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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES
PROGRAMA AGROENERGÍA SOSTENIBLE REGIONAL FUENTES POTENCIALES DE ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES “Higuerilla (Ricinus Communis) - Jatropha Curcas y Sacha Inchi ” ”
"El uso de los aceites vegetales como combustible y fuente energética podrá ser insignificante hoy, pero con co n el curso del tiempo será tan importante como el petróleo y el carbón"
Rudolph Diesel (1858-1913)
Santa Rosa de Cabal. Enero de 2012 Desarrollo Sostenible, Seguridad Alimentaria y Mitigación del Cambio Climático “Osdavilo”
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES ¿Qué se pretende? Impulsar la cadena productiva y comercial de oleaginosas (Especies promisorias de cultivos energéticos) a partir de Higuerilla, Jatropha Curcas y Sacha Inchi para la producción, extracción, elaboración y venta de aceites vegetales puros y biocombustibles de segunda generación (biodiesel), glicerina y otros subproductos (Alimento humano y animal, fertilizantes) que contribuirán con los programas de cambio climático, erradicación de la pobreza, equidad de género, seguridad alimentaria, agricultura orgánica, BPA, BPM, negocios inclusivos, ingresos adicionales para los productores campesinos y el desarrollo sostenible. Transferir tecnología y conocimiento que servirá de base para la implementación de nuevas investigaciones sobre el tema, las cuales deben ser apoyadas por organismos multilaterales, ONGs, entidades e instituciones privadas y mixtas, el gobierno nacional, departamental, local y la sociedad civil organizada. La producción y masificación del uso de los aceites vegetales puros con más de 700 usos en la industria oleoquímica y para la elaboración de bioaditivos, biolubricantes y biocombustibles tiene varios objetivos y se fundamenta en la necesidad de garantizar el abastecimiento energético de los países, disminuir su dependencia de los combustibles fósiles, adicional a los beneficios sociales, ambientales y económicos que se pueden obtener con la generación de empleos permanentes, el fortalecimiento del sector agrícola y de las economías regionales, el desarrollo agroindustrial, el mejoramiento de la calidad del aire que respiramos y la sustitución de cultivos ilícitos, entre otros beneficios. Se debe promover y fortalecer el sector de la producción de cultivos energéticos, no solo pensando en el escenario nacional sino enfocados en ser una fuente en un futuro cercano de la transformación de estos en productos que cubran las necesidades de la demanda regional y mundial.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Objetivo General
Implementar y consolidar el programa de agro-energía sostenible para la obtención de insumos rentables de alta calidad para la producción de oleoquímicos y biocombustibles en las regiones agroclimáticas del departamento, la región y el país, que permitan impulsar el desarrollo sustentable del campo sin atentar contra el entorno ambiental. Además, generar y adaptar tecnologías de producción y transformación de especies como Higuerilla, Jatropha Curcas L, Sacha Inchi y otras.
Objetivos Específicos
Establecer las bases de tecnología agro-productiva para el desarrollo del cultivo de Jatropha Curcas, Higuerilla y Sacha Inchi en la región. Evaluar técnica y económicamente los cultivos como materia prima para la producción de aceite vegetal puro en la región. Generar tecnologías agronómicas, industriales y mecánicas, así como recomendaciones comerciales para el aprovechamiento de la Jatropha Curcas, Higuerilla y Sacha Inchi como biocombustible y el uso de sus subproductos. Disponer de germoplasma de Jatropha Curcas, Higuerilla y Sacha Inchi adaptado a las condiciones agroclimáticas de la región. Trasladar tecnologías de manejo de cultivos y obtención de aceite vegetal puro a técnicos y productores. Crear bases de datos sobre producción, rentabilidades y otros, para apoyar la toma de decisiones en el desarrollo de estos cultivos.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES DINAMIZADORES
(Ventajas energéticas, ambientales y económicas). A nuestro país le interesa la utilización del biodiesel fundamentalmente por cuatro aspectos: o
Aumentar la seguridad energética.
