Proteccion de Motores Electrico

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL CENTRO DEL PERU

FACULT FACULTAD AD DE INGENIERIA ELECTRICA ELE CTRICA Y ELECTRONICA

PROTECCION DE MOTORES ELECTRICOS TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACION INVESTIGACION REALIZADO POR: •

CAMARENA CHUCAS JHOEL ANGEL

•

ARANDA MENDOZA JACOB ROLANDO

•

QUINTO ASTETE ROBERT ERIK

•

INGA SAMANIEGO CESAR AUGUSTO

•

LOPEZ RAMOS AMILCAR HUANCAYO – PERU 2008

PROTECCION DE SISTEMAS ELECTRICOS DE POTENCIA

DEDICATORIA: A las p!s"#as $% &!# $% l '#(&" l()(* s"# s%s s%+"s,

2


DEDICATORIA: A las p!s"#as $% &!# $% l '#(&" l()(* s"# s%s s%+"s,

2


OBJETIVOS: •

A#al( A# al(-a -a!! l &")p"! &")p"!*a) *a)(# (#*" *" . la &"!!( &"!!(#* #* . a!!a#$ a!!a#$% % *a#*" *a#*" . %# )"*"! )"*"! )"#"/s(&" &")" *!(/s(&"1 . a&%!." al #(l . *#s(3# 4 p"*#&(a .l )"*"!, A4%.a."s p"! las *a5las . .(s+" . p!"*&&(3#

•

.(/!#&(a! l"s p!(#&(pals .(sp"s(*("s . &""!.(#a&(3# . p!"*&&(3# . %# )"*"! l6&*!(&"1 . a&%!." al *(p" . *!a5a7" " l *(p" . p!"*&&(3# $% s .s

•

C"#"&! l"s &"#&p*"s 5s(&"s . p!"*&&(3# . %#" " a!("s )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s

•

Es*a5l&! al%#as .(/!#&(a #*! la p!"*&&(3# . )"*"!s . al*a 4 5a7a *#s(3#

9


INDICE OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………………..….3 INTRODUCCION………………………………………………………………….....7

CAPITULO I 1.1 1.1

PROT PROTEC ECCI CION ON DE MOTO MOTORE RES S ELEC ELECTR TRIC ICOS OS…… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………8 …8

1.2 1.2

LOS LOS RIE RIESG SGOS OS DURA DURANT NTE E LA LA OPER OPERAC ACI IN N DE DE LOS LOS MOTO MOTORE RES S ELECTRICOS………………………………………………………………....8

1.3. 1.3.

CARACT CARACTERI ERISR SRTI TICAS CAS DE LOS LOS MOTO MOTORES RES A CONSI CONSIDER DERAR AR EN EN LA PROTECCION………………………………………………………………...!

1.". 1.".

EL CIRCUI CIRCUITO TOP P EQUI EQUIV VALENTE LENTE DEL MOTOR MOTOR DE INUCC INUCCION ION……. ……..1 .111 CAPITULO II

2.1 2.1

PROT PROTEC ECCI CION ON GEN GENER ERAL AL DE MOTO MOTORE RES S ECTR ECTRIC ICOS OS…… ………… ………… ……....1" 1"

2.1.1 PROTECIO PROTECION N CONTRA CONTRA #ALLA #ALLA DE #AS #ASE…………… E………………………… ………………….1" …….1" 2.1.2. 2.1.2. SOBRECOR SOBRECORRIEN RIENTE TE INSTAN INSTANT TANEA ANEA DE #ASE……… #ASE……………………… ………………..1$ ..1$ 2.1. 2.1.2. 2.1. 1.

DISP DISPOS OSIT ITIV IVOS OS DE SOB SOBRECO RECORR RRIE IENT NTE E DE DE ACCIO CCION N INSTANTANEA INSTANTANEA % DIRECTA……………… DIRECTA………………………………… ………………………18 ……18 2.1.2 .1.2.2 .2.. #USIB USIBLE LES… S……… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… …….1 .188 2.1.3. SOBRECORRIENTE DE #ASE CON RETARDO DE TIEMPO………………………………………………………………18 2.2. 2.2. PROT PROTEC ECCI CION ON CONTR CONTRA A SOBRE SOBRECA CARG RGA… A……… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …..2 .222 2.2.1. 2.2.1. MOTORES MOTORES DE TRABAJO TRABAJO CONTINUO CONTINUO MA%ORES MA%ORES A 1HP…….22 1HP…….22 2.2.2. 2.2.2. MOTORES MOTORES PARA PARA SERVICIO SERVICIO INTERMITEN INTERMITENTE……… TE………………... ………...22 22 2.3. 2.3.

ALGUNO ALGUNOS S CRITE CRITERIO RIOS S PA PARA EL AJ AJUST USTE E DE LOS LOS DISP DISPOSI OSITIV TIVOS OS DE PROTECCION DE MOTORES…………………………………………….2 MOTORES…………………………………………….222 2.3. 2.3.1. 1.

INTE INTERR RRUP UPTO TORE RES S TER TERMO MOMA MAGN GNET ETIC ICOS OS…… ………… ………… ………… ……....22 22




2.3.2.

INTERRUPTORES ELECTROMAGNETICOS…………………..2$

2.3.3.

PROTECCION CONTRA SOBRECARGA &"!'…………………...28

2.3.".

PROTECCION DE SOBRECORRIENTE INSTANTANEA &()'...28

2.3.(.

PROTECCION DE SOBRECORRIENTE CON RETARDO DE TIEMPO &(1'………………………………………………………….28

2.3.$.

PROTECCION INSTANTANEA DE #ALLA A TIERRA &()G'…2!

2.3.7.

PROTECCION DE #ALLA A TIERRA…………………………….3)

2.3.8.

PROTECCION DE BAJO VOLTAJE &27'………………………….33 •

2.".

LOS DIAGRA;AS DE INTERCONE
APLICACIONES……………………………………………………………..38

2.".1. 2.".2.

EJEMPLO 1…………………………………………………………...38 EJEMPLO 2………………………………………………………….."1

2.".3.

EJEMPLO 3………………………………………………………….."" CAPITULO III

3.1.

INSTALCION % PROTECCION DE MOTORES EN BAJA TENSION…………………………………………………………………..…."!

3.2.

ELEMENTOS DE INSTALCION ELECTRICA PARA MOTORES…....."!

3.2.1. LA CORRIENTE DE PLENA CARGA………………………..……() 3.2.2. ALIMENTADDOR &A'………………………………………..……...() 3.2.3. PROTECCION DEL ALIMENTADOR &B'…………………..…….(1 3.2.". PROTECCION DEL CIRCUITO DERIVADO &C'………….……..(3 3.2.(. CIRCUITO DERIVADO &D'................................................................(" 3.2.$. DESCONECTADOR &E'......................................................................(( 3.2.7. PROTECCION DEL MOTOR &#'……………………………….…..(( 3.2.8. CONTROL DEL MOTOR &G'…………………………………….…(( 3.2.!. CONTROL SECUNDARIO &H'……………………………………..(( 3.2.1). ESTACION DE BOTONES PARA CONTROL REMOTO &J'…...($ 3.3. LA CORRIENTE NOMINAL DE LOSMOTORES DE INDUCCION…..($

>


3.3.1. EJEMPLO 1…………………………………………………………...(7 3.3.2. EJEMPLO 2…………………………………………………………...(8 3.3.3. EJEMPLO 3…………………………………………………………...$) 3.". CALCULO DE ALIMENTADORES PARA MOTORES………………..$1 3.(.

CALCULO DE LAS COMPONENETES DEL ALIEMNATDOR………$2

3.$.

APLICACIONES…………………………………………………………….$2

3.$.1. 3.$.2. 3.$.3. 3.$.".

EJEMPLO "………………………………………………………….$2 EJEMPLO (………………………………………………………….$3 EJEMPLO $………………………………………………………….$$ EJEMPLO 7………………………………………………………….$! CAPITULO IV

".1.

CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………………...7$

".2.

RECOMENDACIONES…………………………………………………….7$

BIBLIOGRA#IA……………………………………………………………………77 ANE*OS…………………………………………………………………………….78

?


INTRODUCCION C"#s(.!a#." l"s aa#&s . la apl(&a&(3# . l"s )"*"!s . (#.%&&(3# p"! s% !"5%s*4 %#a 5as*a #*a7as !sp&*" a "*!"s )"*"!s 1 *a)5(6# #"s )"s # la #&s(.a. . p!"*!l"s1 s*as #*a7as @(&(!"# $% sa )%4 ()p"!*a#* s% s*%.(" pa!a ! s% &")p"!*a)(#*" /!#* a p"s(5ls /allas1 as p!(#(#." &%al$%(! #*" #" .sa." .#*!" .l .sa!!"ll" #"!)al .l )"*"!1 %#" . s*"s (# a s! l s"5!&al#*a)(#*" .l )"*"! &%4" /&*" s . )%&@a .s#*a7a1 s*%.("s a#*!("!s . s* *)a s p%5l(&a!"# s'# %# pap! . la IEEE 1 Pa!a l .(a#3s*(&" . %# )"*"!1 s @a# s*a5l&(." las s(%(#*s -"#as " !as . /allas, •

C(!&%(*" . P"*#&(a

•

A(sla)(#*"

•

Es*a*"!

•

R"*"!

•

E&#*!(&(.a. #*!@(!!"

•

Cal(.a. . #!a

D"#. l s*%.(" . s*as ? -"#as #"s p!)(*(! .(s*(#%(! #*! %# p!"5l)a )&#(&" 4 l6&*!(&" s(#." s*as -"#as . /alla las $% s .5# *#! # &%a#*a /!#* a %#a p"s(5l /alla $% s  p!s#*a! &")" %# s"5!&al#*a)(#*" S(#." 5s(&a)#* l p!"5l)a .l .a+" . a(sla)(#*" p"! /&*"s *6!)(&"s1 p"! s"5! &"!!(#*s1 s"5! *#s("#s1 s%5 *#s("#s 4 "*!"s, Asp&*"s $% )"s )%4 ()p"!*a#*s &%(.a! $% #" "&%!!a pa!a *#! %# 5%# /%#&("#a)(#*" . la )a$%(#a1 s(#." s* la /(l"s"/a . la p!"*&&(3#1 $% p!s#*a)"s a &"#*(#%a&(3#,




CAPITULO I 1.1

PROTECCION DE MOTORES ELECTRICOS

1.2

LOS RIESGOS DURANTE LA OPERACIN DE LOS MOTORES ELECTRICOS D%!a#* la "p!a&(3# . l"s $%(p"s 4 apa!a*"s l6&*!(&"s1 s p%.# p!s#*a! al%#"s !(s"s . "p!a&(3# $% s*# p!s#*s # /"!)a p"*#&(al1 l"s #"!)al)#* &"#s(.!a."s s"#: ,2,, Fallas p"! &"!*"&(!&%(*" #*! /ass 4" a *(!!a ,2,2

.a+" *6!)(&" p"!: a, s"5!&a!a &"#*(#%a " (#*!)(*#* 5, !"*"! 5l"$%a."

,2,9, C"#.(&("#s a#"!)als . "p!a&(3# &")": a, "p!a&(3# .s5ala#&a.a 5, 5a7" "l*a7 4 al*" "l*a7 &, (#!s(3# . /ass ., R#!(-a&("# &%a#." s .s&"#&*a 4 a%# "p!a , &"#.(&("#s

a)5(#*als

.s/a"!a5ls

*)p!a*%!a1

"*"1

a)"!*(%a)(#*" /, s&%#&(a . a!!a#$% (#&")pl*a E# "&as("#s1 s*as /allas s !&las(/(&a# &")": A p!"p(as .l )"*"!

