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\XCWNFRC BN GMQNVRGEJFGÖM VCFGJI;

NI V^GFGBGC NM IJ \NX \NXV\N V\NFRG FRGQ QJ \VG \VGFCV FCVCFG CFGJI JI

Rcinbc) Jhxgi 8<::

X~hçm Fxnv|c Eödn{ Nvr~bgjmrn bn Vcfgciceäj (^MNB' hicex~fxnv|cLedjgi-fcd uuu-x~fxnv|c-ucxb|xnvv-fcd

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Ni v~gfgbgc nm ij |nxv|nfrgqj |vgfcvcfgji

X~hçm Fxnv|c Eödn{

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:- Xnv~dnm bn ij |xc|~nvrj bn gmqnvrgejfgöm ------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------8 --------------------8 8- Fcmrnprc w k~vrgagfjfgöm bni |xcwnfrc ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 6- Bnagmgfgöm bni chknrc bn gmqnvrgejfgöm ------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2- \xgmfg|jinv v~|~nvrcv ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 >- Chknrgqcv- ------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 1- K~vrgagfjfgöm bn ijv rçfmgfjv bn gmqnvrgejfgöm- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 5- Bgvnúc w jxrgf~ijfgöm bn ijv rçfmgfjv bn gmqnvrgejfgöm- --------------------------------------:< --------------------------------------:< HGHIGCEXJAÄJ ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :: UNHEXJAÄJ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ::









\xcwnfrc bn Gmqnvrgejfgöm Vcfgji;

NI V^GFGBGC NM IJ \NXV\NFRGQJ \VGFCVCFGJI :- Xnv~dnm bn ij |xc|~nvrj bn gmqnvrgejfgöm Nvrn |xcwnfrc bn gmqnvrgejfgöm vcfgji vchxn ni v~gfgbgc rcdj fcdc |~mrc bn |jxrgbj w fcmvrx~wn ni f~nx|c rncxçrgfc gmgfgji j |jxrgx bn ij dcmcexjaäj Ni v~gfgbgc bn Ndgin B~xo`ngd) j ij qn{ z~n vn xnjig{j ~m jmêigvgv vnf~mbjxgc vchxn ijv nvrjbävrgfjv cagfgjinv w bgqnxvjv |~higfjfgcmnv nd|äxgfjv vchxn ij vgr~jfgöm jfr~ji bni anmödnmc z~n xn|xnvnmrj ni v~gfgbgc- Mc rgnmn ij gmrnmfgöm ic vne~mbc |cx xnhjrgx ic |xgdnxc- Vn `j nmfcmrxjbc nm ij djwcxäj bn icv bgvf~xvcv jfr~jinv vchxn ni v~gfgbgc z~n nm ij djwcxäj bn icv fjvcv z~n vn fcmv~djm npgvräj jieûm rg|c bn |jrciceäj dnmrji? ic f~ji mcv chigej j `jfnx ~m xnjmêigvgv vchxn ij |xgdnxj |jxrn bn ij gmqnvrgejfgöm bn B~xo`ngd) fcm ni |xc|övgrc bn chvnxqjx ijv xnijfgcmnv z~n rgnmnm ijv janffgcmnv |väz~gfjv w icv anmödnmcv vcfgjinv z~n ijv |xcqcfjm- \cx nvrj xj{öm) |jxnfn c|cxr~mc nmdjxfjx ni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgc nm ij |nxv|nfrgqj |vgfcvcfgji-

8- Fcmrnprc w k~vrgagfjfgöm k ~vrgagfjfgöm bni |xcwnfrc Nm nvrn j|jxrjbc vn gmrnmrj bjx xnv|~nvrj j ij |xne~mrj; ³|cx z~ç gmqnvrgejx ic z~n mcv |xc|cmndcv gmqnvrgejx3

J ij i~{ bn icv bjrcv jxxckjbcv nm icv `jhgr~jinv dnbgcv bn fcd~mgfjfgöm vchxn ij ninqjfgöm bn ij rjvj v~gfgbgcv? |cx nknd|ic) vneûm ij CDV) ni v~gfgbgc nv fj~vjmrn bn dêv dcxrjigbjb z~n rcbcv icv fcmaigfrcv hçigfcv bni |ijmnrj? ni mûdnxc bn v~gfgbgcv bn qjxcmnv |xêfrgfjdnmrn rxg|igfj ji bn d~knxnv? b~xjmrn icv ûirgdcv fgmf~nmrj júcv) j mgqni d~mbgji) ni v~gfgbgc `j j~dnmrjbc ~m 1<. w |jvj j nvrjx nmrxn ijv bgn{ fj~vjv bn d~nxrn dêv `jhgr~jinv) v~|nxjmbc ijv fgaxjv bni `cdgfgbgc? bn rjinv bjrcv nvrjbävrgfcv ‒vöic `ndcv dnmfgcmjbc jie~mcv‒ vn nprxjn aêfgidnmrn ij xninqjmfgj w |nxrgmnmfgj vchxn ij mnfnvgbjb bn gmqnvrgejx vchxn nvrn anmödnmc) ni v~gfgbgcNm ni fjvc bn Nv|júj) vneûm ij e~äj V~gfgbgc w \vgz~gjrxäj (8<::') |xnvnmrjbj xnfgnmrndnmrn |cx ij Vcfgnbjb Nv|júcij bn \vgz~gjrxäj Hgciöegfj) nm m~nvrxc |jäv vn `j |jvjbc) nm |cfc dêv bn 6< júcv) bn 1 v~gfgbgcv |cx fjfj :<<-<<< `jhgrjmrnv j ::? ~mj fgaxj z~n vn jfnxfj hjvrjmrn dêv j ij dnbgj n~xc|nj bn :2- \nxc xnv~irj dêv nprxjcxbgmjxgc z~n nm Nv|júj |cx |xgdnxj qn{ d~nxjm dêv köqnmnv |cx v~gfgbgc z~n |cx jffgbnmrnv bn rxêagfc- Vöic fcm nvrcv bcv j|~mrnv nv dêv z~n v~agfgnmrn |jxj k~vrgagfjx ij xninqjmfgj vcfgji bni |xcwnfrc bn gmqnvrgejfgöm@jfn wj dêv bn fgnm júcv bnvbn z~n Ndgin B~xo`ngd |ijvdjxj v~ bnmvj gmqnvrgejfgöm vchxn nvrn anmödnmc nm Ni v~gfgbgc (:075'- Nvrjhinfndcv nvrj chxj fcdc |~mrc bn |jxrgbj |jxj ni jmêigvgv |xnqgc bni anmödnmc j nvr~bgjx:) j |nvjx bn z~n nm ijv ûirgdjv bçfjbjv `jwj xnfghgbc mc |cfjv fxärgfjv- Vn `j bgf`c z~n nv ~m ighxc bndjvgjbc jmrge~c) z~n mc j|cxrj mjbj j icv fcmcfgdgnmrcv jfr~jinv wj z~n ij Vcfgciceäj w ni nvr~bgc bni v~gfgbgc `jm jqjm{jbc w `jm gbc dêv jiiê bn ic z~n j|cxrö B~xo`ngd (Jiqgxj w Hijmfc) :770'- Mc chvrjmrn) `cw nm bäj) vn vge~n `jfgnmbc xnanxnmfgj j çi nm ij igrnxjr~xj rnöxgfj w nd|äxgfj vchxn ni v~gfgbgc) wj vnj bnvbn ij |nxv|nfrgqj |vgz~gêrxgfj) bnvbn ij |vgfciöegfj c bnvbn ij vcfgciöegfj- \nxc fcdc bgfnm A- Jiqgxj w A- Hijmfc) nvrjv xnanxnmfgjv nvrêm dêv nm ~m |ijmc f~jvg$npcxfg{jbcx w xnigegcvc- Vg hgnm nv fgnxrc z~n nm dêv bn fgnm júcv ijv vcfgnbjbnv) nm nv|nfgji ijv cffgbnmrjinv) `jm np|nxgdnmrjbc exjmbnv fjdhgcv) jvgdgvdc) ij vcfgciceäj fcdc bgvfg|igmj `j jqjm{jbc ~m h~nm rxnf`c) vchxn rcbc nm ij dnkcxj w j|igfjfgöm bn rçfmgfjv bn gmqnvrgejfgöm vcfgji? |nxc ijv gmqnvrgejfgcmnv vchxn ni v~gfgbgc bn Ndgin B~xo`ngd fcmvrgr~wnxcm ni gmrnmrc dêv hxgiijmrn bn xnb~ffgöm vcfgciöegfj bni anmödnmc nm f~nvrgöm- Rcbjqäj