Mediante el incremento y la diversificación de fuentes de energía autóctonas que sean económica, ambiental y socialmente viables. Además de permitir la disminución de la dependencia energética. o
Desarrollo del campo y la agroindustria local.
El desarrollo de proyectos de biocombustibles con los distintos cultivos, fuente de materia prima, garantiza el mejoramiento del bienestar de los pobladores rurales, especialmente en las regiones que sufren mayor pobreza. Adicionalmente, este tipo de cultivos es apto para sustituir los cultivos ilícitos, con lo cual fomentamos la ocupación pacífica de nuestro territorio rural. o
Desarrollo sostenible.
El biodiesel tiene un impacto positivo al medio ambiente por ser un producto renovable, biodegradable y por tener menores emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en comparación con el combustible diesel. Los estudios científicos realizados en todo el mundo prevén que el calentamiento global tendrá un impacto negativo en nuestra sociedad y en sus diferentes actividades productivas, incidiendo en áreas como la salud, la agricultura, el recurso hídrico, la generación de energía eléctrica, los recursos forestales, la biodiversidad, los recursos marinos y la infraestructura, entre otras. Así mismo, el calentamiento global aumentará con severidad los eventos hidrometereológicos, generando grandes destrucciones y pérdidas de vida humana.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES o
Eficiencia económica.
Menor costo posible, inversiones moderadas, ciclos productivos altos y mercadeo asegurado esencial para el bienestar y la competitividad.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES ETAPAS DEL PROGRAMA 1. Definición parámetros del proyecto “Modelo Eficiente” y estado del arte con base en cultivos agro-energéticos (Higuerilla, Jatropha Curcas y Sacha Inchi). 2. Firma memorando de entendimiento (Carta de intención) persona natural, entidad Pública y/o privada local, regional, nacional o internacional. 3. Socialización, divulgación y concientización del Programa. 4. Establecimiento (Proyecto piloto, parcelas demostrativas y extracción del PPO). 5. Consolidación cultivos en la región, asistencia técnica y tecnológica. 6. Establecimiento planta extractora de aceite y productora de biodiesel, glicerina, abono, briquetas y pasta para alimento balanceado de personas y animales. 7. Comercialización y mercadeo productos. 8. Establecimiento banco de germoplasma. 9. Establecimiento planta de biogás. 10.Establecimiento 10. Establecimiento planta de oleo-químicos. 11.Transferencia 11. Transferencia de tecnología y conocimientos a nivel regional, nacional e internacional. 12.Consolidación 12. Consolidación cadena productiva de cultivos agro energéticos en el Departamento.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Ventajas especies con potencial agro-energético
Riqueza genética. Adaptación a zonas marginales. Bajos requerimientos de agua. Alto potencial de rendimiento. Altos contenidos de aceite. Impacto social. Impulso a la agroindustria regional. Rentabilidad inversionistas.
ALIADOS ESTRATÉGICOS COLBIO Colombiana de Biocombustibles S.A. Colombiana de Biocombustibles S.A. es la principal empresa promotora y productora de aceite y biodiesel de alta calidad a partir del cultivo de de higuerilla. Jatropha Curcas y Sacha Inchi en Colombia.
Beneficios del programa:
Garantizamos a nuestros clientes la compra de la cosecha de Higuerilla, Jatropha Curcas y Sacha Inchi (contrato Forward). Investigamos e innovamos en el cultivo y desarrollo de oleaginosas. Importamos, producimos y comercializamos semillas de Higuerilla, Jatropha Curcas y Sacha Inchi mejoradas de alta calidad, adaptadas a las condiciones climáticas de nuestro país.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Secretaría Desarrollo Agropecuario y Umata. Liderar el desarrollo sostenible del Sector Agropecuario del Departamento, buscando el mejoramiento de la rentabilidad mediante el desarrollo de encadenamientos productivos que contribuyan a elevar la calidad de vida de la población risaraldense. MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA Y DESARROLLO NACIONAL. Formular, Coordinar y Evaluar las políticas que promuevan el desarrollo competitivo, equitativo y sostenible de los procesos agropecuarios forestales, pesqueros y de desarrollo rural, con criterios de descentralización, concertación y participación, que contribuyan a mejorar el nivel y la calidad de vida de la población colombiana.