8


a, /allas . a(sla)(#*" 5, /alla . &@%)a&!as &, /allas )&#(&as B .5(.as a la &a!a a, s"5!&a!a " 5a7a &a!a 5, /!#a." &, al*a (#!&(a C .5(.as al a)5(#* a, p!"5l)as . #*(la&(3# 5, a)5(#*s &"#*a)(#a."s1 @')."s " &"# al*as *)p!a*%!as D .5(.as a la "p!a&(3# a, s(#&!"#(-a&(3#1 &(!! " !&(!! /%!a  /as 5, &(&l" . *!a5a7" s!" &, a!!a#$% 4 /!#a." E .5(.as a la /%#* . al()#*a&(3# a, &"!*"&(!&%(*"1 /ass a5(!*as 5, s"5!"l*a7 " 5a7" "l*a7 &, (#!s(3# . /ass

1.3.

CARACTERISRTICAS DE LOS MOTORES A CONSIDERAR EN LA PROTECCION

C%a#." s s*%.(a la p!"*&&(3# . )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s1 sp&(al)#* l"s . p"*#&(as !a#.s1 s #&sa!(" &"#s(.!a! &"# &(!*" .*all al%#as . s%s &a!a&*!s*(&as . "p!a&(3#1 &")" s"#: 

Las &%!as . &"!!(#* . a!!a#$%






Las &%!as . &apa&(.a. *6!)(&a1 $% .5# (#&l%(! l l)(* *6!)(&" a !"*"! 5l"$%a."



La &"#s*a#*  . !la&("#s #*! !s(s*#&(as .l !"*"! R!2R!

T".as las &a!a&*!s*(&as a#*!("!s1 s "5*(## #"!)al)#* . l"s /a5!(&a#*s . )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s 4 s"# 5s(&as pa!a la sl&&(3# 4 apl(&a&(3# . las p!"*&&("#s, La /"!)a *p(&a . s*as &%!as s )%s*!a # la s(%(#* /(%!a:

D la /(%!a a#*!("!1 la &%!a . )()a &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% s*a p!sa.a al "l*a7 #")(#al . la )a$%(#a, Las &"!!(#*s p!sa.as pa!a "l*a7s )#"!s s (#.(&a# a la (-$%(!.a1 &"# la K!".(lla . la &%!a a %# *()p" )a4"!,

0


L"s l)(*s *6!)(&"s s"# *!s &%!as .(s*(#*as1 las &%als # )%&@"s &as"s s .(5%7a# 7%#*as a %#a &%!a #!al, Es*"s l()(*s *!)(&"s s"# -"#as !la*(a)#* (#.*!)(#a.as1 $% s .sa *#! !p!s#*a.as p"! %#a &%!a sp&(/(&a, ,9, la p"!&(3# . &"!!(#* )s al*a1 (#.(&a l #')!" p!)(s(5l . &s la &"!!(#* . !"*"! 5l"$%a.", Es* s l *()p" # $% l !"*"! p%. p!)a#&! # !p"s" .sp%6s $% l !"*"! a s(." #!(-a."1 a#*s . $% "&%!!a l .a+" *6!)(&" # las 5a!!as .l !"*"! 4 l"s a#(ll"s &"#&*"!s *!)"s1 " 5(# 1 # l s*a*"!, E# l"s )"*"!s )%4 !a#.s1 s* l)(* *6!)(&" .l !"*"! p%. s! )#"! $% l *()p" . a!!a#$%1 . )a#!a $% s*"s )"*"!s .5# a!!a#&a! (#s*a#*#a)#* pa!a (*a! .a+" *6!)(&", ,9,2, La &%!a . l)(* *6!)(&" . a&l!a&(3# . la &"!!(#* . !"*"! 5l"$%a." a la &"!!(#* . pa! . a!!a#$% .l )"*"!1 s al!.."! .l >M  la l"&(.a., ,9,9, La &%!a . l)(* *6!)(&" . "p!a!("1 $% !p!s#*a la &apa&(.a. . s"5!&a!a .l )"*"! .%!a#* la "p!a&(3# # )!#&(a

1.".

EL CIRCUITOP EQUIVALENTE DEL MOTOR DE INUCCION

Pa!a la p!"*&&(3# . )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s1 # sp&(al l"s . !a# p"*#&(a1 !s%l*a . a4%.a l lla)" &(!&%(*" $%(al#* . %# )"*"! . (#.%&&(3#, El .(a!a)a $%(al#* . %# )"*"! s p%. !.%&(! &")" l $% s )%s*!a # la s(%(#* /(%!a:

L"s al"!s *p(&"s $% s (#.(&a# s*# p"! %#(.a.1 !/!(.as a l"s VA a l"s V .l )"*"! # &%s*(3#, D la /(%!a a#*!("!:




Rs  !s(s*#&(a .l s*a*"! J
S+ &RPM ,- /0  RPM 045 0/6/' &RPM ,- /0' El &(!&%(*" # ."#. s )%s*!a# l"s al"!s *p(&"s1 s )%s*!a a &"#*(#%a&(3#:

L"s al"!s *p(&"s # p,%, !/!(."s a la 5as .l )"*"! # VA " # V $% s p%.# !p!s#*a! # l &(!&%(*" a#*!("! s"#: Rs  R!  0,0 p,%, J<)  J9,0 p,%, J<  J<.  0,> p,%, D a$%1 l al"! *p(&" . "!.# . )a#(*%. . &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% " a !"*"! 5l"$%a." s:

Irb

G =

JX O d

G =

0,G>

=

?,?F p,u,

2


Es* s l al"! s()6*!(&"1 la &"!!(#* as()6*!(&a s )a4"! &")" s )%s*!a # la /(%!a a#*!("!,

9





CAPITULO II 2.1

PROTECCION GENERAL DE MOTORES ECTRICOS

La p!"*&&(3# pa!a )"*"!s (s* # .(s*(#*as /"!)as 4a $% @a4 %#a !a# a!(.a. . .(s+"1 4 s p%. @a&! # /"!)a (#.((.%al " # .(s*(#*as &")5(#a&("#s, Ca.a %#a *(# s%s p!"p(as pa!*(&%la!(.a.s1 p"! l" $% !s%l*a .(/&(l @a&!la # /"!)a #!al, L"s /%#.a)#*"s 5s(&"s . p!"*&&(3# . )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s1 s*a5l& $% s .5 p!)(*(! "p!a! p"! #&()a1 p!" s(# &.! .)as(a." s%s l()(*s *6!)(&"s 4 )&#(&"1 pa!a s"5!&a!as 4 &"#.(&("#s . "p!a&(3# a#"!)als1 p!"p"!&("#a#." la )()a s#s(5(l(.a. pa!a /allas, E# l &as" . )"*"!s a!!(5a . ?00 V1 s s*a5l& $% &a.a )"*"! s .5 p!"*! &"#*!a s"5!&a!as pl(!"sas 4 /allas # l a!!a#$%1 p"! ).(" . %# .(sp"s(*(" *6!)(&" $% sa s#s(5l a la &"!!(#*1 s( la s"5!&"!!(#* s p"! /alla1 s .5# %sa! /%s(5ls " (#*!!%p*"!s &"# la &apa&(.a. a.&%a.a, Pa!a )"*"!s . @as*a ?00 V1 &a.a )"*"! s .5 p!"*! &"#*!a s"5!&a!as pl(!"sas 4 /allas # l a!!a#$% p"! ).(" . %# .(sp"s(*(" p!"*&*"! &"#*!a s"5!&a!a 4 s"5!&"!!(#*1 pa!a )"*"!s . ?00 V " )a4"!s1 s p%.# a."p*a! las s(%(#*s p!"*&&("#s:

2.1.1 PROTECION CONTRA #ALLA DE #ASE: Pa!a s* *(p" . /alla1 s p%.# %sa! !la."!s . s"5!&"!!(#*s . *(p" (#s*a#*#" #" .(!&&("#als, P"! l" #!al1 s*as /allas p!"p"!&("#a# %#a &"!!(#* )a4"! $% la . a!!a#$% a !"*"! 5l"$%a.", El )"*"! !p!s#*a %# l)#*" T!)(#al .l s(s*)a l6&*!(&"1 . )a#!a $% s p%.a %*(l(-a! %# !la."! .l *(p" (#s*a#*#"1 l" &%al #" !p!#.a %# p!"5l)a . &""!.(#a&(3#, La &"#*!(5%&(3# .l )"*"! al &"!*"&(!&%(*"1 s !la*(a)#* p$%+a <. 4 .&a !p(.a)#* # %#"s &%a#*"s &(&l"s1 . )a#!a $% s p%.a# apl(&a! !la."!s #" .(!&&("#als,

>


L"s TCs $% al()#*a# a s*"s !la."!s s .5# sl&&("#a!1 . )a#!a $% la )()a &"!!(#* .l )"*"! p!"p"!&("#a #*! A 4 >A # l s&%#.a!(", L"s !la."!s (#s*a#*#"s . /as1 s .5# a7%s*a! a!!(5a . la &"!!(#* s()6*!(&a . !"*"! 5l"$%a." 4 .5a7" . la )#()a &"!!(#* . /alla, Es*" s p%. (%ala! ."#. la &"!!(#* . !"*"! 5l"$%a." I!5 s()6*!(&a s:

Irb =

G

X G s + X O d

<s  la !a&*a#&(a *"*al " $%(al#* .l s(s*)a . p"*#&(a1 " 5(#1 . la /%#* .l )"*"!, C%a#." la /%#* . al()#*a&(3# al )"*"! s )%4 !a#. " &as( (#/(#(*a1 #*"#&s la &"!!(#* . /alla *!(/s(&a # l )"*"! s p%. &al&%la! &")": I 9Φ

=

G X G s

Pa!a %#a /alla . /as a /as1 s%p"#(#." $% las !a&*a#&(as . s&%#&(a p"s(*(a 4 #a*(a s"# (%als <s  <2s I ΦΦ

=

0,8??E

I 9Φ

=

0,8?? X G s

S( PR s la !la&(3# . a7%s* .(spa!" .l !la."! a la &"!!(#* . !"*"! 5l"$%a.", PR

=

Ip,u, Irb

Ip,%,  &"!!(#* . .(spa!" .l !la."! I!5  &"!!(#* . !"*"! 5l"$%a." L"s al"!s *p(&"s . PR .5# s*a! # l !a#" . 1? a 210 " al%#as &s )a4"!s,

?