`cw) dêv z~n qgenmfgj) ij chxj Ni V~gfgbgc vge~n rnmgnmbc gmai~nmfgj- V~v bçagfgrv nd|äxgfc$ dnrcbciöegfcv mc gmqjigbjm jie~mcv jv|nfrcv fijqnv bni jmêigvgv b~xo`ngdgjmc) rjinv fcdc; 

Ijv fj~vjv vcfgjinv bni v~gfgbgc-

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Icv rg|cv bn v~gfgbgc; ni necävrj) ni jirx~gvrj) ni jmödgfc w ni ajrjigvrj-

Vg hgnm |cbndcv |nxanffgcmjx w xnbnagmgx ijv fjxjfrnxävrgfjv a~mbjdnmrjinv bn icv bganxnmrnv rg|cv bn v~gfgbgcv |cx fj~vjv vcfgjinv np|~nvrcv |cx B~xo`ngd) jk~vrêmbcicv j |jxjbgedjv vcfgciöegfcv dêv jfcxbnv fcm ij xnjigbjb vcfgji jfr~ji) mc |cx niic a~nxcm ni xnv~irjbc bn ~mj gmqnvrgejfgöm nm qjmc- Nm nvrn vnmrgbc B~xo`ngd j|cxrö dêv fcmcfgdgnmrc z~n mjbgn nm jz~niij ç|cfj vchxn ni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgcNm iämnj fcm nvrc ûirgdc) `ndcv bgf`c z~n |jxrgdcv bn ij chxj bn Ni v~gfgbgc bn B~xo`ngd fcdc jmrnfnbnmrn nd|äxgfc) |nxc) mc dnmcv) nvrjdcv chigejbcv j h~vfjxicv dêv jfr~jinv w j fcmv~irjx ijv nvrjbävrgfjv cagfgjinv z~n mcv |~nbj j|cxrjx gmvrgr~fgcmnv fcdc ni GMN) ni Dgmgvrnxgc bn Vji~b) \ciärgfj Vcfgji n Ge~jibjb) ni FGV c ni Hjxödnrxc Vcfgji bn Nv|júj z~n qgnmn nijhcxjmbc ni Fcinfrgqc GCÇ- Nm nvrn vnmrgbc) `cw rnmndcv d~f`c dêv bjrcv w dêv xnf~xvcv dnbgêrgfcv bn ic z~n r~qc B~xo`ngd |jxj ni jmêigvgv vnf~mbjxgc:) |~nv ij djwcx |jxrn bn icv xnv~irjbcv bn v~ gmqnvrgejfgöm nvrjhjm hjvjbcv nm ni jmêigvgv vnf~mbjxgc - Ij jxe~dnmrjfgöm rnöxgfc$dnrcbciöegfj bn ij z~n `jfn ~vc B~xo`ngd nm ij djwcx |jxrn bn v~ chxj vge~n ij iöegfj bn h~vfjx bjrcv n gmacxdjfgöm jbgfgcmji |jxj |cbnx npjdgmjx ij xnijfgöm nmrxn bcv qjxgjhinv fcmrxcijmbc ~mj rnxfnxj- (Jiqgxj w Hijmfc) :770'Nm ij jfr~jigbjb) `cw fcmrjdcv fcm d~f`cv dêv w dnkcxnv hjmfcv bn bjrcv nvrjbävrgfcv w xnegvrxcv jbdgmgvrxjrgqcv- \cx ic f~ji) jújbgnmbc rjdhgçm ijv gmmcqjfgcmnv nm icv xnf~xvcv rnfmciöegfcv) m~nvrxc rgnd|c mcv hxgmbj ij c|cxr~mgbjb |jxj ~m jmêigvgv dêv np`j~vrgqc bn nvrcv bjrcv- \nxc mc bnhndcv `jfnxmcv bndjvgjbjv gi~vgcmnv) |~nv `jvrj z~n mc bnagmjdcv w fcmvrx~wjdcv bnhgbjdnmrn ni chknrc bn m~nvrxj gmqnvrgejfgöm) mc vjhxndcv z~ç bjrcv xnjidnmrn mnfnvgrjdcv h~vfjx w vg nvrcv nvrjxêm bgv|cmghinv |jxj mcvcrxcvBn ij dgvdj djmnxj z~n B~xo`ngd np|cmn ji |xgmfg|gc bn v~ gmqnvrgejfgöm ijv nvrjbävrgfjv dêv nindnmrjinv vchxn ni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgc) nm m~nvrxc fjvc) qciqndcv j xnjig{jx ni dgvdc |xcfnbgdgnmrc bgqgbgçmbcic nm qjxgjv nrj|jv; |xgdnxc fcmv~irjdcv ijv ûirgdjv mcrgfgjv npgvrnmrnv vchxn ijv fgaxjv eichjinv bn v~gfgbgcv? vne~mbc; gmrnmrjdcv jf~bgx j ijv a~nmrnv cxgegmjinv bn bcmbn vn `jm nprxjäbc |jxj qjicxjx c|cxr~mjdnmrn v~ nv|nfgjig{jfgöm) fxnbghgigbjb) np|nxgnmfgj w exjbc bn gmvrgr~fgcmjig{jfgöm bn ijv dgvdjv? rnxfnxc w ûirgdc; mcv |xcqnndcv bn hghigcexjaäj8 w jxräf~icv |xcanvgcmjinv vchxn ni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgc) nm nv|nfgji jz~niicv z~n nvrçm nm xnijfgöm fcm jv|nfrcv xninqjmrnv z~n `jwjdcv bnvf~hgnxrc nm ij fcmv~irj bn ijv nvrjbävrgfjv fcmv~irjbjv |xnqgjdnmrn- J ij vj{öm bn nvrn |xcfnbgdgnmrc) nv |cx ic z~n vn `j |cbgbc j|~mrjx ji |xgmfg|gc bn nvrn n|äexjan jie~mcv bn icv bjrcv dêv nprxjcxbgmjxgcv w bn exjm xninqjmfgj vcfgji vchxn ni anmödnmc j nvr~bgjx-

6- Bnagmgfgöm bni chknrc bn gmqnvrgejfgöm Vg nm ni jmrnxgcx n|äexjan gmrnmrêhjdcv bjx xnv|~nvrj j ij |xne~mrj; ³|cx z~ç gmqnvrgejx ic rxjrjxndcv bn fcmrnvrjx; ³z~ç xnjidnmrn mcv |xc|cmndcv

z~n mcv |xc|cmndcv gmqnvrgejx3 J`cxj gmqnvrgejx3

Bcv júcv jmrnv bn |~higfjx Ni v~gfgbgc) B~xo`ngd ‒`jw z~n xnfcxbjx z~n nv fcmvgbnxjbc fcdc ~mc bn icv |jbxnv a~mbjbcxnv bn ij Vcfgciceäj‒ `jhäj |~higfjbc Ijv xneijv bni dçrcbc vcfgciöegfc- Nm Ni v~gfgbgc) bn acxdj rxjmvqnxvji) bj f~nmrj bn h~nmjv |xêfrgfjv dnrcbciöegfjv j ic ijxec bni ighxc- Jvä) nm ij gmrxcb~ffgöm bn v~ gmqnvrgejfgöm bnkj fcmvrjmfgj bn ij gd|cxrjmfgj bn bnagmgx ni chknrc bn ij gmqnvrgejfgöm; :

Nv chqgc z~n b~xjmrn ni vgeic PGP) ijv a~nmrnv nvrjbävrgfjv |jxj ni jmêigvgv vnf~mbjxgc) rji w fcdc ijv bgv|cmndcv `cw) |cx nknd|ic j rxjqçv bni GMN) mc nvrjhjm aêfgidnmrn ji jifjmfn bn B~xo`ngd) |xgdnxc |cxz~n ijv jbdgmgvrxjfgcmnv mc `jhäjm jvgdgijbc rcbjqäj ~mj v~agfgnmrn v ~agfgnmrn xne~ijxgbjb nm ni jidjfnmjdgnmrc w rxjrjdgnmrc bn bjrcv nvrjbävrgfcv- Mc chvrjmrn B~xo`ngd hjvö ij djwcx |jxrn bn v~v gmqnvrgejfgcmnv nm icv nvrjbgvrjv bn ij









¯‡ cf~xxn fcm axnf~nmfgj z~n fjrnecxäjv bn `nf`cv bganxnmrnv vn jex~|jm) gmbgvrgmrjdnmrn) hjkc ~m rçxdgmc enmçxgfc) c xnjigbjbnv bn ij dgvdj mjr~xjin{j vcm bnvgemjbjv fcm mcdhxnv bganxnmrnv- Vg mcv bnkjdcv e~gjx |cx ij jfn|fgöm fcdûm) fcxxndcv ni xgnvec bn bgvrgme~gx ic z~n bnhn vnx fcma~mbgbc c bn fcma~mbgx ic z~n bnhn bgvrgme~gxvn) bn bnvfcmcfnx ij qnxbjbnxj xnijfgöm bn |xcpgdgbjb bn ijv fcvjv w bn nz~gqcfjxmcv vchxn v~ mjr~xjin{j- Vöic vn np|igfj hgnm fcd|xjmbc¿-

