Psychology Reviewer (Midterms)

Psychology - Came Came from from the the Gree Greek k word word  psyche meanin meaning g mind mind or soul and logo logos s meaning the study of. - The study of mind and soul. Elements: Science – use of the scientic method. Study of Behavior – associating the way of  thinking of an individual to his behavior. Menta entall Pr Proc oces ess ses – ways of knowing including man’s perception attention and ability to remember. Dierent Types of Behavior 1. vert and !overt a. !ctions which are observable. ". !ctions which are not directly visible. #. !ons !onsci ciou ous$ s$ %nco %ncons nsci ciou ous s and and &on' &on' conscious a. !ctions within one’s awareness. ". !ctions done by an individual but he is not aware of it. c. "odily activities that can be detected by instruments or apparatus. (. )ational (.  )ational and *rrational a. !ctions with a reason in doing so. ". !ctions !ctions without without apparen apparentt reason reason and e#planation in doing. +. ,oluntary +.  ,oluntary and *nvoluntary a. !ctions done with full will and discretion. ". !ctions which are done automatically. -. Simple -.  Simple and !omple a. !ctions which uses fewer neurons. ". !ctions which uses more neurons. ther Sciences: 1. Biopsychology – application of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior. #. Phys Physio iolo logi gica call Psyc Psycho holo logy gy – study of  neural neural mechan mechanism isms s of behavi behavior or throu through gh direc irectt manip anipu ulati latio on of the the brain rains s of  nonhuman sub$ects in controlled e#periments. (. Psych Psychiat iatry ry – branch branch of medici medicine ne which which e#ists to study prevent and treat human mental disorders. +. Psychotherapy – application of   psycholo psychologi-ca gi-call methods methods to the treatment treatment of diagnosed mental disorders.

-. Psychotropics – deals with pharmac macological agents e.g. antidepressants anti-an#iety. /. Psychosurgery – involves surgical severing and chemical alterations of brain bers. 0. Social Psychology – appl pplicat icatio ion n of  %ociology and !nthropology. . Psycholinguistics – study of   psychological psychological and neurological neurological factors that enable humans to understand language. 2ims and 3oals of Psychology Descri"ing – a detailed characteri&ation of a certain phenomenon. %nde %nders rsta tand ndin ing g – orga organi ni&a &ati tion on of fact facts s about behavior. Predict – enables psychologists to anticipate any future actions of an individual. !ontrol – alte altera rati tion on of beha behavi vior or of the the individual. Psychogenesis of Psychology 2ncient Period 2nimis 2nimism m – it is the gods and spirits who were attributed to be the direct cause of events and activities of man. 3ree4 Period Democ emocri ritu tus s – the human mind is composed of atoms. Plat Plato o – the elements may tend to be domina dominant nt to the person person resul resultin ting g to a certain of personality and goal in life. 1. Element ent of )eason – in the head' highest level of value. #. Spirited Spirited Element Element – in the heart' e#pression of emotions. (. Elem Elemen entt of Bodi Bodily ly 2ppe 2ppeti tites tes and Desire – in the diaphragm. 2ris 2r isto totl tle e – fath father er of (syc (sycho holo logy gy. )e intro introduc duced ed the three three funct function ions s of the soul* 1. ,egetat egetative ive – basic basic maintenanc maintenance e of life. #. 2ppetitive – desire and motives. (. )ational – reasons.  The brain is a gland and would perform minor functions. 5ippocrat 5ippocrates es – mental mental disorder disorders s arose arose from natural causes. 3ale 3alen n – temperament to physiological functions. •

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1. Sanguine 67ello89 – cheerfulness. #. Phlegmatic 63reen9 – sluggishness. (. Melancholic 6Blac49 – sadness. +. !holeric 6)ed9 – irascibility. Medieval Period St. 2ugustine of 5ippo – the individual tries to describe his own conscious processes. St. Thomas of 2uinas – when the body dies the soul separates and becomes a spirit. Pre'Modern Period )udolf 3;c4el – rst used the term +(sychology, on his writing. oc4e –  An Essay Concerning Human Understanding? all e#perience may be analy&ed' Tabula Rasa. 3eorge Ber4eley – the idea of an individual becomes true to himself  because this is the level of knowledge that he believes in. !hristian ,on @ol – theory of reality which is divided into two parts* 1. ntology – treats possible things. #. Metaphysics – treats actual things' universe soul and God. David 5ume – gave the dierence between impressions and ideas and between created images and direct sensation.
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5ermann von 5elmholtA – the eye can only see the basic colors and the other colors are the product of mi#ture of the dierent colors. !harles Dar8in – 0n the 0rigin of  %pecies' theory of evolution' natural selection. 3ustav
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@illiam McDougall – human behavior is determined by both instinctive and intentional strivings. Ed8ard Thorndi4e – father of   educational psychology' The Law of  Eect. B< S4inner – operant conditioning.

School of Psychology 1. Structuralism Ed8ard B. Tichener – focuses on breaking down mental processes into its most basic components. #. ev ,ygots4y – emphasi&ed the role of  social interactions in knowledge construction. 0. Eistentialist Psychology – a human being cannot e#ist as an intraphysic being but through phenomenological interactions with the world' Brenato and 5usserl. . 5umanistic – an individual’s behavior is primarily determined by his perception of  the world around him. Branches of Psychology 2"normal Psychology – abnormal behavior. Behavioral Psychology – all behaviors are ac/uired through conditioning. Biopsychology – how the brain inuences behavior. !ognitive Psychology – focuses on internal states.

!omparative Psychology – study of  animal behavior. Developmental Psychology – development throughout the lifespan' how and why people change throughout life. Educational Psychology – concerned with schools. Eperimental Psychology – uses scientic method to research the brain and behavior. Personality Psychology – focuses on the patterns of thoughts feelings and behavior that make a person uni/ue. Social Psychology – seeks to e#plain and understand social behavior. 2pplied ongitudinal Studies – particular population over a certain period of time. &europsychological Methods – healthy individuals and patients. !omputational Modeling – lie detector. Principles of 5eredity 1. Principle of )eproduction

#. Principle of ,ariation (. Principle of Dominance )ecessiveness

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+. Principle of !hance -. Principle of !haracteristics

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