PERADANGAN / INFLAMASI
PERADANGAN / INFLAMASI POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN YOGYAKARTA, DEPT.KES. OLEH: Dr.SUPARTUTI, Mkes. RADANG ( INFLAMASI ) Penger!"n R"#"ng D"n Pr$ses Ter%"#!n&" R"#"ng '!" sese ""* %"r!ng"n *+* -eng""-! e#er" ""* -"!, se"-" $ses e" !#* "#" res$n &"ng -en&$$k "#" %"r!ng"n !#* #!sek!"rn&". Res$n er"#" e#er" !n! #!n"-"k"n er"#"ng"n. Y"ng e+! k*s*s er"#"ng"n "#"" re"ks! 0"s*"r &"ng "s!n&" -er*"k"n eng!r!-"n "!r"n, 1"1" &"ng er"r* #"n sese #"r! s!rk*"s! #"r" ke %"r!ng"n%"r!ng"n !ners!!" "#" #"er" e#er" ""* nekr$s!s. Per"#"ng"n se+en"rn&" "#"" ge%"" &"ng -eng*n*ngk"n #"n er""n"n, "s!n&" "#"" ner"!s"s! #"n e-+*"ng"n "gen en&er"ng,eng"n*r"n %"r!ng"n nekr$s!s #"n e-+en*k"n ke"#""n &"ng #!+**k"n *n*k er+"!k"n #"n e-*!"n. Re"ks! er"#"ng"n !* se+en"rn&" "#"" er!s!2" &"ng #!k$$r#!n"s! #eng"n +"!k &"ng #!n"-!s #"n k$n!n&*. Un*k -en!-+*k"n re"ks! er"#"ng"n -"k" %"r!ng"n "r*s !#* #"n k*s*sn&" "r*s -e-!!k! -!kr$s!rk*"s! 3*ngs!$n". 4"#! &"ng #!-"ks*# #eng"n r"#"ng "#"" r"ngk"!"n re"ks! &"ng er%"#! "#" e-" %"r!ng"n e#er". P"#" r$ses er"#"ng"n er%"#! ee"s"n !s"-!ne #"n 1"1" *-$r" "!n ke#""- "!r"n %"r!ng"n sek!"rn&". Ak!+" #"r! sekres! !s"-!ne erse+* +er*": 5. Pen!ngk""n "!r"n #"r" $k". 6. Pen!ngk""n er-e"+!!"s k"!er. 7. Pere-+es"n "er! #"n 3!+r!n$gen ke#""- %"r!ng"n !ners!!". 8. E#e-" eksr"se*er $k". 9. Pe-+ek*"n "!r"n eksr"se*er #"n "!r"n !-3e. Per"#"ng"n #"" %*g" #!-"s*kk"n #""- s*"* re"ks! n$n ses!3!k, #"r! $ses er"#" !n3eks!. A#"*n ke%"#!"nn&" se+"g"! +er!k*: "#" se!" *k" "#" %"r!ng"n "k"n !-+* re"ks! !n3"-"s! ""* re"ks! 0"sk*er.M*"-*" er%"#! #!""s! $k" #"r! "rer!$e #"n k"!er se!ngg" "s-" "k"n -ere-+es ke*"r. Se"n%*n&" "!r"n e#e-" "k"n erk*-* #! #"er" sek!"r *k", ke-*#!"n 3!+r!n "k"n -e-+en*k se-""- %"", sr*k*r !n! "k"n -en**! s"*r"n !-3e se!ngg" en&e+"r"n -!kr$$rg"n!s-e #"" #!+""s!.D""- r$ses !n3"-"s! %*g" er%"#! "g$s!$s!s, -*"-*" "g$s! -e-+*ngk*s -!kr$$rg"n!s-e, ke-*#!"n #!-*"!" #!ges! #""- se. H" !n! "k"n -eng"k!+"k"n er*+""n H -en%"#! "s"-. Se"n%*n&" "k"n ke*"r r$e"se se*er &"ng "k"n -en&e+"+k"n &s!s e*k$s!.See" !* -"kr$3"g -$n$n*e"r +es"r "k"n !+" #! $k"s! !n3eks! *n*k -e-+*ngk*s s!s"s!s" e*k$s!.D"n "k!rn&" er%"#!" en"!r"n (res$*s!) "s! r$ses !n3"-"s! $k". "!r"n k"&" r$e!n #"n se #"r" *! &"ng er!-+*n #""- r*"ng eksr"0"sk*"r se+"g"! "k!+" re"ks! r"#"ng #!se+* eks*#".