^mj np|igfjfgöm vgdgijx vn nmf~nmrxj f~jmbc B~xo`ngd gmrnmrj jfcrjx ni fcmfn|rc bn gdgrjfgöm- Jûm f~jmbc nm v~ |ijmrnjdgnmrc fcxxj ni xgnvec bn nz~gqcfjxvn) jz~ä vöic ic |ijmrnjdcv nm ~m vnmrgbc dnrcbciöegfc; ¯Jmrnv bn npjdgmjx icv `nf`cv) fcmqgnmn agkjx ni vnmrgbc bn ij |jijhxj- Icv vcfgöicecv nvrêm rjm `jhgr~jbcv j nd|injx ijv |jijhxjv vgm bnagmgxijv) nv bnfgx) j mc bnrnxdgmjx mg fgxf~mvfxghgx dnröbgfjdnmrn ni cxbnm bn ijv fcvjv bn z~n v~ninm `jhijx) z~n inv cf~xxn fcm axnf~nmfgj z~n bnkjm ~mj np|xnvgöm jd|igjxvn w vn|jxjxvn bni fcmfn|rc) z~n xn|xnvnmrjhj |xgdnxjdnmrn c |jxnfäj xn|xnvnmrjx) iinejmbc j crxjv mcfgcmnv dêv c dnmcv |xöpgdjv¿-

Fcm nvrjv bcv fgrjv) ij gmrnmfgöm a~mbjdnmrji nv bnvrjfjx ij gd|cxrjmfgj z~n rgnmn ij bnagmgfgöm bni chknrc bn nvr~bgc) nv bnfgx) f~jmbc mcv nmaxnmrjdcv j ij chvnxqjfgöm bn ~m anmödnmc bn ij xnjigbjb vcfgji) ic nvnmfgjidnmrn mnfnvjxgc nv `jfnx ~mj fcmfn|r~jig{jfgöm ic dêv npjfrj w chknrgqj |cvghin vchxn bgf`c anmödnmc- Wj `ndcv bnfijxjbc dêv jxxghj z~n ij dcmcexjaäj bn Ni V~gfgbgc `jfn ij a~mfgöm |xgmfg|ji fcdc gmacxdn |xnqgc) w fcdc rji) mcv vgxqn fcdc |~mrc bn |jxrgbj |jxj ij fcmvrx~ffgöm rnöxgfj vchxn ni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgc- Vne~gxndcv) |~nv) icv fcmvnkcv dnrcbciöegfcv bni |xc|gc B~xo`ngd w fcdnm{jxndcv |cx rcdjx v~ bnagmgfgöm bni v~gfgbgc fcdc qêigbj |jxj m~nvrxj gmqnvrgejfgöm; ¯‡ vn iijdj v~gfgbgc rcbc fjvc bn d~nxrn z~n xnv~irn) bgxnfrj c gmbgxnfrjdnmrn) bn ~m jfrc |cvgrgqc c mnejrgqc) xnjig{jbc |cx ij qäfrgdj dgvdj) vjhgnmbc niij z~n bnhäj |xcb~fgx nvrn xnv~irjbc¿-

Mc chvrjmrn) bnv|~çv bn dêv bn :<< júcv) ijv j|cxrjfgcmnv z~n mcv |~nbj |xc|cxfgcmjx B~xo`ngd npgenm fj~rnijv- Nv |cvghin z~n ij rncxäj vcfgji vchxn ni anmödnmc |xnrnmbgbj |cx B~xo`ngd mc rnmej v~agfgnmrn fcxxnv|cmbnmfgj fcm ij xnjigbjb vcfgji bn m~nvrxcv bäjv- Jvä |~nv) nvrjdcv mnfnvjxgjdnmrn chigejbcv j bcrjxmcv bn gmacxdjfgöm vchxn crxcv rxjhjkcv nd|äxgfcv dêv xnfgnmrnv vchxn ni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgc) w qnx) j|jxrn bn ijv xnvgvrnmfgjv rnöxgfjv b~xo`ngdgjmjv) f~êi nv ni |jxjbgedj z~n dnkcx vn j|xcpgdj ji anmödnmc jfr~ji bni v~gfgbgc w z~ç rncxäjv vn qgnmnm jxrgf~ijmbc ûirgdjdnmrn fcm djwcx exjbc bn gmvrgr~fgcmjig{jfgöm- M~nvrxc vge~gnmrn |jvc vnxê nmij{jx ijv ûirgdjv fcm ijv bn B~xo`ngd) |nxc jmrnv) nv fcmqnmgnmrn ~m d~w hxnqn xnv~dnm bni rxjhjkc jmjiärgfc xnjig{jbc nm ij dcmcexjaäj bn Ni v~gfgbgc; Nm ij |xgdnxj |jxrn bn v~ chxj) B~xo`ngd np|cmn ijv fj~vjv nprxjvcfgjinv (mc vcfgjinv' bni v~gfgbgc- @jhij bn icv nvrjbcv |vgfc|êrgfcv (dcmcdjmäjv) mn~xjvrnmgj) gmfi~vc ni jifc`cigvdc fcdc nvrjbc |vgfc|êrgfc |jxrgf~ijx') iinej j bganxnmfgjx f~jrxc rg|cv bn v~gfgbgcv fcdnrgbcv |cx icfcv; ni v~gfgbgc dcmcdjmäjfc) ni dnijmföigfc) ni chvnvgqc w ni gd|~ivgqc c j~rcdêrgfc - J |jxrgx bn icv bjrcv jmjig{jbcv) fjvg vgnd|xn nvrjbävrgfcv w rxjrjbcv nm jmêigvgv vnf~mbjxgc) iinej j ij fcmfi~vgöm bn z~n ni v~gfgbgc mc nv |xc|gc bn mgme~mj icf~xj nv|nfäagfj) w z~n nm icv v~gfgbgcv qnvêmgfcv mc npgvrnm dcrgqcv |jxj rji jfrc) j mc vnx z~n vnjm gdjegmjxgcv- Rjdhgçm jmjig{j crxjv fj~vjv fcdc ij xj{j) ij `nxnmfgj) ij gdgrjfgöm w icv ajfrcxnv fövdgfcv (figdj w rnd|nxjr~xj') bn ijv f~jinv) fcmfi~wn z~n mc rgnmn xnijfgöm fj~vji bn acxdj bgxnfrj) nv bnfgx) mc vcm fcmbgfgcmnv mg v~agfgnmrnv mg mnfnvjxgjv ^mj qn{ vn `jm nigdgmjbc ijv `g|örnvgv xgqjinv w jirnxmjrgqjv bn ijv fj~vjv nprxjvcfgjinv) nm ij vne~mbj |jxrn) B~xo`ngd bnb~fn z~n ijv fj~vjv bni v~gfgbgc rgnmnm z~n vnx vcfgjinv) nv bnfgx) ni v~gfgbgc nv ~m anmödnmc fcinfrgqc- Jvä) B~xo`ngd h~vfj xnijfgcmnv nmrxn bnrnxdgmjbjv qjxgjhinv w ijv rjvjv bn v~gfgbgc- Qjxgjhinv fcdc; ni eçmnxc (icv `cdhxn rgnmnm djwcx rjvj bn v~gfgbgcv') ij nbjb (ni v~gfgbgc nv xjxc nm ij nbjb gmajmrgi |nxc jifjm{j v~ dêpgdc j|cenc nm ij qnkn{') ni nvrjbc fgqgi (icv fjvjbcv rgnmnm dnmcx rjvj bn v~gfgbgcv') xnvgbnmfgj (vn v~gfgbjm dêv nm |xc|cxfgöm icv xnvgbnmrnv nm fg~bjbnv z~n nm icfjigbjbnv x~xjinv') cf~|jfgöm w ex~|cv |xcanvgcmjinv (icv dgigrjxnv np|nxgdnmrjm dêv rjvj bn v~gfgbgc z~n ni xnvrc bn |xcanvgcmnv') ij xnigegöm (nm ijv vcfgnbjbnv |xcrnvrjmrnv npgvrn dêv rjvj bn v~gfgbgcv z~n nm ijv fjröigfjv') vcfgnbjb |ciärgfj (nm ijv vcfgnbjbnv dêv |xgdgrgqjv









ajfrcxnv mc aêfgidnmrn chvnxqjhinv fcdc ij bnvgmrnexjfgöm bn ijv vcfgnbjbnv w ni gmbgqgb~jigvdc- Bn nvrj djmnxj) icexj bnvjxxciijx v~ fcmcfgbj rg|ciceäj bn v~gfgbgcv:; :-