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9
BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES ¿El por qué de nuestro nue stro interés en los cultivos energéticos?
Energía y cambio climático Emisiones per cápita 2007: •
•
•
•
USA: 19,1 Ton CO2/Habitante. JAPON: 9,7 Ton CO2/Habitante. ALEMANIA: 9,7 Ton CO2/Habitante. AMERICA LATINA & CARIBE: 2,63 Ton CO2/Habitante.
Emisiones mundiales totales: 28.962 MT CO2. La tasa de crecimiento promedio anual de emisiones de CO2 en AL&C es de 2,6% Fuente: Sistema Información Económica Energética OLADE 2008.
Huella de carbono cultivos agro-energéticos. La huella de carbono es la medida del impacto que provocan las diferentes actividades del hombre sobre s obre el ambiente, determinada según la cantidad de GEI producidos.
Huella de carbono canasta de cultivos para la producción de biocombustibles (Base Cálculo una hectárea de tierra) Jatropha Curcas L. Higuerilla Ricinus Communis Palma africana
-5959 Kg de CO2 -3575 Kg de CO2 -9932 Kg de CO2
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1 0
BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES
El agotamiento de los combustibles fósiles, las reservas de petróleo son limitadas. Alto costo en los mercados internacionales, precio del petróleo con tendencias al alza. Contaminación ambiental, liberación de carbono a la atmósfera. La demanda de energía crecerá más rápido que la oferta. Producción de biodiesel en Europa, EEUU y otras regiones del mundo, a partir de cultivos energéticos y aceites usados. La producción de aceites vegetales es más eficiente en áreas tropicales y subtropicales. Los países de economías emergentes podrán financiar su desarrollo exportando biocombustibles. En el futuro se establecerá un mercado de biodiesel con el crecimiento de la demanda. Grandes áreas agrícolas sin uso con buen potencial para la producción de biocombustibles. Generación de empleo y erradicación de la pobreza. Nuevas tecnologías competitivas establecidas y en desarrollo. Energía es uno de los pocos negocios con un mercado estable y en crecimiento. Proyectos desarrollados a través de estos cultivos energéticos aplican para el mercado de carbono. La Jatropha Curcas y la higuerilla son cultivos prometedores en cuanto a rendimiento y calidad en Colombia. Y por último, la preocupación de grupos de investigadores y equipos multidisciplinarios que estudian y han estudiado especies
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Biocombustibles Biodiesel, bioetanol y biogás son producidos a partir de materias primas de orden agropecuario, agroindustrial o desechos orgánicos. Todos estos constituyen opciones renovables y menos contaminantes que los combustibles derivados del petróleo y son fuentes alternativas de energía para la región. Generalmente es utilizado en vehículos con motores diesel tales como buses, camiones, tractores, vehículos pequeños, es utilizado en aerolíneas como jet fuel y en generadores eléctricos, plantas diesel. El biodiesel es un combustible o aditivo para combustibles renovable y biodegradable, usado en motores diesel. Puede usarse en su forma pura o puede también mezclarse con combustible diesel basado en carburantes fósiles. El biodiesel puede producirse a partir de una gran variedad de productos que incluyen grasas animales y aceites vegetales vírgenes y reciclados, derivados de productos agrícolas como la higuerilla, Jatropha, aceite de palma, soya, palma, girasol, colza, canola y las microalgas. Se encuentra registrado como combustible y como aditivo para combustibles en la Agencia de Protección del Medio Ambiente de EEUU (Enviroment Protection Agency- EPA). El biodiesel es no tóxico y libre de azufre y compuestos aromáticos, sin importar el origen de aceite utilizado en su producción, reduce la emisión
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Para identificar el porcentaje de biodiesel que tiene una mezcla se utiliza una expresión como B10, B10, la B significa biodiesel y el 10 el porcentaje en el que se encuentra en la mezcla. Por ejemplo B20, B20, es una mezcla preparada con 20% biodiesel y 80% diesel fósil. En nuestro país se ha implementado la normatividad para el uso de biocombustibles y las metas de mezcla para el uso del biodiesel biodiesel de la siguiente manera:
1 de enero de 2008: 5% 1 de enero de 2010: 10% 1 de enero de 2012: 20%
El proceso de producción de biodiesel, se basa en la transesterificación, en la cual al agregar al aceite un alcohol (metanol o etanol) y un catalizador (por ejemplo hidróxido de potasio KOH), se obtiene biodiesel y como productos adicionales glicerina, agua y residuo que puede utilizarse como fertilizante.
