PROPOSAL TUGAS AKHIR KAJIAN TEKNIS PENGARUH APLIKASI BOTTOM
DECKING UNTUK MENGATASI LUBANG LEDAK BERISI AIR MENGGUNAKAN GAS BAG TERHADAP FRAGMENTASI HASIL PELEDAKAN DI PT. SEMEN PADANG, INDARUNG, SUMATERA BARAT
DI SUSUN OLEH LUCKY TANIA 073001300066
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI KEBUMIAN DAN ENERGI UNIVERSITAS TRISAKTI JAKARTA 2017
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KAJIAN TEKNIS PENGARUH APLIKASI BOTTOM
DECKING UNTUK MENGATASI LUBANG LEDAK BERISI AIR MENGGUNAKAN GAS BAG TERHADAP FRAGMENTASI HASIL PELEDAKAN DI PT. SEMEN PADANG, INDARUNG, SUMATERA BARAT
I.
LATAR BELAKANG
Dalam proses pembangunan fisik dan pengembangan daerah di seluruh dunia khususnya Indonesia, timbul kebutuhan terhadap sumberdaya alam untuk memenuhi hal tersebut. Salah satu sumberdaya alam yang dibutuhkan yaitu batu gamping sebagai bahan baku pembuatan semen. Semen dibutuhkan pada pembuatan jalan, bangunan, bahkan saluran irigasi. Dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan terhadap semen, maka berdirilah beberapa perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bisnis produksi semen. Salah satu perusahaan tersebut adalah PT. Semen Padang. PT. Semen Padang merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bisnis produksi semen di Indonesia. PT. Semen Padang mendistribusikan mendistribusikan semen hasil produksinya ke dalam dan luar negeri. Dalam memenuhi kebutuhan terhadap bahan baku pembuatan semen, PT. Semen Padang melakukan kegiatan penambagan penambagan sendiri, terutama terhadap batu gamping. Penambangan batu gamping tersebut dilakukan dengan metode tambang terbuka secara Quarry. Quarry. Kegiatan penambangan batu gamping dilaksanakan dengan tahap: penggaruan, pemboran dan dan peledakan, pemuatan, pemuatan, dan pengangkutan. pengangkutan. Dengan tingginya laju produksi, PT. Semen Padang harus mampu melakukan inovasi agar seluruh tahapan berjalan secara optimal. Salah satu caranya yaitu melakukan kegiatan penambangan batu gamping yang efektif dan efisien.
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Pada proses pemboran dan peledakan sendiri harus direncanakan secara matang. Keberhasilan kegiatan peledakan dapat dilihat dari fragmentasi hasil peledakannya, peledakannya, digging time dan nilai powder factor (PF). (PF). Seiring dengan time dan besaran nilai powder perkembangan perkembangan teknologi, terdapat beberapa cara yang dapat digunakan untuk mengefisiensi penggunaan bahan peledak yaitu dengan penambahan kedalaman stemming , penambahan spacing penambahan spacing dan dan burden atau burden atau dengan penambahan air decking pada lubang ledak. Gas bag merupakan merupakan salah satu inovasi dalam kemajuan teknologi di bidang peledakan yang terbuat dari plastik lentur berbentuk bola, berfungsi untuk membuat rongga udara (air ( air deck ) pada lubang ledak guna menciptakan kurungan energi dan mengurangi rongga pengeluaran gas secara vertikal. Dengan adanya rongga udara pada lubang ledak, secara langsung berdampak pada pengurangan bahan peledak dan besaran nilai powder factor sehingga biaya operasional peledakan pun pun akan berkurang.
II. RUMUSAN MASALAH
Berdasarkan Berdasarkan latar belakang di atas, maka rumusan masalah pada penelitian p enelitian ini adalah: 1.
Adakah perbedaan antara geometri peledakan konvensional dan geometri peledakan dengan penambahan air deck ?
2.
Apakah aplikasi air decking dengan dengan gas bag mempengaruhi efektivitas proses peledakan? peledakan?
3.
Apakah aplikasi air decking dengan gas bag mampu mengefisiensi penggunaan bahan bahan peledak pada lokasi penelitian? penelitian?
4.
Berapa besaran nilai powder factor yang diperoleh pada geometri peledakan konvensional dan pada peledakan trial dengan dengan penambahan air decking ?
