs et d'intensités’]. Huangzhong: Zhongguo Wuhan Yinyue Xueyuan xuebao/Huangzhong: Journal of Wuhan Conservatory of Music, China 1, no. 73:57–63.
External links •
•
Fiche de l'ircam Work on « Île de Feu I » and « Île de Feu II » (Portuguese)
6
8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
8
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
8.1 •
Text Quatre études de rythme Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9tudes_de_rythme?oldid=751467568 Contributors:
JackofOz, Tabletop, Mandarax, Bgwhite, Peteradamson, Jerome Kohl, JaySherman88, Arjayay, Cg2p0B0u8m, Addbot, Cote d'Azur, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, Icensnow42, Wolfsonmusic, Napalatt, Narky Blert and Anonymous: 2
8.2 •
Images File:Bainingsfiredancer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Bainingsfiredancer.jpg License: CCBY 2.0
Contributors: Entering The Flames Original artist: Taro Taylor from Sydney, Australia •
File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
8.3 •
Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
