TEXTILE PROCESSING LABORATORY MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY SATHYAMANGALAM SATHYAMANGAL AM – 638 401
List of Experiments
S.No.
Title of the Experiment
Page No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Hydrolytic & Oxidative Desizing and Assessment of Residual Starch Assessment of weight loss in the scouring of cotton fabric Comparison of BAN and Tensile strength of Slack & Tension Mercerized Cotton Yarn Comparison of Hydrogen peroxide and Sodium hypochlorite bleached samples Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabrics dyed with direct and reactive dyes Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness for Sulphur dyed material Comparison of different ISO wash fastness tests on fabrics dyed with direct dyes Spectrophotmetric assessment of dye strength from dyed fabric
11.
sample Dyeing of polyester / nylon using disperse dyes Printing of cotton fabrics using direct and discharge styles Assessment of weight loss, abrasion resistance and pilling
12.
performance of biopolished fabric Assessment of bending rigidity of softener, stiffener finished
9. 10.
fabric
S.No.
Topics for Mini Project Evaluation of fastness in Reactive Dyed Cotton fabric at different
1. 2. 3. 4.
concentration of NaCl and Na2CO3. Analys Analysis is of hydrop hydrophil hilic ic proper property ty of plasma plasma treate treated d Polyes Polyester ter Fabric. Effe Effect ct of NaCl NaCl on the the exhau exhaust stio ion n of Dire Direct ct Dyes Dyes on Cott Cotton on material. Effect of Reducing agent on Sulphur Dye application.
01 03 04 06 08 11 13 15 16 17 18 19
Page No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Hydrolytic & Oxidative Desizing and Assessment of Residual Starch Assessment of weight loss in the scouring of cotton fabric Comparison of BAN and Tensile strength of Slack & Tension Mercerized Cotton Yarn Comparison of Hydrogen peroxide and Sodium hypochlorite bleached samples Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabrics dyed with direct and reactive dyes Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness for Sulphur dyed material Comparison of different ISO wash fastness tests on fabrics dyed with direct dyes Spectrophotmetric assessment of dye strength from dyed fabric
11.
sample Dyeing of polyester / nylon using disperse dyes Printing of cotton fabrics using direct and discharge styles Assessment of weight loss, abrasion resistance and pilling
12.
performance of biopolished fabric Assessment of bending rigidity of softener, stiffener finished
9. 10.
fabric
S.No.
Topics for Mini Project Evaluation of fastness in Reactive Dyed Cotton fabric at different
1. 2. 3. 4.
concentration of NaCl and Na2CO3. Analys Analysis is of hydrop hydrophil hilic ic proper property ty of plasma plasma treate treated d Polyes Polyester ter Fabric. Effe Effect ct of NaCl NaCl on the the exhau exhaust stio ion n of Dire Direct ct Dyes Dyes on Cott Cotton on material. Effect of Reducing agent on Sulphur Dye application.
01 03 04 06 08 11 13 15 16 17 18 19
Page No.
S.No.
Application Oriented Experiments Identification of Dyes on Fibre Colorfastness to Domestic Laundering Colorfastness to Crocking Identification of Textile Fibres by Burning Test Identification of Textile Fibres by Chemical Test
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Page No. 22 26 28 30 31
Objective Type Questions
5.
For All the Experiments
32
1. Hydrolytic & Oxidative Desizing and Assessment of Residual Starch
Aim:
To desize the given grey cotton fabric by the Hydrolytic and Oxidative methods. And to assess the presence of residual starch.
Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:
Grey cloth, Water bath, HCl, H2O2, TRO, Weighing balance, Thermometer and Water
Principle:
The size materials are removed by treating the grey cotton fabric with Hydrolytic and Oxidative chemicals.
Recipe:
Hydrolytic Desizing:
HCl
: 1%
T RO
: 0 .5 %
l:m
: 30:1
Temperature
: 60ºC
Time
: 30 min
Oxidative Desizing:
H2O2
: 0.5%
T RO
: 0 .5 %
l:m
: 30:1
Temperature
: 80ºC
Time
: 30 min
Procedure:
d) Take the the given sample sample and and measure measure the weight weight in a weighing weighing balance. balance. e) Calc Calcul ulat atee the the chem chemic ical alss requi require red d for for the the proc proces esss on weigh weightt of the the mate materi rial al.. Calculated the amount of water to be taken for the process according to the liquor to material ratio (20 : 1). f) Set up the Vat Vat bath bath by adding adding the the required required chemicals chemicals and and water. water. g) Then before before introduci introducing ng the material material into into the vat, vat, it should should be wetted wetted out. h) Now the bath bath is placed placed in the water water bath and the tempera temperatur turee is maintai maintained ned to 60ºC for 30 minutes. i) The same same procedure procedure has to be followed followed for hydroly hydrolytic tic and oxidiz oxidizing ing desizing. desizing. j) The temperat temperature ure maintain maintained ed at 80º c for 30 minute minutess in case case of Oxidativ Oxidativee desizing. desizing. k) After the the process process is completed, completed, the sample sample should should be taken taken out and the cold cold wash is carried out followed by a hot wash at the temperature of 70ºC and then a cold wash. l) Final Finally ly the the sampl samplee should should be be dried dried at at 110ºC. 110ºC.
Iodine Test:
To assess the presence of residual starch, the part of the sample is to be cut and used for Iodine Test. Iodine has to be diluted to 10% and one drop is put on the desized material. If the color is changes to steel blue, it indicates the presence of traces of residual starch. The color turns steel blue – presence of residual starch is >60% The color turns greenish brown – presence of residual starch is <30% The color turns steel blue – presence of residual starch is <10% Inference:
Amount of Residual starch present on HCL treated fabric is Amount of Residual starch present on H2O2 treated fabric is
Result:
Thus the fabric has been desized by means of Oxidative and Hydrolytic methods. And the presence of starch also assessed for the desized sample.
2. Assessment of weight loss in the scouring of cotton fabric Aim:
To assess the of weight loss of scoured sample Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:
Desized cotton Fabric, NaOH, Na2CO3, TRO, Water bath, Embroidery Frame and Thermometer. Principle:
The Principle of scouring is to remove the oil and wax substances present on the textile material, to increase the absorbency of the cotton fabric. Recipe: NaOH Na2CO3
: 4% : 1.5 %
TRO l:m Temperature Time
: 0.5 % : 30:1 : 90ºC : 1 hour
Procedure:
m) The material should be conditioned and the weight is measured. n) The calculated amount of H2O, NaOH, Na2SiO3, Na 2CO3 are taken in a clean Vat and stirred well. o) The sample should be wetted out before entering into the Vat. Then the Vat is placed in a water bath and the temperature is maintained at 90ºC for 1 hour. p) The liquor should be agitated continuously with the help of glass rods till the process ends. q) After one hour the process gets completed and the liquor is drained. Then the sample is washed with hot water followed by cold water. r) Then the sample is squeezed and dried at 110ºC in the Hot air Oven. s) Then the dried material should be conditioned and the weight is measured. t) Finally the calculation is done to find out the percentage of weight loss. Formula:
Wt. of material before - Wt. of material after Scouring scouring % of Wt. loss = ------------------------------------------------------ x 100 Wt. of material after scouring Inference:
Percentage of Wt. loss after scouring is ………..