S( PR s la !la&(3# . la &"!!(#* )#()a . /alla a la &"!!(#* . a7%s* .(spa!" .l !la."!, PF =

I ΦΦ )(# ima Ip,u,

E# /"!)a .sa5l PF .5 s*a! #*! 2 4 91 " a &s )a4"!, D las &%a&("#s a#*!("!s: I ΦΦ

= PF

Ip,u, = PFxPRxIrb

Ta)5(6#: I ΦΦ Irb

= PFxPR

O 5(#: I 9Φ Irb

= G,G>> xPFxPR

Q% s p%. .&(! $% la /alla *!(/s(&a # l )"*"!1 .5 s! ,>>PFPR " )a4"! pa!a %#a 5%#a p!"*&&(3# . s"5!&"!!(#* (#s*a#*#a, S( l"s al"!s )#()"s !&")#.a."s . PR  ,? 4 PF  2,0 s %sa#1 la /alla *!(/s(&a .5!a s! 9, &s la &"!!(#* . !"*"! 5l"$%a."1 s( PR  21 PF  91 la /alla *!(/s(&a s!(a al )#"s ?, &s la &"!!(#* . !"*"! 5l"$%a.",

2.1.2. SOBRECORRIENTE INSTANTANEA DE #ASE El p!"p3s(*" . s*a p!"*&&(3#1 s .*&*a! &"#.(&("#s . /alla . /as &"# !*!as" !*a!." #" (#*#&("#al, D la (#*!!%p&(3# !p(.a . s*a /alla1 s *(## l"s s(%(#*s !s%l*a."s: a

L()(*a l"s .a+"s # l p%#*" . la /alla

5

L()(*a la .%!a&(3# . la a!(a&(3# . "l*a7 $% a&")pa+a ala /alla,




&

L()(*a la p"s(5(l(.a. . $% la /alla *(#.a la p!s#&(a . /%" " .a+" p"! pl"s(3#

Es*a apl(&a&(3# s l"!a &"# la apl(&a&(3# . !la."!s . s"5!&"!!(#* (#s*a#*#"s . /as1 al()#*a."s p"! *!a#s/"!)a."!s . &"!!(#*, C%a#." s %sa !la."! . /as a #%*!"1 #*"#&s s %sa# s"l" ."s TCs . /as1 l *!&! !la."! . /as s p%. %sa!, Es*"s !la."!s s %sa# &"# l s(%(#* $%(p": ,

(#*!!%p*"!s . ).(" "l*a71 .l *(p" %sa." # a!!a#&a."!s . )"*"!s

2,

&"#*a&*"!s *(p" a!!a#&a."! . ).(" "l*a7 $% #" %s# /%s(5ls . p"*#&(a

D las &%a&("#s: I ΦΦ I 9Φ Irb

=

0,8?? X G s

=

0,8?? I 9Φ E

= G,G>> xPFxPR

I%ala#." s*as ."s &%a&("#s: 0,8?? X G s X G s

=

PFxPR =

X G s

+

X O d

E

0,8?? X O d PFxPR

−

0,8??

D )a#!a $% PR  ,? 4 PF  2 X G s

0,8?? X O d =

2 xG,?

−

0,8??

=

0,9FG X O d

C"# l al"! *p(&": <.  0,> <s  0,0>?p,%, Ta)5(6# &"# PR  21 PF  9 4 <.  0,>

8


<s  0,02>p,%, Es*" ./(# l al"! . la !a&*a#&(a . la /%#* $% s .5 (#.(&a! pa!a la p!"*&&(3# (#s*a#*#a . s"5!&"!!(#*, E# al%#as apl(&a&("#s1 la /%#* <s pa!a *"."s l"s p!"p3s(*"s p!&*(&"s1 s la !a&*a#&(a .l *!a#s/"!)a."! . al()#*a&(3# $% s &"#&*a # s% .a#a." p!()a!(" a la &")pa+a s%)(#(s*!a."!a1 la &%al s %#a /%#* (#/(#(*a, a

l"s !la."!s . *(p" (#s*a#*#" s p%.# a7%s*a! pa!a a5!(! # /"!)a (#s*a#*#a1 s( l"s al"!s . &"!!(#* &.# las &"!!(#*s #"!)als . a!!a#$% . !"*"! 5l"$%a.",

5

La p!"*&&(3# . s"5!&"!!(#* pa!a l )"*"! # "p!a!("1 4a sa . *(p" *6!)(&" " . .(s&" *(p" (#.%&&(3#1 s al()#*a p"! l" #!al . %# *!a#s/"!)a."! . &"!!(#* $% s p%. sa*%!a! &"# las &"!!(#*s . /alla1 p"! l" $% s &"#*!"la l p"s(5l .a+" al !la."! %sa." pa!a s*a p!"*&&(3#,

2.1.2.1.

DISPOSITIVOS

DE

SOBRECORRIENTE

DE

ACCION INSTANTANEA % DIRECTA: s*"s .(sp"s(*("s s p!"p"!&("#a# &"# l"s a!!a#&a."!s – (#*!!%p*"!s pa!a )"*"!s . 5a7" "l*a7,

2.1.2.2.

#USIBLES: s*"s s"# %sa."s pa!a p!"p"!&("#a! %#a

p!"*&&(3# !p(.a . &"!*"&(!&%(*" # )"*"!s . ).(" 4 5a7" "l*a7 $% %sa# a!!a#&a."!,

2.1.3. SOBRECORRIENTE DE #ASE CON RETARDO DE TIEMPO El p!"p3s(*" . s*a p!"*&&(3# s .*&*a!: a /allas pa!a a&l!a! la l"&(.a. #")(#al # l (#*!al" . a!!a#$% #"!)al 5 &"#.(&("#s . !p"s" .l )"*"! & &"#.(&("#s . /alla . 5a7a )a#(*%.




20


2


22


2.2.

PROTECCION CONTRA SOBRECARGA 2.2.1. MOTORES DE TRABAJO CONTINUO MA%ORES A 1HP E# s* &as" s apl(&a %# /a&*"! #" )a4"! .l 2>M . la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a1 pa!a )"*"!s &"# /a&*"! . s!(&(" #" )#"! a ,> 4 la&("#s . *)p!a*%!a #" )a4"! a 0C, S apl(&a %# /a&*"! #" )a4"! al >M . la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a pa!a *"."s l"s .)s )"*"!s, S( l"s al"!s (#.(&a."s a#*!("!)#* #" s"# s%/(&(#*s pa!a a!!a#&a! l )"*"! " &"#.%&(! s% &"!!(#* . &a!a1 s p!)(* *")a! l"s al"!s (#).(a*"s s%p!("!s1 s(# &.! l"s s(%(#*s l)(*s: El /a&*"! s 0M . la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a pa!a )"*"!s &"# /a&*"! . s!(&(" #" )#"! a ,> 4 la&("#s . *)p!a*%!a #" )a4"! a 0 C 4 90M pa!a l"s .)s )"*"!s,

2.2.2. MOTORES PARA SERVICIO INTERMITENTE Es*"s )"*"!s s &"#s(.!a# p!"*(."s &"#*!a s"5!&a!a1 s( l"s .(sp"s(*("s pa!a p!"*&&(3# &"#*!a &"!*"&(!&%(*" #" !5asa# l"s al"!s (#.(&a."s a#*s,

2.3.

ALGUNOS CRITERIOS PARA EL AJUSTE DE LOS DISPOSITIVOS DE PROTECCION DE MOTORES

Es*"s &!(*!("s s 5asa# p!(#&(pal)#* # l *(p" . .(sp"s(*("s %sa."s # la p!"*&&(3#, P"! 7)pl"1 s )%4 &")'# l %s" . l"s (#*!!%p*"!s *!)" )a#6*(&"s 4 l"s l&*!")a#6*(&"s,

2.3.1. INTERRUPTORES TERMOMAGNETICOS Es*"s (#*!!%p*"!s *(## %#a &")5(#a&(3# . .(spa!" *6!)(&" 4 )a#6*(&" (#s*a#*#" # %#a &a7a )"l.a.a pa!a 5a7a *#s(3#1 p!"p"!&("#a#." %#a

29


"p!a&(3# &"# !*a!." . *()p" a al"!s . s"5!&"!!(#*s #" )%4 al*"s 4 &"# "p!a&(3# (#s*a#*#a pa!a las &"!!(#*s . &"!*"&(!&%(*", La &a!a&*!s*(&a *6!)(&a p"! l" #!al s #" a7%s*a5l .sp%6s . la (#s*ala&(3#1 # *a#*" $% l .(spa!" (#s*a#*#" p%. *#! &a!a&*!s*(&as a7%s*a5ls " #" a7%s*a5l1 .p#.(#." .l /a5!(&a#*,

CURVA CARACTERISTICA DE DISPARO DE UN INTERRUPTOR TERMOMAGNETICO

2


CURVA TIEMPO9CORRIENTE TIPICA PARA UN INTERRUPTOR DE $)) A EN CAJA MOLDEADA

INTERRUPTOR EN CAJA MOLDEADA

2>


CURVA CARACTERISTICA TIEMPO9CORRIENTE PARA INTERRUPTORES DE ESTADO SLIDO

Pa!a l"s )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s # 5a7a *#s(3#1 l"s (#*!!%p*"!s *!)" )a#6*(&"s &%)pl# la )(s)a /%#&(3# . p!"*&&(3# &"#*!a &"!!(#*s . &"!*"&(!&%(*"1 p!" a.)s p%.# *#! %# l)#*" *6!)(&" &"#*!a s"5!&a!as1 s(# !*a!." . *()p" # &as" . &"!*"&(!&%(*", E# la s(%(#* /(%!a1 s )%s*!a la &%!a &a!a&*!s*(&a . s*"s (#*!!%p*"!s,

2?


2.3.2. INTERRUPTORES ELECTROMAGNETICOS La p!(#&(pal apl(&a&(3# . s*"s (#*!!%p*"!s s #&%#*!a # la p!"*&&(3# s&%#.a!(a . l"s *!a#s/"!)a."!s pa!a p!"*! &#*!"s . &a!a 4 &#*!"s . &"#*!"l . )"*"!s, Ca.a (#*!!%p*"! *(# .(s*(#*as &a!a&*!s*(&as 4 p%.# s!1 . a&%!." al /a5!(&a#*1 . .(s*(#*" *(p" .p#.(#." . s*"1 s p%.# a7%s*a! las %#(.a.s . .(spa!" .(sp"#(5ls1 $% p%.# s!: •

. *()p" .(/!(." la!" L,

•

. *()p" .(/!(." &"!*" S,

•

(#s*a#*#" I,

•

. p!"*&&(3# &"#*!a /allas a *(!!a G,

2


El lla)a." a7%s* . *()p" .(/!(." la!"1 s @a& pa!a p!"*! l *!a#s/"!)a."! &"#*!a s"5!&a!as 4 pa!a la p!"*&&(3# &"#*!a &"!*"&(!&%(*"1 s %sa# l"s . *()p" .(/!(." &"!*" " (#s*a#*#", C%a#." l (#*!!%p*"! s %sa pa!a la p!"*&&(3# . %# &#*!" . &a!a " %# &#*!" . &"#*!"l . )"*"!s1 l a7%s* s

@a& &"#s(.!a#." la &apa&(.a. .l

(#*!!%p*"! .l )"*"! . )a4"! *a)a+" p"*#&(a1 )s la s%)a . las &"!!(#*s #")(#als .l !s*" . las &a!as, Pa!a a7%s*a! l )'l*(pl" &"!*"1 s *")a &")" 5as . !/!#&(a l al"! "5*#(." . la p!s(3#: Mcorto =

? I no )(# al

I (#* erruptor

Pa!a a7%s*a! l (#s*a#*#"1 s !$%(! &"#"&! l al"! . la &"!!(#* . &"!*"&(!&%(*" )")#*#a # l 5%s1 4 a pa!*(! . s*1 s .*!)(#a l al"! .l )'l*(pl" .l a7%s*, Pa!a la p!"*&&(3# . /alla a *(!!a1 s !&")#.a5l %*(l(-a! l )'l*(pl" )as 5a7" .(sp"#(5l # la %#(.a.,