Ni v~gfgbgc necävrj-

8-

Ni v~gfgbgc jirx~gvrj-

6-

Ni v~gfgbgc jmödgfc-

2-

Ni v~gfgbgc ajrjigvrj-

Ni v~gfgbgc necävrj cf~xxn necävrj cf~xxn f~jmbc ij vcfgnbjb nm ij z~n vn qgqn `j v~axgbc ~m exjqn |xcfnvc bn bnvgmrnexjfgöm) nv bnfgx) jz~niijv z~n `jm |xcdcqgbc ~m jirc exjbc bn gmbgqgb~jigvdc) ¯ni wc gmbgqgb~ji vn jagxdj fcm npfnvc axnmrn ji wc vcfgji¿- ^m nknd|ic bn v~gfgbgc necävrj vnxäj ni fcdnrgbc |cx ~m gmbgqgb~c z~n `j v~axgbc ~mj exjm gmvjrgvajffgöm w |gnxbn rcbj xj{öm |jxj qgqgx) |~nv fcdc `j |nxbgbc ij xnanxnmfgj bn icv z~n in xcbnjm) |gnmvj z~n v~ ûmgfj vjiqjfgöm nv ni v~gfgbgcNi v~gfgbgc jirx~gvrj ) vnxäj nm h~nmj dnbgbj) ni c|~nvrc bni necävrj- Vn bj nm jz~niijv vcfgnbjbnv npfnvgqjdnmrn gmrnexjbjv) bcmbn ni wc gmbgqgb~ji vn |gnxbn |cx ic fcinfrgqc? nv fcdc ~m vnmrgdgnmrc bn bnhnx |jxj ij vcfgnbjb nm ij z~n vn gmrnexj- ^m fjvc |jxj nvrn rg|c bn v~gfgbgc vnxäj ni xgr~ji bni `jxjz~gxg8 z~n fcdnräjm icv vjd~xêgv) c ni bni vcibjbc z~n vn v~gfgbj |cx qnxeùnm{j ji `jhnx ajirjbc j ijv mcxdjv dgigrjxnvNi v~gfgbgc jmödgfc vn jmödgfc vn |xcb~fn f~jmbc `jw ~mj exjm bnagfgnmfgj bn xne~ijfgöm vcfgji) vn bj nm vcfgnbjbnv |nxr~xhjbjv) nm dcdnmrcv bn fxgvgv nfcmödgfj c fcmq~ivgqcv fjdhgcv vcfgjinv- Ni gmbgqgb~c |nxfghn z~n mc nmfjkj nm ij vcfgnbjb) |cx nknd|ic icv ‐vgm rnf`c‗ w icv `~çxajmcv- Ni gmbgqgb~c vn nmf~nmrxj nm vgr~jfgöm bn ‐fjxnmfgj bn mcxdjv‗) bnv|xcqgvrc ijv mcxdjv w xneijv z~n e~äjm j ij enmrn nm v~ qgbj vcfgji fcrgbgjmj- Nvrn rg|c bn v~gfgbgc vn |jxnfn ji necävrj wj z~n ij vcfgnbjb nvrê |cfc |xnvnmrn nm icv gmbgqgb~cv- Vgm ndhjxec) bgagnxnm |cx ni |~mrc vgr~jfgcmji bcmbn nvrê j~vnmrn ij |xc|gj vcfgnbjb) B~xo`ngd ic np|xnvj rnpr~jidnmrn; ¯nm ni v~gfgbgc necävrj nv j ij jfrgqgbjb |xc|gjdnmrn fcinfrgqj j z~gnm `jfn ajirj) bnkêmbcij jvä bnv|xcqgvrj bn axnmc w bn vgemgagfjfgöm- Nm ni v~gfgbgc jmödgfc vcm ijv |jvgcmnv |xc|gjdnmrn gmbgqgb~jinv ijv z~n ij mnfnvgrjm w z~nbjm vgm mcxdj z~n ijv xne~in¿-

Ni v~gfgbgc ajrjigvrj (j|nmjv ajrjigvrj (j|nmjv nv dnmfgcmjbc nm ni ighxc' vn chvnxqj nm icv ex~|cv nm icv z~n `jw ~m fcmrxci npfnvgqc) fcdc nm ijv vcfgnbjbnv bn nvfijqcvNm f~jmrc j ij ninffgöm bni dcbc bn v~gfgbjxvn) B~xo`ngd mc ic jrxgh~wn j ijv fj~vjv |xc|gjv bni v~gfgbgc) bgxê; ¯Ij d~nxrn nvfcegbj |cx ni v~gfgbj nv ~m anmödnmc fcd|inrjdnmrn jknmc j ij mjr~xjin{j dgvdj bni v~gfgbgc¿-

Nm ij rnxfnxj |jxrn bn v~ gmqnvrgejfgöm) ‐Icv nindnmrcv vcfgjinv bni v~gfgbgc‗) B~xo`ngd mc `jfn dêv z~n ~mj vämrnvgv bn icv jxe~dnmrcv jmrnxgcxnv vchxn ijv fj~vjv vcfgjinv; ¯Ij chvnxqjfgöm fcmagxdj) |~nv) ij `g|örnvgv- Bn ~mj |jxrn ij xne~ijxgbjb bn icv bjrcv nvrjbävrgfcv gd|igfj) z~n npgvrnm 6 rnmbnmfgjv fcinfrgqjv) nprnxgcxnv j icv gmbgqgb~cv ? bn crxj) nm ~m mûdnxc fcmvgbnxjhin bn fjvcv gd|cxrjmrnv |cbndcv bgxnfrjdnmrn fcd|xchjx nvrj nprnxgcxgbjb¿-

Jbndêv) B~xo`ngd jmjig{j ni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgc nm xnijfgöm fcm crxcv anmödnmcv vcfgjinv- Jvä) B~xo`ngd bgxê z~n ni v~gfgbgc bnhn fijvgagfjxvn fcdc jfrc gmdcxji ¯|cxz~n mgnej ~m |xgmfg|gc nvnmfgji bn nvrj xnigegöm bn ij `~djmgbjb- Ni `cdhxn z~n vn djrn mc `jfn |nxk~gfgc) vn bgfn) dêv z~n j vä dgvdc w ij vcfgnbjb mc rgnmn |cx z~ç gmrnxqnmgx) nm qgxr~b bni jmrge~c jpgcdj Qcinmrg mgm agr gmk~xgj- Nvrc nv ~m nxxcx- Ij vcfgnbjb z~nbj `nxgbj) |cxz~n ni vnmrgdgnmrc vchxn z~n xn|cvjm `cw

:

B~xo`ngd vn hjvö nm icv bjrcv j|cxrjbcv |cx ijv bgigenmfgjv k~bgfgjinv |xcfnbgbjv |cx bganxnmrnv |jävnv n~xc|ncv z~n iinqjm j fjhc f~jmbc vn fcdnrn ~m v~gfgbgc; ’Dcrgqcv |xnv~mrcv bn icv v~gfgbgcv—-

8

Ni `jxjz~gxg (nm kj|cmçv vn |xnagnxn ni rçxdgmc vn||~o~ ) wj z~n ij |jijhxj `jxjogxg mc vn ~vj |cx fcmvgbnxjxvn q~iejx' nxj ~mj |jxrn fijqn bni h~v`gb ń) ni föbgec bn icv e~nxxnxcv vjd~xêg- Ni jfrc |cbäj vnx qci~mrjxgc) ~vjbc











bäj v~v dêpgdjv dcxjinv dêv xnv|nrjbjv w z~n vgxqn fjvg bn ûmgfc ij{c nmrxn v~v dgndhxcv `j vgbc : canmbgbc) w vn fcmv~dgxäj vg nvrj canmvj |~bgnvn |xcb~fgxvn fcm rcbj ighnxrjb¿ -