Result: Thus the weight loss of the scoured sample has been assessed.
3. Comparison of BAN and Tensile strength of Slack & Tension Mercerized Cotton Yarn
Aim: To compare the BAN and Tensile Strength of Mercerized sample. Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:
Cotton Yarn Sample, Tensomaxx 7000, Burette, conical flask, Phosphorous Pentaoxide, HCl, phenolphthalein indicator Principle:
Mercerization is done by treating the cotton material in a high concentrated alkali with or without tension. The degree of mercerization can be assessed by BAN.
Recipe:
Sodium Hydroxide Temperature
: 25 % : Room Temperature
Procedure:
u) The objective of mercerization is to improve the luster, dye ability, strength, and hygroscopic nature of cotton material. v) 25% NaOH solution is prepared by adding the 25g of NaOH pellets slowly into the required quantity of water. After the dissolution, it is made up to 100ml with pure water. w) At room temperature the wetted out lea is slowly introduce in the beaker containing NaOH solution. After 60-90 sec. the yarn sample is taken out and washing is carried out followed by neutralization using the diluted H2SO4 and a cold wash to remove the residue.. This method is Slack Mercerization. x) Similarly the Tension Mercerization is carried out by applying the tension to the yarn sample during the dwell period. After that the lea has been introduced into the beaker containing the NaOH, tension is applied by means of hand (with two glass rods) to the maximum for the time of 60-90 sec. y) After that the lea is washed with cold water and with hot water to facilitate the diffusion of alkali from core of the fabric followed by neu tralization. z) After the process gets completed it should be dried at 110ºC for further testing. BAN:
The degree of mercerization was assessed in terms of BAN. The mercerized cotton sample was cut into small lengths, dried over phosphorous pentoxide for an hour and then conditioned at 65% RH at 31oC before testing. The sample (mercerized & unmercerized) weighing 1g. were treated with 30ml. of 0.25 N Ba(OH)2 solution in 100ml. conical flask. After an hour, 10ml. of the solution was titrated against 0.1 N HCl acid. A blank was run in without any fibre sample. If b, S and U are the titration readings for the blank, sample (mercerized) and ummercerized sample respectively, then the BAN is determined by using the given formula b-S BAN = ------- X 100 b-U
Tensile Strength for Mercerized Sample under slack condition
Breaking Force Breaking Elongation Tenacity
= = =
Breaking Work = The average value obtained by Tensile Strength. Tensile Strength for Mercerized sample under tension condition
Breaking force = Breaking Elongation = Tenacity = Breaking Work = The average value obtained by Tensile Strength. Inference:
Due to the exothermic reaction, the heat will be liberated while adding the NaOH into the water. Result:
Thus the fabric was mercerized and BAN, tensile strength of the mercerized sample was assessed.
4. Comparison of whiteness index and tenacity of peroxide and sodium hypochlorite bleached samples Aim:
To compare the whiteness index and tenacity of peroxide and sodium hypochlorite bleached sample. Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:
Water bath, Weighing balance, Beakers, Pipette, Bowl Recipe: H2O2 (Combined scouring and bleaching)
NaOH Na2O3 NaSiO3 H2O2 TRO l:m Temperature Time
: 4% : 1.5% : 2% : 4% : 0.5 % : 30 : 1 : 90ºC : 1 hour
Recipe: NaOCl Scouring
NaOH Na2CO3 TRO l:m Temperature Time
: 4% : 1.5% : 0.5 % : 30:1 : 90ºc : 1 hour
Bleaching:
Sodium Hypochlorite l:m Temperature Time PH
: 2-4 % : 30 : 1 : Room Temperature : 1 hour : 9-11
Procedure: aa) The given sample was weighed and the chemicals required for the process are calculated on the o.w.m. bb) Bath is setup with required l:m ratio and the chemicals are added to the bath. First the wetting agent (TRO) is added followed by NaOH, Na2CO3, NaSiO3 and H2O2.
cc) Then the material is wetted out,squeezed and introduced into the bath. dd) The temperature is raised to 90ºC. After reaching the required temperature, the process is continued for 1 hour. During the process the temperature & pH are maintained and contineous agitation is done. ee) After compleating the process, the bath is drained and a cold wash & hot wash are carried out. Finally the pH is checked and the neutralisation is done with the acetic acid. Once again the material is washed to remove the traces of acid and dried in a hot air oven at 110 ºC. ff) Similarly the process is carried out for the NaOCl Blaching. Formula:
Amount of solution
% of req. chemical = ------------------------ X wt. of material % of conc. supplied
Tenacity Measurement: It is measured in the Tensomaxx 7000
Tenacity for H2O2 bleached sample Breaking Force = Breaking Elongation = Tenacity = Breaking Work = The average value of Tenacity = Tenacity for NaOCl bleached sample Breaking force = Breaking Elongation = Tenacity = Breaking Work = The average value of Tenacity = Interference:
Result:
Thus the tenacity of Hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite bleached samples are determined.
5. Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabrics dyed with direct and reactive dyes
Aim:
To assess the rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabric dyed with direct and reactive dyes.
Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:
Bleached cotton fabric, Pipette, Electronic Weighing balance, Hot air oven, Water bath, Dryer, Volumetric flask. Recipe: Direct Dye: Direct Dye NaCl l:m Time Temperature
: 2% : 10 gpl : 30:1 : 1 hour : 80ºC
Reactive Dye:
Reactive Dye : 2% NaCl : 40 gpl l:m : 30:1 Time : 1 hour Temperature : room temperature Na2CO3 : 40 gpl
Perspiration test:
Acidic Condition Nacl : 2.75 gpl Urea : 0.75 gpl l:m : 50:1 Alkaline Condition NaCl : 3 gpl l:m : 50:1 Procedure for Dyeing with direct dye:
gg) The cotton fabric is weighed. The stock solution is prepared by taking calculated amount of cold brand reactive dye and it is pasted with cold water and dissolved by strong agitation. Then calculated amount of NaCl is prepared separately. hh) The bath is set up with l:m 30:1. Required amount of dissolved dyestuff is then added to the dye bath. The sample is wetted out & squeezed then entered into the dye bath. After 10 min. the required quantity of salt is added in two installments at the interval of each 15 min. After the completion of process for 30-60 min., the material is removed and the bath is drained.