'e#" Eks*#" #"n Tr"ns*#" Eks*#" "#"" "!r"n r"#"ng eksr"0"sk*"r #eng"n +er" %en!s !ngg! (#!""s 5.;6;) #"n ser!ngk"! -eng"n#*ng r$e!n 68 -g < ser" sese #"r" *! &"ng -e"k*k"n e-!gr"s!."!r"n !n! er!-+*n se+"g"! "k!+" er-e"+!!"s 0"s*"r (&"ng -e-*ngk!nk"n r$e!n "s-" #eng"n -$ek* +es"r #"" ere"s), +er"-+"n&" ek"n"n !#r$s"!k !nr"0"s*"r se+"g"! "k!+" "!r"n $k" &"ng -en!ngk" *" #"n serene"n er!s!2" r*-! e*k$s! &"ng -en&e+"+k"n e-!gr"s!n&". Tr"ns*#" "#"" "!r"n #""- r*"ng !ners!!" &"ng er%"#! "n&" se+"g"! "k!+" ek"n"n !#r$s"!k ""* *r*nn&" r$e!n "s-" !nr"0"s*"r &"ng -en!ngk" (!#"k #!se+"+k"n r$ses er"#"ng"n/!n3"-"s!).'er" %en!s r"ns*#" "#" *-*-n&" k*r"ng #"r! 5.;56 &"ng -ener-!nk"n k"n#*ng"n r$e!n &"ng ren#". $n$ r"ns*#" er#"" "#" 2"n!" "-! #!-"n" er%"#! enek"n"n #""- "!r"n *+*. 4en!s4en!s Eks*#" 5. Eks*#" n$n se*er Eks*#" ser$s" P"#" +e+er"" ke"#""n r"#"ng, eks*#" "-!r er#!r! #"r! "!r"n #"n 1"1" &"ng er"r* #eng"n s"ng" se#!k! e*k$s!. 4en!s eks*#" n$nse*er &"ng "!ng se#er"n" "#"" eks*#" ser$s",&"ng "#" #"s"-&" er#!r! #"r! r$e!n &"ng +$$r #"r! e-+**e-+** #"r" &"ng er-!"+e #""- #"er" r"#"ng +ers"-"s"-" #eng"n "!r"n &"ng -en&er"!n&". $n$ eks*#" ser$s" &"ng "!ng #!ken" "#"" "!r"n *k" -ee*. Eks*#" 3!+r!n$s" 4en!s eks*#" n$nse*er &"ng ke#*" "#"" eks*#" 3!+r!n$s" &"ng er+en*k %!k" r$e!n &"ng #!ke*"rk"n #"r! e-+** #"n erk*-* "#" #"er" er"#"ng"n &"ng -eng"n#*ng +"n&"k 3!+r!n$gen. F!+r!n$gen !n! #!*+" -en%"#! 3!+r!n, &"ng +er*" %"" %"" engke #"n e"s! (+"r"ngk"! e+! #!ken" se+"g"! *"ng +e"k"ng +ek*"n #"r"). Eks*#" 3!+r!n$s" ser!ng #!%*-"! #!""s er-*k""n ser$s" &"ng -er"#"ng seer! e*r" #"n er!"r#!*- #!-"n" 3!+r!n #!en#"k"n #!"#"k"n -en%"#! "!s"n k"s"r #!""s -e-+r"n &"ng erser"ng. 4!k" "!s"n 3!+r!n s*#" +erk*-* #! er-*k""n ser$s",ser!ng "k"n !-+* r"s" s"k! %!k" er%"#! ergeser"n ""s er-*k""n &"ng s"* #eng"n &"ng "!n. $n$ "#" en#er!" e*r!!s "k"n -er"s" s"k! se2"k* +ern"3"s, k"ren" er%"#! ergesek"n se2"k* -eng"-+! n"3"s. Eks*#" -*s!n$s" (Eks*#" k""r") 4en!s eks*#" !n! "n&" #"" er+en*k #!""s -e-+r"n -*k$s", #!-"n" er#"" sese &"ng #"" -engsekres! -*s!n. 4en!s eks*#" !n! +er+e#" #en g"n eks*#" "!n k"ren" eks*#" !n! -er*"k"n sekres! se +*k"n #"r! +""n &"ng ke*"r #"r! "!r"n #"r". Sekres! -*s!n -er*"k"n s!3" n$r-" -e-+r"n -*k$s" #"n eks*#" -*s!n -er*"k"n ere""n r$ses #"s"r 3!s!$$g!s.$n$ eks*#" -*s!n &"ng "!ng #!ken" #"n se#er"n" "#"" !ek &"ng -en&er"! +er+"g"! !n3eks! e-"3"s"n +"g!"n ""s. 6. Eks*#" Se*er Eks*#" ner$3!!k Eks*#" &"ng -*ngk!n "!ng ser!ng #!%*-"! "#"" eks*#" &"ng er*"-" er#!r! #"r! ne*r$3! $!-$r3$n*ke"r #""- %*-" &"ng +eg!* +"n&"k se!ngg" +"g!"n "!r"n #"n r$e!n k*r"ng