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III. TUJUAN PENELITIAN
Adapun tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah: 1.
Mengetahui perbeda geometri peledakan konvensional dan geometri peledakan dengan dengan penambahan air deck .
2.
Mengetahui dan menganalisa fragmentasi hasil proses peledakan dengan aplikasi air deck menggunakan gas menggunakan gas bag .
3.
Menentukan besaran reduce cost penggunaan bahan peledak yang digunakan.
4.
Menghitung dan menganalisa besaran powder factor yang diperoleh berdasarkan geometri peledakan konvensional dan pada peledakan p eledakan trial dengan penambahan air decking .
IV. MANFAAT PENELITIAN
Adapun manfaat yang ingin dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah: 1. Diharapkan Diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan pertimbangan PT. Semen Padang dalam melakukan kegiatan pemboran dan peledakan dalam rangka mengurangi biaya pada tahap tersebut. 2. Diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat bagi peneliti lain yang melakukan penelitian serupa.
V. METODE PENELITIAN
Agar penelitian ini berlangsung sesuai dengan sistematika yang baik dan benar maka adapun metode-metode metode-metode yang dilaksanakan pada pada penelitian ini : 1)
Studi Pustaka Studi pustaka merupakan tahap peneliti untu mencari referensi dari buku,
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menunjang, yang diperoleh dari : Instansi yang terkait, Perpustakaan, Internet serta informasi – informasi – informasi informasi yang didapat lainnya. 2)
Orientasi Lapangan Dalam pelaksanaan penelitian di lapangan ini akan dilakukan beberapa tahap,
yaitu:
Survei Geologi Survei geologi permukaan, dengan melakukan pengamatan secara langsung terhadap keadaan geologi permukaan (perlapisan, rekahan, dan patahan) dan mencari informasi pendukung yang berkaitan dengan permsalahan yang akan dibahas.
Mencocokkan dengan perumusan masalah, yang bertujuan agar penelitian yang dilakukan tidak meluas. Data yang diambil dapat digunakan secara efektif. Dilakukan dengan melakukan peninjaun lapangan untuk melakukan pengamatan langsung
pengaruh aplikasi bottom decking terhadap
fragmentasi fragmentasi hasil peledakan. 3)
Pengumpulan Data dan Informasi a.
b.
Data Sekunder
Peta Lokasi Tambang
Peta Lokasi Peledakan
Data Bobot Isi Batuan
Spesifikasi bahan peledak
Laporan Peledakan
Data Primer
Geometri Peledakan Aktual
Fragmentasi Fragmentasi Hasil Peledakan Aktual
4)
Digging time time
Pengolahan Data Pengolahan data dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan perhitungan dan
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5)
Analisa Data Analisa data dapat dilakukan secara kuantitatif dengan tujuan memperoleh
berupa geometri peledakan serta pengaruhnya terhadap penggunaan bahan output berupa peledak. 6)
Penyusunan Laporan Dalam hal ini diperoleh setelah dilakukan korelasi antara hasil pengolahan
data yang telah dilakukan dengan permasalahan yang diteliti. Lalu melakukan bimbingan secara secara berkala dan dan pembuatan pembuatan laporan secara sistematis. sistematis.
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Studi Literatur
Pengambilan Data
Data Skunder
Data Primer 1)
Geom Geomet etri ri Pel Peled edak akan an Akt Aktua uall
1)
Peta Peta Lokas okasii Tam Tamba bang ng
2)
Monitoring Fragmentasi Fragmentasi Hasil
2)
Peta Peta Lokas okasii Pele Peleda daka kan n
Peledakan
3)
Data Bobo Bobott Is Isi Ba Batuan tuan
Digging Time
4)
Spes Spesif ifik ikas asii Baha Bahan n Pel Peled edak ak
5)
Lapora poran n Pele Peleda daka kan n
3)
Percobaan Peledakan dengan Metode Air Metode Air Decking
Analisis Fragmentasi Hasil Peledakan Metode Air Metode Air Decking Decking
Perbandingan Fragmentasi Hasil Peledakan Metode Air Metode Air Decking Decking dengan Metode yang Sebelumnya dipakai
Fragmentasi
Tidak
Evaluasi
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VI.