ii) Treatment for 10-20 minutes with detergents (3 gpl) using hot water followed by hot rinsing. jj) Finally rinsing the material thoroughly with cold water and dried in hot air oven at 110 ºC for 15 min. Procedure for Dyeing with reactive dye:
kk) The cotton fabric is weighed. The stock solution is prepared by taking calculated amount of cold brand reactive dye and it is pasted with cold water and dissolved by adding warm water at 50ºC. Then calculated amount of NaCl and Na2 CO3 are to be prepared. ll) The bath is set up with l:m 30:1. required amount of dissolved dyestuff is then added to the dye bath. The sample is wetted out & squeezed then entered into the dye bath. After 10 min. the required quantity of salt is added in two installments at the interval of each 10 min. After 20min. of exhaustion, the soda ash is added and worked for 30-60 min. Then the material is removed and the bath is drained. mm)The after treatment is carried out to remove the unfixed dyes and improve the color fastness. nn) After treatment: Rinsing the material thoroughly with cold water and followed by hot water. Soaping is carried out with 2gpl non-ionic soap solution and 2 gpl soda ash. oo) Finally the material is dried in hot air oven at 110 ºC for 15 min. Rubbing Fastness:
pp) The dyed sample is prepared in the dimension of 15x 8 cm and mounted on the ‘crock meter’. A white bleached sample of 4x4 cm is tied on the finger of the ‘crock meter’. 10 cycles are made to rub the fabric surface. Then the fabric from the figure is removed and the grading is evaluated with the help of grey scale. qq) Same procedure is carried out for the wet rubbing test. But the fabric sample is tested in the wet condition. rr) Finally the grading is given according to the grde scale reading given below.
Grade Scale reading
Grade
5 4/5
Excellent Good ss) Better tt) Poor uu) very poor
Perspiration Test:
Two composite specimen are wetted out in solution (A and B) employing a 20:1 liquor
ratio by immersion at room temperature for 30 min. Each sample is then dried in a glass dish with smooth flat bottom and a glass plate weighing about 50g is laid over the Top and the whole is covered with perspiration solution. The glass plate is pressed to remove air bubble and after standing for 15 min. The solution is poured off without removing the plate under room temperature it is kept for 4 hours. Then the fabric is taken and measure for the shade variation using grey scale.
Inference:
Result: Thus the given sample was dyed successfully with direct and reactive dyes and also changes have been observed in both rubbing and perspiration fastness.
6. Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness for Sulphur dyed material Aim: To assess the rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabric with sulphur dyes. Apparatus, Reagents and Materials: Cotton fabric, crock meter, water bath, Pipette, Electronic weighing balance, Hot air oven, volumetric Flask. Recipe: (Sample Size : 4 x 10cm)
Acidic condition NaCl : 2.65 gpl Urea : 0.7gpl pH : 5-6 l:m : 20:1 Time : 30 min Temperature : Room Temperature Alkaline condition NaCl : 3 gpl l:m : 5:1 pH : 8-9 Time : 30 min Temperature : Room Temperature Sulphur dyeing :
Dye Soda ash Sodium Sulphide l:m Temperature Time
: 20% : 20% : 40% : 20:1 : Boling Temperature : 1 hour
Recipe for Oxidation: Sodium Per-borate : 0.5 gpl Temperature : 50ºC Time : 20 min Procedure:
vv) The cotton fabric is weighed. The stock solution is prepared by taking calculated amount of Sulphur dye and it is pasted with warm water. The sulphur dye is
insoluble in water so small amount of soda ash and sodium sulphide are added with warm water at 50ºC. Then calculated amount of NaCl is prepared prepared. ww)The bath is set up with l:m 30:1 required amount of dissolved dye solution is then added to the dye bath. The sample is wetted out & squeezed then entered into the dye bath. After 10 min. the required quantity of salt is added in two to three installments at the interval of each 15 min. After the completion of process for 30-60 min., the material is removed and the bath is drained. xx) Before rinsing the material, the oxidation process is carried out for fixation. yy) The after treatment is carried out to remove the unfixed dyes and improve the color fastness. zz) After treatment: Rinsing the material thoroughly with cold water and followed by hot water. Soaping is carried out with 2gpl non-ionic soap solution and 2 gpl soda ash. aaa)Finally the material is dried in hot air oven at 110 ºC for 15 min. Rubbing Fastness : bbb)The dyed sample is prepared in the dimension of 15x 8 cm and mounted on the ‘crock meter’. A white bleached sample of 4x4 cm is tied on the finger of the ‘crock meter’. 10 cycles are made to rub the fabric surface. Then the fabric from the figure is removed and the grading is evaluated with the help of grey scale. ccc)Same procedure is carried out for the wet rubbing test. But the fabric sample is tested in the wet condition. ddd)Finally the grading is given according to the grade scale reading given below. Grade Scale reading 5 4/5
Grade Excellent Good eee)Better fff) Poor ggg)very poor
Perspiration Test:
Two composite specimen are wetted out in solution (A and B) employing a 20:1 liquor ratio by immersion at room temperature for 30 min. Each sample is then dried in a glass dish with smooth flat bottom and a glass plate weighing about 50g is laid over the Top and the whole is covered with perspiration solution. The glass plate is pressed to remove air bubble and after standing for 15 min. The solution is poured off without removing the plate under room temperature it is kept for 4 hours. Then the fabric is taken and measure for the shade variation using grey scale.
Inference:
Result:
Thus the given sample was dyed successfully and changes have been observed in both rubbing and perspiration fastness.
7. Comparison of different ISO wash fastness tests on fabrics dyed with direct dyes Aim:
To compare different ISO wash fastness test on fabric dyed on direct dye. Dyeing Recipe:
Direct dyes Sodium chloride l:m Time Temperature
: 2% : 10% : 30:1 : 1 ½ hours : Boiling Temperature
Procedure for Dyeing with direct dye:
hhh)The cotton fabric is weighed. The stock solution is prepared by taking calculated amount of cold brand reactive dye and it is pasted with cold water and dissolved by strong agitation. Then calculated amount of NaCl is prepared separately. iii) The bath is set up with l:m 30:1. Required amount of dissolved dyestuff is then added to the dye bath. The sample is wetted out & squeezed then entered into the dye bath. After 10 min. the required quantity of salt is added in two installments at the interval of each 15 min. After the completion of process for 30-60 min., the material is removed and the bath is drained. jjj) Treatment for 10-20 minutes with detergents (3 gpl) using hot water followed by hot rinsing. kkk)Finally rinsing the material thoroughly with cold water and dried in hot air oven at 110 ºC for 15 min.
Fastness to washing:
A specimen measuring 4cm x 4cm of the material to be tested is cut out. The specimen sandwiched between two pieces of white bleached fabric measuring 5cm x 5cm and the three pieces are held together by stitching round the edges leaving one side exposed. There are 5 draft proposals for ISO recommendation for washing. The composite specimen is treated in a wash well with the recipe given in the table. Finally the samples are removed and dried. The grade is given by comparing the stained sample with the grey scale.
ISO test No. 1 2 3
4 5
Recipe Temperature 0.5 % soap 40º ± 2ºC 0.5 % soap 50º ± 2ºC 0.5 % soap + 0.2 % 60º ± 2ºC NaCO3
Time 30 minutes 45 minutes 30 minutes
0.5 % soap+ 0.2 % 95º ± 2ºC NaCO3 0.5 % soap+ 0.2 % 95º ± 2ºC NaCO3
30 minutes 4 hour
Inference:
By means of Test I grade Test II grade Test III grade Test IV grade
= = = =
Result:
Thus the comparison of different ISO washing fastness on direct dyed fabric was made.
