Ahmed Ragab Process Engineer EPROM
Process Operation
AGENDA 1. Equipm Equipmen entt Start Startup up,, shut shutdow down n& troubleshooting 2. Commis Commissio sionin ning, g, start startup up & shutd shutdow own n consideration. 3. Maint Maintena enance nce Strat Strategi egies es & Polic Policies ies 4. Isol Isolat atio ion n Philo Philoso soph phy y. 5. Safety Safety princ principl iples es and and basi basic c HAZ HAZOP. OP. 6. Basic Basic Math Math and and physic physics s requi require red. d. 7. Inte Interp rper erso sona nall Skill Skills s
AGENDA 1. Equipm Equipmen entt Start Startup up,, shut shutdow down n& troubleshooting 2. Commis Commissio sionin ning, g, start startup up & shutd shutdow own n consideration. 3. Maint Maintena enance nce Strat Strategi egies es & Polic Policies ies 4. Isol Isolat atio ion n Philo Philoso soph phy y. 5. Safety Safety princ principl iples es and and basi basic c HAZ HAZOP. OP. 6. Basic Basic Math Math and and physic physics s requi require red. d. 7. Inte Interp rper erso sona nall Skill Skills s
Equipment Startup & shutdown • Pumps. • Compressors. • Heat exchangers. • Fired heaters. • Valves.
Pumps Priming: • no centrifugal pump should ever be started until it is fully filled with the liquid pumped and all the air contained in the pump has been allowed to escape
• Starting procedures: 1.Prime the pump, opening the suction valve, closing the drains, and so on, to prepare the pump for operation. 2.Open the valve in the cooling supply to the bearings, where applicable.
3.Open the valve in the cooling supply if the seal chambers are liquid-cooled. 4.Open the valve in the sealing liquid supply if the pump is so fitted. 5.Open the warm-up valve of a pump handling hot liquids if the pump is not normally kept at operating temperature. When the pump is warmed up, close the valve.
6.Open the valve in the recirculating line if the pump should not be operated against dead shutoff. 7.Start the motor. 8.Open the discharge valve slowly. 9.For pumps equipped with mechanical seals, check for seal leakage: there should be none.
10.For pump with shelf packing, observe the leakage from the stuffing boxes and adjust the sealing liquid valve for proper flow to ensure the lubrication of the packing. If the packing is new, do not tighten up on the gland immediately, but let the packing run in before reducing the leakage through the stuffing boxes.
11.Check the general mechanical operation of the pump and motor. 12.Close the valve in the recirculating line when there is sufficient flow through the pump to prevent overheating.
• Shutting down procedures: 1. Open the valve in the recirculating line. 2. Close the gate valve. 3. Stop the motor. 4. Open the warm-up valve if the pump is to be kept at operating temperature. 5. Close the valve in the cooling supply to the bearings and seal chambers.
6. If the sealing liquid supply is not required while the pump is idle, close the valve in this supply line. 7. Close the suction valve, open the drain valves, and so on, as required by the particular installation or if the pump is to be opened up for inspection.
Troubleshooting
Compressors
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE FOR COMPRESSOR PROBLEMS
• Motor will not run 1. Improper line voltage - Check line voltage, change lines as required. 2. Poor contact on motor terminals or starter connections – Ensure good contact on motor terminals and starter connections. 3. Improper starter heaters - Install proper starter heaters.
• Oil in discharge gas 1. Clogged or dirty inlet and/or discharge filter - replace filter element. 2. Oil viscosity too low - Drain existing lubricant from frame. Refill with proper lubricant. 3. Oil level too high - Drain lubricant from frame to proper level.
4. Detergent type lubricant being used Drain existing lubricant from frame. Refill with specified lubricant. 5. Piston rings damaged or worn (broken, rough, scratched, excessive end gap or side {clearance) - Replace piston rings.
6. Piston rings not seated, stuck in grooves, or end gaps not staggered. Clean and adjust piston rings. Replace as required.
• Oil in discharge gas 7. Cylinder scratched, worn or scored. Replace or repair as required. 8. Piston scratched, worn or scored. - Repair or replace as required.
