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POS 130 Internal Relations - (Stanley Hoffman)- an area of study that is concerned with the factors and activities which affect the eternal !olicies of the "asic units into which the world is divided# $asic %nits& 1# State 'ctors # on State 'ctors International Politics - (Hans *or+enthau)- it involves stru++le for !ower# It is a !rocess in which national interests are ad,usted# - (Richard Synder H#.# $ruc/ and $urton Sa!in)- it is a !rocess of state interaction at the +overnmental level# 3 areas of study under international relations& 1# International Politics # International aw 3# International Or+aniation International Relations as an area of study rests on the followin+ assum!tions& 1# 2he nation- state is the "asic !olitical unit in the world today "ut there are non stat tate act actors ors that that eer eertt inf influen luence ce in international affairs# # 2her 2heree are are inte intera ract ctio ions ns "etw "etween een and amon+ these units that form the "asis of international relation# State 'ctors- overnments on State 'ctors 'ctors - Os - *ultinational cor!orations - violent non state actors 1# 2erritorial non state actors*4s524s5Reli+ious +rou!s # on territorial transnational or+aniations 3# Inte Inter+ r+ov over ernm nmen enta tall or+a or+ani nia ati tion onss (IOs)
State 'ctors vs on State 'ctors - ati ation on stat states es-- comm comman and d o"ed o"edie ienc ncee within the !eo!le - ation states- en,oy soverei+nty - 2hey have the ca!a"ilities to em!loy the ultimate threat5war 6 ation ation-st -state ates s unli/e unli/e non state state actors actors are concerned with the full ran+e welfare and security issues# Soverei+n i+ntyty- the su!rem su!remee !ower !ower of Sovere the the stat statee to comma command nd and and enfo enforce rce o"ed o"edie ienc ncee to its its will will with withiin the ,urisdiction and corollarily corollarily to have freedom from forei+n control# 2he ation ation Of Intern Internati ational onal Relati Relations ons55 Inter-State Relations - "ased on the !rinci!les of soverei+nty and territoriality - the the stat statee is view viewed ed as a secu secula larr and and territorial 7state8 - the !rin !rinci ci!l !les es of sover overei ei+n +nty ty and and territoriality are the founda foundatio tions5 ns5cor corner nersto stones nes of inters interstat tatee relations territorial fronti ntiers5"oundar daries corres!ond to any of the followin+& '# eo+ra!hic distinction $# 9thno-lin+uistic identity Intervention - (Hedley $ull)- a dictatorial or coercive interference "y an outside !arty or !arties in the s!here of ,urisdiction of a soverei+n state or more "roadly of an inde!endent !olitical community# - (Peter Schraeder)- the calculated use of !olitical economic and military instruments of one country to influence the domestic or forei+n !olicies of another country#
6 com!rehensive "ecause it is not only limi limite ted d to coerc coercio ion n "ecau "ecause se of su"t su"tle le means of influence# Internal- !ower of the state to rule within its territory 9ternal- freedom of the state to carry out its activities without su",ection to or control "y the states# :inde!endence: Phili!! !!ine ine Sover Soverei ei+n +nty ty-- are are more more Phili via"le to influences - not a"solute "ecause of the influences the +overnments; deci decisi sion onss are are aff affect ected "y othe other r or+aniations# 6 Soverei+nty today is no lon+er a"solute in !ractice "ecause of the develo!ment of international relations and conse - (%nit nited ations docum ocumeents nts) ='ll !eo!le have the ri+ht to self-determination? "y virtue of that hat ri+ht i+ht they hey may may freel reely y determine their !olitical status and freely !ursue their econom economic ic social social and cultura culturall develo!ment#> - (1@A1 Braft International