8. Spectrophotmetric assessment of dye strength from dyed fabric Sample
Aim:
To assess the dye strength from the dyed fabric sample. Apparatus and Materials:
Spectrophotometer, Dyed fabric sample, White Transmission Standard, White and Black Calibration Tile, Black Panel Transmission standard. Procedure:
First the spectrometer is calibrated by using the white transmission standard and black panel transmission standard. Then the standard sample is placed in the spectrophoto meter and the wave length and the reflection values are noted. The l, a, b values is also noted. Then the dyed sample is placed in the spectrophotometer and l value a, b value are calculated. Then the ΔL, Δa, Δb values are calculated. Then the ΔE values are calculated, if the less than, the dyed sample is
acceptance If the ΔE value is higher than dyed sample is not accepted. In the spectrometer for a particular color in what properties primary color mixed it is available. That is library index. Formula
Result:
Thus the dye strength from the dyed fabric sample has been assessed.
9. Dyeing of polyester using disperse dyes Aim:
To dye the polyester fabric using disperse dye. Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:
Polyester fabric, Pipette, Electronic weighing balance, hot air oven, water bath, volumetric flask Recipe:
Disperse dye Carrier l:m Acetic acid (30 %) Wetting agent Temperature Time
: 6% : 8% : 20:1 : 0.5 % : 2 gpl : Boiling Temperature : 1 ½ hour
Recipe for Reduction cleaning Treatener:
Hydrose NaOH Temperature Time
: 2 gpl : 2 gpl : 60ºC : 15 min.
Procedure:
The given polyester fabric is weighted and amount of stock solution. For dyeing was prepared using volumetric flask. The calculation is done as per the weight of the fabric and l : m ratio is 20:1 As the polyester needs high temperature both instead of these we need reduction cleaning treatment which was hydrose and alkali at 60ºc for ¼ hours. After the dyeing process is over the fabric is squeezed and put into the reduction cleaning treatment bath for reduction. Inference:
The fabric was dyed instead of high temperature bath, use carrier. Result:
Thus the polyester a fabric was dyed using disperse dye.
10. Printing of cotton fabrics using direct and discharge styles Aim:
To print the direct dyes styles on the cotton fabric. Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:
Pipette, Beaker, Weighing balance, Printing pattern pad. Recipe:
Direct dye Glycerine Trisodium phosphate Thickener Water Total
: 0.3g : 5.7 parts : 1 part : 10 parts : 83 parts : 100 parts
Procedure:
lll) All the dye material are mixed thoroughly using water adequately they form paste and these paste should neither be move said nor liquid and it should be optimum calculation are made as per weighing of fabric. mmm)The fabric is laid on the table and the pattern board is placed above fabric and dye is placed above it and it is squeezed out by a box using hand. nnn)Then the fabric is taken out and dried in the air-oven. Inference:
The printed design is accurate on the fabric Result:
Thus the fabric is printed with direct style.
11. Assessment of weight loss, abrasion resistance and pilling
performance of biopolished fabric Aim:
To assess the weight loss, Abrasion resistance and pilling performance of biopolished fabric. Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:
Pipette, weighing balance, shaker, Control flask, Hot air oven, Abrasion Tester, Pilling Tester. Recipe:
Enzyme (cellulose) l:m Temperature Time
: 6 gpl : 20:1 : 55ºC : 30 min.
Procedure:
ooo)The cotton fabric weighted and l : m ratio is 20%. ppp)The stack solution for bolished was prepared qqq)The fabric is wetted and put into the stock solution in conial flask and flask is put in the shaker for 30 min at 55 ºc rrr) Then the fabric was dyed and weight loss was calculated. sss)Then the fabric was undergone abrasion testing using abrasion tester and the weight loss are calculated. ttt) The sample to test is cut using on template. The sample is then mounted on the abrasion tester for light weight fabric the weight of 200g is added. uuu)The fabric is allowed to abrade against emery paper. vvv)The number of revolution is preset in the instrument. After the required number of revolution is made, the tester is stopped. www)The fabric is dismounted and the weight loss is noted down. Pilling Test:
A piece of fabric measuring 5” x 5”. The fabric is sewn so as to be a firm set. When placed around a rubber tube 6 in long 1 ½ “outside diameter and 1/8 thick . The cut ends of the fabric are covered by cellophane tape and four tubes are placed in a box. It is used with cork 1/8” thick, which is then rotated at 60 rev/min for 5 hours. Result :
Thus the Assessment of weight loss abrasion resistance and pilling performance of
biopolished fabrics.
12. Assessment of bending rigidity of softener, stiffener finished fabric Aim
To study the effect of functional finishes on the fabric. Formula:
Bending length (C) = L
cos(θ / 2) s tan θ
1/ 3
cm
Where,
θ = 41.5
0
L = length at which the strip coincides Flexural Rigidity (G)
= W X l3 X 103 mg.cm
Where W = grams per square cm l = bending length cm
Recipe: Softeners:
Glycerin L:m Temperature Time
: 4% : 20:1 : 80ºc : 15 min
Stiffness
Starch L:m Temperature Time
: 4% : 20:1 : Room temperature : 30 min
Procedure:
The sample to be treated is separately weighted. In a vessel the material required for stiffening finish is added. Required amount of water is added to the vessel. The sample to be treated is wetted and immersed in the solution. The temperature of the water bath &
kept at room temperature. The process is carried out for 30 minutes. In another vessel the content for softening finish is added. The required amount of water is added and sample to be wetted and treated is immersed. Temperature is maintained at 80ºc. the process is carried out at 15 minutes. Bending length test:
xxx)A sample of size of 6” x 1” is cut. Three samples in warp way and three in weft way direction. yyy)The tester is set on a table so that the horizontal platform and the index lines are at eye level. zzz)The specimen is placed in between the platform and the template so that the fabric and the zero mark of the template coincide with the datum line. aaaa)Both template and fabric are slowly pushed forward bbbb)The fabric will tend to drop over the edge on its own weight. cccc)Both are moved forward until the tip of the fabric cuts both the index lines when viewed in the mirror. dddd)The bending length, flexural rigidity and the bending modulus are calculated. Result:
Thus the bending rigidity was assessed for softners and stiffners finished fabrics.
Mini Project:
eeee)Evaluation of fastness in Reactive Dyed Cotton fabric at different concentration of NaCl and Na2CO3. ffff)Analysis of hydrophilic property of plasma treated Polyester Fabric.
Application Oriented Experiments:
gggg)Effect of NaCl on the exhaustion of Direct Dyes on Cotton material. hhhh)Effect of Reducing agent on Sulphur Dye application.
1. Identification of Dyes on Fibre AIM: To identify the dye in given dyed fabric. Procedure: Step: I No.
1.