• Gas delivery has dropped off 1. Clogged or dirty inlet and/or discharge filter replace filter element. 2. Gas leaks in piping (on compressor or external piping/system). -Check tubing and connections. Repair or replace as required. 3. Valves leaking, broken, carbonized or loose. Check valves. Clean and replace as required.
4. Automatic condensate drain valve defective Inspect drain valve. Repair or replace as required. 5. Piston rings damaged or worn (broken, rough, scratched, excessive end gap or side clearance) Replace piston rings. 6. Piston rings not seated, stuck in grooves, or end gaps not staggered. Clean and adjust piston rings. Replace as required.
Gas delivery has dropped off 7. Cylinder scratched, worn or scored. Replace or repair as required. 8. Piston scratched, worn or scored. - Repair or replace as required.
• Relief valve vents pressure 1. Clogged or dirty inlet and/or discharge filter - replace filter element. 2. Valves leaking, broken, carbonized or loose. - Check valves. Clean and replace as required. 3. Automatic condensate drain valve defective. - Repair or replace as required.
• Compressor runs excessively hot 1. Inadequate ventilation around belt wheel Relocate compressor or add ventilation. 2. V-belt pulled too tight - Adjust belt tension. 3. Wrong belt wheel direction of rotation. Check motor wiring for proper connections.
• 4. Valves leaking, broken, carbonized or loose. - Check valves. Clean and replace as required.
• Gas and/or oil leaking from shaft seal • 1. Shaft seal leaking, broken or improperly seated - Repair or replace as required.
• Excessive lubricant consumption 1. Piston rings damaged or worn (broken, rough, scratched, excessive end gap or side clearance). 2. Piston rings not seated, stuck in grooves, or end gaps not staggered- Clean and adjust piston rings. Replace as required.
3. Cylinder scratched, worn or scored Repair or replace as required.
4. Piston scratched, worn or scored - Repair or replace as required.
Heat exchangers • Procedure to Take a Heat Exchanger out of Service :1. The hot fluid must be shut off before the cold fluid. 2. After the hot fluid has been shut off, the cold fluid can be shut off on both inlet and outlet valves. 3. Both shell and tube side should now be pumped out to slop or drained down.
4.Both inlet and outlet lines should be blanked off for safety. 5.the exchanger should be water washed before opening to the atmosphere (sour oil service case)
• Procedure to Place Heat exchanger in Service:1-Cheek the exchanger carefully to ensure that all plugs have been replaced and that all pipe work is ready for the exchanger to be placed in service . 2-All valves should be in the shut position. 3-Purging and testing
4-Line up the system. 5-Open hot and cold fluid vent valves 6-cold fluid inlet valve &vent all air when liquid full, then Close cold fluid vent valve. 7-open hot fluid outlet valve and vent all the air, then close hot fluid vent valve.
8-At this stage, the exchanger is liquid full of both hot and cold flowing fluids - open cold fluid inlet and hot fluid outlet valves fully. 9-The cold fluid valve outlet may be opened slowly until the cold fluid is passing through the exchanger.
10-Start opening the hot fluid inlet valve slowly. 11-Both valves, the cold fluid outlet valve and the hot fluid inlet should be open slowly until fully open.
TROUBLESHOOTING CHECKLIST 1-Plugged Tubes • Back flushing • Air bumping • Acid cleaning vs. piping corrosion • Upsetting cooling tower pH due to acid cleaning
2- Hydrocarbon Leaks • Watch for hydrocarbon haze • Rapid biological growth on cooling tower cell decks • Check for gas with test meter on cell decks • Vibrating cooling water lines • Check vent on exchanger channel head for leaks
3-Cooling Tower Deficiency • Check wet bulb temperature • Inspect Interior for damaged fill • Eliminate large holes in distribution decks • Redistribute water to individual cells • Unplug distribution holes • Increase chlorination rate
4-High Exchanger Water Outlet Temperature • Cooling water pump deficiency • Plugged cooling tower screen • Plugged exchanger tubes • Plugged floating head
5-Water-Side Fouling • Hardness deposits • Poor pH control • Biological deposits • Insufficient chlorine addition • Routine tabulation of heat transfer coefficient
• Review vendor's treatment program • Cycles of concentration
Fired Heaters
•Fired Heaters Troubleshooting
• Heater Tube Failures • The design pressure of the tube is not the inlet operating pressure of the heater. • The design tube temperature is the anticipated or calculated maximum tube skin temperature (at end-of-run conditions).