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1 3
BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Ha sido ampliamente probado en las compañías más importantes fabricantes de vehículos (Mercedes Benz) y aviones comerciales (Air new Zealand en colaboración con Boeing y Rolls Royce, Japan airlines, Continental airlines, etc). La gran fortaleza que representa el Biodiesel como combustible radica en su posibilidad de generarse a partir de cultivos que en nuestro país, generando un rédito para el sector agrícola y consecuentemente un descenso del desempleo. Beneficios ecológicos
Proviene de un recurso renovable. Es biodegradable. Es menos contaminante que el gasoil mineral. Reduce partículas (smoke) en más de un 50% y las emisiones de CO2. Está libre de sulfuro, benceno y aromatizantes potencialmente cancerígenos. Posee productos derivados del residuo de su proceso como
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES balanceado para ganado y Glicerol 90% Pureza), constituye un negocio accesorio, rentable y permite diversifica riesgos. Beneficios mecánicos
Incrementa la eficiencia y duplica la durabilidad del motor, mejorando su ignición y lubricidad. Alto Flash point aproximadamente 130 °C (Diesel fósil aprox. 70 °C). Posee un importante poder lubrificante, por lo que puede ser considerado un aditivo para mejorar la lubricidad. Además, el gasoil sin azufre pierde cualidades lubrificantes y para suplir dicha falencia, deben usarse aditivos.
Para la producción de biocombustibles se pueden utilizar distintas materias primas, cuyo rendimiento se expone en la siguiente tabla: Rendimiento de materias primas
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Normativa o
o
o
o
El documento CONPES 3510 DEL 31 DE MARZO DE 2008 establece los lineamientos de política para promover la producción sostenible de biocombustibles en Colombia. La ley 939 de 2004, 2004 , por la cual se estimula la producción y comercialización de biocombustibles de origen vegetal o animal para uso en Motores diesel, el congreso de la República dispuso la utilización de los biocombustibles mezclados con combustible diesel. El gobierno nacional ha expedido una serie de normas relacionadas con la calidad y precio del biocombustible (Resoluciones del Ministerio de Minas y energía 180782/2004-181780/2005180158/2007-180212/2007-182087/2007 181556/2010) y resolución 1289 de 2005 de Minambiente. Decreto 383 de 2007, 2007, modificado parcialmente por el Decreto 4051 de 2007, que establece estímulos para la implementación de zonas francas para proyectos agroindustriales en materia de biocombustibles.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Además, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2006-2010, establece que el Gobierno Nacional adelantará las medidas necesarias para mejorar la calidad del diesel que se consume en el país y promoverá la competencia en el mercado de biocombustibles. Así mismo, identifica a los biocombustibles como uno de los productos de alto valor, con los cuales se busca diversificar la producción agropecuaria y conquistar nuevos mercados. En esa medida, el desarrollo de los biocombustibles se encuentra priorizado en las estrategias de los sectores agrícola, ambiental y de energía, por lo cual se identifica como un sector con potencial dentro de las políticas de desarrollo del país.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Importancia de la Higuerilla, la Jatropha Curcas y la Sacha Inchi Como respuesta a la crisis energética mundial y nacional, es estratégico que países como Colombia puedan producir sus propios combustibles a partir de fuentes renovables, utilizando cultivos como la higuerilla y la Jatropha Curcas, manejados con tecnologías ambientalmente amigables que, a su vez, sirvan como alternativas productivas para una naciente cadena productiva que se está gestando alrededor de estos cultivos. En muchas regiones de Colombia los productores agrícolas se enfrentan a la tarea de decidir qué sembrar; en este momento la