LOKASI PENELITIAN
Lokasi penelitian akan dilakukan di PT. Semen Padang, Kota Padang, Provinsi Sumatera Sumatera Barat Barat (Lihat gambar gambar 6.1).
Lokasi Penambangan PT. Semen Padang
Sumber : Google Earth Gambar 6.1 Lokasi Penelitian
VII. WAKTU PENELITIAN
Penelitian akan dilaksanakan selama ± 2 bulan, dimulai sejak bulan Agustus 2017 sampai Oktober 2017. (Lihat gambar 7.1)
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Tabel 7.1 Tabel Waktu Kegiatan
Kegiatan
Juli Kampus
2017 Agustus September Perusahaan Perusahaan Perusahaan
Oktober Kampus /Perusahaan
Studi Pustaka Pengambilan Data Pengolahan Data Pembuatan Laporan
VIII. DASAR TEORI 8.1 Pengertian dan Tujuan Peledakan
Peledakan yaitu proses memecah atau membongkar batuan padat atau material berharga yang bersifat kompak dari batuan induknya menjadi material yang sesuai untuk proses produksi. Tujuan peledakan pada batuan yaitu untuk menghasilkan batuan lepas, yang dinyatakan dalam derajat fragmentasi sesuai dengan tujuan yang akan dicapai. Di sektor pertambangan, kegiatan peledakan digunakan untuk memecah batuan yang tidak mampu dibongkar secara langsung oleh alat berat misalnya ripper dozer . Hasil peledakan ini sangat mempengaruhi produktivitas dan biaya operasi
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1.
Jenis Batuan Batuan dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok besar, yaitu batuan beku,
batuan sedimen, dan batuan metamorf. Masing-masing jenis batuan memiliki proses pembentukan yang berbeda. Hal ini berdampak pada kandungan mineral, komposisi, ukuran, struktur, dan tekstur yang berbeda. Batuan yang berada di permukaan bumi akan mengalami pelapukan. Proses pelapukan akan berbeda tehadap tiap jenis batuan. Batuan yang masih segar ( fresh ( fresh rock ) pada umumnya akan memiliki kekuatan yang lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan batuan yang sudah terlapukkan di permukaan. Kekuatan batuan akan berpengaruh terhadap pemilihan bahan bahan peledak yang yang akan digunakan. digunakan.
2.
Struktur Geologi (Bidang Diskontinyu) Diskontinyu) Struktur geologi atau bidang diskontinyu adalah bidang lemah yang ada pada
massa batuan. Bidang lemah ini dapat berupa sesar, kekar, bidang perlapisan batuan, maupun retakan. Struktur diskontinuitas diskontinuitas ini terjadi karena adanya gayagaya yang bekerja dalam kerak bumi, baik yang menekan atau menarik massa batuan. Bidang lemah ini menyebabkan hilangnya daya tekan bahan peledak karena energi yang didistribusikan menerobos bidang lemah batuan. Kehilangan daya tekan menyebabkan adanya potensi pembentukan bongkah ( boulder ) dari kegiatan peledakan.
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dalam satuan volume tertentu. Energi bahan peledak yang lebih besar dibutuhkan untuk menghancurkan yang mempunyai density lebih density lebih tinggi. b. Sifat Mekanik Sifat mekanik menunjukkan sifat batuan apabila diberi gaya. Batuan memiliki sifat mekanik yang berbeda. Sifat mekanik batuan yang mempengaruhi mempengaruhi kegiatan peledakan adalah kuat tekan dan kuat tarik batuan.
4.
Komposisi Mineral Batuan Batuan membawa kandungan mineral yang beragam untuk setiap jenisnya.
Batuan yang mengandung mineral sulfida menimbulkan reaksi eksometris apabila diberikan Ammonium Nitrat. Reaksi eksometris menghasilkan panas yang cukup untuk memenuhi segitiga detonasi sehingga berpotensi terjadi premature blast . Bahan peledak yang memiliki inhibitor dibutuhkan dibutuhkan pada kondisi batuan seperti ini untuk menghambat reaksi antar Ammonium Nitrat dan mineral sulfida.
5.
Keberadaan Keberadaan Air Tanah Air tanah secara langsung mempengaruhi kegiatan peledakan. Pada kondisi
lubang ledak berair, bahan peledak khusus atau bahan peledak untuk kondisi normal diberikan penanganan khusus. Hal ini terjadi karena tidak semua bahan peledak tahan tahan terhadap air.