• The calculated tube skin temperature is mainly a function of the fouling resistance assumed inside the tube. • A typical process heater tube diameter is 4 to 10 in. Tube thickness is usually between 0.25 and 0.50 in.
• Heater tubes are often constructed out of chrome steel, the chrome content increases the heat resistance of the tube. • For added corrosion and temperature resistance, the nickel content of tubes and sometimes the Moly (molybdenum) content as well are increased.
• Snuffing Steam • When a heater tube fails, the process fluid spills out into the firebox. • If the process fluid is a combustible liquid. Will the leaking process fluid burn? • There is probably not enough excess oxygen in the firebox to support a substantial amount of additional combustion.
• If we just block in the leaking process tubes and fuel-gas supply, the flue-gas composition enters the explosive region. The firebox will now explode. • The correct way to prevent this sort of firebox explosion is to use firebox snuffing steam. • A typical heater firebox might have a half dozen purge steam connections.
• Hot Spots • Hot Spot Causes • Flame impingement. • Poor radiant-heat distribution. • Interior tube deposits. • Dry-point deposits.
Valves
Valves operation & troubleshooting
Operate the valve
– NOTE
• Nearly all valves follow the convention of opening counterclockwise and closing clockwise, but it is always necessary to check that the valve you are operating follows this convention. The following operating guidelines are based on this convention.
Operate a gate valve • To open:
Turn the handwheel counterclockwise all the way. Turn the valve onequarter turn clockwise to prevent the valve from ―freezing‖ open.
• To close:
CAUTION
• Turn the handwheel Turn the handwheel slowly to prevent water clockwise all the way. hammer, so as to avoid damaging pipes and equipment.
Operate a globe valve. • To open:
Turn the handwheel counterclockwise.
• To throttle:
Open the valve slightly past the desired position, then throttle back to the desired position.
• To close:
Turn the handwheel clockwise.
StartUp 1. Valves should e started in a manner that allow for controlled pressuring of the valve and the system. a. The valve should be pressured and vented. i. Bleed air off of the main valve cover ii. Bleed air off of the controls 1. Trapped air will give a false
b. Bring pilots into service with pressure setting lower than the required. i. Adjust to higher pressures as system and valve stabilizes .
c. Pilot Adjustments i. Make all adjustments slowly, allowing for the control, valve and system to read the change. ii. Clockwise adjustments always increase the pressure setting.
1. Turning the reducing control IN will INCREASE outlet pressure. 2. Turning the relief/sustaining control IN will INCREASE the inlet or relief set-point.
iii. Counterclockwise adjustments always LOWER/DECREASE the pressure setting. 1. Turning the reducing control OUT will LOWER outlet pressure. 2. Turning the relief/sustaining control OUT will LOWER the inlet or relief set-point.
Troubleshooting
Commissioning, startup & shutdown consideration.
Mechanical Completion, Pre Commissioning & Commissioning
Mechanical Completion • All design and engineering has been completed • All installation work for that system including all equipment has been • completed in accordance with ―Approved for Construction‖ drawings, • specifications, applicable codes and regulations and good engineering practices. • All instruments have been installed.
• All tie-in connections have been made. • All factory acceptance tests and all other testing and inspection activities have • been completed. • Contractor has obtained approvals, which are the responsibility of the • Contractor to obtain.
• Safety Studies have been completed and satisfaction of all the Safety Studies’ • requirements have been met and all documentation put in place. • All required documentation and certification documents required by the Contract have been supplied.
• All operating procedures and maintenance procedures have been forwarded to the Company well in advance for review. • All items for which Contractor is responsible for obtaining third party, • regulatory or Company approval have been obtained and confirmation documentation has been provided to Company.
Pre-Commissioning • Performance of all remaining works other than commissioning and Performance Tests. • Making operational and commissioning all systems that can be made operational before well fluids are introduced.
• The completion and testing of the plant equipment & systems • Testing of all parts and systems of the Works including the communications systems (if required).
• Provision of initial fill of packing, chemicals, inhibitors, lubricants, glycol, water and other stocks have been made. • Checking, site modifications. • Internal inspection of the vessels. • Flushing/cleaning of vessels & piping. • Calibration of PSVs .