EXPERIMENT Test specimen is treated with
a) 50% Dimethyl formamide b) Mixture of glacial Acetic acid and
2.
3.
rectified spirit Boil the specimen with 1% Sodium hydroxide for 1-2min. Remove the test specimen and add a few
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE May be Reactive
ingrain
No action
(or) Basic
dye.
No action
May be Vat dyes.
pieces of bleached cotton, 25 mg of NaCl No staining
May be Vat dyes.
and boiled for 2 minutes. Take fresh test specimen boiled for 1-2 4.
min. in a solution containing 1-30mg of hydros in 5-10ml of water to which 4-6 drops NaOH are added.
5.
Specimen
colour
changes and converts into
white
during
boiling. (Stripping of
May be Vat (or) Reactive Sulphur
(or) Oxidation
Colours.
dye) Take test specimen add 2-3 drops of Hcl No action
May be reactive or
& water 1-2ml of 5% Na2Co3 solution
Vat dye.
500mg of solid sodium sulphate boiled for
2 minutes. Test specimen is taken and 2-3ml conc. H2SO4 is added. Pour the extract in 6.
another test tube add 25 ml of water and finally filtered. Wash the filter paper with
May be Vat dye (or)
No action
Reactive dye.
water spot the filter paper with 10% NaOH solution. Take fresh test specimen boil it with 7.
HCHO solution containing a few drops of No action NaOH. Take a fresh test specimen add 2-3ml of
8.
pyridine & boil Repeat this treatment using 2-3 fresh portions of pyridine. Result:
Solution
May be Vat dye.
changes Confirms that the
yellow colour.
dye is Vat dye.
Thus, the given material was treated to identify the dye on it and it has been found that the specimen was dyed with ‘VATDYES’.
Step: II No 1.
EXPERIMENT a) Test specimen is treated with 50%
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Dimethyl formamide (DMF). b) The specimen is treated with Conc. DMF c) Mixture of glacial Acetic acid and
2.
3.
4.
5.
rectified spirit. Test specimen is boiled for 1-2min with
No action
1% Ammonium hydroxide solution. Remove the test specimen and Add a few pieces of bleached cotton 25 mg of Nacl and boiled for 2mins. Take fresh specimen and add 1ml Of
May
glacial CH3COOH and warm add 3-5ml
dyes.
be
reactive
of water and boil remove the specimen No action and add 25mg of Mordant cotton and boil for 2mins. Take fresh test specimen boiled for 1- Specimen
colour May be Reactive (or)
2mins in solution containing 1-30mg f
changes to violet while Vat (or) Sulphur (or) hydros in 5-10ml of water to which 4- during boiling convert Oxidation colour. it into white colour.. 6drops of NaOH solution are added. Take test specimen add 2-3ml of water 1-2ml of 5% Na2CO3 solution 500mg of 6.
solid sodium sulphate and boiled for 2mins Remove the specimen add 25mg of NaCl and a piece of bleached cotton boil for 2min. Test specimen is taken and 2ml conc. H2SO4 is added pour the extract is taken
7.
another test tube add 25ml of water and filtered wash the filter paper with water spot the filter paper with 10% NaOH solution. Take a fresh test specimen boil it with
8.
HCHO solution containing a few drops Light bleeding of dye of NaOH- light bleeding of dye from the occurs. fibres may occur. Take a fresh test specimen add 2-3ml of
9.
pyridine & boil Repeat this treatment No action using 2-3fresh portions of pyridine.
May be reactive dye.
Confirms that the dye is a reactive dye.
Result:
Thus, the given material was treated to identify the dye on it and it has been found that it was dyed with ‘REACTIVE DYES’.
Step: III No 1. 2.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION Test specimen is treated with 50% No action Dimethyl formamide. Boil the specimen with 1% sodium No reaction
INFERENCE May direct (or) acid (or) basic dyes. May be direct (or)
hydroxide for 1-2 hours.
Acid dyes.
Remove the test specimen and add a few 3.
pieces of bleached cotton 25mg of Nacl No staining and boiled for 2 Mins. Take fresh test specimen boiled for 1-2 Specimen
4.
May be direct dyes. colour May be direct (or)
mins in a solution containing 1-30mg at changes in to Violet Reactive Hydros in 5-10 ml of water to which 4-6 and
converts
in
(or)
Vat
to dye.
drops NaOH are added. White during boiling. Take fresh specimen and add 1ml of glacial acetic acid and warm add 3-5ml 5.
of water and boil remove the specimen No action.
May be direct dye.
and add 25mg of mordant cotton and boil for 2mins. Take test specimen add 2-3ml of water 1-2ml of 6.
Na2CO3 solution 500mg of
solid sodium sulphate and boiled for
No staining
May be direct dye.
No action
May be direct dye.
2mins remove the specimen add 25mg of Nacl and a few pieces of bleached cotton boil for 2min. Test specimen is taken and add 2-3ml conc H2SO4 pour the extract is taken in 7.
another test tube add 25ml of water and filtered. Wash filter paper with water spot the filter paper with 10% NaOH solution. Take a fresh test specimen boil it with
8.
HCHO solution containing a few drops No reaction. of NaOH . Take a fresh test specimen, add 2-3ml of
9.
pyridine & boil. Repeat this treatment No action using 2-3fresh portions of pyridine. Result:
May be direct dye.
Confirms that the dye is direct dye.
Thus the given material was tested to identify the dye on the specimen and it has been found that the specimen was dyed with “DIRECT DYES”.
2. Colorfastness to Domestic Laundering Aim:
To determine the colorfastness of colored textiles to domestic or commercial laundering procedures.
Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:
Apparatus Launder-Ometer or equivalent device simulating accelerated laundering iiii)Suitable mechanical device consisting of a water bath containing a rotary shaft, the shaft/container assembly is rotated at a frequency of 40 ± 2 rpm. The temperature of the water bath is thermostatically controlled to maintain the test solution at the prescribed temperature ± 2°C jjjj)Stainless steel containers with a volume of 5 50 ml ± 50 ml kkkk)Stainless steel balls; approximately 0.6 cm in diameter Light box Balance llll)Accuracy of 0.01gm of the determined mass Beaker Reagents and Materials Distilled or deionized water IEC detergent (with optical brightener) Multifiber (see NIKE Approved Test Materials List) mmmm)4 cm x 10 cm Gray Scale for Color Change Gray Scale for Color Staining
Test specimen:
If the textile to be tested is a solid colored fabric: Cut 1 piece of fabric 4 cm x 10 cm as the test specimen. Sew or staple the multifiber along the short (4 cm) side of the face of the test specimen to form a composite test specimen. If the textile to be tested is a printed fabric or multicolor fabric: Cut 1 piece of fabric 4 cm x 10 cm as the test specimen covering all colors. If all colors cannot fit within the 4 cm x 10 cm test specimen, then cut additional specimens to cover the remaining colors and test each separately. Sew or staple the multifiber along the short (4 cm) side of the face of the test specimen to form a composite test specimen.