28


2.3.3. PROTECCION CONTRA SOBRECARGA &"!' E# la p!"*&&(3# &"#*!a s"5!&a!a . )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s1 s %sa# l"s lla)a."s !la."!s *6!)(&"s . s"5!&a!a, E# l a7%s* . s*"s !la."!s1 s &"##(#* $% l )"*"! p%.a s"p"!*a! al%#as s"5!&a!as . %#a )a#(*%. 4 &"# %#a .%!a&(3# $% #" l" .a+#1 p"! l" $% s a&"s*%)5!a sl&&("#a! %#a &"!!(#* . .(spa!" #*! l >M 4 l 2>M .l al"! . la &"!!(#* . pl#a &a!a,

2.3.". PROTECCION DE SOBRECORRIENTE INSTANTANEA &()' Es* *(p" . !la."! . &"!!(#*1 #" s .5# %sa! # &(!&%(*" ."#. s #&%#*!# &"#&*a."s # s!( !la."!s .l )(s)" *(p" 4 &"# l"s &%als s .5 . &""!.(#a!1 a )#"s $% #*! ll"s s #&%#*! %#a ()p.a#&(a . %# al"! s%/(&(#*)#* !a#. &")" la .5(.a a *!a#s/"!)a."!s " al()#*a."!s1 $% p!)(*a l()(*a! la &"!!(#* . /alla, E# al()#*a."!s p!(#&(pals1 .5(." a las .(/(&%l*a.s $% p!s#*a &""!.(#a! &"# l )(s)" *(p" . !la."! # l"s !a)als1 s p"&" %s%al s% apl(&a&(3#, Pa!a "5*#! l a7%s* . l"s !la."!s (#s*a#*#"s1 s %sa# l"s al"!s . &"!*"&(!&%(*" )")#*#" $% s "5*(# . .(&@" s*%.(",

2.3.(. PROTECCION DE SOBRECORRIENTE CON RETARDO DE TIEMPO &(1' Es*a s %#a . las p!"*&&("#s )s &")%#s # l"s )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s1 l )(s)" a7%s* . l"s !la."!s # %# al()#*a."! &"# &a!as .(!sas1 $% p%. (#&l%(!1 .s. l%"1 )"*"!s, D5 s*a! a!!(5a . la &a!a p(&" $% )a#7 l &(!&%(*" 4 #"!)al)#* s l *"*al . la &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% .l )"*"! )a4"!1 )as la s%)a . la &"!!(#* #")(#al . l"s .)s &(!&%(*"s, Es*" s al(." s()p! 4 &%a#." l"s )"*"!s #" a!!a#$%# s()%l*#a)#*, Es* *(p" . !la."!s s %sa *a)5(6# pa!a p!"*! *!a#s/"!)a."!s 41 # s*"s &as"s1 l"s a7%s*s s @a&# &"# l )(s)" *(p" . !&")#.a&("#s,

2


2.3.$. PROTECCION INSTANTANEA DE #ALLA A TIERRA &()G' Es*a p!"*&&(3# s %sa1 p"! l" #!al &"# al*!#a*(a . la p!"*&&(3# . s"5!&"!!(#* . /alla a *(!!a >N, El !la."! >0G s #!(-a p"! la &"!!(#* . %# *!a#s/"!)a."! . &"!!(#* *(p" #*a#a1 a *!a6s .l &%al pasa# l"s *!s &"#.%&*"!s . al()#*a&(3# a %# )"*"!1 p!"p"!&("#a#." . s*a )a#!a al )"*"! %#a p!"*&&(3# s#s(5l a &"!!(#*s . /alla a *(!!a, D5(." a $% la &"!!(#* # las *!s /ass s 5ala#&a.a # l p!()a!(" .l *!a#s/"!)a."! . &"!!(#*1 l !la."! "p!a s"l" &"# &"!!(#*s . /alla a *(!!a, Es* !la."! .5 *#! l a7%s* *a# 5a7" &")" sa p"s(5l, U# !s%)# . las p!"*&&("#s . /&*" *6!)(&" 4 !"*"! 5l"$%a."1 s )%s*!a # la s(%(#* /(%!a:

90


2.3.7. PROTECCION DE #ALLA A TIERRA Es la )(s)a /"!)a $% pa!a la p!"*&&(3# . s"5!&"!!(#* pa!a las /ass1 s apl(&a# l"s !la."!s . s"5!&"!!(#* (#s*a#*#"s pa!a la p!"*&&(3# . /allas a *(!!a, D"#. s"# apl(&a5ls1 l )6*"." !/!#* s l %s" . *!a#s/"!)a."!s . &"!!(#* *(p" a#(ll" DONA1 &"# l"s *!s &"#.%&*"!s . /as .l )"*"! pasa#." a *!a6s .l TC, Es*" p!"p"!&("#a %#a s%)a )a#6*(&a . las *!s &"!!(#*s . /as1 . )a#!a $% la sal(.a s&%#.a!(a al !la."! s la &"!!(#* . s&%#&(a &!" 9I0, La !la&(3# . l"s TC # /"!)a (#.p#.(#* .l *a)a+" .l )"*"! s . >0>1 # *a#*"1 $% l"s TCs %sa."s pa!a la p!"*&&(3# . &"!!(#*s . /as s .5# .*!)(#a! . a&%!." a la p"*#&(a .l )"*"!, La #*a7a . s*a p!"*&&(3# >0G s s% al*a s#s(5(l(.a. &"# %#a 5%#a s%!(.a.1 p!" s*a l()(*a." p"! l *a)a+" .l &"#.%&*"! $% p%. pasa! a *!a6s .l TC *(p" a#(ll" a5(!*", Pa!a )"*"!s !a#.s 4 &al(5!s . &"#.%&*"!s !a#.s1 s %sa &")" al*!#a*(a l !la."! . /alla a *(!!a # l #%*!" >0N, Es* !la."! s .5 a7%s*a! s"5! &%al$%(! al"! K/als" . &"!!(#* !s(.%al $% p%.a !s%l*a! .l &")p"!*a)(#*" .s(%al . l"s TCs, %# a7%s* 5a7" .l TAP .l !la."! >0N4 %# 5%!.# la." . l"s TCs1 a4%.a a !.%&(! la p!"5a5(l(.a. . s*"s !!"!s,

9


92


99


2.3.8. PROTECCION DE BAJO VOLTAJE &27' El 5a7" "l*a7 # %# )"*"! l6&*!(&"1 .a &")" !s%l*a." %#a al*a &"!!(#*  (#&l%s( /allas # l a!!a#$% pa!a al&a#-a! s% l"&(.a. #")(#al1 " 5(#1 p%. "&as("#a! p!.(.a . l"&(.a. 4 sal(.a . s!(&(", P"! s*a !a-3#1 s &"#s(.!a s*a p!"*&&(3#1 $% &"# /!&%#&(a s (#&l%4 &")" pa!* .l a!!a#&a."! .l )"*"!, El !la."! . 5a7" "l*a7 . *()p" (#!s"1 s !&")(#.a pa!a "l*a7s 5a7"s1 p!"l"#a."s1 " &")" p!"*&&(3# . !spal.", •

LOS DIAGRA;AS DE INTERCONE
U# asp&*" ()p"!*a#* a &"#s(.!a! 1 #" s"l" # la p!"*&&(3# . )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s 1 s( #" # *"." *(p" . p!"*&&(3# 1 s $% # la p!a&*(&a 1 l"s l)#*"s $% (#*!(## # la p!"*&&(3#  !la."!s1 (#*!!%p*"!s1 *!a#s/"!)a."!s . ).(&(3#1 *&, 1 *(## %#a %5(&a&(3# /s(&a *al$%1 #"!)al)#* #" s #&%#*!a# &!&a#"s %#"s . "*!"s1 p"! s*a !a-3#1 s #&sa!(" (#*!&"#&*a!l"s, C"#s(.!a#."1 a.)s1 $% l"s (#s*!%)#*"s . p!"*&&(3# !la."!s 4 ).(&(3# a)p!)*!"s1 "l*)*!"s1 *&,1 s #&%#*!a# #"!)al)#* # *a5l!"s1 s #&sa!(" (#*!&"#&*a! s*"s l)#*"s #*! s( pa!a s*"1 s pa!* .l .(a!a)a %#(/(&a! .l s(s*)a1 s la5"!a %# .(a!a)a *!(/(la! # ."#. s !p!s#* las &")p"##*s1 s s*a5l& %# &3.(" . (.#*(/(&a&(3# . *!)(#als #*! l"s l)#*"s a (#*!&"#&*a!1 . )a#!a $% (s*a &"!!sp"#.#&(a #*! ll"s, La as(#a&(3# . s* &3.(" 4 la )a#!a . (#*!&"#&*a! l"s l)#*"s1 "5.& a !las #"!)a*(as 4 &"##&("#als1 4 # la a&*%al(.a. s p%. @a&! a 5as . !&%!s"s .((*als &")p%*a."!as " s*a&("#s . *!a5a7",

9


9>


9?


9


98


2.".

APLICACIONES

2.".1. EJEMPLO 1. D*!)(#a! l"s a7%s*s .l !la."! pa!a p!"p"!&("#a! p!"*&&(3# &"#*!a !"*"! 5l"$%a."1 s"5!&a!a 4 s"5! &"!!(#* pa!a %# )"*"! . (#.%&&(3# $% *(# l"s .a*"s s(%(#*s: ?000 Hp1 ?,? V1 200 RP; Fa&*"! . s!(&(",0

T()p" pa!a #&! l s*a." . !p"s" a!!a#$%29 s%#."s, ;()" *()p" . a&l!a&(3#> s, El !la."! $% s .5 %sa! *(# la &a!a&*!s*(&a . *()p" (#!s" 4 s% &%!a s (#.(&a a &"#*(#%a&(3#, La %#(.a. (#s*a#*#a s a7%s*a # /"!)a &"#*(#%a . ? a >0 A 4 l"s *aps # la %#(.a. . s"5! &"!!(#* s"#: 2,>1 2,81 9,01 9,>1 ,01 ,>1 >,>1 ?,01 ?,>1 ?,>1 4 ,0, L"s a7%s*s . *()p" 4 las p"!&("#s (#s*a#*#as .l !la."! s"# (#.p#.(#*s, La !la&(3# . l"s T& s RTC800>,

S4;05: 

Pa!a l a7%s* . la %#(.a. . s"5!&"!!(#* &"# !*!as" . *()p" >,

Pa!a l /a&*"! . s!(&(" Fs,01 l a7%s* s p%. *")a! )#"! " (%al al >M la &"!!(#* . pl#a &a!a,

La !la&(3# . *!a#s/"!)a&(3# pa!a l"s *!a#s/"!)a."!s . &"!!(#* $% al()#*a# al !la."!:

9


P"! l" *a#*"1 l a7%s* p(& %p s:

S p%. *")a!:

Pa!a #&"#*!a! l a7%s* . la pala#&a . *()p" TD s p!"&. &")" s(%:

A@"!a s *!a-a la &%!a . la &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% # la )(s)a &%!a l"a!*)(&a pa!a l !la."!,

P"! l" *a#*" l a7%s* . *()p" s: TD>, 

Pa!a l a7%s* . la %#(.a. . s"5!&"!!(#* &"# .(spa!" (#s*a#*#"1 s s*a5l& l s(%(#* &!(*!(":

S( s sl&&("#a 000 A:

O *a)5(6#:

0





2.".2. EJEMPLO 2. D*!)(#a! l"s a7%s*s .l !la."! pa!a p!"p"!&("#a! p!"*&&(3# &"#*!a !"*"! 5l"$%a."1 s"5!&a!a 4 s"5! &"!!(#* pa!a %# )"*"! . (#.%&&(3# $% *(# l"s .a*"s s(%(#*s: ?000 Hp1 ,0 V1 200 RP; Fa&*"! . s!(&(",>