• Calibration of all the instruments • Loop checking. • Complete checking of the safety system • Checks on electrical system and other vendor packages including DCS etc. • The delivery, storage and cataloguing of all spares
• Items for which a defect Notice are issued to be rectified and all defect • Notices shall have been closed out. • The Completion Documents along with all Design Documents to As-Built • The preparation of the commissioning plan and submission to Company for review.
• The hydro testing and pneumatic testing of vessels. • Training and briefing of the Company’s and Contractor’s personnel involved in commissioning. • Removal of all debris and construction equipment from Site.
Commissioning • Ready for Commissioning means the point at which the Company issues a certificate to the Contractor saying that the system is ready for commissioning. • At this point all systems and equipment shall be at a stage where hydrocarbons/ injection water can be safely introduced and all equipment can be safely operated with all controls and safety devices in service.
PERFORMANCE TESTS FOR WORKS • The Contractor shall carry out Performance Tests. The Contractor shall develop a detailed procedure for the performance tests in accordance with the requirements of the Contract and submit them to Company for Approval.
DOCUMENTS TO BE SUBMITTED • Operating Manual The following information shall be included: • Design basis • Description of facilities • Pre-commissioning checks • Start-up, normal operation & shut down procedures for each equipment.
• Plant start-up procedure. • Plant normal operation procedure • Plant shut down procedure (normal/emergency) • Vendor instructions for all equipment for normal operation and troubleshooting.
• Emergency procedures. • Operating parameters and set points of different alarms and trip devices • Summary of chemical consumption including list of recommended Indian equivalent. • Summary of utilities consumption for each equipment.
Punch-Listing Method Statement • A system will be developed to identify, record and correct damaged, incomplete and incorrect installation and/or fabrication. Items which are inaccessible or unsafe will be incorporated into this system.
• The system will be able to allow categorization of punch-list items as follows: • Category A Items that must be cleared prior to start of Pre-commissioning • Category B Items that can be cleared during pre-commissioning • Category C Commissioning Items
Startup & Shutdown • Start-up Procedures will be prepared for each Process Unit, a detailed Operating Manual. • Note: Start-up and shut-down procedure will include detailed equipment procedure. Systems will be divided into ―main equipment‖, such as turbines, special motors, etc., and ―common equipment‖.
START UP PROCEDURE • All necessary blinds are removed • All relief valves installed and tested. • Flare header purged and in service. • Sewers in service • Heaters steamed out • Fuel gas and fuel oil lines in service • Pilot lit in all heaters.
• All instruments ready for service • All drains and vents closed in operation section. • Control valves and bypassed blocked in • All compressors blocked in • Flanges taped in an operation section. • Nitrogen supply available and connected • Steam jet ejectors connected.
• Evacuation and purging to remove air from reactor circuits. • Steam out of vessels • The loading shall be started at a level lower than the design standard and shall be gradually increased while observing presence of problems in machinery and equipments
• At the time at which all the products reached the desired specifications a comparison should be made between the actual figures and the design figures • In case of running a modern refinery plant the remedial action taken to solve the problem should be recorded.
Maintenance Strategies & Policies
Maintenance Strategy Maintenance Strategy •
Breakdown Maintenance
•
Maintenance Approach • •
Fix-it when broke
Preventive Maintenance
•
Scheduled Maintenance
•
Predictive Maintenance
•
Condition-based Monitoring
•
Proactive Maintenance
•
Detection of Sources of Failures
Signification
•
Large maintenance budget
•
Periodic component replacement
•
Maintenance decision based on equipment condition
•
Monitoring and correcting failing root causes
Maintenance Policies • The policy is a certain rule-based for long term according to the working conditions.