Nm ni ûirgdc fj|är~ic) ‐Fcmvnf~nmfgjv |xêfrgfjv‗) B~xo`ngd) nm ~m xnjmêigvgv bn v~v fcmfi~vgcmnv w |jxrgnmbc bn ij |nxv|nfrgqj a~mfgcmji bn ij vcfgnbjb) nmrxj j qjicxjx jie~mjv gmvrgr~fgcmnv vcfgjinv |nxrgmnmrnv |jxj |xnqnmgx ni v~gfgbgc- \xc|cmn ij nb~fjfgöm w ijv fcx|cxjfgcmnvNv mnfnvjxgc jmcrjx jz~ä z~n nvrn fj|är~ic mc |nxrnmnfn wj ji fcmrnprc bni |xcwnfrc bn gmqnvrgejfgöm) vgmc ji bni |xcwnfrc bn gmrnxqnmfgöm- Mc chvrjmrn mc `jw z~n bnkjx bn ijbc z~n nm v~ xnijfgöm bn jffgöm |xcwnfrgqj) rcbc |xcwnfrc bn gmqnvrgejfgöm vcfgji bnhn rnmnx vgnd|xn fcdc `cxg{cmrn ij gmrnxqnmfgöm? ij fgnmfgj vn bganxnmfgj bn crxcv rg|cv bn fcmcfgdgnmrc nm z~n ij |xgdnxj bnhn rnmnx vgnd|xn ~m agm |xêfrgfc w ûrgi |jxj ij vcfgnbjbRxjv xnv~dgx ni nvz~ndj rnöxgfc bn Ni v~gfgbgc) ni vge~gnmrn |jvc nv bcrjxvn bn gmacxdjfgöm v~agfgnmrn w jfr~ji vchxn nvrn anmödnmc) jvä fcmv~irjdcv ijv ûirgdjv mcrgfgjv z~n vn `jm |~higfjbc ji xnv|nfrc fcmrxjvrêmbcijv fcm ijv nvrjbävrgfjv cagfgjinv z~n rnmndcv j m~nvrxj bgv|cvgfgöm nm ni GMN w crxjv gmvrgr~fgcmnv- Jvgdgvdc) mcv |xcqnndcv rjdhgçm bn ij hghigcexjaäj w bn jxräf~icv nd|äxgfcv z~n rxjrnm ni v~gfgbgc |jxj jmjig{jx ~m fcmcfgdgnmrc dêv jfr~ji vchxn ij xnjigbjb vcfgji z~n xn|xnvnmrj ni v~gfgbgcIj jxrgf~ijfgöm xnjig{jbj bn ij gmacxdjfgöm dêv jfr~ji fcm ni nvr~bgc jmjiärgfc bn B~xo`ngd qj nm ij bgxnffgöm bn nmfcmrxjx icv v~|~nvrcv b~xo`ngdgjmcv z~n `jm xnvgvrgbc ni |jvc bni rgnd|cNmfcmrxjdcv) |~nv) nm ijv nvrjbävrgfjv dêv xnfgnmrnv jie~mjv vgmrcmäjv fcm ij rncxäj bn B~xo`ngd\cx nknd|ic z~n icv ajfrcxnv enmçrgfcv (bcmbn B~xo`ngd `jhij bn bn xj{j w `nxnmfgj' j~mz~n npgvrnm d~f`jv `g|örnvgv nm ni rnxxnmc bn ij gmqnvrgejfgöm vcfgchgciöegfj) çvrcv mc vcm qjicxjbcv v~agfgnmrndnmrn fcdc fj~vj mnfnvjxgj mg v~agfgnmrn- Ij rjvj bn v~gfgbgcv bn `cdhxnv nv d~f`c dêv ninqjbj z~n ij bn ijv d~knxnv) nm d~f`cv |jävnv vn iinej `jvrj rxg|igfjx (B~xo`ngd jmjig{j fcmvrjmrndnmrn ij qjxgjhin eçmnxc fx~{jbjv fcm crxjv rjmrjv) mc chvrjmrn) ij jxrgf~ijfgöm fcmfn|r~ji vchxn ni eçmnxc andnmgmc) j|jxrn bn jmrgf~jbj) mc xnv~irj `cw qêigbj vg vn rgnmnm nm f~nmrj ij |nxv|nfrgqj andgmgvrj w icv `nf`cv z~n `jm iinqjbc j ~mj djwcx gmfcx|cxjfgöm bn ijv d~knxnv nm ni dnxfjbc ijhcxji nm icv |jävnv dêv bnvjxxciijbcv- \cx ic rjmrc rgnmn dêv gd|cxrjmfgj `cw |xne~mrjxmcv |cx z~ç nvc nv jvä'8- Ij fcd|jxjfgöm nvrjbävrgfj |cx |jävnv bgh~kj ~mj exjm rnmbnmfgj |cx ij f~ji ijv vcfgnbjbnv dêv xgfjv w jqjm{jbjv np|nxgdnmrjm djwcx ämbgfn bn v~gfgbgcv) mc vgm jie~mjv npfn|fgcmnv) w nm nvrn fjvc Nv|júj ic nv- Nmfcmrxjdcv nm d~f`cv bgvf~xvcv bn ij hghigcexjaäj fcmv~irjbj z~n vn bj d~f`j gd|cxrjmfgj j ij gmai~nmfgj z~n icv fjdhgcv vcfgjinv fcmq~ivgqcv) fxgvgv nfcmödgfjv) ij |nxbgbj bn qjicxnv vchxn ij ‐vcfgnbjb fgqgi‗) nrf\nxc nm ni jmêigvgv bn ij gmacxdjfgöm dêv jfr~ji npgvrnm nvrjbävrgfjv z~n bgagnxnm hjvrjmrn bni |nxgcbc jmjig{jbc |cx B~xo`ngd- Nm ijv fgmfc ûirgdjv bçfjbjv) vchxn rcbc nm icv |jävnv cffgbnmrjinv) `ndcv qgvrc ~m |xcfnvc bn jfninxjfgöm mcrjhin nm ij ninqjfgöm bn ijv rjvjv bn v~gfgbgcv (ni v~gfgbgc `j j~dnmrjbc ~m 1<.'- Nm ni fjvc bn m~nvrxc |jäv) iijdj d~f`c ij jrnmfgöm z~n ni v~gfgbgc vnj nm icv köqnmnv ij |xgdnxj fj~vj bn d~nxrn ‒bnvfcmrjmbc |cx v~|~nvrc ijv fj~vjv mjr~xjinv‒ vchxn|jvjmbc j ij |xcb~fgbj |cx jffgbnmrnv bn rxêagfc-