-en#"" er"!"n. Eks*#" ne*r$3! se-""- !n! #!se+* *r*en. Eks*#" *r*en s"ng" ser!ng er+en*k "k!+" !n3eks! +"ker!.n3eks! +"ker! ser!ng -en&e+"+k"n k$nsenr"s! ne*r$3! &"ng *"r +!"s" !ngg!n&" #! #""- %"r!ng"n #"n +"n&"k #"r! sese !n! -"! #"n -e-+e+"sk"n en1!-en1!- !#r$!s!s &"ng k*" #!sek!"rn&". D""- ke"#""n !n! en1!-en1!- !#r$!s!s ne*r$3! se"r" "r"3 " -enern"k"n %"r!ng"n #!+"2"n&" #"n -en"!rk"nn&". K$-+!n"s! "greg"s! ner$3! #"n en"!r"n %"r!ng"n%"r!ng"n #! +"2"n &" !n! #!se+* s**r"!3,""* e+! ser!ng #!se+* *s/n"n". 4"#! *s er#!r! #"r! : ne*r$3! -n. &"ng !#* #"n &"ng -"! ne*r$3! -n. &"ng "n*r "s! en"!r"n %"r!ng"n #"s"r (-er*"k"n "s! enern""n) eks*#" "!r #"r! r$ses r"#"ng +"ker!+"ker! en&e+"+ nekr$s!s !=*e3"!0". 7. Eks*#" "-*r"n Ser!ng er%"#! "-*r"n eks*#" se*er #"n n$ nse*er #"n "-*r"n !n! #!n"-"k"n ses*"! #eng"n "-*r"nn&".4!k" er#"" eks*#" 3!+r!n$*r*en &"ng er#!r! #"r! 3!+r!n #"n ne*r$3! $!-$r3$n*ke"r,eks*#" -*k$*r*en, &"ng er#!r! #"r! -*s!n #"n ne*r$3!, eks*#" ser$3!+r!n$s" #"n se+"g"!n&". L*k" '"k"r M*#" Ter%"#! Se!ke-!. P"#" *k" +"k"r s"*r"ns"*r"n !-3e e" er+*k" &"!* k"ren" %"r!ng"n &"ng er+"k"r !#"k -en!-+*k"n r$-+$"s!n se!ngg" !#"k er%"#! k$$"g*"s! eks*#". 4!k" "!r"n " !r"n !-3e !#"k ers*-+" "k"n -e-*#"k"n -en&e+"rk"n k*-"nk*-"n se!ngg" -"s*k #""- s!rk*"s! #"r" #"n er%"#! se!ke-!. Re"ks! se "#" r"#"ng Le*k$s!$s!s er%"#! +!" "#" %"r!ng"n e#er" ""* !n3eks! se!ngg" "#" e-" e#er" ""* r"#"ng #"" erk*-* +"n&"k e*k$s! *n*k -e-+en#*ng !n3eks! ""* -en""n -!r$$rg"n!s-e -en&e+"r kese*r* %"r!ng"n. Le*k$s!$s!s !n! #!se+"+k"n k"ren" r$#*ks! s*-s*- *"ng -en!ngk", se!ngg" %*-"n&" #""- #"r" *k* *n*k e-!gr"s! "#" 2"k* er%"#! e#er" ""* r"#"ng. K"ren" !* +"n&"k e*k$s! &"ng -"s! -*#" #""- #"r", #""- e-er!ks""n "+$r"$r!*- #!k""k"n ergeser"n ke k!r! 4en!s4en!s Le*k$s! D"n M"s!ngM"s!ng F*ngs!n&" D""- Per"#"ng"n Le*k$s! &"ng +ers!rk*"s! #""- "!r"n #"r" #"n e -!gr"s! ke #""- eks*#" er"#"ng"n +er"s" #"r! s*-s*- *"ng, #! -"n" !#"k s"%" e*k$s! e"! %*g" sese #"r" -er" #"n r$-+$s! #!"s!k"n se"r" er*s -e-ener*s.D""- ke"#""n n$r-", #! #""- s*-s*- *"ng #"" #!e-*k"n +"n&"k sek"! e*k$s! &"ng +e*- -""ng #"r! +er+"g"! %en!s #"n >$$> e*k$s! -""ng &"ng #!""n se+"g"! "#"ng"n *n*k #!e"sk"n ke #""- s!rk*"s! #"r". 4*-" !" %en!s e*k$s! &"ng +ers!rk*"s! #""- #"r" er!3er #!+""s! #eng"n ke" e"! #!*+" >ses*"! ke+**"n> %!k" !-+* r$ses er"#"ng"n. Ar!n&", #eng"n r"ngs"ng"n res$n er"#"ng"n, s!n&" *-"n +"!k "#" s*-s*- *"ng -eng*+" "%* r$#*ks! #"n enge*"r"n s"* %en!s e*k$s! ""* e+! ke #""- "!r"n #"r".
5. Gr"n*$s!. Ter#!r! #"r! : ne*r$3!, e$s!n$3!, #"n +"s$3!. D*" %en!s e*k$s! "!n !"" -$n$s! #"n !-$s!, !#"k -eng"n#*ng +"n&"k gr"n*" #""s!$"s-"n&". ") Ne*r$3! Sese er"-" &"ng !-+* #""- %*-" +es"r #! # ""- eks*#" "#" %"-%"- er"-" er"#"ng"n "#"" ne*r$3!.In! #"r! se !n! +er$+*s !#"k er"*r ""* $!-$r3. K"ren" !* se se !n! #!se+* ne*r$3! $!-$r3$n*ke"r (-n) ""* >$$>. Sese !n! -e-!!k! *r*"n erke-+"ng"n #! #""- s*-s*- *"ng, erke-+"ng"n !n! k!r"k!r" -e-er*k"n 6 -!ngg*. '!" -erek" #!e"sk"n ke #""- s!rk*"s! #"r", 2"k * "r*n&" #""- s!rk*"s! k!r"k!r" ? %"-. Per -!!