8.3 Pola Pemboran
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2.
Rectangular Pattern Pattern Pola ini menerapkan jarak spasi dalam satu row row lebih besar dari jarak
burden. burden. Pola ini juga disebut persegi panjang. 3.
Staggered Pattern Pola ini menerapkan bentuk zig-zag antara lubang bor. Pola pengeboran
staggered umumnya digunakan pada saat ini dikarenakan sifat pendistribusian energi yang cenderung merata dan secara teori mengurangi kemungkinan terbenteknya terbenteknya bongkah batuan besar (boulder (boulder ). ). Sketsa pola pemboran dapat dilihat pada Gambar 8.1.
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3.
Mengurangi airblast
4.
Dapat mengarahkan lemparan batuan yang diledakkan
Pola peledakan dibedakan berdasarkan arah lemparan batuannya. Pemilihan pola peledakan peledakan juga didasari pada ketersediaan ketersediaan bidang bebas ( free face) face) pada area yang akan diledakkan. Berdasarkan arah runtuhan, pola peledakan dibedakan menjadi sebagai berikut: 1. Box Cut Pola peledakan yang arah lemparan batuannya ke depan dan membentuk pola seperti kotak. Pola peledakan ini digunakan pada area yang tidak memiliki bidang bebas. 2.
V-Cut (Chevron) Pola peledakan yang arah lemparannya membentuk seperti huruf “V”
3.
Corner Cut (Echelon) Pola peledakan yang memiliki dua bidang bebas dan arah lemparan
batuannya ke salah satu dari dari dua bidang bebas tersebut. tersebut.
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burden berdasarkan burden berdasarkan diameter lubang tembak, kondisi batuan setempat, dan jenis bahan peledak. peledak. Parameter-parameter geometri peledakan diuraikan sebagai berikut: 1. Burden Ratio (KB)
KB = KBstd ×AF1×AF2
..................................................................(8.1)
/3 Energi Bahan Peledak yang Dipakai AF1 = [ Energi Bahan Peledak Standar ] /3 Density Batuan Standar AF2 = [Density Batuan yang Diledakan ] Keterangan:
-
KBstd
= 30
-
Energi Bahan Peledak Standar
= 12.000 fps
-
Density Batuan Standar
= 160 lb/ft³
2. Burden (B) Burden (B)
................................(8.2)
...............................(8.3)
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3.
Spacing (S) (S) Spacing adalah jarak satu lubng bor ke lubang bor berikutnya dalam satu
Perhitungan spacing adalah adalah sebagai berikut: row. row. Perhitungan
S = KS KS ×B ×B
.................................................................................(8.5)
Keterangan:
-
KS
= Nisbah spacing Nisbah spacing Interval Waktu Tunda o
Long interval delay delay
KS = 1
o
Short period delay
KS = 1 -2
Normal
KS = 1,2 – 1,2 – 1,8 1,8
o
4.
Lubang bor dalam satu baris diledakan secara sequence delay KS = 1 Lubang bor dalam satu baris diledakan secara simultan KS = 2
Subdrilling (J) (J) Subdrilling adalah tambahan kedalaman lubang ledak dari tinggi jenjang
yang diinginkan. Perhitungan subdrilling Perhitungan subdrilling adalah adalah sebagai berikut:
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-
J
= Subdrilling , m
6.
Kedalaman Lubang Bor (H)
H = KH ×B
.................................................................... ........................................................................................(8.8) ....................(8.8)
Keterangan: KH 7.
= Nisbah kedalaman lubang (1,5 – (1,5 – 4,0) 4,0) Stemming (T) (T) Stemming adalah bagian lubang ledak yang diisi bukan dengan bahan
peledak, melainkan material lain seperti cutting hasil pemboran. Perhitungan stemming adalah adalah sebagai berikut:
T = KT ×B
.................................................................... ........................................................................................(8.9) ....................(8.9)
Keterangan: KT
= Nisbah stemming Nisbah stemming (0,7) (0,7)
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8.6 Mekanisme Pecahnya Batuan
Tahap pemberaian batuan oleh energi yang ditimbulkan oleh proses peledakan terbagi terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu: 1.