T()p" pa!a #&! l s*a." . !p"s" a!!a#$%20 s%#."s, ;()" *()p" . a&l!a&(3# s, S %sa!a %# !la."! . s"5! &"!!(#* &"# &a!a&*!s*(&a . *()p" la!" (#!s" 4 s% &%!a s (#.(&a a &"#*(#%a&(3#, La %#(.a. (#s*a#*#a s a7%s*a # /"!)a &"#*(#%a . ? a >0 A 4 la %#(.a. . *()p"s"5!&"!!(#*1 *(# l"s s(%(#*s *aps .(sp"#(5ls: 2,>1 2,81 9,01 9,>1 ,01 ,>1 >,01 >,>1 ?,01 ?,>1 ?,>1 4 ,0 A)p!s, La !la&(3# *!a#s/"!)a&(3# . l"s *Cs s RTC200>,

S4;05: 

Pa!a l a7%s* . la %#(.a. . s"5! &"!!(#* &"# !*!as" . *()p",

Pa!a %# /a&*"! . s!(&(" Fs,> S p%. *")a!:

La &"!!(#* # l s&%#.a!(" s:

2


S sl&&("#a l TAP . a7%s*:

La &"!!(#* s&%#.a!(a a !"*"! 5l"$%a.":

C")" )'l*(pl"s .l TAP .  A:

C"#s(.!a#." l *()p" )()" . a&l!a&(3#  s, Y l *()p" . a!!a#$% 20 s, P"! l" *a#*" l a7%s* . *()p" s: TD, 

A7%s* . la %#(.a. . s"5!&"!!(#* &"# .(spa!" (#s*a#*#"

S p%. sl&&("#a! &")" al"! 0>00, E# l la." s&%#.a!(" . l"s TCs,

O *a)5(6#:

9





2.".3. EJEMPLO 3.9 Da! l"s a7%s*s . las p!"*&&("#s pa!a l )"*"! . (#.%&&(3# . %# )"*"! . la 5")5a . a%a . al()#*a&(3# # %#a &#*!al *!)"l6&*!(&a, El )"*"! *!(/s(&" *(# las s(%(#*s &a!a&*!s*(&as: 

T#s(3# #")(#al

V#?,?V



C"!!(#* #")(#al

I#> A



C"!!(#* a !"*"! 5l"$%a."



P"*#&(a #")(#al



T()p" . a&l!a&(3# .l )"*"!



Fa&*"! . p"*#&(a

C"s0,8



Fa&*"! . s!(&("

Fs,0

I!52>2> A P#?>00 HP 9s,

S4;05: Las p!"*&&("#s !&")#.a.as pa!a s* *(p" . )"*"!s # s*as &apa&(.a.s1 s"# p!(#&(pal)#* las s(%(#*s: 

> S"5!&"!!(#* &"# !*a!." . *()p"1 &"# !la."!s . s"5!&"!!(#*s . *()p" (#!s",



>0 S"5!&"!!(#* (#s*a#*#",



>0? S"5!&"!!(#* . /alla a *(!!a &"# "p!a&(3# (#s*a#*#a,



 S"5!&a!a,

>


L"s !la."!s sl&&("#a."s pa!a l s$%)a . p!"*&&(3#1 *(## las s(%(#*s &a!a&*!s*(&as: 

>0 S"5!&"!!(#* (#s*a#*#"1 )a!&a Ws*(#@"%s1 !a#" 2080 A1 *(p"s: SC,



> S"5!&"!!(#* &"# !*a!." . *()p"1 )a!&a Ws*(#@"%s1 *(p"s: CO>1 !a#" 2 A,



>0? S"5!&"!!(#* (#s*a#*#a . /alla a *(!!a1 )a!&a Ws*(#@"%s1 *(p"s: TH1 !a#" 0,>,0 A,



 S"5!&a!a )a!&a Ws*(#@"%s1 *(p"s: DT91 !a#" >00XC,

L"s a7%s*s . l"s !la."!s s @a&# a pa!*(! . l"s s(%(#*s &!(*!("s #!als:

S4<6-0466-5=- 5>=/5=?5-4 &()'. La &"!!(#* . a!!a#$%

?


D a&%!." a la !la&(3# . *!a#s/"!)a&(3#:

La &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% # l s&%#.a!(",

S .a l a7%s* al !la."! . 92 A,

C"# s* al"! . a7%s*1 la &"!!(#* !al . a!!a#$% .l !la."! s:

S4<6-0466-5=- 045 6-=/6,4 &(1'. La &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% El a7%s* .l *()p" pa!a s* !la."! s *")a &")":

E @/6-5 5-646:

El al"! . s*a &"!!(#* # l s&%#.a!(" .l TC:

E @/6-5 >;-646:

El al"! . s*a &"!!(#* # l s&%#.a!(" .l TC:




S p%. a7%s*a! l *ap a %# al"! .:

C"# s* al"! . *ap1 l al"! . la &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% .l !la."! s:

S "5s!a $% l !la."! s #&%#*!a .#*!" . l"s l)(*s /(7a."s, Pa!a l a7%s* .l *()p"1 l (#s*!%&*(" . s* *(p" . !la."! (#.(&a $% l )'l*(pl" .l TAP s &al&%la &")":

El *()p" .l !la."! s:

E#*!a#." a la &%!a &a!a&*!s*(&a .l !la."! CO>5 &"# ; 4 T9 s #&%#*!a $% la pala#&a

,

A;>=- ,- 6--/,46 ()G El a7%s* . s* !la."!1 s @a& &"#s(.!a#." %# .s5ala#& . &"!!(#* #")(#al .l )"*"!:

E# l la." s&%#.a!(" .l *!a#s/"!)a."! . &"!!(#*:

S *")a l *ap )#()" .l !la."! $% s 0,>,

8


9




CAPITULO III 3.1.

INSTALCION % PROTECCION DE MOTORES EN BAJA TENSION

La (.a . la p!"*&&(3# . l"s )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s1 s 5asa # l &"#&p*" #!al . $% las p!"p(.a.s . l"s )a*!(als a(sla#*s s # a/&*a.as p"! s/%!-"s .(l6&*!(&"s1 )&#(&"s 4 *6!)(&"s a $% s # s")*(."s1 as &")" p"! la (#/l%#&(a .l ).(" a)5(#* # $% s #&%#*!a# (#s*ala."s1 p"! 7)pl"1 l p"l"1 la @%).a.1 p!".%&*"s $%)(&"s1 *&, La (.a . %# a(sla)(#*" .*!)(#a # &(!*a ).(.a1 la (.a . %#a )a$%(#a l6&*!(&a 4 l /&*" *6!)(&" p!".%&(." p"! s"5!&a!as " p"! &"!!(#*s . &"!*"&(!&%(*"s1 !p!s#*a %# /a&*"! ()p"!*a#*1 !a-3# p"! la &%al s .5 .a! la .5(.a ()p"!*a#&(a ala p!"*&&(3# . l"s )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s 4 al "s l)#*"s &")pl)#*a!("s pa!a s% (#s*ala&(3#, Al%#as . las &a%sas )s ()p"!*a#*s . s"5!&a!as *6!)(&as1 p%.# s! las s(%(#*s: •

&a!a &"# %# pa! . a!!a#$% al*" " la." # s!(&(" &"#*(#%",

•

T()p" !la*(" . &"#(3# )%4 la!"

•

E!!"!s . &"#(3#

•

Fallas # l s(s*)a . #/!(a)(#*"

•

Va!(a&(3# . /!&%#&(a # la !. . al()#*a&(3#

•

As()*!a . las /ass

3.2.

ELEMENTOS DE INSTALCION ELECTRICA PARA MOTORES

La (#s*ala&(3# l6&*!(&a pa!a )"*"!s1 s .5 @a&! s()p! . a&%!." &"# las .(sp"s(&("#s . las KN"!)as T6&#(&as Pa!a I#s*ala&("#s El6&*!(&as1 $% s !/(!# #" s"l" a la (#s*ala&(3# )(s)a . l"s )"*"!s1 s( #" *a)5(6# a "s !$%(s(*"s $% .5 ll#a! l"s l)#*"s $% la &"#/"!)a#,

>0


E# la /(%!a s(%(#*1 s )%s*!a l"s l)#*"s p!(#&(pals . la (#s*ala&(3# l6&*!(&a . %#" " a!("s )"*"!s,

Pa!a l &l&%l" . l"s .(s*(#*"s l)#*"s . la (#s*ala&(3# l6&*!(&a . %# )"*"!1 s pa!* . %# .a*" 5s(&" $% s:

3.2.1.

LA CORRIENTE DE PLENA CARGA: s la &"!!(#* $% *")a "

&"#s%) %# )"*"!1 &%a#." .sa!!"lla s% p"*#&(a #")(#al 4 s (#.(&a p"! l" #!al # s% pla&a . &a!a&*!s*(&as, L"s al"!s . &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a pa!a )"*"!s )"#"/s(&"s 4 *!(/s(&"s1 s .a# p"! l" #!al # *a5las1 pa!a l"s /(#s . &l&%l" . las (#s*ala&("#s l6&*!(&as,

D la /(%!a a#*!("!:

3.2.2. ALIMENTADDOR &A': El &al(5! .l al()#*a."! pa!a ."s " )s )"*"!s1 s &al&%la p"! la s(%(#* &"!!(#*:

>


I = G,2> xI PC C motormayor D

+ ΣI PC C otrosmotor es D

D"#.: I PC

 &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a

3.2. 3.2.3. 3. PROT PROTEC ECCI CION ON DEL DEL ALIME LIMENT NTA ADO DOR R &B': &B': La p!"* p!"*& &&( &(3# 3# . al()#*a."!1 4a sa p"! ).(" . /%s(5ls1 (#*!!%p*"!s a%*")*(&"s *!)" )a#6*(&"s " l&*!")a#6*(&"s " &%al$%(! "*!" *(p" . (#*!!%p*"!s1 s .5 &al&%la! pa!a %#a &"!!(#* $% *") # &"#s(.!a&(3# la &"!!(#* )()a .l )"*"! )a4"! )as la s%)a . las &"!!(#*s a pl#a &a!a . l"s "*!"s )"*"!s &"#&*a."s al )(s)" &(!&%(*"1 s .&(!: I = I arranque )aB , C motormayor D + Σ I PC Cotrosmotor esD

La &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% s la $% *")a %# )"*"! 7%s*a)#* .%!a#* l p!("." . a!!a#$%1 4 s &"#s(.!a5l)#* )a4"! $% s% &"!!(#* #")(#al1 &%a#." l )"*"! @a al&a#-a." s% l"&(.a. #"!)al, Es*" s(#(/(&a $% l"s &"#.%&*"!s $% al()#*a# a l"s )"*"!s1 .5# s*a! s"5!p!"*(."s &"# %# l)#*" &"#*!a s"5!&a!a1 &"# %#a &apa&(.a. s%/(&(#*)#* !a#. &")" pa!a s"p"!*a! la &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% p"! %# *()p" &"!*", La &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% . %# )"*"!1 .p#. p!(#&(pal)#* . s% !a&*a#&(a1 4 s .s(#a # al%#"s )"*"!s p"! al%#a l*!a1 &"!!sp"#.(#." las p!()!as l*!as .l a5&.a!(" a l"s )"*"!s . al*a !a&*a#&(a 4 las %l*()as a )"*"!s . 5a7a !a&*a#&(a, Es*as &a#*(.a.s s p!sa# &")" VA VAHp a !"*"! /!#a." 4 s .a# &")" la &"!!(#* #")(#al1 *a)5(6# # *a5las, C%a#." s *(## )"*"!s . l"s l"s $% $% #" s &"#" &"#"-& -&aa la l*!a l*!a . &3.( &3.(" "11 la &apa &apa&( &(.a .a.. .l .l l) l)# #*" *" . p!"*&&(3#1 s &al&%la @a&(#." %s" . la &"!!(#* . a!!a#$%1 . a&%!." a la *a5la s(%(#*:

>2


>9


3.2.". 3.2.". PROTECCI PROTECCION ON DEL CIRCUITO CIRCUITO DERIV DERIVA ADO &C': Es*a p!"*&&(3# s p%. @a&! # l"s &as"s )as s()pls p"! ).(" . /%s(5ls1 " 5(#1 p"! ).(" . (#*!!%p*"!s a%*")*(&"s *!)" )a#6*(&"s1 p"! 7)pl", Es*a p!"*&&(3# *(# &")" "57*(" p!"*! a l"s &"#.%&*"!s .l &(!&%(*" .!(a." &"#*!a &"!*"&(!&%(*" 4 .5 *#! %#a &apa&(.a. *al1 $% p!)(*a l a!!a#$% .l )"*"!1 s(# $% s .s&"#&* a5!a l &(!&%(*", S &al&%la1 . a&%!." &"# la *a5la s(%(#*:

>


PROTECCION DEL MOTOR CONTRA SOBRECORRIENTES C"# l /(# . p!"*! l )"*"! 4 l &(!&%(*" .!(a."1 s !$%(!: , p!"* p!"*& &&( &(3# 3# *6!) *6!)(& (&aa . s"5! s"5!& &a! a!a a11 p!"* p!"* ( (#. #."" l )"*" )"*"!! &"#* &"#*!a !a .a+" .a+"ss p"! p"! s"5!&al#*a)(#*", La p!"*&&(3# .5! s! a7%s*a.a ala &"!!(#* #")(#al .l )"*"!, S @a& #"!)al)#* p"! ).(" . l)#*"s 5()*al(*"s a.4a&#*s al a!!a#&a."!, 2,

/%s( /%s(55ls ls p!" p!"* *(# (#." la l(# l(#aa 4 l )"* )"*""! &"# &"#*! *!aa &"! &"!*" *"&&(!& (!&%(*" %(*",, L"s L"s /%s( /%s(55ls ls s l(# .p#.(#." la &"!!(#* #")(#al .l )"*"!1 s'# la *a5la a#*!("!

3.2.(. 3.2.(. CIRCUI CIRCUITO TO DERIV DERIVA ADO &D': A l"s &"#.%&*"!s &"#.%&*"!s $% &"#&*a# l )"*"! )"*"! &"# l *a5l!" . .(s*!(5%&(3# " &"# l al()#*a."!1 s ls .#")(#a Kl &(!&%(*" .!(a." .l )"*"!, A s*"s &"#.%&*"!s1 pa!a s% &l&%l"1 s ls &"#s(.!a %#a s"5!&a!a s"5!&a!a .l 2>M1 s .&(!1 pa!a s% &l&%l" s &"#s(.!a la s(%(#* p!s(3#: I  ,2> 

I PC

>>


3.2.$. DESCONECTADOR &E': l p!"p3s(*" .l .s&"#&*a."!1 s a(sla! l )"*"! ).(a#* %# &"#*!"l .l &(!&%(*" .!(a."1 pa!a $%1 # &as" #&sa!(" s p%.a# @a&! *!a5a7"s . )a#*#()(#*" " a7%s*s # l )"*"!1 s(# #(#%#" pl(!" pa!a la p!s"#a $% l"s /&*%6, El .s&"#&*a."!1 s 5s(&a)#* %# (#*!!%p*"! . #aa7as $% .5 *#! %#a &apa&(.a. )#()a .a.a p"! la &"!!(#*: I  ,> 

I PC

3.2.7. PROTECCION DEL MOTOR &#': s*a p!"*&&(3#1 s &"#*!a %#a s"5!&a!a pa!a (*a! $% l )"*"! s s"5!&al(#*1 pa!a l" &%al s &al&%la pa!a %# al"! )()" p!)(s(5l .l 2>M, Es .&(!1 l l)#*" . p!"*&&(3# s &al&%la pa!a %#a &"!!(#*: I  ,2> 

I PC

P"! l" #!al1 s* l)#*" s #&%#*!a .#*!" .l &"#*!"l .l )"*"!1 /"!)a#." pa!* .l )(s)",

3.2.8. CONTROL DEL MOTOR &G': # l &"#&p*" l)#*al1 s* &"#*!"l s !/(! al .(sp"s(*(" $% p!)(* a!!a#&a!1 p"#! # "p!a&(3# 4 pa!a %# )"*"!, S'# l *a)a+" 4 l *(p" .l )"*"!1 s* .(sp"s(*(" p%. s! %# s()pl (#*!!%p*"! . #aa7as1 " 5(#1 %# .s&"#&*a."! )a#%al " a%*")*(&"1 " # "&as("#s1 "*!"s l)#*"s a.(&("#als pa!a a!!a#&a! a "l*a7 !.%&(." " &"# !s(s*#&(as # l !"*"!1 &")" s l &as" . l"s !"*"!s &"# !"*"! .a#a."1 *&,

3.2.!. CONTROL SECUNDARIO &H': &%a#." s *(# )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s &"# !"*"! .a#a."1 s% &"#*!"l s /&*'a ).(a#* %# !3s*a*" $% s &"#&*a al .a#a." .l !"*"! ).(a#* l"s a#(ll"s !"-a#*s, El p!"&.()(#*" &"#s(s* # a!!a#&a! l )"*"! &"# *".a la !s(s*#&(a a.#*!" # s!(1 .(s)(#%46#."la !a.%al)#* @as*a $% s a.$%(!a la l"&(.a. #"!)al1 &"# s*" s l"!a $% la &"!!(#* .%!a#* l a!!a#$% sa !la*(a)#* 5a7a,

>?


3.2.1). ESTACION DE BOTONES PARA CONTROL REMOTO &J': C%a#." l"s )"*"!s s*# &"#*!"la."s p"! ).(" . .(sp"s(*("s l&*!")a#6*(&"s " *!)" )a#6*(&"s1 s p%. a&&("#a! la "p!a&(3# . a!!a#$% " pa!" p"! ).(" . s*a&(3# . )"*"!s $% #"!)al)#* #" s #&%#*!a# &!&a#a al )"*"!1 . a$% $% s l .#")(#a &"#*!"l !)"*",

3.3.

LA CORRIENTE NOMINAL DE LOSMOTORES DE INDUCCION

C")" 4a )#&("#a)"s a#*!("!)#*1 s* al"! !p!s#*a la &"!!(#* $% .)a#.a %# )"*"! . s% /%#* . al()#*a&(3# &%a#." .sa!!"lla s% p"*#&(a #")(#al, D5(." a $% las p"*#&(as . l"s )"*"!s p!sa.as # W " Hp s #&%#*!a# #"!)al(-a.as1 . a&%!." al #%)!" . /ass 4 "l*a7 . al()#*a&(3#1 4 &"#s(.!a#." *a)5(6# $% pa!a las l"&(.a.s . "p!a&(3# )as &")%#s ala /!&%#&(a . al()#*a&(3# pa!a %# #%)!" . p"l"s .a."1 s*"s al"!s s #&%#*!a# .#*!" . !a#"s *p(&"s $% apa!&# # las #"!)as *6&#(&as pa!a (#s*ala&("#s l6&*!(&as # l"s &a*l""s . l"s /a5!(&a#*s . )"*"!s 4 $%(p" . &"#*!"l1 # !las . &al&%l" .(s+a.as  p!"/s"1 *&,1 ->=4> /46-> >45 4> ;- >- ;>/5 /6/ - 0/0;4 ,- /> 04@45-5=-> ,- ;5/

5>=//05 -0=60/. C%a#." s !$%(! &"#"&! la )()a 4 )#()a &"!!(#* . a!!a#$%1 #*"#&s s p"s(5l @a&! %s" . la (#/"!)a&(3# !la&("#a.a &"# las l*!as . &3.(", Es &")'# $% las l*!as . &3.(" s p!s# # %#(.a.s . (l""l*a)p!s&a5all" . p"*#&(a VAHp, E# &"#s&%#&(a1 s( la p"*#&(a . %# )"*"! s HP 4 s% l*!a . &3.(" s l . l"s .a*"s . pla&a,1 s p%.# &al&%la! # /"!)a )%4 s#&(lla l"s VA . a!!a#$% 4 la &"!!(#* )()a a!!a#$%, Pa!a %# )"*"! *!(/s(&"1 la p"*#&(a apa!#* s VA s: VA  ,9 Vl Il, D"#.: VA  p"*#&(a # "l*ap!s Vl  "l*a7 . /as a /as # "l*s

>


Il  &"!!(#* . l#a # a)p!s Pa!a l p!"p3s(*" .l &l&%l" . la &apa&(.a. " *(p" . l"s .(sp"s(*("s . p!"*&&(3#1 &")" s(%: •

)s .  HP,

•

 HP " )#"s &"# a!!a#$% )a#%al

•

 HP " )#"s &"# a!!a#$% a%*")*(&"

3.3.1. EJEMPLO 1.9 Cal&%la! pa!a %# )"*"! *!(/s(&" . (#.%&&(3# . >HP1 ?0H-1 220 "l*s &"# l*!a . &3.(" H, a La )#()a 4 )()a &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% p"s(5l, 5 La &"!!(#* #"!)al . "p!a&(3# a pl#a &a!a, & La )()a &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% &")" %#a !la&(3# . la &"!!(#* #")(#al,

S4;05: a D *a5las pa!a la l*!a . &3.(" H l )"*"! *(# . ?,9 a ,0 VAHP p"! l" *a#*":

L"s VA )#()"s $% .)a#.a# s"#:

L"s VA )()"s $% .)a#.a:

C")" s *!a*a . %# )"*"! *!(/s(&" #*"#&s s% p"*#&(a s p%. p!sa! &")":

>8


D ."#.1 pa!a l &as" . la )#()a &"!!(#* . l#a:

5 La &"!!(#* #"!)al . "p!a&(3# " pl#a &a!a1 s "5*(# . la *a5la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a . )"*"!s, D )a#!a $%1 pa!a >HP a 220 "l*s1 la &"!!(#* s > A, & La )()a &"!!(#* . a!!a#$%1 &")" %#a !la&(3# . la &"!!(#* #")(#a1 s:



Es .&(! s ap!"()a.a)#* ?,2 &s )a4"! $% la &"!!(#* . "p!a&(3#,

3.3.2.