-eer k*+!k #"r" er#"" k!r"k!r" 9;;; ne*r$3!, k!r"k!r" 5;; k"! #"r! %*-" !n! er""n #""- s*-s*- *"ng se+"g"! +en*k -""ng &"ng s!" *n*k #!ke*"rk"n +!" "#" s!n&". Gr"n*" &"ng +"n&"k sek"! er!" #""- s!$"s-" ne*r$3! se+en"rn&" -e r*"k"n "ke "ke en1!- &"ng er!k" -e-+r"n &"!* !s$s$-, &"ng #!"s!k"n se"-" e-""ng"n se. 4"#! ne*r$3! -n &"ng -""ng "#"" k"n$ng &"ng -eng"n#*ng +"n&"k en1!- #"n "r!ke "r!ke "n!-!r$+!". Ne*r$3! -n -"-* +erger"k "k!3 #"n -"-* -ene"n +er+"g"! 1" #eng"n r$ses &"ng #!se+* 3"g$s!$s!s. Pr$ses 3"g$s!$s!s #!+"n* $e 1"1" eren* &"ng -e"!s! $+&ek *n*k #!ern"k"n #"n -e-+*"n&" e+! -*#" #!-"s*kk"n $e e*k$s!. @" !n! #!n"-"k"n $s$n!n. See" -enern"k"n "r!ke #"n -e-"s*kk"nn&" ke #""- s!$"s-" #""- 0"k*$" 3"g$s!$s!s ""* 3"g$s$-, *g"s +er!k*n&" #"r! e*k$s! "#"" -e-"!k"n "r!ke !* %!k" "r!ke !* "gen -!r$+!" &"ng !#*, #"n -enern"k"nn&". Me-"!k"n "gen "gen &"ng !#* !* #!sees"!k"n -e"*! +er+"g"! "r" &"!* er*+""n H #""- se see" 3"g$s!$s!s, -ee"sk"n 1"1" "n! +"ker!. Penern""n "r!ke &"ng erken" 3"g$s!$s!s !* *-*-n&" #!sees"!k"n #! #""- 0"k*$" #eng"n en&"*"n !s$s$- #eng"n 3"g$s$-. En1!- en1!- enern""n &"ng se+e*-n&" !#"k "k!3 sek"r"ng #!"k!3k"n #! #""- 3"g$!s$s$-, -eng"k!+"k"n enern""n $+&ek se"r" en1!-"!k. +) E$s!n$3! Mer*"k"n %en!s gr"n*$s! "!n &"ng #"" #!e-*k"n #""- eks*#" er"#"ng"n, 2""**n #""- %*-" &"ng e+! ke!. E$s!n$3! se"r" 3*ngs!$n" "k "n -e-+er!k"n res$n er"#" r"ngs"ng ke-$"ks!s k"s eren* &"ng #!!-+*k"n "#" erke-+"ng"n "erg!s #"n -erek" -eng"n#*ng en1!-en1!- &"ng -"-* -ener"k"n e3eke3ek -e#!"$r er"#"ng"n eren* &"ng #!e"sk"n #""- re"ks! er"#"ng"n se-""- !*. ) '"s$3! 'er"s" #"r! s*-s*- *"ng &"ng %*g" #!se+* -"s se/+"s$3! %"r!ng"n. Gr"n*" #"r! %en!s se !n! -eng"n#*ng +er+"g"! en1!-, e"r!n, #"n !s"-!n. '"s$3! "k"n -e-+er!k"n res$n er"#" s!n&" ke-$"ks!s &"ng #!e"sk"n #""- er%""n"n re"ks! !--*n$$g!s eren*. D"n +"s$3! +!"s"n&" er#"" #""- %*-" &"ng s"ng" ke! #""- eks*#". '"s$3! #"r" #"n -"s se %"r!ng"n #!r"ngs"ng *n*k -ee"s gr"n*"n&" "#" +er+"g"! ke"#""n e#er", er-"s*k re"ks! !--*n$$g!s -"**n re"ks! n$n ses!3!k.D""- ken&"""nn&" -"s se "#"" s*-+er *"-" !s"-!n "#" re"ks! er"#"ng"n. 6. M$n$s! A#"" +en*k e*k$s! &"ng en!ng. P"#" re"ks! er"#"ng"n -$n$s! "k"n +er-!gr"s!, e"! %*-"n&" e+! se#!k! #"n kee""nn&" e+! "-+". K"ren" !*, "#" %"- %"- er"-"
er"#"ng"n re"!0e se#!k! er#"" -$n$s! #""sn eks*#". N"-*n -"k!n "-" "k"n -"k!n +er"-+" "#"n&" -$n$s! #""- eks*#". Se &"ng s"-" &"ng #""- "!r"n #"r" #!se+* -$n$s!, k""* er#"" #""- eks*#" #!se+* -"kr$3"g. Tern&"", %en!s se &"ng s"-" #!e-*k"n #""- %*-" ke! -e"*! %"r!ng"n en&"-+*ng *+* 2""**n "n" er"#"ng"n &"ng %e"s. M"kr$3"g &"ng er#"" #""- %"r!ng"n en&"-+*ng !n! #!se+* !s!$s!. Deng"n +"n&"k " 3*ngs! -"kr$3"g s"ng" -!r! #eng"n 3*ngs! ne*r$3! -n. #!-"n" -"kr$3"g "k"n +erger"k se"r" "k!3 &"ng -e-+er! res$n er"#" s!