Bn rcbj ij gmacxdjfgöm jfr~ji jmjig{jbj) ij dêv |xnvnmrn nm ni bgvf~xvc `j vgbc z~n nm ij djwcxäj bn icv fjvcv bn v~gfgbgc fcmv~djbc (ni 7>.' npgvräj jieûm rg|c bn |jrciceäj dnmrji (Hchnv w Egmnx) 8<::'- Nm nvrn vnmrgbc) B~xo`ngd `jhäj xnhjrgbc f~jiz~gnx rg|c bn `g|örnvgv vchxn ijv fj~vjv bn v~gfgbgc |cx ij icf~xj) bnvfjxrjmbc bn v~ bnagmgfgöm bn v~gfgbc icv fcdnrgbcv |cx janfrjbcv bn jieûm rg|c bn nmanxdnbjb dnmrji) |cx mc vnx nvrcv fcmvfgnmrnv bn v~v `nf`cv- Fjhn qciqnx j xnjmjig{jx ijv xnijfgcmnv fj~vjinv bn ijv janffgcmnv dnmrjinv fcm ni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgc- Z~g{êv |jxj v~ ç|cfj) B~xo`ngd mc r~qc v~agfgnmrn xnanxnmfgjv nm ni fjd|c bni fcmcfgdgnmrc vchxn ijv nmanxdnbjbnv dnmrjinv |cxz~n) |cx nmrcmfnv) |cfc vn vjhäj bn niijv- W nv z~n `cw nm bäj) vchxn rxjvrcxmcv dnmrjinv) npgvrn ~mj exjm qjxgnbjb z~n bnhn vgr~jxvn) |jxj ij c|nxjfgcmjig{jfgöm nm m~nvrxj gmqnvrgejfgöm) nm ~m exjbgnmrn z~n qj bnvbn ijv |jrciceäjv bn ij qgbj fcrgbgjmj) rjinv fcdc icv f~jbxcv jmvgcvc$bn|xnvgqcv) `jvrj jz~niijv dêv nprxndjv w |jxrgf~ijxnv fcdc ij nvz~g{caxnmgjMc vn rxjrjxê jz~ä bn xnjig{jx ~mj fijvgagfjfgöm bn rcbcv icv rg|cv bn nmanxdnbjbnv dnmrjinv vneûm v~v fjxjfrnxävrgfjv- \nxc vg nm ni bgvf~xvc bn d~f`cv rnöxgfcv fcgmfgbnm nm z~n ijv vcfgnbjbnv dcbnxmjv jqjm{jbjv |xc|gfgjm ~m gmfxndnmrc fcmvgbnxjhin bn icv f~jbxcv jmvgcvc$bn|xnvgqcv w z~n nvrcv nvrêm nm exjm dnbgbj nm ni v~gfgbj) nqgbnmrndnmrn) nvrjdcv chigejbcv j jmjig{jx ni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgc bnvbn ~mj |nxv|nfrgqj |vgfcvcfgji- Mc vn rxjrj bn xnhjrgx ij |xgdnxj |jxrn bn ij gmqnvrgejfgöm bn B~xo`ngd bcmbn npfi~wn icv nvrjbcv |vgfc|êrgfcv fcdc fj~vjv bn v~gfgbgc- Ji agm w ji fjhc B~xo`ngd mc nv z~n xnf`jfn np|iäfgrjdnmrn icv dcrgqcv |väz~gfcv fcdc fj~vjv bni v~gfgbgc) vgmc z~n) jmjig{jmbc v~ bgvf~xvc fcm dgm~fgcvgbjb) |jxj B~xo`ngd ij |vgz~n nv jiec gmrnxgcx ji gmbgqgb~c w ij |nxv|nfrgqj vcfgciöegfj in chigej j h~vfjx fj~vjv nprnxmjv ji |xc|gc gmbgqgb~c z~n nvrêm nm ni |ijmc vcfgji- Ic f~ji mc nigdgmj ij xnijfgöm bgxnfrj z~n |~bgnxjm rnmnx ijv ûirgdjv fcm icv nvrjbcv |väz~gfcv |xnqgcv bni v~gfgbgc- Nv bnfgx) nm ij |nxv|nfrgqj |vgfcvcfgji |jxrgdcv bn z~n vg jiec mc a~mfgcmj nm ij vcfgnbjb) w nvrc xn|nxf~rn bgxnfrjdnmrn nm ni gmbgqgb~c) jmrnv bn z~n vn fcmrnd|in ij |cvghgigbjb bn v~gfgbgc) mnfnvjxgjdnmrn vn |xcb~fn nm ni gmbgqgb~c jieûm rg|c bn janffgöm dnmrji) z~n in |xc|cxfgcmj jieûm rg|c bn fgxf~ic qgfgcvc z~n in jme~vrgj w in `jfn |nmvjx nm ij |cvghgigbjb bn bnkjx bn npgvrgx\~nv hgnm) vg jmjig{jdcv ij bgdnmvgöm |vgfcvcfgji bni v~gfgbgc) qndcv z~n ni v~gfgbgc jmödgfc z~n `jhäj bnagmgbc B~xo`ngd |cbxäj nmfjkjx nm rji bgdnmvgöm- Mc dnmcv ni necävrj) wj z~n jdhcv vn |xcb~fnm f~jmbc ij vcfgnbjb nv |nxfghgbj |cx nvrcv v~gfgböenmjv fcdc |cfc |xnvnmrn- Nv bnfgx) nm jdhcv fjvcv ni gmbgqgb~c z~nbj ji djxenm bn ij vcfgnbjb) w j~mz~n ni jfrc bn v~gfgbgc vnj bnighnxjbc w fcmvfgnmrn) mc z~gnxn bnfgx z~n jmrnv ni gmbgqgb~c vn `jwj qgvrc gmdnxvc nm jieûm rg|c bn rxjvrcxmc dnmrji bnxgqjbc bn ~mc c dêv anmödnmcv vcfgjinv z~n in vcm jbqnxvcvIinejbcv j nvrn |~mrc) nvrjdcv nm bgv|cvgfgöm bn fcmrnvrjx j ij |xne~mrj ³z~ç xnjidnmrn mcv |xc|cmndcv gmqnvrgejx3 w |cx rjmrc bnagmgx fijxjdnmrn m~nvrxc chknrc bn nvr~bgc- \cx ic rjmrc) vge~gnmbc fcm ij `g|örnvgv bn B~xo`ngd vchxn z~n ijv fj~vjv ûirgdjv bn rcbc v~gfgbgc vcm vcfgjinv) mcv |xc|cmndcv gmqnvrgejx vg çvrjv vcm ijv fj~vjv gmgfgjinv bn jieûm rg|c bn |jrciceäj dnmrji jmrnv bn vnx fj~vj bgxnfrj bni v~gfgbgc-

2- \xgmfg|jinv v~|~nvrcv Jmrnv bn np|cmnx icv v~|~nvrcv bn icv z~n |jxrgxndcv |jxj ij bnagmgfgöm bn icv chknrgqcv bn m~nvrxj gmqnvrgejfgöm) `ndcv bn fcmvrjrjx z~n ji jhcxbjx ij dgvdj bnvbn ij |nxv|nfrgqj |vgfcvcfgji









|nxr~xhjfgöm c fxgvgv je~bjv) ij vne~mbj nv fcmvnf~nmfgj bn ~m |xcfnvc npfnvgqc bn gmbgqgb~jig{jfgöm d~w |xc|gc bn ijv vcfgnbjbnv fj|grjigvrjv$fcmv~dgvrjv\cx fcmvge~gnmrn) m~nvrxc |xgmfg|ji v~|~nvrc |jxrn bn z~n vg bnrxêv bni 7>. bn icv v~gfgbgcv fcmv~djbcv `jw ~mj |jrciceäj dnmrji: (Hchnv w Egmnx) 8<::') jûm djmrnmgnmbc ij `g|örnvgv b~xo`ndgjmj z~n ni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgc nv bn mjr~xjin{j vcfgji) m~nvrxj `g|örnvgv nv z~n f~jiz~gnxj z~n vnj ij fj~vj ‒c fj~vjv (d~irgfj~vjigbjb'‒ vcfgji) jmrnv bn z~n ni gmbgqgb~c iine~n j fcmv~djx ni v~gfgbgc) çvrn bnhn `jhnx np|nxgdnmrjbc jieûm rg|c bn rxjvrcxmc dnmrji c bn janfrgqgbjb (nanfrc bn ~mj fj~vj ‒c qjxgjv fj~vjv‒ vcfgji' w z~n rjinv rxjvrcxmcv bnhnm `jhnx vgbc v~vfn|rghinv bn vnx chvnxqjbcv nm ijv qjxgjfgcmnv bn v~ fcmb~frj c bn |nxvcmjigbjb-

>- Chknrgqcv^mj qn{ bnagmgbc m~nvrxc v~|~nvrc |xgmfg|ji) ic vge~gnmrn nv nprxjnx bn rji `g|örnvgv icv chknrgqcv z~n bnhn |nxvne~gx m~nvrxj gmqnvrgejfgöm- Vöic jvä) vjhxndcv z~n qjxgjhinv bnhndcv bn h~vfjx w z~ç rçfmgfjv bn gmqnvrgejfgöm vcfgji bnhndcv j|igfjx fcdc ijv dêv |xc|gjvFcdc `jhäjdcv qgvrc jmrnxgcxdnmrn) B~xo`ngd vn nva~nx{j |cx `jfnx ~mj h~nmj bnagmgfgöm bni chknrc bn nvr~bgc |jxj jvä |cbnx bjx ~mj h~nmj np|igfjfgöm n gmrnx|xnrjfgöm bni `nf`c vcfgji nm f~nvrgöm- Vg hgnm `ndcv rcdjbc v~ bnagmgfgöm bn v~gfgbgc fcdc qêigbj |jxj m~nvrxc |xcfnvc bn gmqnvrgejfgöm) rnmndcv z~n `jfnxmcv ijv vge~gnmrnv |xne~mrjv; ³vn |~nbn v~|cmnx z~n ijv nvrjbävrgfjv cagfgjinv vchxn v~gfgbgcv xnfcenm npfi~vgqjdnmrn icv fjvcv z~n |~nbjm gmfi~gxvn nm m~nvrxj bnagmgfgöm3) ³vjhnm xnjidnmrn icv dçbgfcv) k~nfnv c a~mfgcmjxgcv vg ni v~gfgbj z~nxäj xnjidnmrn djrjxvn w vjhäj z~n rji jfrc gd|igfjhj nvn agm3 Rjdhgçm `ndcv jfn|rjbc gmfi~gx nm icv chknrgqcv bn m~nvrxj gmqnvrgejfgöm chvnxqjx bcv rg|cv bn v~gfgbgc; ni jmödgfc w ni necävrj- Ge~jidnmrn v~xenm |xne~mrjv bni rg|c; ³vg nm ijv a~nmrnv nvrjbävrgfjv bgv|cmghinv mc npgvrn ~m mgqni bn bnvjexnejfgöm |jxj rjinv fjrnecxäjv) födc nmfcmrxjx nvrcv rg|cv bn v~gfgbgc3 Jmrn nvrjv f~nvrgcmnv qndcv z~n B~xo`ngd mc vn nvfj|ö bn rjinv |xchindjv) |~nv vg ni chknrc bn m~nvrxc nvr~bgc mcv chigej j rcdjx fgnxrjv fj~rnijv j ij `cxj bn chvnxqjx ijv a~nmrnv nvrjbävrgfjv jfr~jinv) dnmcv aêfgi ic r~qc z~n rnmnx B~xo`ngd `jfn dêv bn fgnm júcv- W ni |xchindj mc vöic bnxgqj bn z~n mc vnjdcv fj|jfnv bn nmfcmrxjx bjrcv bnvjexnejbcv nm ijv fjrnecxäjv bn v~gfgbgc jmödgfc w necävrj) vgmc bn ic z~n rgnmnm nm fcdûm- Vg rcdjdcv |cx fjvc ni v~gfgbgc bn ~m kcqnm w j rxjqçv bn ij mcrj z~n bnkö jmrnv bn v~gfgbjxvn vn bnb~fn z~n ni dcrgqc `j vgbc bnhgbc j ~m bnvnmejúc jdcxcvc) ³nm z~ç rg|c bn v~gfgbgc fjhn fijvgagfjxin3) ³nm ni necävrj |cxz~n `jhäj gmbgqgb~jig{jbc bndjvgjbc v~ jdcx w xnm~mfgj j f~jiz~gnx c|fgöm bn v~|nxjfgöm bn v~ |xchindj bn janfrgqgbjb |cxz~n mc rgnmn j mjbgn j v~ jixnbnbcx z~n |~nbj fcmvcijxin3) ³c nm ni jmödgfc) |cxz~n djrjxvn |cx jiec jvä nv |jejx ~m |xnfgc bndjvgjbc fjxc w ij vcfgnbjb z~n in xcbnjhj mc `j vjhgbc rxjmvdgrgxin ~mcv qjicxnv z~n in `gfgnxjm nvrjx |cx nmfgdj bn ~m jfrc |jvgcmji3 Qndcv z~n `jw bgagf~irjbnv |jxj bgvrgme~gx jdhcv rg|cv bn v~gfgbgc) ic f~ji vn np|igfj nm |jxrn) |cxz~n B~xo`ngd mc j|cxrj d~f`cv nknd|icv nm v~ dcmcexjaäj- Vnxê |~nv mnfnvjxgc nvrjhinfnx fcdc ~mc bn m~nvrxcv chknrgqcv nmfcmrxjx nm ij xnjigbjb bni anmödnmc bni v~gfgbgc f~jinv vcm ijv qnxbjbnxjv bganxnmfgjv bn ~mc w bn crxc w f~êi nv ni iädgrn npjfrc z~n ijv vn|jxj) jv~dgnmbc |cx fjvc z~n) rji qn{) mc nmfcmrxndcv rji iädgrn npjfrc w bnhjdcv bnagmgx ~m m~nqc rg|c bn v~gfgbgc z~n fcdhgmn fjxjfrnxävrgfjv rjmrc bni jmödgfc fcdc bni necävrj-