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4ove 4ovena nant nt on the Ri+h Ri+htts of Indi+ di+enous ous Peo!le !le) ='ll indi indi+e +enou nouss !eo!l !eo!lee have have the the ri+ht to self-determination? "y virtue of that ri+ht they may freely determine their !olitical status status and freely freely !ursue !ursue their their econom economic ic social social and cultura culturall deve develo lo!m !men ent# t#>> C Indi Indi+en +enou ouss !eo!le are the focus# Int Interve ervent ntiionon- an anat anathe hem ma to soverei+nty 2he 2he sove soverrei+n ei+nty ty of of conc concer erne ned d state is diminish# - 's much as !ossi"le no sove sovere rei+ i+n n stat statee woul would d allo allow w inte interv rvent entio ion n in its its domes domesti ticc !lace# OB'OB'Off Official cial Beve Bevelo lo!m !men entt 'ssistance - 2he interest is lower5softer than commercial "an/# - oan ter term m is lon+er# er#
4ond 4ondit itio ions ns that that inte interv rven enti tion on may may "e le+itimated5,ustified& 6 Intervention under international law are allowed "ut on a certain condition# 1# .hen it is authoried "y the inte intern rnat atio iona nall comm commun unit ity y such such as the the %nited ations# - throu+h a security council that will ado!t a resolution# - will send !eace /ee!in+ forces # %!on %!on invi invita tati tion on "y the the re
OI4- Or+aniation of Islamic 4onference - Prim Primar ary y a +ui +uidin+ din+ !r !rinci inci!l !lee is the national interest# •
*inisterial form of +overnment =2he +overnment of the $an+samoro shall have a ministerial form#> -
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2he !ar !arties a+r a+ree to entrenc ench an electoral system suita"le to a ministerial form of +ove +overn rnme ment nt the the elec electtoral oral system shall allow democratic !artici!ation ensure accounta"ility of !u"lic off officer icerss !rim !rimar ariily to their heir cons consti titu tuent entss and and enco encour ura+e a+e !artici!ation of +enuinely# Inte Intern rnat atio ional nal Syst System em-- (eo (eor+ r+ee *odels/i)- a social system havin+ structural and functional re
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eis eists ts hori horio ont ntal al com" com"in inat atio ion n amon+ amon+ the mem"er mem"er-s -stat tates es of the international system# Hierar Hierarchy chy (hiera (hierarch rchica icall syste system)m)an intern internati ational onal system system in which which the the entit entitie iess (nat (natio ion-s n-sta tate tes) s) are are divided into ordered ran/s# 2here eists vertical su!er and su"ordination amon+ the mem"erstates of the international system# $ala $alanc ncee Of Powe Powerr Syst System em-- an intern internati ational onal system system in which which all esse essent ntia iall acto actors rs !res !ressu sure re thei their r identity inte+rity and inde!endence throu+h the "alancin+ !rocess# $ala $alanc ncee of Powe Powerr (as (as a !oli !olicy cy +uide +uide))- !res !rescr cri" i"es es to stat states esme men n who who woul would d act =rat =ratio ional nally ly>> that that they hey shoul hould d main mainttain ain eter eterna nall vi+i vi+ila lanc ncee and and "e !re! !re!ar ared ed to or+anie a countervailin+ coalition a+ain ainst the disru!te !ter of the e
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the for former mer "ein "ein+ + relat elated ed and and dictated "y the latter# 2hey are not mutually consistent and com!lementary# ational Interest (Drederic/ Hartman)- it refers to the !rimordial consideration in determinin+ the forei+n !olicy of a state# It deals with issues of self !reservation national security and national well-"ein+#
Dorei+n Policy *a/in+ Becisionon-ma/in /in+(Richar hard • Snyder Snyder H#.# H#.# $ruc/ $ruc/ and $urton $urton Sa!in)- =a !rocess which results in the selec electtion from rom a soci social ally ly defined limited num"er of !ro"lematical alternative !ro,ects of one !ro, !ro,ec ectt inte intende nded d to "rin "rin+ + a"out the !articular future state of affairs envisa+ed "y the decisionma/ers#> =State >- it stands for all states or • for any other state# Settin+- it refers to the factors and • conditions which eist outside of the decis cision-ma/er /ers and the +ove +overn rnme ment ntal al or+a or+ani nia ati tion on of which they are !art# Sit Situati uation on-- it is an anal analy ytica ticall • conce!t which !oints to a !attern of rela relati tion onsh shi! i!ss amon+ amon+ event events s condi nditions ons and oth other act actors or+anied around a focus which is the center of interest of the decision-ma/ers# It is com!romised of a com"ination of selectively relevant factors in the ete etern rnal al and and inte intern rnal al sett settin in+ + as inter!reted "y the decision-ma/ers# 'ction- it arises from the necessity • to esta"l esta"lish ish to mainta maintain in and to re+ul e+ulat atee sati atisfy sfyin+ in+ o!t o!tional onal cont contra ract ctss "etwee "etween n stat states es and and to eert some control over unwanted