Procedure:
Prepare fresh detergent solution according to the following formula: 1 liter of detergent solution 1.0 liter distilled or deionized water 4.0 grams IEC Detergent
Run the laundering machine according to the following test conditions: Temperature 50°C
Liquor Volume 150 ml
Available Sodium chlorine perborate none none
Test time 45 min
Steel balls 50
Adjust pH no
nnnn)Use beaker to measure 150 ml detergent solution. oooo)Add 150 ml detergent solution and 50 steel balls to each container. pppp)Load the containers equally on all sides to insure a balanced run in the laundering machine. qqqq)Run the laundering machine for 10 minutes to preheat containers, solution and bath. rrrr)After pre-heating, add one composite test specimen to each container. ssss)Run the test for 45 minutes. tttt)After the test is complete, rinse each composite test specimen individually under running tap water until detergent has been rinsed away. Squeeze the excess water from the composite test specimen by hand. Line dry with multi-fiber clamped to the line or lay flat to dry at temperature not to exceed 60°C. Position the test specimen so the fabrics do not come into contact with one another. Evaluation and Reporting:
Assess color change of the test specimen. Assess color staining on nylon, polyester and cotton. If test specimens are printed or multicolored and have more than one test specimen to cover all colors, report the worst result for both color staining and color change in test report.
3. Colorfastness to Crocking Aim:
To determine amount of color transferred from the surface of colored textiles to other surfaces by rubbing. Apparatus, Reagents and Materials: Apparatus uuuu)Crockmeter or equivalent device vvvv)A rubbing finger comprising of a 1.6 cm diameter cylinder moving back and forth in a straight line along a 10 cm track on the specimen and exerting a downward force of 9 Newtons. wwww)Light box xxxx)Balance yyyy)Accuracy of 0.01gm of the determined mass Reagents and Materials zzzz)Distilled or deionized water aaaaa)Standard Crock Cloth 5 cm square (80x84 combed cotton, desized, bleached, without optical brightener) bbbbb)Abrasive paper ccccc)Manufactured by 3M, Waterproof Silicon Carbide, W-320-A Soft Back ddddd)Gray Scale for Color Staining Test Specimen:
If the textile to be tested is a solid colored fabric: 2 pieces of test specimen not less than 5 cm wide x 14 cm long, cut in 45° bias
direction. If the specimen is not wide enough to run the test, use widthwise direction. If the textile to be tested is a printed fabric or multicolor fabric: 2 pieces of test specimen not less than 5 cm wide x 14 cm long, cut in 45° bias direction. Test specimens should cover all colors. If not. then take more test specimen to cover the rest of colors. Conditioning: Condition test specimens and crock cloths (ISO 139 using Standard Temperature Atmosphere). This atmosphere has a temperature of 20°C ± 2°C and a relative humidity of 65% ± 2%. Condition for minimum 12 hours until test specimens and crock cloths are in equilibrium with the specified conditions.
Procedure: Dry Crocking Test eeeee)Place a test specimen face up on the base of the Crockmeter resting flat on the abrasive paper. fffff)Place specimen holder over test specimen or fix in a way to prevent slippage. ggggg)Mount a crock cloth over the finger of the testing device and secure with the clip, insuring the clip clears the holder plate. Keep the grain of crock cloth parallel to the grain of test specimen. hhhhh)Lower the covered finger onto the test specimen. Crock 10 complete turns at rate of one turn per second to slide the covered finger back and forth 20 times. iiiii)Unclip the crock cloth. Remove any extraneous fibers with cellophane tape. Wet Crocking Test jjjjj)Place a new test specimen face up on the base of the Crockmeter, resting flat on the abrasive paper. kkkkk)Place specimen holder over test specimen or fix in a way to prevent slippage. lllll)Using distilled or dionized water, wet out a crock cloth until 100% wet pick-up is achieved. mmmmm)Mount a crock cloth over the finger of the testing device and secure with the clip, insuring the clip clears the holder plate. Keep the grain of crock cloth parallel to the grain of test specimen. nnnnn)Lower the covered finger onto the test specimen. Crock 10 complete turns at rate of one turn per second to slide the covered finger back and forth 20 times. ooooo)Unclip the crockmeter test cloth. After the crock cloth dries, remove extraneous fibers with cellophane tape.
Evaluation and Reporting: Evaluate test results using NIKE Color Evaluation Procedures. If testing includes unwashed and washed test results, report both in the test report. If test specimens are printed or multicolor and have more than one test specimen to cover all colors, report the worst result for color staining in test report.
4. Identification of Textile Fibres by Burning Test Standard:
AATCC - 20-2002
Aim:
To identify the Textile Fibres .There are three methods of identifying the Textile Fibres : Burning test
Chemical Tests By Dissolving Staining test by Shirlastain ‘A’ Burning test method :
We can analyze the content / composition of the yarn or fabric by carrying burning test. Sr.No 1
2
BURNING TEST TYPE OF MATERIAL Burns readily with smell of burnt paper ( Grey COTTON ash) Burns slowly with some melting. it gives smell SILK of burning hair or horn
3 4 5 6 7 8
Burns slowly with smell of burnt feather. WOOL Some melting. Leaves shiny brittle bead Burns readily with smell of burnt paper. Does VISCOSE not melt. Burns with melting, forming black, brittle bead, ACETATE emits Acetic odour Burns slowly with melting forming hard, pale NYLON Brown bead Shrinks, forming hard, round bead, emits POLYESTER pungent odour. Burning with melting, forming, hard, black ACRYLIC bead.
5. Identification of Textile Fibres by Chemical Test
Standard:
ASTM D 276-00a
Aim:
To identify the Textile Fibres by Chemical analysis. This test is used for checking the different blends and their proportion like Silk / Cotton, Silk / Wool, Nylon / Lycra, Nylon / Viscose etc. Method:
By dipping the yarn / fabric in a chemical / solvent. We can identify the content / blend composition easily. In particular chemical and at particular conditions, different textile fibres dissolve and from this we can easily identify the textile fibres Sl.No
1 2
Chemical in which the textile fibre dissolves
70% Sulphuric Acid at room temp 60% Sulphuric Acid at room temp
Name of the Textile fibre
COTTON VISCOSE / SILK
3
Hydrochloric Acid at room temp
SILK
4 5 6 7
Hot phenol 5% NaOH(BOILING) 85% Formic Acid at room temp Acetone
POLYESTER WOOL / SILK NYLON ACETATE / POLYURETHANE (SPANDEX)
8
Dimethyl formamide (BOILING)
ACRYLIC
First identify the fibre content by burning test. Then check weight of the specimen sample. Depending on the fibre content dip the specimen in a particular chemical in which one component gets dissolved. Dry the sample and check the weight again. Now calculate the proportion of the different textile fibres. Ex : By burning test , we have identified that there are two components in the sample viz Silk and Cotton. Weight of the specimen which is 0.121 g. Now Silk is dissolved in HCL. Specimen is thoroughly washed and dried and weighed again which is 0.0754 g. So the weight of Silk is 0.121 – 0.0754 = 0.0456 g. That means Cotton = 62 % and Silk = 38 %.