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Dentro de sus componentes se encuentran principalmente: proteínas, aminoácidos, ácidos grasos esenciales (omegas 3, 6, y 9) y vitamina E (tocoferoles y tocotrienoles) en contenidos significativamente elevados, respecto de semillas de otras oleaginosas (maní, palma, soya, maíz, colza y girasol). Investigaciones recientes realizadas con aceites omegas y vitamina E indican la importancia nutricional y terapéutica de su consumo para el control de radicales libres y una serie de enfermedades que estos originan en el organismo humano.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES HIGUERILLA (Ricinus Communis L.) La higuerilla es una de las 7.000 especies de la familia de las euforbiáceas, posiblemente originaria de la antigua Abissinia, hoy Etiopia, en África. El aceite es su principal producto de importancia económica, único en la naturaleza soluble en alcohol, con numerosas aplicaciones industriales, como: plásticos, fibras sintéticas, tintas, esmaltes, lubricantes, entre otros. MANEJO AGRONÓMICO
Para el establecimiento de plantaciones de Higuerilla Ricinus Communis, es importante conocer el tipo de suelo y fertilidad existentes en el sitio.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES
Después de marcar el terreno se hace un hoyo de 3-5 cm de profundidad donde se siembra la semilla. Un espaciamiento comúnmente utilizado de 2 x 2 metros, con 2.500 plantas por hectárea; de esta manera, cuando las plantas crecen, tienen suficiente espacio para el crecimiento y la ramificación. Además, bajo este modelo se deja suficiente espacio para combinar o intercalar cultivos de porte bajo y ciclo corto (Frijol Cargamanto arbolito, Uribe Rosado enano, densidad de siembra 0,5 x 0,5 metros, dos semillas por hoyo) o porte bajo y ciclo medio (Maíz). En cada hoyo, se deberá plantar tres semillas en lugar de una, con 15 centímetros de separación (para evitar que el sistema radicular de los brotes crezcan sobre si). Esto con el fin de garantizar una correcta germinación y así poder hacer el raleo
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES y mediante la ayuda de una tijera ir cortando los racimos que presenten dichas
características. Después de que se recolectan lo racimos, estos deben ser puestos a secar al sol,
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES Como repelente vegetal, en la antigüedad se uso para repeler los insectos de los cultivos por los principios tóxicos que tiene y aun algunos campesinos la utilizan para este fin.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES JATROPHA CURCAS L (Piñon, Tempate) El Piñón pertenece a la familia de las euforbiáceas, es una oleaginosa originaria de América Central y el norte de Suramérica, pero se ha distribuido a otras regiones
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES
Esta planta es heliófila como la higuerilla, el brillo solar deberá estar por encima de 1500 h/año. El grado de acidez (pH) adecuado para el cultivo de la Jatropha se encuentra entre 5,5 y 8.
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BIOCOM BIOCOMBUS BUSTIB TIBLES LES Y ENER ENERG G AS RENOVA RENOVABLES BLES
La recolección de semillas de la Jatropha es un proceso difícil por las características de maduración de la fruta. Debido a estas características, la cosecha de Jatropha se realiza principalmente a mano. El proceso de recolección se convierte en un proceso de trabajo muy intensivo que tiene un alto impacto
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