-*"s! ke-$"ks!s, 3"g$s! "k!3 #"n -"-* -e-"!k"n ser" -enern"k"n +er+"g" "gen. A#" er+e#""n en!ng "n"r" -"kr$3"g #"n ne*r$3!, #!-"n" s!k*s ke!#*"n -"kr$3"g e+! "n%"ng, #"" +er""n +er-!ngg* -!nng* ""* +"k"n +er+*"n+*"n #""- %"r!ng"n #!+"n#!ng #eng"n ne*r$3! &"ng +er*-*r en#ek. Se"!n !* 2"k* -$n$s! -e-"s*k! "!r"n #"r" #"r! s*-s*- *"ng #"n 2"k* -e-"s*k! %"r!ng"n #"r! "!r"n #"r", !" +e*- -""ng +e* seer! "n&" ne*r$3!. K"ren" ne*r$3! #""- %"r!ng"n #"n "!r"n #"r" s*#" -eng""-! e-""ng"n (s*#" -""ng), se!ngg" !" !#"k -"-* -e"k*k"n e-+e""n se #"n %*g" !#"k -"-* -e"k*k"n s!nes!s en1!-en1!- enenn". P"#" -$n$s! #"" #!r"ngs"ng *n*k -e-+e" #""- %"r!ng"n, #"n -erek" -"-* -e-+er! res$n er"#" ke"#""n $k" #eng"n -ens!nes!s se%*-" en1!!nr"se. Ke-"-*"n *n*k -en%""n! >$n e.%$+ r"!n!ng>, !n! "#"" s*"* s!3" -"kr$3"g &"ng 0!", k*s*sn&" "#" re"ks!re"ks! !--*n$$g!s eren*. Se"!n !* -"kr$3"g-"kr$3"g #"" -eng""-! er*+""n +en*k, se"-" -eng""-! er*+""n !*, -erek" -eng"s!k"n seIse5 se"r" r"#!s!$n" #!se+* se e!e$!#. M"kr$3"g %*g" -"-* +erg"+*ng -e-+en*k se r"ks"s" +er!n! +"n&"k #!se+* g!"n e. ""**n -"kr$3"g -er*"k"n k$-$nen en!ng #""- eks*#" n"-*n -erek" erse+"r se"r" *"s #""- *+*, #""- ke"#""n n$r-" #"n #!se+* se+"g"! s&se- re!*$en#$e!" ""* RES (Re!*$ En#$e!" S&se-), &"ng -e-*n&"! s!3" 3"g$s!$s!s, er-"s*k %*g" #""- "!, se erse+* #!ken" se+"g"! se k*33er. F*ngs! *"-" -"kr$3"g se+"g"! e-+ers! #""- #"r" ""**n se*r* %"r!ng"n *+*.F*ngs! RES &"ng se"r!"r! en!ng -en&"ngk* e-r$ses"n "e-$g$+!n se #"r" -er" &"ng s*#" -en""! "k!r -"s" !#*n&". Sese !n! -"-* -e-e" H+ -en%"#! s*"* 1" &"ng -eng"n#*ng +es! #"n 1" &"ng !#"k -eng"n#*ng +es!. 'es!n&" #!"k"! ke-+"! #""- *+* *n*k e-+*""n sese #"r" -er" "!n #""- s*-s**"ng #"n 1" &"ng !#"k -eng"n#*ng +es! #!ken" se+"g"! +!!r*+!n, #! +"2" ke #""- "!r"n #"r" ke "!, #!-"n" e"$s! -engeksr"k +!!r*+!n #"r! "!r"n #"r" #"n -enge*"rk"nn&" se+"g"! +"g!"n #"r! e-e#*. 7. L!-$s! U-*-n&" er#"" #""- eks*#" "n&" #""- %*-" &"ng s"ng" ke!,-esk!* eks*#" s*#" "-" er+en*k &"!* s"-"! re"ks!re"ks! er"#"ng"n -en%"#! kr$n!s. T"n#"T"n#" K"r#!n" Per"#"ng"n P"#" er!s!2" er"#"ng"n "k* #"" #!!" "n#""n#" $k$k (ge%"" k"r#!n"). 5. R*+$r (ke-er""n) R*+$r ""* ke-er""n +!"s"n&" -er*"k"n " er"-" &"ng er!" #! #"er" &"ng -eng""-! er"#"ng"n. "k* re"ks! er"#"ng"n -*"! !-+* -"k" "rer!$ &"ng -ens*"! #"er" erse+* -ee+"r, #eng"n #e-!k!"n e+! +"n&"k #"r" -eng"!r ke #""- -!kr$s!rk*"s! $k". K"!er k"!er &"ng se+e*-n&" k$s$ng ""* se+"g!"n s"%" &"ng -ereg"ng #eng"n e" er!s! en* #eng"n #"r". Ke"#""n !n! &"ng #!n"-"k"n &ere-!" ""* k$nges!,-en&e+"+k"n 2"rn" -er" $k" k"ren" er"#"ng"n "k*. T!-+*n&" &ere-!" "#" er-*""n re"ks! er"#"ng"n #!"*r