(1)
• Failure-Based Reactive (ReM): • - RTF (run to failuer) • - CM (corrective maintenace) • ::
(2) • Time-Based Preventive (PM): • - Calendar:
•
Weekly
•
Monthly
•
::
• - Running: •
1000 R.H.
•
1000 K.M.
•
::
(3) • Condition-Based
Predictive (PdM):
• Oil analysis • Vibration analysis • Temperature analysis • Pressure analysis • Wear analysis • Efficiency analysis •
::
(4) • Risk-Based Proactive (PaM): • - RCFA (The Root Cause Failure Analysis ) • - FMEA (Failure mode & effet analysis) • FMECA (Failure mode & cause and effet analysis) • - HAZOP • - RCM (Reliability centered maintenance) •
• - RBI (Risk Based Inspection )
5) • Total-Based • - OSM
• - TPM •
::
Global (GM):
Policy
Approach
Goals
Reactive
Run to failure (fix-it when broke).
Minimize maintenance costs for non-critical equipment.
Preventive
Use-based maintenance program.
Minimize equipment breakdown.
Predictive
Maintenance decision based on equipment condition.
Discover hidden failures and improve reliability for critical equipment.
Proactive
Detection of sources of failures.
Minimize the risk of failures for critical systems.
Global
Integrated approach.
Maximize the system productivity.
Policy
Approach
Goals
RCFA
Identification of root causes of failures.
Eliminate failures.
FMECA
Identification of criticality of failures.
Improve equipment availability.
HAZOP
Identification of hazards and problems associated with operations.
Improve HSE effect.
RCM
Determination of best Preserve system function & maintenance requirements for improve reliability. critical systems.
RBI
Determination of an optimum inspection plan for critical systems.
Improve system HSE and availability.
Policy
Approach
Goals
OSM
Maximize reliability Optimization approach for the measures and minimize global maintenance system. maintenance cost rates.
TPM
Comprehensive productivemaintenance system.
Maximize plant effectiveness and resource productivity.
Isolation Philosophy
• cover common isolation applications related to • the project. The philosophy covers process and utility piping and equipment • along with instrumentation isolation requirements. It also addresses the
• positive isolation requirements for vessel entry etc. • Requirements for ducting systems and piping systems containing air or flue • gases under low pressure are excluded from this philosophy • Responsibilities.
Safety principles
• Occupational accidents and diseases not only cause great pain, suffering and death to victims Occupational accidents and diseases also result in: • loss of skilled and unskilled but experienced labour; • material loss, i.e. damage to machinery and equipment well as spoiled products.
• high operational costs through medical care, payment of compensation, and repairing or replacing damaged machinery and equipment.
Engineering control and housekeeping • Engineering control involves controlling the hazard at the source. The competent authority should ensure that exposure to hazardous substances is prevented or controlled by prescribing engineering controls and work practices which afford maximum protection to workers
Work practices and organizational methods • reduce the source of the hazard, so that risks are confined to certain areas where engineering control measures can be applied effectively; • adopt adequate work practices and working-time arrangements so that workers’ exposure to hazards is effectively controlled; and
• minimize the magnitude of exposure, the number of workers exposed and the duration of exposure, e.g. carry out noisy operations at night or during the weekend, when fewer workers are exposed.
Personal protective equipment • When none of the above approaches is feasible, or when the degree of safety achieved by them is considered inadequate, the only solution is to provide exposed persons with suitable personal protective equipment and protective clothing.
• Employers should consult workers or their representatives on suitable personal protective equipment and clothing, having regard to the type of work and the type and level of risks.
Technological change • Technological progress can play an important role in improving working conditions and job content, but it can also introduce new hazards. • The hazards associated with technologies (equipment, substances and processes) used at the work site must be identified and effective measures taken to eliminate or control them
• The introduction of new technology should be accompanied by adequate information and training. Furthermore, potentially dangerous machinery, equipment or substances should not be exported without adequate safeguards being put in place, including information on safe use in the language of the importing country.
HAZOP • There are many techniques to highlight how hazards can occur in the process industries. • They also provide a clearer understanding of hazards nature and possible consequences, thereby improving the decision making process. • These techniques assures more safe and operable design.
• What is a HAZOP study • HAZOP is a systematically structured technique for identifying hazards, failures and operability problems resulting from potential malfunctions in the process (process deviation).
• Why do a HAZOP study • HAZOP study generates generates a list of identified process and operability problems. • In addition to suggestions for improvement of the system under study. • Alert operators from possible process deviations and what to do in such cases. • HAZOP review review is very cost effective, as it appears from the following example.