TEXTILE CHEMICAL PROCESSING 6. Objective Question & Answers
1. Hydrolytic & Oxidative Desizing and Assessment of Residual Starch
1. The enzyme used for continuous desizing is 1. Malt Based 2. Bacterial 3. Protein
4. Pancreatic
2. What is the flame temperature used in Gas Singeing? (Deg. C) 1. 1000 2. 120 3. 2000 4. 180 ppppp)During a sizing pick up will increase if qqqqq)Sizing speed increases rrrrr)Squeezing pressure increases sssss)Position of immersion roller is lowered ttttt)Temperature of drying cylinder decreases uuuuu)Heat-setting of polyester is carried out on
vvvvv)Mercerizing Machine wwwww)Pin stenter xxxxx)Open width washing machine yyyyy)None of the above zzzzz)Rot proof finish is given to aaaaaa)cotton bbbbbb)polyester cccccc)nylon dddddd)acrylic 6. Gas singeing machine is operated at a speed of eeeeee)50 – 70 m / min b)10 – 40 m / min c)125 – 200 m / min d)80 – 100 m / min 7. Most specific process for desizing (starch) is ffffff)Rot stepping gggggg)Acid stepping hhhhhh)Enzyme stepping iiiiii)Oxidate desizing 8. Name the used for desizing maltase 9. Enzymatic desizing sensitive on pH & temperature 10. Melting point of fats & wax present in cotton is ( Deg. C) 1. 40-45 2. 120-130 3. 70-80 4. 50-60
2. Assessment of weight loss in the scouring of cotton fabric
1. Scouring Efficiency is assessed by 1. BAN Test 2. Drop Test 3. MR Test
4. LOI
2. Solvent used in wool scouring is 1. Benzene 2. Methanol 3. Perchloroethylene 4. PTFE 3. Scouring of cotton is carried out under a) Alkaline conditions b) Acidic conditions c) Neutral conditions 4. Commercially, scouring of cotton is carried out b y using jjjjjj)sodium hydrochloride kkkkkk)sodium chloride llllll)Potassium hydrochloride mmmmmm)Calcium chloride
nnnnnn)The principal objective of cotton scouring is to oooooo)Increase whiteness pppppp)Decrease trash content qqqqqq)Increase absorbency rrrrrr)Remove deeply entiadded protemous matter ssssss)The min. time of absorbency required after scouring is 3Sec tttttt)The process of converting the veg. oil into soap is called as saponification uuuuuu)What will happen if the wool is scoured with 4% NaOH? vvvvvv)What is the usual % of weight loss in cotton scouring process? wwwwww)What is the role soda ash in the scouring process?
3. Comparison of BAN and Tensile strength of Slack & Tension Mercerized Cotton Yarn
1. After Mercerisation, the Young’s Modulus of the cotton fibres 1. Decreases` 2. Initially increases then decreases xxxxxx)3. Remain unaffected 4. Increases yyyyyy) 2. Whose efficiency can be measured by Lustre Index? 1. Bleaching 2. Mercerisation 3. Scouring 4. Antistatic Finish zzzzzz)Caustic soda mercerisation of cotton is carried out for improvement of aaaaaaa)Strength and luster bbbbbbb)Whiteness ccccccc)Wetting ddddddd)Mercerization is carried out with NaOH of eeeeeee)18-25 % conc. fffffff)10-15 % conc. ggggggg)25-35 % conc. hhhhhhh)5-10 % conc. iiiiiii)Waht are all objectives of mercerization? jjjjjjj)How the lusture is improved in the process of mercerization?
kkkkkkk)What is the reason for the increase in the absorbency? lllllll)How the strength is improved in the process of mercerization? mmmmmmm)What is the difference between the liquid ammonia treatment and mercerization? nnnnnnn)What is the % of crystallinity drop in mercerization?
4. Comparison of Hydrogen peroxide and Sodium hypochlorite bleached samples
1. What is the PH used for Peroxide Bleach? 1. 4-5 2. 10-11 3. 11-13
4. 6-7
2. Sodium Silicate in Peroxide bleach is used as 1. Stabilizer 2. Ioniser 3. Sequestering agent 4. Exhausting agent 3. What Bleaching Agent is used for Wool? 1. NaOCl 2. NaClO2 3. H2O2
4. Cl2
ooooooo)Bleaching with hydrogen peroxide is carried out at a pH of 7.0 b)4.0 c)10.0 d) 12.0 ppppppp)Bleaching with NaOCI is by qqqqqqq)Oxygen rrrrrrr)Chlorine sssssss)Hypochlorite ion ttttttt)Hypochlorite acid uuuuuuu)What is the advantage of organic stabilizer over Silicat stabilizer? vvvvvvv)What do you mean by Nascent Oxygen? wwwwwww)What is the disadvantage of NaOCl bleaching over peroxide bleaching? xxxxxxx)What do you mean by whiteness index? yyyyyyy)What is the role of peroxide killer?
5. Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabrics dyed with direct
and reactive dyes
1. The nature of Chemical Bond formed between Reactive dye and cellulose is 1. Vander Waal force 2. Hydrogen Bond 3. Covalent 4. Coordination Bond 2. Co-ordination bond is formed in case of 1. Reactive Dyes 2. Mordants 3. Cationic Dyes
4. Disperse Dyes
zzzzzzz)Addition of Soda ash in Reactive dye bath results in 1. Higher Exhaustion 2. Better Levelling 3. Fixation of Dye aaaaaaaa)Jet dyeing machine is commonly used for dyeing of bbbbbbbb)Wool b)Cotton c)Polyester 5. Monocloro traizine reactive dyes are applied on cotton under a) neutral pH b) acid pH c) alkaline pH cccccccc)Light fastness of some of the direct dyes can be improved by an inter treatment with dddddddd)Formaldehyde eeeeeeee)Cationic surfactant ffffffff)Copper sulphate gggggggg)Dye fixing agent 7. Reaction of vinyl sulphone dyes with cellulose is hhhhhhhh)Nucleophilic substitution iiiiiiii)Electrophilic substitution jjjjjjjj)Nucleophilic addition kkkkkkkk)Electrophilic addition llllllll)Dyes based homobifunctional reactive groups shows mmmmmmmm)poor exhaustion nnnnnnnn)high exhaustion oooooooo)low light fastness pppppppp)high sublimation fastness qqqqqqqq)What is the pH at which the reactive dyeing is carried out? rrrrrrrr)What is the bond formed between the direct dye and cotton fibre?
6. Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness for Sulphur dyed material
ssssssss)What is the dimension of sample used in crock meter?
tttttttt)How the sulphur dyes are held with cotton fibre? uuuuuuuu)What do you mean by perspiration fastness? vvvvvvvv)What is the difference between wet &dry rubbing? wwwwwwww)How will you dissolve sulphur dye? xxxxxxxx)What is the pH of the solution used for perspiration fastness? yyyyyyyy)At what pH the sulphur dyeing is carried out? zzzzzzzz)Name the textile materials that can be dyed with sulphur dye? aaaaaaaaa)What is the temperature at which the sulphur dyeing is carried out? bbbbbbbbb)What is the weight of the rubbing figure in crock meter?