$e *+* +"!k se"r" ne*r$gen!k -"**n se"r" k!-!",-e"*! enge*"r"n 1" seer! !s"-!n. 6. K"$r ("n"s) K"$r ""* "n"s er%"#! +ers"-""n #eng"n ke-er""n #"r! re"ks! er"#"ng"n &"ng "n&" er%"#! "#" er-*k""n *+*, &"ng #""- ke"#""n n $r-" e+! #!ng!n #"r! 7B C &"!* s** #! #""*+*. D"er" er"#"ng"n "#" k*! -en%"#! e+! "n"s #"r! seke!!ngn&" se+"+ #"r" &"ng #!s"*rk"n *+* keer-*k""n #"er" &"ng erken" e+! +"n&"k #"r!"#" &"ng #!s"*rk"n ke#"er" n$r-". Fen$-en" "n"s $k" !n! !#"k er!" "#" #"er"#"er" &"ng erken" r"#"ng %"* #! #""- *+*, k"ren" %"r!ng"n%"r!ng"n erse+* s*#" -e-*n&"! s** !n! 7BC, &ere-!" $k" !#"k -en!-+*k"n er*+""n. 7. D$$r (r"s" s"k!) D$$r ""* r"s" s"k!, #"r! re"ks! er"#"ng"n #"" #!"s!k"n #eng"n +er+"g"! "r". Per*+""n H $k" ""* k$nsenr"s! $k" !$n!$n eren* #"" -er"ngs"ng *%*ng*%*ng s"r"3. H" &"ng s"-", enge*"r"n 1" k!-!" +!$"k!3 "!nn&" #"" -er"ngs"ng s"r"3. Se"!n !*, e-+engk"k"n %"r!ng"n &"ng -er"#"ng -eng"k!+"k"n en!ngk""n ek"n"n $k" &"ng "n" # !r"g*k"n "g! #"" -en!-+*k"n r"s" s"k!. 8. T*-$r (e-+engk""n) Seg! "!ng -en&$$k #"r! er"#"ng"n "k* -*ngk!n "#"" e-+engk""n $k" (*-$r). Pe-+engk""n #!!-+*k"n $e eng!r!-"n "!r"n #"n sese #"r! s!rk*"s! #"r" ke %"r!ng"n %"r!ng"n !ners!!". "-*r"n #"r! "!r"n #"n se &"ng er!-+*n #! #"er" er"#"ng"n #!se+* eks*#". P"#" ke"#""n #!n! re"ks! er"#"ng"n se+"g!"n +es"r eks*#" "#"" "!r, seer! &"ng er%"#! "#" e*"n &"ng #!se+"+k"n $e *k" +"k"r r!ng"n. Ke-*#!"n sese #"r" *! ""* e*k$s! -en!ngg"k"n "!r"n #"r" #"n er!-+*n se+"g"! +"g!"n #"r! eks*#". 9. F*ngs!$ "es" (er*+""n 3*ngs!) F*ngs!$ "es" ""* er*+""n 3*ngs! "#"" re"ks! er"#"ng"n &"ng e" #!ken". Se!n"s "*, -*#" #!-enger!, -eng"" +"g!"n &"ng +engk"k, n&er! #!ser"! s!rk*"s! "+n$r-" #"r !ngk*ng"n k!-!"2! $k" &"ng "+n$r-", +er3*ngs! se"r" "+n$r-". N"-*n se+e*n&" k!" !#"k -enge"*! se"r" -en#""- #eng"n "r" "" 3*ngs! %"r!ng"n &"ng -er"#"ng !* erg"ngg*. 'er+"g"! +en*k/4en!s R"#"ng 'en*k er"#"ng"n #"" !-+* #!#"s"rk"n ""s %en!s eks*#" &"ng er+en*k, $rg"n ""* %"r!ng"n eren* &"ng er!+", #"n "-"n&" r$ses er"#"ng"n. T"" n"-" r$ses er"#"ng"n -e-er!*ngk"n -"s!ng-"s!ng 0"r!"+e !n!. 'er+"g"! eks*#" #!+er! n"-" #eskr!!3. L"-"n&" res$n er"#"ng"n #!se+* "k*#!se+* kr$n!k %!k" "#" +*k! er+"!k"n &"ng s*#" "n%* +ers"-" #eng"n #*-"#s!#"n #!se+* s*+"k* %!k" "#" +*k! "2" er+"!k"n +ers"-" #eng"n eks*#"s!. L$k"s! re"ks! er"#"ng"n #!se+* #eng"n "k!r"n ! !s &"ng #!"-+"k"n "#" n"-" $rg"n (-!s"n&" "en#!s!!s, $ns!!!s). 4en!s R"#"ng M!s"n&": r"#"ng k""r", r"#"ng se*#$-e-+r"n, *k*s, "+ses, 3eg-$n, r"#"ng *r*en,
s**r"!0"" #"n "!n"!n. ") R"#"ng K""r" Ter+en*k #!""s er-*k""n -e-+r"n -*k$s",#!-"n" er#"" sese &"ng #"" -ensekres! -*s!n. Eks*#" -*s!n &"ng "!ng +"n&"k #!ken" "#"" *k &"ng -en&er"! +"n&"k !n3eks! ern"3"s"n +"g!"n ""s. +) R"#"ng Pse*#$-e-+r"n Is!" !n! #!"k"! *n*k re"ks! r"#"ng "#" er-*k""n se"* en#!r &"ng #!"n#"! #eng"n e-+en*k"n eks*#" +er*" "!s"n se"* s*er3!!", -eng"n#*ng "gen en&e+"+, en#""n 3!+r!n, sese nekr$!k "k!3 #"n sese #"r" *! r"#"ng.R"#"ng -e-+r"n$s" ser!ng #!