• Case study
• Feed supply system to a process reactor. • A light study is to identify offsite hazards. • HC reagent is pumped from a Nitrogen blanketed buffer tank (T-1), which supplies the process reactor. • A Piping and Instrument Diagram (P&ID) is used for the HAZOP study.
• The instruments include: • Pressure indicator. (PI) • Pressure indicator controller. (PIC) • Flow indicator controller. (FIC) • No alarms were included at this stage. • Starting with (T-1), and applying guide words as shown in the following table.
Basic Math and physics required.
Fluid Dynamics • Velocity is a measure of speed and direction of an object.
• Laminar flow of a liquid occurs when its average velocity is comparatively low and the fluid particles tend to move smoothly in layers.
• Turbulent flow occurs when the flow velocity is high and the particles no longer flow smoothly in layers and turbulence or a rolling effect occurs.
• The Reynolds number R is a derived relationship combining the density and viscosity of a liquid with its velocity of flow and the cross-sectional dimensions of the flow and takes the form R = VD ρ/μ
• Flow rate is the volume of fluid passing a given point in a given amount of time Q = VA
• Bernoulli equation The Bernoulli equation gives the relation between pressure, fluid velocity, and elevation in a flow system.
Pressure pressure the force exerted by gases and liquids due to their weight Dynamic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid or gas when it impacts on a surface or an object due to its motion or flow. Impact pressure (total pressure) the sum of the static and dynamic pressures on a surface or object.
Total vacuum zero pressure or lack of pressure, as would be experienced in outer space.
Vacuum pressure measurement made between total vacuum and normal atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi).
Atmospheric pressure the pressure on the earth’s surface due to the weight of the gases in the earth’s atmosphere and is normally expressed at sea level as 14.7 psi or 101.36 kPa. It is however, dependant on atmospheric conditions.
Absolute pressure the pressure measured with respect to a vacuum Gauge pressure the pressure measured with respect to atmospheric pressure. Differential pressure the pressure measured with respect to another pressure
• PUMP HORSEPOWER • The handiest pump horsepower formula is
•
where HP = pump horsepower
•
GPM = gallons per minute
• AP = delivered pressure (discharge minus suction), •
psi
•
Eft. = pump efficiency
Thermodynamics • Temperature definitions • Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy in a body, which is the relative hotness or coldness of a medium and is normally measured in degrees using one of the following scales; Fahrenheit (F), Celsius or Centigrade (C), Rankine (R), or Kelvin (K). • Absolute zero is the temperature at which all molecular motion ceases or the energy of the molecule is zero.
• Fahrenheit scale was the first temperature scale to gain acceptance. It was proposed in the early 1700s by Fahrenheit (Dutch). The two points of reference chosen for 0 and 100° were the freezing point of a concentrated salt solution (at sea level) and the internal temperature of oxen .This eventually led to the acceptance of 32° and 212° (180° range) as the freezing and boiling point, respectively of pure water at 1 atm (14.7 psi or 101.36 kPa) for the Fahrenheit scale. The temperature of the freezing point and boiling point of water changes with pressure.
• Celsius or centigrade scale (C) was proposed in mid 1700s by Celsius (Sweden), who proposed the temperature readings of 0° and 100° (giving a 100° scale) for the freezing and boiling points of pure water at 1 atm. • Rankine scale (R) was proposed in the mid 1800s by Rankine. It is a temperature scale referenced to absolute zero that was based on the Fahrenheit scale, i.e., a change of 1°F = a change of 1°R. The freezing and boiling point of pure water are 491.6°R and 671.6°R, respectively at 1 atm, see Fig. 8.1.
• Kelvin scale (K) named after Lord Kelvin was proposed in the late 1800s. It is referenced to absolute zero but based on the Celsius scale, i.e., a change of 1°C = a change of 1 K. The freezing and boiling point of pure water are 273.15 K and 373.15 K, respectively, at 1 atm, see Fig. 8.1. The degree symbol can be dropped when using the Kelvin scale.
• Heat is a form of energy; as energy is supplied to a system the vibration amplitude of its molecules and its temperature increases. The temperature increase is directly proportional to the heat energy in the system.
• A British Thermal Unit (BTU or Btu) is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of pure water by 1°F at 68°F and at atmospheric pressure. It is the most widely used unit for the measurement of heat energy.