1- K~vrgagfjfgöm bn ijv rçfmgfjv bn gmqnvrgejfgömIc ûmgfc z~n rnmndcv fijxc `cw nm bäj vchxn ni v~gfgbgc nv z~n vge~n vgnmbc ~m anmödnmc hjvrjmrn fcd|inkc- ^m anmödnmc z~n nm m~nvrxc fjvc jhcxbjdcv bnvbn ni nmacz~n |vgfcvcfgji) ic f~ji mcv `jfn |nmvjx nm ij |nxv|nfrgqj gmrnxbgvfg|igmjx nmrxn vcfgciceäj) |vgfciceäj w |vgz~gjrxäj:Mc vn mcv bnhn ciqgbjx z~n ijv rçfmgfjv bn gmqnvrgejfgöm z~n fcmvgbnxndcv c|cxr~mjv vnxêm vninffgcmjbjv nm a~mfgöm bn m~nvrxcv chknrgqcv nv|nfgagfjbcv nm ni jmrnxgcx n|äexjan- Wj `ndcv bnkjbc fcmvrjmfgj bn z~n mc |cbndcv fcmagjx nm icv xnegvrxcv jbdgmgvrxjrgqcv w k~xäbgfcv vchxn icv qnxbjbnxcv dcrgqcv bni icv gmbgqgb~cv z~n vn v~gfgbjxcm) dêv bgaäfgi vnxê z~n ic nmfcmrxndcv |cx jie~mj bn ijv rg|ciceäjv bnagmgbjv |cx B~xo`ngdGmqnvrgejx ijv fj~vjv gmdnbgjrjv bni v~gfgbgc vgemgagfj rnmnx mc |cfcv |xchindjv |jxj v~ chvnxqjfgöm) |~nv rjinv jffgcmnv vcm fcdnrgbjv |cx v~knrcv z~n mc nvrêm wj |xnvnmrnv |jxj caxnfnxmcv v~ bgvf~xvc j |cvrnxgcxg- Mc chvrjmrn v~ bgvf~xvc |~nbn vnx chvnxqjbc nm acxdj bni xjvrxc z~n `j bnkjbc j v~ |jvc- Bn nvrj djmnxj) |cbndcv gx xnfcmvrx~wnmbc ni bgvf~xvc bni v~gfgbjbc) j dcbc bn |~{{in) j |jxrgx bn icv bgvf~xvcv z~n mcv caxn{fjm icv gmbgqgb~cv z~n vn nmfcmrxjhjm j v~ jixnbnbcx) nv|nfgjidnmrn jz~niicv fcm icv z~n fcd|jxräj dêv rgnd|c) gmbganxnmrndnmrn bni rg|c bn xnijfgöm vcfgji z~n r~qgnvnm) wj vnj |xgdjxgj c vnf~mbjxgj- Nm v~v xnijfgcmnv |xgdjxgjv rnmbxäjdcv j v~v ajdgigjxnv w jdgecv dêv fnxfjmcv? nm ijv vnf~mbjxgjv nmfcmrxjxäjdcv j fcd|júnxcv bn rxjhjkc (rjdhgçm nvrcv |cbxäjm nvrjx nm ~mj xnijfgöm |xgdjxgj') knanv) fcmcfgbcv |cx icv i~ejxnv z~n axnf~nmrjhj) w vg vn bgnvn ni fjvc; |vgföicecv c |vgz~gjrxjv z~n in `~hgnvnm rxjrjbcJ rnmcx bn m~nvrxcv chknrgqcv w wj z~n nm ij nvrjbävrgfj cagfgji nv bgaäfgi nmfcmrxjx v~agfgnmrnv bjrcv fcm ~m mgqni bn bnvjexnejfgöm vchxn fjxjfrnxävrgfjv |vgfcvcfgjinv bn icv v~gfgbjbcv) vn |xc|cmnm rçfmgfjv bn gmqnvrgejfgöm f~jigrjrgqj) mc vöic wj fcdc jfnxfjdgnmrc |xnqgc j ~m |xchindj z~n |cbjdcv fcmvgbnxjx |cfc fcmcfgbc |jxrgnmbc bnvbn ni nmacz~n |vgfcvcfgji) vgmc z~n rnmbxndcv z~n xndcmrjxmcv ji |jvjbc w chvnxqjx j rxjqçv bn crxcv chvnxqjbcxnv j icv v~knrcv nm f~nvrgöm) icv z~n vn v~gfgbjxcm- J |jxrgx bn ij |nxv|nfrgqj f~jigrjrgqj) vn rxjrj bn xnfcmvrx~gx) fcdc `ndcv bgf`c) ~m |~{{in z~n mcv qjwj j|cxrjmbc gmacxdjfgöm w qnx nm z~ç dnbgbj vn fcxxnv|cmbnm fcm m~nvrxcv v~|~nvrcv hêvgfcv c mcv j|cxrjm m~nqjv gmacxdjfgcmnv- Nm bnagmgrgqj) vn rxjrjxê bn h~vfjx nm bgf`cv bgvf~xvcv ij npgvrnmfgj c mc bn |jrciceäj dnmrji |xnqgj ji v~gfgbgc) w vg ni fjvc nv jagxdjrgqc) z~ç rg|c bn anmödnmcv vcfgjinv gmai~wnxcm ji v~knrc |jxj fjnx nm ~mj bn|xnvgöm ~ f~jiz~gnx crxc rg|c bn rxjvrcxmc dnmrji mc fcmeçmgrc- Jvgdgvdc w nm vnmrgbc gmqnxvc) h~vfjxndcv z~ç rg|cv bn janffgcmnv dnmrjinv gmai~wnm dêv nm ni v~gfgbgc) nv bnfgx) jz~niicv rxjvrcxmcv fcm dêv xgnvec bn fcmv~djx ni v~gfgbgcRxjrjxndcv |~nv bn bnagmgx rxnv qäjv |xgmfg|jinv ji jfnxfjdgnmrc j rxjqçv bn rçfmgfjv f~jigrjrgqjv) ij |xgdnxj; icv bgvf~xvcv bn ijv |nxvcmjv z~n vn nmfcmrxjhjm nm xnijfgöm |xgdjxgj; ajdgigjxnv8 w jdgecv dêv fnxfjmcv- Ij vne~mbj; ijv z~n vn nmfcmrxjhjm nm xnijfgöm vnf~mbjxgj; fcd|júnxcv bn rxjhjkc) bn fijvn) knan) |xcanvcxnv) nrf- W ij rnxfnxj; ni bgvf~xvc bn icv |vgz~gjrxjv w |vgföicecv- Vg vn bgnxj ni fjvc bn z~n jieûm |xcanvgcmji inv `~hgnvnm jrnmbgbc nm v~v rxjvrcxmcv |väz~gfcv) `jhxäj bn xnfcmcfnx fgnxrc vnvec) |~nv |jxj nd|n{jx) |jxrgdcv vöic bn ij `g|örnvgv bn z~n ij djwcxäj bn icv z~n vn v~gfgbjm |jbnfäjm jie~mj |jrciceäj dnmrji) w nm ni fjvc bn z~n nmfcmrxndcv z~n xnjidnmrn nvc nv jvä) mc rcbcv icv z~n vn v~gfgbjm `jm nvrjbc vcdnrgbcv j jieûm vne~gdgnmrc |vgfciöegfc c |vgz~gêrxgfc- \nxc vjhndcv z~n ij djwcxäj bn icv nmanxdcv bgjemcvrgfjbcv fcm |xchindjv |vgz~gêrxgfcv fcm ~m vne~gdgnmrc) mc vn v~gfgbjm- Vn v~gfgbjm nvjv crxjv |nxvcmjv