EJEMPLO 2.9

Cal&%la! las &a!a&*!s*(&as p!(#&(pals pa!a l"s al()#*a."!s . l"s )"*"!s *!(/s(&"s . (#.%&&(3# a ?0H-1 &%4"s .a*"s p!(#&(pals s .a# a &"#*(#%a&(3#: a ;"*"! . >HP1 220 V"l*s &"# l*!a . &3.(" A 4 &"!!(#* #")(#al . >, 7a%la . a!.(lla, 5 ;"*"! . 2>HP1 0 V"l*s &"# %#a &"!!(#* #")(#al . 9? a)p!s, & ;"*"! . 90HP1 0 V"l*s, El )"*"! *(# l !"*"! .5a#a.a.", . ;"*"! . >0HP1 0 V"l*s 7a%la . a!.(lla &"# &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a . ?8 A,

S4;05: Pa!a l )"*"! . 7a%la . a!.(lla . >HP1 220 "l*s &"# l*!a . &3.(" A al &(!&%(*" .!(a." s p%. p!"*! p"! ).(" . %# (#*!!%p*"! *!)" )a#6*(&" . ,><>,29,8> a)p!s1 .5(." al 5a7" al"! $% .a s% l*!a . &3.(" a !"*"! 5l"$%a.", El )()" a7%s* .l .(sp"s(*(" . s"5!&a!a l)#*" *6!)(&" s:

>


Pa!a l )"*"! . 2>HP a 0 "l*s1 &")" #" s .a# .a*"s . l*!a . &3.("1 s p%. s%p"#! %# /a&*"! . s!(&(" . ,21 &"# l" $% l l)#*" . p!"*&&(3# &"#*!a s"5!&a!a s p%. a7%s*a! a %# al"!:

S p%. %sa! %# /%s(5l . *()p" #" !*a!.a." pa!a p!"*! l &(!&%(*" 4 &%4" al"! s:

Pa!a l )"*"! . 90HP a 0 "l*s1 &"# %#a la&(3# )()a . *)p!a*%!a . 0C &"# !"*"! .a#a."1 s @a&# las s(%(#*s &"#s(.!a&("#s: D5(." a $% l )"*"! *(# !"*"! .a#a."1 s %sa /%s(5l . *()p" #" !*a!.a." &")" .(sp"s(*(" . p!"*&&(3# .l &(!&%(*" .!(a."1 l al"! . s* .(sp"s(*(" #" s p%. a7%s*a! a )as . >0M . la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a1 $% s* &as" . *a5las s sa5 s: 2 a)p!s1 s .&(!1 $% l >0M s #*"#&s:

E# s* &as" p!"5a5l)#* sa !&")#.a.a l %sa! %# a!!a#&a."! . 90HP &"# ).(" . &"#(3#, E# l &as" .l )"*"! . >0HP a 0 "l*s s *!a*a . %# )"*"! . 7a%la . a!.(lla, D *a5las1 la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a s ?8 a)p!s1 s .5 %sa! %# a!!a#&a."! . >0HP 4 l .(sp"s(*(" . p!"*&&(3# #" s .5 a7%s*a! a %# al"! )a4"! .:

U5 6->;@-5 ,- 4> 0?0;4> 5-0->/64> /6/ 4> /@-5=/,46-> ,- ->=- 6;4 ,@4=46->F >- ,/ / 045=5;/05 -5 / =/</ ;- >- 5,0/. 3.3.3. EJEMPLO 3.9

?0


S *(# %# )"*"! *!(/s(&" . (#.%&&(3# . >HP1 220 "l*s1 &"# l*!a . &3.(" H1 s .sa &al&%la!: a La &apa&(.a. )()a . %# /%s(5l . *()p" !*a!.a." pa!a la p!"*&&(3# .l &(!&%(*" .!(a.", 5 La &apa&(.a. )()a $% *#.!a %# (#*!!%p*"! *!)" )a#6*(&" . *()p" pa!a p!"*! l &(!&%(*" .!(a.",

S4;05: a La &"!!(#* )()a . %# /%s(5l a pl#a &a!a s &al&%l3 # l 7)pl"  . a&%!." &"# la l*!a . &3.(" H1 l"s VA a !"*"! 5l"$%a." a!a# . ?,9 a ,0 VAHP1 *")a#." l al"! )()",

La &"!!(#* )()a &"!!sp"#.(#* a s*a p"*#&(a s:

D la *a5la . &apa&(.a. )()a " a7%s* . l"s .(sp"s(*("s . p!"*&&(3#1 pa!a l*!a . &3.(" H 4 &"!!(#* #")(#al . > A . *a5la pa!a %s" . /%s(5l &"# *()p" !*a!.a." la &apa&(.a. )()a s >M . la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a1 s .&(!:

El /%s(5l !&")#.a." #*"#&s s . 90 A, 5 S( s %sa (#*!!%p*"! *!)" )a#6*(&"1 la &apa&(.a. )()a . la *a5la &"!!sp"#.(#* s . 2>0M . la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a1 s .&(!:

P"! l" *a#*" s p%. %sa! %# (#*!!%p*"! . 0 A,

3.".

CALCULO DE ALIMENTADORES PARA MOTORES

?


E# l .(a!a)a &"!!sp"#.(#* al &l&%l" . l"s &(!&%(*" .!(a."s1 l al()#*a."! al()#*a al &(!&%(*" .!(a." .l )"*"! 4 s p!"* p"! spa!a."1 . )a#!a $% pa!a (#&l%(! al al()#*a."! s .5 %sa! l .(a!a)a $% s )%s*!a a &"#*(#%a&(3#:

A  &"#.%&*"!s .l &(!&%(*" .!(a." .l )"*"! B  ).(" . .s&"#(3# .l )"*"! C  p!"*&&(3# .l &(!&%(*" .!(a." D  &"#*!"l .l )"*"! 4 p!"*&&(3# . "p!a&(3# E  &"#.%&*"!s .l al()#*a."! F  l)#*"s . p!"*&&(3# .l al()#*a."!

3.(.

CALCULO DE LAS COMPONENETES DEL ALIEMNATDOR

?2


El )6*"." . &l&%l" . las &")p"##*s .l al()#*a."!1 s . @&@" l )(s)" %sa." pa!a &al&%la! las &")p"##*s .l &(!&%(*" .!(a." .l )"*"!, 9,>,,

La &apa&(.a. . &"#.%&&(3# . &"!!(#* a)pa&(.a. . l"s &"#.%&*"!s .l al()#*a."! E s &al&%la &"# ,2> &s la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a .l )"*"! . )a4"! &apa&(.a. )as la s%)a . las &"!!(#*s a pl#a &a!a . l"s )"*"!s !s*a#*s, Ca!as a.(&("#als % "*!"s )"*"!s s a!a# a s*a s%)a # /"!)a .(!&*a, I A

9,>,2,

=

G,2> I PC M ,mayor + I PCotrosmot ores

+

I otrasc a! as

El .(sp"s(*(" . p!"*&&(3# .l al()#*a."! F pa!a p!"*!l" &"#*!a &"!*"&(!&%(*" 4 /allas a *(!!a1 s &al&%la a!a#." la s%)a . las &a!as a.(&("#als ala &"!!(#* )()a pa!a l .(sp"s(*(" . p!"*&&(3# .l )"*"! &"#*!a &"!*"&(!&%(*" a /alla a *(!!a1 $% s "5*(# . la *a5la &"!!sp"#.(#* pa!a l )"*"! )a4"!,

9,>,9,

C%a#." s &"#s(.!a# &a!as a.(&("#als pa!a l /%*%!"1 s (#&l%4 # l"s &l&%l"s pa!a .*!)(#a! la &apa&(.a. ap!"p(a.a . l"s al()#*a."!s 4 l"s .(sp"s(*("s . p!"*&&(3#, El &(!&%(*" al()#*a."! $% al()#*a la p"*#&(a .s. l s!(&(" @as*a l &(!&%(*" .!(a." . %# )"*"!1 s p%. !al(-a! # .(s*(#*as /"!)as1 l .(s+" .5 sl&&("#a! l a!!l" $% s !al(& )s /&(l1 al%a#." al%#as &"#s(.!a&("#s &")" l &"s*"1 "l*a7 . al()#*a&(3#1 .(sp"#(5(l(.a. . spa&("1 /"!)a . &"#*!"l . l"s )"*"!s1 *&,

3.$.

APLICACIONES. 3.$.1.

EJEMPLO "

S *(## ."s )"*"!s . (#.%&&(3# . > 4 0 HP $% s al()#*a# . %# &(!&%(*" )"#"/s(&" a 2 "l*s, S( s a# a p!"*! p"! ).(" . /%s(5ls . *()p" #" !*a!.a."1 &al&%la! las &a!a&*!s*(&as p!(#&(pals pa!a l al()#*a."!,

?9


S4;05:

Pa!a &al&%la! la &apa&(.a. . &"!!(#* .l &"#.%&*"!1 s .a# l"s al"!s . &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a pa!a s*"s )"*"!s .a*"s . *a5la, Pa!a l )"*"! )"#"/s(&" . > HP a 2 "l*s,

Pa!a l )"*"! . 0 HP a 2 "l*s,

La &"!!(#* pa!a &al&%la! l &al(5! .l &"#.%&*"!1 s p%.# %sa! 2 &"#.%&*"!s N 90 *(p" TW # *%5" &"#.%l* . > )) . .()*!",

3.$.2. EJEMPLO (.9 Cal&%la! las &a!a&*!s*(&as p!(#&(pals . l"s &(!&%(*"s .!(a."s 4 l al()#*a."! pa!a %# &#*!" . &"#*!"l . )"*"!s $% al()#*a!a l"s )"*"!s: 

 ;"*"! *!(/s(&" . (#.%&&(3# 2>HP a 220 "l*s1 *(p" 7a%la . a!.(lla &"# l*!a . &3.(" G,



 ;"*"! *!(/s(&" . (#.%&&(3# . 20 HP a 220 "l*s1 *(p" 7a%la . a!.(lla &"# l*!a . &3.(" C,

S &"#s(.!a $% s %sa!a# (#*!!%p*"!s *!)" )a#6*(&"1 l)#*"s *6!)(&"s 4 &"#.%&*"!s TWH, S s%p"# *a)5(6# $% s *!a*a . )"*"!s s*#.a! &"# %#a la&(3# . *)p!a*%!a #" )a4"! . 0 C, D*!)(#a!: a La p!"*&&(3# .l al()#*a."!, 5 El &"#.%&*"! .l al()#*a."!, & La p!"*&&(3# .l &(!&%(*" .!(a." . &a.a )"*"!,

?


. El &"#.%&*"! .l &(!&%(*" .!(a." . &a.a )"*"!,  L"s l)#*"s *6!)(&"s . &a.a )"*"!, / Las &apa&(.a.s . l"s ).("s . .s&"#(3# . &a.a )"*"!,

S4;05: a Pa!a %# ;"*"! . 2>HP a 220 "l*s la &"!!(#* #")(#al s .  a)p!s pa!a )"*"!s . (#.%&&(3# &"# l*!a . &3.(" G 4 &"/(&(#* . pl#a &a!a )a4"! . 90 A1 s p%. %sa! %# /a&*"! . 2,> &s la &"!!(#* #")(#al a pl#a &a!a p"! l" $% la p!"*&&(3# .l al()#*a."! s &al&%la &")":

Pa!a l )"*"! . 20 HP a 220 "l*s . &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a,

P"! l" *a#*"1 la p!"*&&(3# .l al()#*a."! s &al&%la &")":

Es .&(!1 $% s p%. %sa! %# (#*!!%p*"! *!)" )a#6*(&" . 22> A, 5 Cal(5! .l &"#.%&*"! .l al()#*a."!,

La &apa&(.a. . &"#.%&&(3# . &"!!(#* .l al()#*a."! s:

, Pa!a &"#.%&*"! TWH1 . *a5la 2,? pa!a  a 9 &"#.%&*"!s # *%5" &"#.%l*1 s !$%(!# 9 &"#.%&*"!s N 20 AWG, & P!"*&&(3# .l &(!&%(*" .!(a." . &a.a )"*"!:

?>




Pa!a l )"*"! . 2> HP a 220 "l*s &"# s p%. %sa! %# /a&*"! .

