Contents
Dedication------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Introdution Prostitution--------------------------------------------------------- 4 Development Chapter 1-History------------------------------------------------ 5 Status Chapter 2-Legal and Socio - economic Status o 2.1 Legality------------------------------------------------- 5 3 - Relation to Crime----------------Crime------------------------------------------------- 6 Chapter 3Sexual------------------- 6 o 3.1- Human Trafficking and Sexual------------------immigration---------------------------------------------- 6 o 3.2- In illegal immigration-----------Internet-------------------------------------------------------- 6 o 3.3- On the Internet----------------Situation-------------------------------------------- 7 Chapter 4- Medical Situation---------------------5 - Preindustrial Societies---------------Societies-------------------------------------- 8 Chapter 5So cial Problem------------------Problem-------------------------------- 8 Chapter 6- A world Social 7 - Rebirth and Reform--------------Reform------------------------------------------- 8 Chapter 7 Chapter 8- Social Efforts------------Efforts-------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Prostituion and the Christianity--------Christianity--------- 9 Chapter 9- The Prostituion Chapter 10- Politics issues----------------------9, ---9, 10 o 10.1- Attitudes and legal issues------------------Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Acknowledgement------------------------------------------------------- 12 Biograpy of Author------------------------------------------------------ 13 Bibliography-------------------------------------------------------------- 14
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Dedication
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Introdution
Prostitution Prostitution is the act or practice of providing sexual services with another person in return for payment. Persons who execute such activity are called prostitutes. Prostitution is one of the branches of the sex industry. "To prostitute" is derived from a composition of two Latin words: (preposition) pro and (verb) statuere. A literal translation therefore would be: "to expose", "to place up front". The English word whore derives from the Old English word hōra, from the IndoEuropean root kā meaning "desire". Use of the word whore is widely considered pejorative, especially in its modern slang form of ho' . Correctly or not, prostitute without specifying a gender is commonly assumed to be female; compound terms such as male prostitution or male escort are therefore used to identify males. Those offering services to female customers are commonly known as gigolos; those offering services to male customers are hustlers or rent boys. Organizers of prostitution are typically known as pimps (if male) and madams (if female). More formally, they practice procuring, and are procurers, or procuresses.
The word "prostitution" can also be used metaphorically to mean debasement or working towards an unworthy cause. In this sense, "prostituting oneself" or "whoring oneself" the services or acts performed are typically not sexual. The word "prostitute", or more frequently "whore", is also used as an insult towards a person (typically a woman or girl) who is perceived as being sexually promiscuous.
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Chapter 1. History Prostitution is historically and culturally ubiquitous, with every culture adopting their own standards and attitudes. Since ancient history, concubines and courtiers often lived in the same house as the wife and often had equal status and some legal rights. A mistress usually maintains a separate residence provided by her keeper, has no legal rights, and the relationship is often kept secret. In the Ancient Near East along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers there were many shrines and temples or "houses of heaven" dedicated to various deities documented by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus in The Histories where sacred prostitution was a common practice. According to Samuel Noah Kramer in The Sacred Marriage Rite, in late Sumerian history kings established their legitimacy by taking part in the ceremony in the temple for one night, on the tenth day of the New Year festival Akitu. It came to an end when the emperor Constantine in the fourth century AD destroyed the goddess temples and replaced them with Christianity. As early as the 18th century B.C., the ancient society of Mesopotamia recognized the need to protect women's property rights. In the Code of Hammurabi, provisions were found that addressed inheritance rights of women, including female prostitutes.
Chapter 2. Legal and socio-economic status 2.1 Legality The position of prostitution and the law varies widely worldwide, reflecting differing opinions on victimhood and exploitation, inequality, gender roles, gender equality, ethics and morality, freedom of choice, historical social norms, and social costs and benefits. Legal themes tend to address four t ypes of issue: victimhood (including potential victimhood), ethics and morality, freedom of choice, and general benefit or harm to society (including harm arising indirectly from matters connected to prostitution). Prostitution may be considered a form of exploitation (e.g. Sweden, Norway, Iceland, where it is illegal to buy sexual services, but not to sell them — the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute), a legitimate occupation (e.g., Netherlands, Germany, where prostitution is regulated as a profession) or a crime (e.g., many Muslim countries, where the prostitutes face severe penalties). The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country, from being legal and considered a profession to being punishable by death. Some jurisdictions outlaw the act of prostitution (the exchange of sexual services for money); other countries do not prohibit prostitution itself, but ban the activities typically associated with it (soliciting in a public place, operating a brothel, pimping etc.), making it difficult to engage in prostitution without breaking any law; while in a few countries prostitution is l egal and regulated.