7. Comparison of different ISO wash fastness tests on fabrics dyed with direct dyes
1. Direct Dyes are mainly used for 1. Cotton 2. Acrylic 3. Nylon 4. Polyester 2. Direct dyes on nylon are held by ccccccccc)Electrostatic attraction ddddddddd)Hydrogen bonding eeeeeeeee)Vender weal’s force 3. Dyeing of silk is carried out by using fffffffff)Disperse dyes ggggggggg)Acid dyes hhhhhhhhh)Pigment colours iiiiiiiii)None of the above
4. Modified cationic dyes on acrylic are held by jjjjjjjjj)covalent bonds kkkkkkkkk)vander waal’s force lllllllll)ionic interaction mmmmmmmmm)none of the above
5. PAN fibres can be dyed with a) Acid dyes b) Basic dyes c) Direct dyes d) Vat dyes
6. Acid dyes are held by nylon fibre by nnnnnnnnn)Van der waal’s forces ooooooooo)Covalent bonds ppppppppp)Electrovalent bonds qqqqqqqqq)Coordinate bonds 7. What kind of material is used to sandwich the cotton fabric? 8. What is the standard size of sample used for wash fastness testing? 9. Why do you use steel ball during the wash fastness test? 10. What are all the chemical used in the wash fastness?
8. Spectrophotmetric assessment of dye strength from dyed fabric sample
rrrrrrrrr)Distinguish between substantivity and affinity. sssssssss)How many folds should be done for the sample which is to be tested in spectrophotometer? ttttttttt)What is mean by metamerism? uuuuuuuuu)Name the different types of metamerism? vvvvvvvvv)What do you mean by 10o observer? wwwwwwwww)Name some standard illuminants used in spectrophotometer? xxxxxxxxx)List the suitable fibres that can be dyed with direct, acid, basic, reactive, sulphur, vat and disperse dyes. yyyyyyyyy)Distinguish between indigo and anthraquinone vat dyes. zzzzzzzzz)Name any two reducing agents, capable of reducing vat dyes. aaaaaaaaaa)How do we express the strength of a dye?
9. Dyeing of polyester / nylon using disperse dyes
1. Heat Setting temperature for polyester is (in Deg. C) 1. 100-120 2. 150-180 3. 240-260 4. 180-220 2. Heat Setting of polyester between 180-220 deg.C results in bbbbbbbbbb)1. Poor dyeing property 2. Better dye uptake cccccccccc)3. Reduces dye uptake 4. Does not afftect dyeing dddddddddd) 3. The mechanism of dyeing polyester with disperse dyes falls under the category of eeeeeeeeee)Adsorption on sites or langmure adsorption ffffffffff)Diffuse adsorption gggggggggg)Solid solution 4. Dyes suitable for submission transfer printing are a) Acid dyes b)Disperse dyes c)Direct dyes 5. In the rapid dyeing process of dyeing polyester with disperse dyes the rate of heating is a) Constant b) Variable c) Between 1 to 2 0 C / min d) Between 7 – 10 0 C / min 6. Disperse dyes are a) Insoluble in water b) Moderately soluble in water c) Highly soluble in water d) Sparingly soluble in water 7. What is the difference between 1:1 & 1:2 metal complex dye? 8. What kind of bond is formed between acid dye and nylon? 9. What are all the methods by which polyester can be dyed? 10. What do you mean by Thermosol dyeing?
10. Printing of cotton fabrics using direct and discharge styles
1. Chemical suitable for discharge printing is hhhhhhhhhh)Zinc or sodium sulphoxilate formaldehydral iiiiiiiiii)Hydrogen peroxide jjjjjjjjjj)Sodium silicate 2. Discharge printing is polyester is carried out by using a) Common salt
b) Reducing agent c) Acid liberating agent d) None of the above 3. Sublimation transfer printing of polyester with disperse dyes is carried out at kkkkkkkkkk)190-210 0 C b)140-150 0 C c) 50-60 0 C d) Room Temperature 4. Polypropylene fibres are generally llllllllll)Dyed with acid dyes mmmmmmmmmm)Dyed with disperse dyes nnnnnnnnnn)Dyed with pigment colors oooooooooo)Dope dyed 5. Discharge printed cotton fabrics are steamed pppppppppp)Moist steam qqqqqqqqqq)Dry steam rrrrrrrrrr)Steamed under pressure ssssssssss)Steamed in HT steamer 6. Resist salt is used in printing paste to act as a) Resist agent b) Reducing agent c) pH controlling agent d) Mild oxidizing 7. For transfer printing of polyester, disperse dyes should have tttttttttt)harsh b) soft c)brittle d) limp 8. ‘batic’ printing is carried out using a) Direct style b) Discharge style c) Reset style d) Transfer printing 9. What is the role of hygroscopic agent in printing paste? 10. Name two discharging agent used in printing?
uuuuuuuuuu)Assessment of weight performance of biopolished fabric
loss,
abrasion
resistance
vvvvvvvvvv)Name the enzyme used to biopolish the cotton fabric? wwwwwwwwww)What is the objective of biopolishing?
and
pilling
xxxxxxxxxx)What is the optimum % of weight loss obtained in biopolishing? yyyyyyyyyy)What is the speed at which the pilling tester is rotated? zzzzzzzzzz)What kind of fabric that should be tested for pilling performance? aaaaaaaaaaa) What is the sample size of the test specimen used in pilling tester? bbbbbbbbbbb) What is the sample size of the test specimen used in abrasion tester? ccccccccccc) Name any two instruments used to test the pilling performance of textile materials? ddddddddddd) Grade of the abradant used in abrasion tester is 1/0. T/F? eeeeeeeeeee)What are all the applications of biopolished materials?
12. Assessment of bending rigidity of softener, stiffener finished fabric
1. Velan PF is used for 1. Calendaring 2. Water Repellent finish 3. Flame Retardant 4. Antistatic finish 2. In crease resistant finish, the cross link takes place in 1. Amorphous region 2. Crystalline region 3. Surface of fibres . 3. Decatising process is used for finishing of a)Cotton b)Polyester c)Wool
4. All
4. Stone wash finish is more commonly given to a)Poplin b)suiting c)denim d) cambric 5. Weight reduction finish is more commonly given to fffffffffff)nylon b)silk c)polyester 6. Dimethilol dihydroxy ethylene urea is used to improve ggggggggggg)crease resistance of cotton hhhhhhhhhhh)flame resistance of nylon iiiiiiiiiii)softness of polyester jjjjjjjjjjj)soil release 7. Limiting oxygen index is determined to test the efficiency of a) Wash and wear finishing b) Water proofing c) Flame retardant finishing 8. What is the substance is used for the back filling of cotton fabric? 9. Most effective softness is
d)cotton