4 l*!a . &3.(" G

s .&(!:

P"! l" $% s p%. )pla! (#*!!%p*"! *!)")a#6*(&" . > A, 

Pa!a l )"*"! . 20HP a 220 "l*s &"# s p%. %sa! %# /a&*"! .

4 l*!a . &3.(" C1

1 p"! l" $%:

S p%. )pla! %# (#*!!%p*"! *!)" )a#6*(&" . 0 a)p!s, . C"#.%&*"!s . l"s &(!&%(*"s .!(a."s,



Pa!a l )"*"! . 2> HP,

C"# &"#.%&*"! TWH  a 9 &"#.%&*"!s # *%5" &"#.%l* s !$%(!# 9 &"#.%&*"!s N 2AWG,



Pa!a l )"*"! . 20 HP,

C"# &"#.%&*"! TWH  a 9 &"#.%&*"!s # *%5" &"#.%l* s !$%(!# 9 &"#.%&*"!s ; AWG,  C"# l)#*"s *6!)(&"s,

??


Pa!a )"*"!s s*#.a! &"# la&(3# . *)p!a*%!a #" s%p!("! a 0 C1 la &apa&(.a. . l"s l)#*"s *6!)(&"s s .

,



Pa!a l )"*"! . 2>Hp a 220 "l*s &"#



Pa!a l )"*"! . 20 HP a 220 "l*s &"#

/ Da." $% l"s )"*"!s #" s*a!# a %# la." .l CC;1 s #&sa!(" p!"p"!&("#a! %# .s&"#&*a."! p"! spa!a."1 p"! la $% s .5# %sa! .s&"#&*a."!s . 2> 4 20 HP " 5(#1 (#*!!%p*"!s *!)")a#6*(&"s .

pa!a l )"*"! . 2>

HP1 s .&(!:

Y .

pa!a l )"*"! . 20 HP1 " sa:

3.$.3. EJEMPLO $.9 S *!a*a . .*!)(#a! l *a)a+" .l al()#*a."! 4 sp&(/(&a! s% p!"*&&(3# pa!a &%a*!" )"*"!s . (#.%&&(3# $% "p!a# a 0 V1 *!s /ass1 ?0 H-1 &"# las s(%(#*s &a!a&*!s*(&as: 

 ;"*"! . (#.%&&(3# . >0 HP1 7a%la . a!.(lla &"# a!!a#$% a



 ;"*"! . (#.%&&(3# . !"*"! .a#a.",



2 ;"*"!s . (#.%&&(3# *(p" 7a%la . a!.(lla,

pl#" "l*a7,

S4;05:

?


S'# *a5las la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a pa!a l"s )"*"!s s : ;"*"! . >0 HP ;"*"! . 90 HP ;"*"!s . 0 HP D a&%!." &"# las #"!)as *6&#(&as pa!a (#s*ala&("#s l6&*!(&as 9021 l"s &"#.%&*"!s .l al()#*a."! .5# &"#.%&(! %#a &"!!(#* .:

S( s %sa# &"#.%&*"!s *(p" TW1 s'# *a5las1 l &al(5! #&sa!(" s l #')!" 90 AWG, C"#s(.!a#." $% l"s )"*"!s s p!"*# p"! ).(" . /%s(5ls1 la p!"*&&(3# . s"5! &"!!(#* s sl&&("#a . a&%!." &"# l"s s(%(#*s al"!s: ;"*"! >0 HP1 7a%la . a!.(lla1 a!!a#$% a "l*a7 pl#"1 s *")a l 9000M .

;"*"! . 90 HP1 . !"*"! .a#a."1 s *")a l >0M .

,

,

;"*"!s . 0 HP1 7a%la . a!.(lla1 a!!a#$% a "l*a7 pl#"1 s *")a 900M . la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a,

D a&%!." &"# las #"!)as *6&#(&as pa!a (#s*ala&("#s l6&*!(&as1 l .(sp"s(*(" . p!"*&&(3# pa!a l al()#*a."! p%. *#! %#a &apa&(.a. )()a " a7%s* (%al a la &apa&(.a. .l )a4"! .(sp"s(*(" . p!"*&&(3# . l"s &(!&%(*"s .!(a."s1 )s la s%)a . las &"!!(#*s a pl#a &a!a . l"s "*!"s )"*"!s,

?8


P"! l" *a#*"1 l *a)a+" .l /%s(5l .l al()#*a."! p%. s!:

La &apa&(.a. &")!&(al s*#.a! )s p!3()a $% #" &.a al al"! a#*!("! s . 2>0 A, Pa!a *!a-a! la &%!a . l"s l)#*"s . p!"*&&(3# .l al()#*a."!1 s %sa papl l"a!*)(&" .  .6&a.as1 )%l*(pl(&a#." la s&ala p"! 0 pa!a .a! las )a#(*%.s !$%!(.as, Las &%!as s *!a-a# . a&%!." a las s(%(#*s (#.(&a&("#s: C%!a .l )"*"!, C")" s *!a*a . la p!"*&&(3# .l al()#*a."! s *")a %# )"*"! $%(al#* . l"s al()#*a."s p"! s* al()#*a."! al )(s)" "l*a71 la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a s la s%)a . las &"!!(#*s a pl#a &a!a (#.((.%als1 s .&(!:

La &"!!(#* a !"*"! 5l"$%a." s p%. *")a! &")":

S p%. &"#s(.!a! %# *()p" . a*as&a)(#*" . 2 s, F%s(5l, La &%!a .l /%s(5l s *")a .l &a*al"" .l /a5!(&a#* 4 s *!asla.a al papl l"a!*)(&" a la s&ala &"!!sp"#.(#*, Ca5l . p"*#&(a, Pa!a *!a-a! # l papl l"a!*)(&" la &%!a .l &a5l . p"*#&(a s apl(&a la p!s(3#:

D"#.: I C"!!(#* . &"!*"&(!&%(*" # A, C; [!a .l &"#.%&*"! # &(!&%la! ;(ls, * T()p" . &"!*"&(!&%(*" # s%#."s,

?


TT)p!a*%!a )()a . "p!a&(3# >C, T2T)p!a*%!a )()a . &"!*"&(!&%(*" >0C,

3.$.". EJEMPLO 7.9 D(s+a! la p!"*&&(3# . %# )"*"! *!(/s(&" . (#.%&&(3# . >0 HP a 0 "l*s1 &al&%la#." l"s &"#.%&*"!s . al()#*a."!1 sl&&("#a#." la p!"*&&(3# &"#*!a s"5! &"!!(#* 4 &"!*"&(!&%(*",

S4;05: Pa!a l )"*"! . >0 HP a 0 V1 *!s /ass1 la &"!!(#* a pl#a &a!a s:

1 la

&"!!(#* .l !"*"! 5l"$%a." s p%. *")a! &")":

El &al(5! .l &"#.%&*"! pa!a l al()#*a."! s *")a &")" 2>M $% &"!!sp"#. al N 2 AWG *(p" THW, La p!"*&&(3# s &al&%la pa!a

$% &"!!sp"#. a /%s(5ls .

200\, Las &%!as pa!a l )"*"! /%s(5l 4 .(sp"s(*(" . s"5! &"!!(#* s )%s*!a# # la /(%!a,

0





TABLAS UTILIZADAS EN LAS PLICACIONES DEL CAPITULO III

2


9





>


?


CAPITULO IV ".1.

CONCLUSIONES •

l"s *!a5a7"s &"# )"*"!s l6&*!(&"s . (#.%&&(3# s"# )as !#*a5ls .5(." a $% &"# s*"s )6*"."s s"# )as &"#*!"la5ls s%s &"!!(#*s . a!!a#$%1 # &")pa!a&(3# &"# %# )"*"! . &"!!(#* &"#*(#%a p"! l &"s*" 4 )a#*#()(#*"

•

El *(p" . p!"*&&(3# $% s !al(-a!a 4 las *a5las $% s %sa!a# 1 s!# . a&%!." al *a)a+"  p"*#&(a .l )"*"! $% .p#.!# . s% *#s(3# . "p!a&(3#

•

Sa5(#." $% %# *#(#." %# s(s*)a al()#*a."! &"#/(a5l p".)"s *#! a!(a&(3# . *#s(3# 4 /!&%#&(a s )7"! "p*a! p"! %#a p!"*&&(3# pa!a s*"s &as"s,

•

Pa!a p".! %*(l(-a! %# *!a#s/"!)a."! . &"!!(#* *(p" a#(ll" ."#. pasa!a# las *!s /ass p"! .(&@" a#(ll" p!()!a)#* s s%p"# $% las *!s /ass s*# # s()*!a 4 s( # al'# )")#*" .l *!a5a7" #" s*# as1 *a)5(6# s %*(l(-a!a# l"s !la."!s # &as" a4a as()*!a,

".2. RECOMENDACIONES •

S .5 . *#! &%(.a." &"# la &""!.(#a&(3# . p!"*&&(3# 4 l *(p" . )"*"! $% $%!)"s p!"*! 1 p"!$% . s" .p#. #%s*!a p!"*&&(3#

•

S( #%s*!a p!"*&&(3# s ./(&(#* 1 *#.!)"s p!"5l)as *6!)(&"s 4 p"! l" *a#*" . a(sla)(#*" $% s!# )%4 p!7%.&als al )"*"!1 a%#$% s @a4a# &"#&*a." l"s (#*!!%p*"!s *!)" )a#6*(&"s1 p"!$% /!#* a %#a )ala l&&(3# s* #" *#.!a la !sp%s*a sp!a.a

•

E# &as" . a!("s )"*"!s s &"#s(.!a s% &"!!(#* . a!!a#$% .l )"*"! . )as sal*a p"*#&(a 4a $% s*a s! la )()a &a!a $% .5! s"p"!*a! l !la."! (#&l%(."s l"s "*!"s )"*"!s,




BIBLIOGRA#IA: •

T=;4: R&")#.. P!a&*(& F"! El&*!(& P"]! D(s*!(5%*("# F"! I#s.%s*!(al Pla#*s, A%*"!: IEEE, R., B""

•

T=;4: P!"*&&("# D I#s*ala&("#s El&*!(&as I#s.%s*!(als Y C")!&(als A;=46: E#!($%- Ha!p!

E,05: S%#.a

T=;4: A#l(s(s . las -"#as . /alla . ;"*"!s El6&*!(&"s

•

A;=46: I#, J%a# C, H(.al" B,1 ;BA E,=46/: Pap! IEEE C"#&apa# <
•

*6!)(&"s 4 ;&#(&"s # l a!!a#$%,

A;=46: ;!(#" A-&!!aa1 J"s6 ;a!a

E,=46/: ;&G!a] H(ll

LINKS DE INTERNET •

==:.-5=-0/.04@.-@/5;/->PROTECCION2)DE 2)MOTORES2)V3.,

•

==:./>4.04@@4546//>2("764=-0045

•

==:./<.04@0/=/4>A11"ESC/)(.,

•

==:.-,=/-5-6.04@64,;0=><640;6->23!>.,

•

==:<6/6./<<.04@404=>04=2)!.5>-6=,>/$8)!2(2)!0/071 /<012(7"13))"/11(#-1T*A1))123L)7)22)92)/546/@/ 2)045=/0=-;6>.,

•

==:.4;/6<64>.04@<64>ARRANQUE9%9PROTECCION9DE9 MOTORES9TRI#ASICOSL)"3)))1)1"!7898"928392!)791

8


•

==:.,6-0=5,;>=6.->64,-96-/>6--9,-964=-00459,-9@4=46->9 223379(11"(.=@



Proteccion de Motores Electrico

Recommend Documents