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Chapter 3. Relation to crime One of the most serious problems associated with prostitution is the fact that the sex trade is surrounded by illegal, abusive and dangerous activities. One view insists that such situations occur because prostitution is kept ill egal and the industry operates on the black market. Another, however, believes that legalizing and regulating prostitution does not improve the situation, but instead makes it worse.
3.1 Human trafficking and sexual Today, human trafficking is primarily for prostituting women and children. It is described as "the largest slave trade in history" and is the fastest growing criminal industry, set to outgrow drug trafficking. Establishments engaged in sexual slavery are the highest priority targets of law enforcement actions against prostitution. It has been suggested that human t rafficking is the fastest growing form of contemporary slavery and is the third largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world. Children are sold into the global sex trade every year. Often they are kidnapped or orphaned, and sometimes they are sold by their own families. According to the International Labour Organization, the problem is especially alarming in Thailand, t he Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia, Nepal and India. Poverty, social exclusion and war are at the heart of human trafficking. Some women are hoodwinked into believing promises of a better life, sometimes by people who are known and trusted to them. Traffickers may own legitimate travel agencies, modeling agencies and employment offices in order to gain women's trust. Others are simply kidnapped. Once overseas it is common for their passport to be confiscated by the trafficker and to be warned of the consequences should they attempt to escape, including beatings, rape, threats of violence against their family and death threats. It is common, particularly in Eastern Europe, that should they manage to return to their families they will only be trafficked once again. The most common destinations for victims of human trafficking are Thailand, Japan, Israel, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Turkey and the US, according to a report by the UNODC (UN Office on Drugs and Crime).The major sources of trafficked persons include Thailand, China, Nigeria, Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine.
3.2 In illegal immigration A difficulty facing migrant prostitutes in many developed countries is the illegal residence status of some of these women. They face potential deportation, and so do not have recourse to the law. Hence there are brothels that may not adhere to the usual legal standards intended to safeguard public health and the safety of the workers.
3.3 On the Internet Some prostitutes use the Internet to find customers. A prostitute may use adult boards or create a website of their own with contact details, such as email addresses. Adult contact sites, chats and on-line communities are also used. In many parts of the developed world, the Internet is one of the main ways in which buyers find and contact prostitutes. This, in turn, has brought increased scrutiny from law enforcement, public officials, and activist groups toward online prostitution. In 2009, Craigslist came under fire for its role Prostitution
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in facilitating online prostitution, and was sued by some 40 US state attorney generals, local prosecutors, and law enforcement officials. Craigslist has since altered its policies to make it more difficult for prostitutes to advertise anonymously, but still allows the advertising of sexual services, which critics contend includes illegal prostituti on.
Chapter 4. Medical situation Prostitution is associated with the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV: "One of the main reasons for the rapid spread of HIV in Asian countries is the massive transmission among sex workers and clients". As a result, prevention campaigns aimed at sex workers play a major role in restricting the spread of HIV. HIV is tied to prostitution in Africa, with one study finding that encounters with prostitutes produced 84% of new HIV infections in adult males in Accra, Ghana. The spread of HIV from urban settings to rural areas in Africa has been attributed to the mobility of farmers who visit sex workers in cities, for example in Ethiopia. Studies in urban settings of prostitution in developing countries have shown a striking burden of STDs, which acts as a reservoir of STDs within the general population. Typical responses to the problem are:
banning prostitution completely. introducing a system of registration for prostitutes that mandates health checks and other public health measures. educating prostitutes and their clients to encourage the use of barrier contraception and greater interaction with health care.