%*-"! #""- $r$3"r!ng, r"e",+r$nk*s, #"n r"k*s g"sr$!nes!n". ) Uk*s. Ter%"#! ""+!" se+"g!"n er-*k""n %"r!ng"n !"ng se#"ngk"n %"r!ng"n sek!"rn&" -er"#"ng. #) A+ses A+ses "#"" *+"ng &"ng er!s! n"n" #""- %"r!ng"n. A+ses "#"" es! &"ng s*! *n*k #!""s! $e *+* k"ren" keen#er*ng"nn&" *n*k -e*"s #eng"n en"!r"n, keen#er*ng"nn&" *n*k -e-+en*k *+"ng #"n res!sens!n&" er"#" en&e-+*"n. 4!k" er+en*k "+ses, -"k" $+" $+""n seer! "n!+!$!k #""- #"r" s*! -"s*k ke #""- "+ses. U-*-n&" en"ng"n"n "+ses $e *+* s"ng" #!+"n* $e eng$s$ng"nn&" se"r" e-+e#""n, se!ngg" -e-*ngk!nk"n r*"ng &"ng se+e*-n&" +er!s! n"n" -enge! #"n se-+*. 4!k" "+ses !#"k #!k$s$ngk"n se"r" e-+e#""n $e "! +e#", -"k" "+ses en#er*ng *n*k -e*"s, -er*s"k sr*k*r "!n &"ng #!"*! $e "+ses erse+*. e) Feg-$n Feg-$n: r"#"ng *r*en &"ng -e*"s se"r" #e3*se "#" %"r!ng"n. 3) R"#"ng P*r*en Ter%"#! "k!+" !n3eks! +"ker!.er#"" "#" e#er" "se!k #"n #"" er%"#! #!-"n"-"n" "#" *+* &"ng %"r!ng"nn&" e" -en%"#! nekr$!k. g) R"#"ng s**r"!3 G"-+"r"n !n! "#"" nekr$s!s !=e*0"k!3" &"ng #!ser" e-!gr"s! ne*r$3! #""- %*-" +"n&"k.In3eks! s**r"!3 $" #!se+"+k"n $e +"n&"k -""- +"ker! &"ng se"r" k$ek!3 #!+er! n"-" !$gen (e-+en*k"n n"n").Y"ng er-"s*k !$gen "#"" s"3!$k$kk*s,+"n&"k +"s! gr"- neg"!3. Per+e#""n en!ng "n"r" r"#"ng s**r"!3 #"n r"#"ng *r*en +"2" "#" r"#"ng s**r"!3 er%"#! nekr$s!s !=*e3"k!0" #"r! %"r!ng"n #"s"r. Nekr$s!s !=*e3"k!0" "#"" %"r!ng"n nekr$!k &"ng se#!k! #e-! se#!k! -en"!r "k!+" en1!-. Asek/Re"ks! S!se-!k P"#" Per"#"ng"n Re"ks! s!se-!k &"ng -en&er"! re"ks! $" "#" er"#"ng"n #!"n"r"n&" "#"" 5. De-"-. Y"ng -er*"k"n "k!+" #"r! ee"s"n 1" !r$gen en#$gen &"ng +er"s" #"r! ne*r$3! #"n -"kr$3"g. Se"n%*n&" 1" erse+* "k"n -e-"* *s" engen#"! s** *+* &"ng "#" #!&$""-*s.
6. Per*+""n e-"$$g!s. R"ngs"ng"n &"ng +er"s" #"r! *s" er"#"ng"n -e-eng"r*! r$ses -"*r"s! #"n enge*"r"n e*k$s! #"r! s*-s*- *"ng &"ng -eng"k!+"k"n ken"!k"n s*"* %en!s e*k$s!, ken"!k"n !n! #!se+* e*k$s!$s!s. Per*+""n r$e!n #"r" eren* %*g" er%"#! +ers"-""n #eng"n er*+""n "" &"ng #!n"-"k"n "%* en#" #"r". 7. Ge%"" k$ns!*s!$n". P"#" e#er" &"ng e+", er%"#! er*+""n -e"+$!s-e #"n en#$kr!n &"ng -en&$$k. Ak!rn&" re"ks! er"#"ng"n $" ser!ng #!!r!ng! $e +er+"g"! ge%"" k$ns!*s!$n" &"ng +er*" -""!se, "n$reks!" ""* !#"k "#" n"3s* -"k"n #"n ke!#"k-"-*"n -e"k*k"n ses*"* &"ng +er"n&" +er+e#"+e#" +"k"n s"-"! !#"k +er#"&" -e"k*k"n ""*n. 'e#" R"#"ng Deng"n In3eks! Per"#"ng"n #"n !n3eks! !* !#"k s!n$n!-.P"#" !n3eks! #!"n#"! "#"n&" -!kr$$rg"n!s-e #"" %"r!ng"n, se#"ng "#" er"#"ng"n +e*- en*, k"ren" +"n&"k er"#" ng"n &"ng e%"#! ser! se-*rn".4"#! !n3eks! "n&"" -er*"k"n se+"g!"n #"r! er"#"ng"n. N"s!+ R"#"ng D"n Pe-*!"n 4"r!ng"n P"#" R"#"ng Deng"n "#"n&" re"ks! er"#"ng"n, -"k" "s! er+"!k"n &"ng "!ng -engge-+!r"k"n &"ng #"" #!er$e "#"", %!k" er%"#! "n&" se#!k! ker*s"k"n ""* !#"k "#" ker*s"k"n %"r!ng"n #! +"2"n&" s"-" sek"!. P"#" ke"#""n se-""- !* %!k" "gen en&er"ng s*#" #!ner"k"n #"n #!!"ngk"n. Pe-+** #"r" ke! #! #"er" !