Tahap Dynamic Tahap Dynamic Loading Loading Ketika bahan peledak yang berada dalam lubang ledak meledak, maka akan
menimbulkan tekanan yang tinggi di sekitar lubang ledak. Gelombang kejut yang dihasilkan dari dari peledakan tersebut tersebut akan merambat dengan dengan kecepatan 3000-5000 m/s sehingga akan mengakibatkan tegangan yang memiliki arah tegak lurus dengan dinding lubang ledak. Dari tegangan tersebut maka akan menimbulkan rekahan radial yang merambat di sekitar lubang tembak. Rekah menjari pertama terjadi dalam waktu
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berada di dalam batuan akan dilepas. Efek dari terlepasnya terlepasnya batuan tersebut akan menimbulkan menimbulkan tegangan tarik tinggi sebagai kelanjutan dari proses tingkat II. Rekahan yang terbentuk akibat dari proses tingkat II akan menyebabkan bidang-bidang bidang-bidang lemah untuk memulai reaksi-reaksi fragmentasi utama ada proses peledakan. Apabila massa batuan di depan lubang ledak gagal dalam mempertahankan posisi dan bergerak ke depan, maka tegangan tekan tinggi yang berada di dalam batuan akan dilepas seperti seperti spiral kawat kawat yang ditekan ditekan kemudian dilepaskan. dilepaskan.
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-
S = Spacing , m
-
BH = Tinggi jenjang, m
-
n = Jumlah lubang ledak
b. Berdasarkan Berat Menyatakan berat batuan yang diledakkan dapat ditentukan dengan persamaan berikut: berikut: .
W = V × SGrock Keterangan: - W = Berat batuan, ton ton
.................................................................(8.11)
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kebanyakan diinginkan ukuran fragmentasi yang kecil karena penanganan selanjutnya selanjutnya akan lebih mudah. Untuk
menghitung
fragmentasi
hasil
peledakan
dapat
menggunakan
persamaan Cunningham (1983) yang menyempurnakan menyempurnakan persamaan Kuznetsov menjadi sebagai berikut :
0,633 / WX ==AV ×× QSGrock 5 × ,8
Keterangan: - Xmean
-
A
................................................................(8.14)
= Ukuran rata-rata fragmen batuan, cm = Faktor batuan, yaitu :
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tekanan berulang terhadap batuan di sekitar lubang ledak oleh serangkaian gelombang susulan. Durasi gelombang kejut pada massa batuan sekitarnya akan diperpanjang. Akibatnya, jaringan celah pada massa batuan di sekitar lubang ledak meningkat. Besarnya gelombang kejut tergantung pada pemilihan bahan peledak dan akan
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2.
Posisi Air Posisi Air Deck di di Tengah ( Middle Decking Decking ) Umumnya praktek penggunaan produk Air Deck dibagian tengah (middle
decking) digunakan pada lubang dalam dengan kondisi kering. Tujuannya adalah untuk menghemat penggunaan blasting agent dan mendapatkan distribusi yang lebih baik serta mengurangi energi yang berlebih. Hal yang harus diperhatikan
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3.
Posisi Air Posisi Air Deck di di Bawah ( Bottom Decking Decking ) Selama ini praktek penggunaan produk Air Deck dibagian bawah
( subdrill subdrill ) disebabkan adanya air statis ( static water ) didasar lubang. Penempatan air deck di atas air statis ini diharapkan dapat memutus kontak antara air dan bahan peledak (blasting ( blasting agent ) yang tidak tahan air
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4.
Posisi Air Posisi Air Deck di di Sepanjang Kolom Isian (Spot ( Spot Decking ) Aplikasi air deck di sepanjang dan diantara kolom isian (( spot spot decking )
merupakan metode baru dikembangkan. Metode ini dikembangkan oleh John Floyd (Blast Dinamics, Inc.) yang merupakan sebuah perusahaan yang bergerak di blasting science and solutions. solutions . Metode ini telah dipakai di perusahaan kelas
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8.8.2 Perhitungan Geometri Lubang Ledak
Untuk melakukan perhitungan geometri lubang ledak, digunakan model perhitungan sesuai yang dikemukakan oleh Pat McLaughin (1983), yaitu: beberapa alternatif alternatif pemilihan posisi posisi celah udara (air ( air deck ) di dalam lubang ledak, yaitu:
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