Heat Transfer Basics • Radiation • Convection • Conduction
• Radiation • Transfer of heat by direct waves • Direct from heat source or reradiated from reflecting source • Driving force is difference in absolute temperature to 4thpower • e: Emissivity • σ: Stephan-Boltzmann (5.6697 x 10-8 W/m2.K4) • A: area
• Convection • Heat transfer by flow of liquid or vapor • Contact required • Driving force is temperature difference • Depends on fluid properties and geometry
• Conduction • Heat transfer within a substance • Depends on thermal conductivity of material • Driving force is temperature difference
Interpersonal Skills
Communication Skills Conflict resolution Creative Thinking C.V writing Cover letter writing Interview Skills (C.V Discussion) Team Working (Cooperation)
COMMUNICATION SKILL • WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
• The word
“communicate” comes
from the Latin word “ communicare”
• meaning to share, or to make common.
What Makes People Listen? • Self-interest. • Who's telling it. • How it's told.
Positive Speaking Styles Warm Exciting Knowledgeable Creative Inspiring Honest
Authentic Friendly Interesting Organized Confident Open
ARROGANT Complex Unsure Irrelevant Monotonous { dull} Nervous
Unenergized Belittling Formal Stuffy Closed
Conflict resolution What is Conflict? • Perception of mutual interference • A process that begins when goals of one party are frustrated by another • Requires interdependence/interaction
Sources of Conflict • Conflict arises from resource scarcity • Goals of parties are incompatible • Other structural factors (size, routinization, specialization, reward systems) • Conflicting perceptions, ideas, or beliefs • Differences between people • Conflicting thoughts/needs within an individual • Lack of communication (maybe)
• Goal of Conflict Resolution • Confront problems, communicate openly and respectfully with someone of opposing opinion to provide optimal patient care.
Strategies for Conflict Resolution 1. Withdrawal—little or no significance to either party (lose-lose) 2. Forcing—force outcome regardless of the desire of one party (win-lose) 3. Conciliation—giving in to preserve relationship with other party (lose-win) 4. Compromise—concerned with both outcome and relationship (?-?) 5. CONFRONTATION—meet the problem head on (win-win)
• LEEN--A Model for Conflict Resolution
• L- Listen • E- Empathize • E- Explain • N- Negotiate
• Confrontation is an Assertive means of Conflict Resolution
• Respectful negotiation • Effective Conflict resolution is what is right not who is right. • Never Aggressive. Use to explain perspectives. If handled appropriately may be an opportunity to educate the other party involved.
Creative Thinking Creative thinking barriers • One line tram thinking • One and only one right answer • Fear thoughts • Conservative thinking (Lack of imagination)
Creative Thinking Techniques • Brain storming • Mind mapping • Lateral thinking(Edward de Bono)
C.V writing • It is targeted on the specific job • It is carefully and clearly laid out • It is informative but concise • It is accurate in content, spelling and grammar • Be honest
Job Skills You Should List on Your Resume • Communication • Interpersonal Skills • Research and Planning • Organizational Skills • Management Skills
Cover letter writing What is a cover cover letter? • A cover letter is a formal letter that accompanies your résumé. Use it to introduce yourself to potential employers, and to convince them that you’re the right person for the job.
What information to include in your cover letter • Your cover letter should give an employer an idea of who you are, and explain what skills you could bring to the job.
Content • Paragraph 1: a positive, formal introduction outlining how you heard about the opportunity, listing the documents you have enclosed (such as your CV). • Paragraph 2: outline why you are interested in the role and the organization, demonstrating in depth research and mature reflection on how the opportunity fits into your career plans.
• Paragraph 3: highlight your key skills and experiences. • Paragraph 4: end positively outlining when you will be available for interview
Interview Skills (C.V Discussion) • Dress for the Job or Company • Listen • Don't Talk Too Much • Don't Be Too Familiar • Use Appropriate Language • Don't Be Cocky • Take Care to Answer the Questions • Ask Questions • Don't Appear Desperate
Team Working (Cooperation) Team working Ethics: • Share information • Emotional intelligence • Minimum social hypocrisy • Avoid Overlapping personal relationships with labor relations
Team working skills 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Listening Questioning Persuading Respecting Helping Sharing Participating
Q&A