yet inesca!a"le contracts# $asi $asicc 'ssum ssum!t !tio ions ns of Beci Becisi sion on-*a/in+ 2heory& 1# 2he 2he State State is defi defined ned as its its offi offici cial al deci decisi sion on-m -ma/ a/er erss- thos thosee whos whosee authoritative acts are to all intents and !ur!oses the acts of the state# State action is the action ta/en "y those actin+ in the name of state# # 'ction 'ction eists eists analyt analytica ically lly when when the the foll follow owin in+ + com! com!on onen ents ts can can "e ascertained& actor(s) +oals means and situation# 3# 'cti 'ction on is !lan !lanfu full not not a rando andom m "ehaviour# 's such state inte intera ract ctio ion n is char charac acte teri rie ed d "y !atterns that is reco+nia"le re!etitions of action and reaction# 'ims or o",ectives !ersist# Some Some /inds /inds of acti action on "ecome ty!ical# Some reactions "ecome uniforms# Relati Relations onshi! hi!ss "ecome "ecome re+ularied# # 'ction 'ction-Re -React action ion-4o -4ount untera eracti ction on ('-R ('-R-4 -4)) and and 'ctio ctionn-Re Reac acti tion on-Interactio Interaction n ('-R-I)('-R-I)- formulatio formulations ns su++e su++est st that that se
J# 's action unfolds !ur!oses o",e o",ect ctiv ives es may chan chan+e +e due due to resistances or altered circum circumsta stances nces and hence hence often often head-o head-on n conflic conflicts ts are avoided avoided or reduced in im!act# K# 9m!ha 9m!hasi siss on state state action action su++e su++est stss !rocess analysis that is the !assa+e of time !lus continuous chan+es in relationshi!sL includin+ the conditions underlyin+ chan+e and its conse
=2he State as 'ctor in a Situation> 2he Path of 'ction 4once!t
(shift in o",ective) 7Birection of 'ction8
(shift in means) 7Strate+y of 'ction8
(shift in time e!ectation) 7when and "y when calculations8 2he nation nation of actionaction-hy! hy!oth othesi esiss ('-H) ('-H) refl reflect ectss the the fact fact that that decis decisio ionn-ma ma/i /in+ n+ involves involves (1) !rediction !rediction of conse
ma/ers of what they decided and what the unfoldin+ action means# $etween 2ime 1 (21) and 2ime (2) and so forth several thin+s may have "een made& 1#) 1#) Pro+ Pro+ra ram m re!o re!ort rtss may may have have "een "een made? #) #) Bisc Biscre re!a !anc ncy y "etw "etwee een n what what was was e!ected and what ha!!ened may have "een discovered? 3#) ew conditi conditions ons of the ori+inal ori+inal ''H may have "een considered# Pro" Pro"llem of Sim Simulta ultane neiity and and of Successive Overla!!in+ Befinition of the Situation
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Shaded 'rea- it indicates that each
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new definition of the situation is not an isolat isolated ed o!erati o!eration# on# 2here 2here will always "e a su"stantial carryover from to another# ano ther# 2wo-. 2wo-.ay ay 'rrow 'rrow in/in+ in/in+ 'ction 'ction ' 'cti ction $ and and 'cti ction 4- it su++ests su++ests analytical analytical and em!irical em!irical relati relations onshi! hi!s# s# *ulti! *ulti!le le !aths !aths of action create se
in/a+e 2heory in/a+e 2heory- (Eames Rosenau)• in +eneral terms it says that the =sta"ility> functionality institutions and +oals of !olitical systems are lin/ed to varia"les in their eternal environment# - In s!ecif cific terms it say says that hat =some out!uts (forei+n !olicy) ori+ ori+in inat atin in+ + from from eith either er the the !olity (nation-state) or the international environment will "rin+ a"out res!onses in other system#> - Puts forward the view that =there is conver+ence "etween nat nationa ionall and and int interna ernattional onal systems#> lin/a+e framew framewor/ or/ does does not 2he lin/a+e limit to forei+n !olicy activities of the the !oli !olity ty## It also also incl includ udes es the the recurrent activities underta/en "y !rivate individuals or +rou!s within the !olity with the intent of !reservin+ or alterin+ one or more as!e as!ect ctss of the the !oli !olity tyGs Gs eter eternal nal environment# in/a+e as an analytical conce!t • is defined as =any =any recurr urrent se Out! Out!ut ut-- is the the init initia iall sta+ sta+ee of • lin/a+e# It is conventionally called