* -e-er$e ke-+"! se-!er-e"+!!"sn&", "!r"n "!r"n +eren! #"n e-!gr"s! e*k$s! #eng"n "r" &"ng s"-" %*g" +eren!. "!r"n &"ng se+e*-n&" s*#" #!eks*#"s!k"n se#!k! #e-! se#!k! #!ser" $e e-+** !-3e #"n sese eks*#" -eng""-! #!s!negr"s! #"n ke*"r -e"*! e-+** !-3e ""* +en"r+en"r #!!"ngk"n #"r! *+*. H"s! "k!r #"r! r$ses !n! "#"" en&e-+*"n %"r!ng"n &"ng -er"#"ng %"r!ng"n erse+* *! seer! se+e*- re"ks!. Ge%"" !n! #!se+* res$*s!. Se+"!kn&", +!" %*-" %"r!ng"n &"ng r*s"k *k* +er-"kn" %"r!ng"n &"ng r*s"k "r*s #!er+"!k! $e r$!3er"s! sese $ses +er#ek""n &"ng -"s! !#*. Per+"!k"n se+en"rn&" -e!+"k"n #*" k$-$nen &"ng er!s" e"! erk$$r#!n!r. Per"-" #!se+* regener"s! H"s! "k!rn&" "#"" engg"n!"n *ns*re*ns*r &"ng e" !"ng #eng"n %en!s se &"ng s"-". K$-$nen er+"!k"n ke#*" -e!+"k"n r$!3er"s! *ns*r*ns*r %"r!ng"n en&"-+*ng &"ng -eng"k!+"k"n e-+en*k"n %"r!ng"n "r*. Pen&e-+*"n *k". K$$r#!n"s! e-+en*k"n "r* #"n regener"s! +"r"ngk"! "!ng -*#" #!*k!sk"n "#" k"s*s en&e-+*"n *k" k*!. 4en!s en&e-+*"n &"ng "!ng se#er"n" er!" "#" en"ng"n"n *k" $e *+* seer! "#" !ns!s! e-+e#""n, #!-"n" !ngg!r *k" #"" #!#ek"k"n "g"r r$ses en&e-+*"n #"" er%"#!. Pen&e-+*"n se-""- !n! #!se+* en&e-+*"n r!-er ""* e"!ng +& 3!rs !nen!$n. See" e!%"#! *k" -"k" e! *k" #!*+*ngk"n $e se#!k! +ek*"n #"r" &"ng 3!+r!nn&" +eker%" seer! e-. Seg er" see" !* er%"#!" re"ks! er"#"ng"n "k* "#" e! *k" !* #"n sese r"#"ng, k*s*sn&" -"kr$3"g, -e-"s*k! +ek*"n #"r" #"n -*"!
-eng"n*rk"n&". Dek" re"ks! er"#"ng"n eks*#" !n!, er%"#! er*-+*"n ke #""- $e %"r!ng"n gr"n*"s! ke #""- #"er" &"ng "#!n&" #!e-"! $e +ek*"n #"r". Deng"n #e-!k!"n -"k" #""- %"ngk" 2"k* +e+er"" "r! *k" !* #!%e-+""n! $e %"r!ng"n gr"n*"s! &"ng #!s!"k"n "g"r -""ng -en%"#! %"r!ng"n "r*. Se-en"r" r$ses !n! +er%""n -"k" e!e er-*k""n #! +"g!"n e! -*"! -e"k*k"n regener"s! #"n #""- 2"k* +e+er"" "r! +er-!gr"s! "!s"n !!s e!e #!""s er-*k"" *k"."k* %"r!ng"n "r* #! +"2"n&" -en%"#! -""ng, e!e !n! %*g" -ene+" #"n -""ng se!ngg" -en&er*"! k*! &"ng #!#ek"n&". H"s! "k!rn&" "#"" er+en*kn&" ke-+"! er-*k""n k*! #"n #"s"r %"r!ng"n "r* &"ng !#"k n&"" ""* "n&" er!" se+"g"! s"* g"r!s &"ng -ene+". P"#" *k" "!nn&" #!er*k"n %"!"n *n*k -en#ek"k"n ke#*" e! *k" s"-"! er%"#! en&e-+*"n. 'en*k en&e-+*"n ke#*" er%"#! %!k" *k" k*! se#e-!k!"n r*" se!ngg" e! *k" !#"k #"" s"!ng #!#ek"k"n se"-" r$ses en&e-+*"n. Ke"#""n !n! #!se+* e"!ng +& se$n# !nen!$n ""* k"#"ng k"" #!se+* en&e-+*"n &"ng #!ser"! gr"n*"s! Pen&e-+*"n A+ses Pen&e-+*"n "k"n +er"ngs*ng e+! e" +!" !s! "+ses #"" ke*"r. A+ses ke! "k"n #!$rg"n!s"s! #"n -en%"#! %"r!ng"n !k". A+ses +es"r "n&" sek!"rn&" "k"n #!$rg"n!s"s! #"n -en%"#! %"r!ng"n !k". DAFTAR PUSTAKA Pr!e, S&0!" An#ers$n, 58, P"$3!s!$$g! : K$nse K!n!s Pr$ses r$ses Pen&"k! A! '""s", Peer An*gr" e#!$r "r$!ne !%"&", E#. 8, EG, 4"k"r". R$++!ne #"n K*-"r, 56, '*k* A%"r P"$$g! A! '""s", S"3 Peng"%"r L"+$r"$r!*P"$$g! An"$-!k FKUNAIR S*r"+"&", E#. 8, EG, 4"k"r".