Some think that the first two measures are counter-productive. Banning prostitution tends to drive it underground, making safe sex promotion, treatment and monitoring more difficult. Registering prostitutes makes the state complicit in prostitution and does not address the health risks of unregistered prostitutes. Both of the last two measures can be viewed as harm reduction policies. In countries and areas where safer sex precautions are either unavailable or not practiced for cultural reasons, prostitution is an active disease vector for all STDs, including HIV/AIDS, but the encouragement of safer sex practices, combined with regular testing for sexually transmitted diseases, has been very successful when applied consistently. As an example, Thailand's condom program has been largely responsible for the country's progress against the HIV epidemic. It has been estimated that successful implementation of safe sex practices in India " would drive the [HIV] epidemic to extinction" while similar measures could achieve a 50% reduction in Botswana.
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Chapter 5. Preindustrial Societies Prostitution was widespread in preindustrial societies. The exchange of wives by t heir husbands was a practice among many primitive peoples. In t he ancient Middle East and India temples maintained large numbers of prostitutes. Sexual intercourse with them was believed to facilitate communion with the gods. In ancient Greece prostitution flourished on all levels of society. Prostitutes of the lowest level worked in l icensed brothels and were required to wear distinctive clothing as a badge of their vocation. Prostitutes of a higher level usually were skilled dancers and singers. Those of the highest level, the hetaerae, kept salons where politicians met, and they often attained power and influence. In ancient Rome prostitution was common despite severe legal restrictions. Female slaves, captured abroad by the Roman legions, were impressed into urban brothels or exploited by owners in the households they served. The Roman authorities attempted to limit the spread of slave prostitution and often resorted to harsh measures. Brothel inmates, called meretrices, were forced to register with the government for life, to wear garish blond wigs and other distinctive raiment, to f orfeit all civil rights, and to pay a heavy tax.
Chapter 6. A Worldwide Social Problem Prostitution exists almost everywhere; in 1985 a revival of the practice was even noted in China, where emphasis on equality between the sexes combined with government repression seemed to have eliminated the profession. The issue of prostitution has been partially resolved through decriminalization and tolerance. The U.S. remains one of the few countries with laws against prostitution. In other nations criminal laws seek instead to deal with the social problems of prostitution through control of public solicitation and restriction of those who would exploit prostitutes. The prevalence of the AIDS vir us among prostitutes, however, caused renewed concern about the problem of prostitution in the 1980s.
Chapter 7. Rebirth and Reform During Renaissance and the Reform, in spite of very established, the prostitution was marginalized. The Protestant Reform (to see Protestantism) i t exalted the dedication to the moral purity, it emphasized the marriage for the procreation and it reinforced the importance of the celibacy. The brothels were closed and the women that depended on the prostitution became poorer. However, some courtiers of the wealthiest classes continued to live well and to enjoy of social prestige. In the western tradition, no matter how much the prostitutes well happened profited with his/her work, the ones that served at the lowest levels of t he social scale, they dashed, a lot of times, in desperate conditions of survival. During the century XV, in England, the infantile brothels were created, places where the poor relatives sent their daughters with ages among 7 to 14 years. The number of women that you/they fell back upon the prostitution as a middle of survival increased after the urban and industrial revolution of the centuries XVIII and century XX.
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Chapter 8. Social Efforts The efforts to control the prostitution tended pondering around two contradictory objectives: the attempt of confining the prostitute in a legal activity but socially convict, and the effort of eliminating the prostitution totally, based on the morals or in the health. In the end of the century XVII, the Society for the Reform of the Habits tried to repress the prostitution in England. In the subsequent Napoleonic code to the French Revolution, the prostitutes could only work at licensed brothels. The attempts of to regulate and to rate the prostitution call, a lot of times, to the concerns with the public health. In the century XIX, the effort of controlling the prostitution through government rules and of medical inspections he/she joined to the attempts of controlling the syphilis. The pledge to regulate the prostitution in naval centers of England took the Josephine Butler (1828-1906) to begin a movement that execrated the tolerated prostitution and legally inspected. Butler led the campaign of his/her abolition in the extent of the international politics, identifying illicit movements that you/they took women and girls to the prostitution undesirable and shouting for the elimination of these practices. Until the League of the Nations and the Organization of the United Nations (UN) they wrapped up in these efforts.