5- Bgvnúc w jxrgf~ijfgöm bn ijv rçfmgfjv bn gmqnvrgejfgömGmdnbgjrjdnmrn nm iämnj fcm ic nv|nfgagfjbc jmrnxgcxdnmrn) m~nvrxc bgvnúc dnrcbciöegfc qnxvjxê nv|nfäagfjdnmrn j |jxrgx bn ijv rxnv qäjv bn jfnxfjdgnmrc f~jigrjrgqc vchxn ni |xchindj; :- Bgvf~xvcv bn icv v~knrcv nm xnijfgöm |xgdjxgj; j- Nmrxnqgvrjv jhgnxrjv nm |xca~mbgbjb; g- Ajdgigjxnv gg- Jdgecv dêv fnxfjmcv8- Bgvf~xvcv bn icv v~knrcv nm xnijfgöm vnf~mbjxgj; j- Nmrxnqgvrjv jhgnxrjv nm |xca~mbgbjb; g- Fcd|júnxcv bn rxjhjkc) knanv w crxcv fcmcfgbcv6- Bgvf~xvcv bn icv |xcanvgcmjinv bni fjd|c bn ij |vgz~gjrxäj w ij |vgfciceäj; j- Nmrxnqgvrjv jhgnxrjv vndgnvrx~fr~xjbjvIj nvrxjrnegj nm ijv nmrxnqgvrjv bn ijv bcv |xgdnxjv qäjv) rxjrj bn z~n j |jxrgx bn icv bgvf~xvcv z~n qjwjm caxnfgnmbc icv nmrxnqgvrjbcv vn qjwj fcmvrx~wnmbc ni axjednmrc bn ij `gvrcxgj bn qgbj z~n mcv gmrnxnvj vchxn ni v~knrc z~n vn v~gfgbö- Nm ij rnxfnxj qäj) ij bn icv |xcanvgcmjinv bn ij |vgz~gjrxäj w ij |vgfciceäj z~n `jwjm c nvrçm rxjrjmbc fjvcv bn |crnmfgjinv v~gfgbjv (gmfi~vc jz~niicv z~n rxjrjxjm jieûm fjvc z~n iineö j fcmv~djxvn') ij nvrxjrnegj nvrjxê cxgnmrjbj |cx ~m ijbc j fcd|inrjx ij `gvrcxgj bn qgbj bni v~knrc nm f~nvrgöm (`jw z~n fcmvgbnxjx z~n jz~niicv z~n nvr~qgnxcm dêv fnxfj bni v~knrc) ajdgigjxnv c jdgecv ämrgdcv) z~g{êv in fcmcfgnxjm dnmcv bn ic z~n fxnäjm) |~nv nm exjm |jxrn bn icv fjvcv ij rxjenbgj inv fcen |cx vcx|xnvj'? w |cx crxc ijbc) vn gmrnmrjxê chrnmnx ~mj gmacxdjfgöm dêv eichji w z~n egxjxê dêv nv|nfäagfjdnmrn nm ijv |nxfn|fgcmnv z~n rgnmnm vchxn ij xnijfgöm bn ijv bganxnmrnv |jrciceäjv dnmrjinv rjmrc nm a~mfgöm bn icv xgnvecv bn v~gfgbgc vneûm çvrjv) w rjdhgçm nm a~mfgöm bn jz~niicv anmödnmcv vcfgjinv z~n in vcm dêv |xc|nmvcv ji gmbgqgb~c |jxj v~f~dhgx nm rjinv rxjvrcxmcv dnmrjinvJmrnv bn nv|nfgagfjx ijv jxrgf~ijfgcmnv ijv rçfmgfjv |xc|~nvrjv) `ndcv bn bnfgx z~n ni bgvnúc dnrcbciöegfc bn nvrn |xcwnfrc bn gmqnvrgejfgöm mc vn |xnvrj j |xêfrgfjv mjbj aêfginv) |~nv vgd|indnmrn fcmvne~gx fcmrjfrjx fcm icv v~knrcv z~n rgnmnm z~n caxnfnx bgvf~xvcv) vchxn rcbc nm ij |xgdnxj w vne~mbj qäj) wj xnv~irj bgaäfgi) |nxc mc gd|cvghin- F~jmbc ic fcmvgejdcv) bnhnxndcv vnx hjvrjmrn f~gbjbcvcv w rxjrjx ~m rndj z~n nv nprxndjbjdnmrn vnmvghin qgegijmbc fcmvrjmrndnmrn m~nvrxjv |j~rjv w nd|injmbc ~m jfnxfjdgnmrc |jfgnmrn- Bn crxj |jxrn) vchxn ni mûdnxc bn nmrxnqgvrjv) ji vnx ~m |xchindj z~n bnvfcmcfndcv nm exjm dnbgbj) mc |cbxndcv vjhnx bn jmrndjmc mg vgz~gnxj ~mj fgaxj j|xcpgdjbj- Mcv bgv|cmbxndcv |~nv j vnx fcmvrjmrnv nm ijv |xêfrgfjv) bnmrxc bn ijv rxnv qäjv) `jvrj z~n icv bgvf~xvcv nd|gnfnm j xn|nrgxvn- Vöic jvä vjhxndcv nvrjxndcv vne~xcv bn z~n xnfcendcv rcbj ij gmacxdjfgöm mnfnvjxgjNm f~jmrc j ij jxrgf~ijfgöm bn ijv rçfmgfjv) vn bgv|cmnm bn 2 ex~|cv bn nmrxnqgvrjv nm ~m j |xgdnxj ajvn; ij bn icv ajdgigjxnv) ij bn icv jdgecv) ij bn ijv xnijfgcmnv vnf~mbjxgjv w ij bn icv |xcanvgcmjinv bn ij |vgz~gjrxäj w |vgfciceäj- Nvrcv 2 ex~|cv bn nmrxnqgvrjv |nxrnmnfnm ji djxfc bn ijv











HGHIGCEXJAÄJ JIQGXJ) A- w HIJMFC) A- (:770'; Nvrxjrnegjv w rçfmgfjv gmqnvrgejbcxjv nm Ni v~gfgbgc) bn Ndgin B~xo`ngd- nm; XNGV M» 0:#70 ||- 16$58 FJIINKC) K- w QGNBDJ) J- (8<<1'; \xcwnfrcv w nvrxjrnegjv bn gmqnvrgejfgöm vcfgji; ij |nxv|nfrgqj bn ij gmrnxqnmfgöm- Djbxgb; Df Exju @giiFJIINKC) K- (fccxb-' nr ji (8<<7'; Gmrxcb~ffgöm j ijv rçfmgfjv bn gmqnvrgejfgöm vcfgj- Djbxgb; Nbgrcxgji ^mgqnxvgrjxgj Xjdöm JxnfnvB^XO@NGD) N- (8<<0'; Ni v~gfgbgc- Djbxgb; Joji EGMNX) V-) IJDC) N- w RCXXNV) F- (8<<1'; Bgffgcmjxgc bn vcfgciceäj - Djbxgb; Jigjm{j NbgrcxgjiCVHCXMN) X- w QJM ICCM) H- (8<<>'; Vcfgciceäj |jxj rcbcv- Hjxfnicmj; \jgböv-

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