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forei+n !olicy# Out!uts can either "e !olity out!uts o ut!uts or environmental out!uts# In!u In!utt- is the the term termin inal al sta+ sta+ee of lin/a+e# In!uts can either "e !olity in!uts or environmental in!uts# Bire Birect ct !oli !olity ty out! out!ut utss and and dire direct ct envir vironm onmental ntal out out!uts utsare !atterns of "ehaviour that are desi+ned to "rin+ a"out res!onses in other systems# Indirect !olity out!uts and indirect envir vironm onmental ntal out out!uts utsare !atterns of "ehaviour that are not desi desi+n +ned ed to evo/ evo/ee "oun "ounda dary ry-crossin+ res!onses "ut "ut that hat nevert neverthele heless ss do so !erce!t !erce!tual ual or emulative !rocesses#
2hree 2y!es 2y!es of in/a+e Process 1# Penet Penetra rati tive ve lin/a+e lin/a+e !roces !rocesss- 2his 2his occu occurrs when when mem"e em"errs of one one !olity serve as !artici!ants in the !olitical !rocesses of another i#e# they hey share are with those in the !enetrated !olity the authority to allocate its values# # Reac Reacti tive ve lin/ lin/a+ a+ee !roc !roces esss- 2his 2his is "rou+ht a"out "y recurrent and similar "oundary-crossin+ reactions reactions rather than "y sharin+ of authority# 2he actors who initiate the out!ut do not !artici!ate !artici!ate in the allocative activities of those who e!er !erience nce the in!ut "ut the "ehaviour of the latter is nevertheless a res!onse to "ehaviour underta/en "y the former# 3# 9mul 9mulat ativ ivee lin/ lin/a+ a+ee !roc !roces esss- 2his 2his occurs when the in!ut is not only a res!on res!onse se to the out!ut out!ut "ut ta/es ta/es essent essential ially ly the same form form as the out!ut# He+e He+em moni onic
Syst System em
He+e He+em monic onic
Sta" Sta"il ilit ity y 2heo 2heory ry 4han+e 2heory
and and
He+e He+emo moni nicc
He+emonic System He+emony- refers to a condition in • which !ower and influence "ecome concentrated in the !ossession of a sin+le dominant state (4harles Mindle"er+er)# 2wo 2wo 4ontendin+ Niews Niews of He+emony He+e mony 1# =$eni+ =$eni+n n Nie Niew> w> of of He+em He+emony ony-- 2he 2he leade eaderrshi shi! of the he+e he+em mon is !ositive and its !re!onderance5 he+emony is "enevolent# # =*al =*ali+ i+n n Niew> ew> of He+em He+emon ony y- It su++ests an o!!ressive e!l e!loi oittati ative ve and and som sometim etimes es coerciv coercivee relati relations onshi! hi! "etwee "etween n a he+emon and its leads# Bual 4haracter of He+emony 1# On one hand he+emony contri"utes to order and sta"ility# sta"ility# # On oth other han hand a he+emon is a domi domina nanc ncee-se see/ e/in in+ + stat statee that that victim victimie iess others others to enhance enhance its own !ower# •
Dree Riders- 2hose who en,oy the "enefit of collective +oods "ut !ay !a y little or nothin+ at all#
Role of He+emon 1# Is a"le to !romo omote rule for the the system as a whole that !rotect its own interests# # 4onfers "enefits (!u"lic or collective +oods) such as internatio international nal order order internation international al securi security ty and o!en o!en intern internati ational onal economic system# 3# Has s!ecia s!eciall res! res!ons onsi"i i"ilit lities ies##
2wo 2wo 4once!ts of He+emony
1# Real Realis istt 4once 4once!t !t of of He+e He+emo mony ny oc/s oc/s at nati nation on-s -sta tate tess as o the main actors and unit of analysis# Is "ased u!on the o distri"ution and mo"i mo"ili lia ati tion on of mate materi rial al !ower resources amon+ states# If these are so une