Chapter 9. The Prostitution and the Christianity The ascetic philosophers of the beginning of the Christianity — in matter São Paulo and Santo Agostinho — they condemned the sexuality and they identified the women with the temptation. However, Agostinho described the prostitution as a necessary evil, in the same way that the sewers were necessary to take although excrements and liquids. The Christian attitude before the prostitutes was symbolized by Maria Madalena, presented — although there are not registrations in the Deeds — as a prostitute saves for Christ's example. Therefore, the Christian church faced the prostitution as sin, but it also stressed the possibility of the prostitutes' redemption. As the Romans, the medieval rulers (to see Medium Age) frequently they rated the prostitutes and several brothels of medieval Rome contributed to the papal safes.
Chapter 10. Politics 10.1 Attitudes and legal issues Roughly speaking, the possible attitudes are:
"Prostitution should be made to disappear": prohibitionism (both prostitutes and clients are criminalized and are seen o as immoral, they are considered criminals): the prevailing attitude nearly everywhere in the United States, with a few exceptions in some rural Nevada counties. abolitionism (prostitution itself is not prohibited, but most associated o activities are illegal, in an attempt to make it more difficult to engage in prostitution, prostitution is heavily discouraged and seen as a social problem): prostitution (the exchange of sexual services for money) is legal, but the surrounding activities such as public solicitation, operating
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o
a brothel and other forms of pimping are prohibited, the current situation in the United Kingdom, France and Canada among others; neo-abolitionism ("prostitution is a form of violence against women, it is a violation of human rights, the clients of the prostitutes exploit the prostitutes"): prostitutes are not prosecuted, but their clients and pimps are, which is the current situation in Sweden, Norway and Iceland (in Norway the law is even more strict, forbidding also having sex with a prostitute abroad).
"Prostitution should be tolerated by society": regulation: prostitution may be considered a legitimate business; o prostitution and the employment of prostitutes are legal, but regulated; the current situation in the Netherlands, Germany and parts of Nevada. The degree of regulation varies very much, for example in Netherlands prostitutes are not required to undergo mandatory health checks while in Nevada the regulations are very strict. decriminalization: "prostitution is labor like any other. Sex industry o premises should not be subject to any special regulation or laws", the current situation in New Zealand; the laws against operating a brothel, pimping and street prostitution are struck down, but prostitution is not regulated nearly at all. Proponents of this view often cite instances of government regulation under legalization that they consider intrusive, demeaning, or violent, but feel that criminalization adversely affects sex workers.
In some countries, there is controversy regarding the laws applicable to sex work. For instance, the legal stance of punishing pimping while keeping sex work legal but "underground" and risky is often denounced as hypocritical; opponents suggest either going the full abolition route and criminalize clients or making sex work a regulated business.
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Conclusion
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Acknowledgement
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Biography
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BiBliography 1. ^ "Prostitution Market Value". http://www.havocscope.com/activities/prostitution/. Retrieved May 22, 2010. 2. ^ "Adult Industry Terms and Acronyms". Forum.myredbook.com. http://forum.myredbook.com/dcforum2/DCForumID15/2.html. Retrieved 2010-05-23. 3. ^ "prostitution - Dictionary definition and pronunciation - Yahoo! Education". Education.yahoo.com. http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/prostitution. Retrieved 2010-0523. 4. ^ "whore - definition of whore by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Thefreedictionary.com. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/whore. Retrieved 2010-05-23. 5. ^ "Whore - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2007-04-25. http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/whore. Retrieved 2010-05-23. 6. ^ Jenness, Valerie (1990). "From Sex as Sin to Sex as Work: COYOTE and the Reorganization of Prostitution as a Social Problem," Social Problems, 37(3), 403-420. "[P]rostitution has existed in every society for which there are written records [...]" 7. ^ Bullough, Vern and Bullough
The sex industry consists of commercial enterprises providing sex-related services, or in a more general sense also independent sex workers. These services are described as adult entertainment , as they provide forms of entertainment not considered suitable for children. A pimp is an agent for prostitutes who lives off their earnings
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