others# 9am!le& 4a!italist He+emony 2he 2he most most s/ilf /ilful ul use use of dire direct ct coercive !ower re> - 2his theory ar+ues that he+emo emons such uch as reat $ritain after .orld .ar I and the %nited %nited States States after .orld .orld .ar II will seldom en+a+e in a"use# - *aintains that when they •
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o"tain to!-do+ status he+em he+emon onss !rom !romot otee re+i re+ime mess that "enefit not only themselves "ut also others# 2his his theo theory ry ar ar+ues ues that that if it it is will willin in+ + and and a"le a"le to lead lead the the he+emon can set and enforce the rules +overnin+ international trade finance and invest investmen mentt (and (and other other issue issuess such as environmental re+ulation)# 2his theory says that when he+e he+em mon is achi achiev eved ed it is "elieved to contri"ute to !eaceful and coo!erative inters interstat tatee relati relations ons !rovid !rovided ed the !reeminent state does not ruth ruthle less ssly ly e!l e!loi oitt its its !owe !ower r throu+h domination and im!erialism# 2his theory says that !eace accordin+ly will result from a lead leadin in+ + stat stateG eGss ca!a ca!aci city ty to mana+e world affairs# 2his his theory !re !redicts that the !ost-.orld !ost-.orld .ar .ar II +lo"al order o rder will eventually colla!se and a new new !eri !eriod od of conf confli lict ct and and order will commence# It thus s!ea/s s!ea/s directly directly to the !otential !otential dan+ dan+er erss of a !ost !ost-4 -4ol old d .ar future#
He+e He+emo moni nicc 4han 4han+e +e 2heor heory y (Ro" (Ro"er ertt il!in) He+emonic He+emonic 4han+e 2heory- 2his theory !ostulates that international !olitics is cyclical and that a cycle is charac character terie ied d "y five five differ different ent systemic& Phase 1# 'n international system is sta"le (i#e# in a state of e
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Phase Phase # ' state state will will atte attem! m!tt to chan+e the international system if the e!ected "enefits eceed the e!ected costs (i#e# if there is an e!ected net +ain) Phas hase 3# ' state will see/ to chan+e chan+e the intern internati ational onal system system throu+h throu+h terri territor torial ial !oliti !olitical cal and econ econom omic ic e!a e!ans nsio ion n unti untill the the mar+in mar+inal al costs costs of furthe furtherr chan+e chan+e are are e He+emonic .ar (Ro"ert ili!in)is =a war that determ determine iness which which state or states will "e dominant and will +overn the system#> He+em He+emon onic ic .arsrs- are are a cont contes estt "etween the dominant !ower and the risin+ challen+er and the issue at sta/e is the nature and
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+overnment of the system# He+emo He+emonic nic .ar- re!res re!resent entss the end of one full cycle and at the same time the "e+innin+ of another cycl cyclee of +row +rowth th e!an e!ansi sion on and eventual decline# 2he aw Of %neven rowth continu continues es to redist redistri ri"ute "ute !ower !ower thus thus underm undermini inin+ n+ the status status
.ar is inti intima mate tely ly rela relate ted d to chan+e& it !roduces it# .ar is an e!ression e!ression of the law of the stron+est hence the stron+est stat statee emer emer+e +ess from from it# it# .ar !roduces he+emons# .arr is at the heart of hierarchic .a realism# He+emony is the rule e
Hedley $ullGs Bistinction of Bominance He+emony and Primacy BominanceBominance- is crude im!erialis im!erialism m charact characteri eried ed "y ha"itu ha"itual al use of force# He+emo He+emonyny- is im!eri im!eriali alism sm =with =with +ood mann anners#> 9& $ritish he+emony in the 1@th century# Prim Primac acyy- is lead leader ersh shi! i! free freely ly conceded "y the lesser states# 9& %S !rimacy durin+ the cold war when hen 9uro 9uro!e !ean an stat states es sou+h ou+htt !rotection under its win+s# •
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Mondratieff cycles or waves (M-cycles5Mwaves) MondratieffRussian i/olai '+riculturist Mondratieff cycle theory !ostulates that the world economy has lon+ cycles of J0-K0 years (a cycle of "oom and "ust) M-cycles or M-wavesis remem"ered durin+ lon+ downsides when ho!es for return of economi omic +rowth fail for several years# •
